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CHAPTER 4: HIGHER ORDER DIFFERENTIAL

EQUATIONS

1. Linear Second Order Differential Equations

Standard form of 2nd Order Differential Equation is


expressed as
d2y/dx2 + P(x) dy/dx + Q(x)y= F(x) ---------- (1)

Above equation is represented as


y + P(x) y + Q(x)y= F(x) ---------- (2)

The solution of above equation is a function of x

Homogeneous equations
If F(x) = 0,
y + P(x) y + Q(x)y= 0 is called 2nd order
homogeneous equation

if F(x)0
y + P(x) y + Q(x)y= F(x) is called 2nd order nonhomogeneous differential equation.

Solution of 2nd order Differential Equation


with constant coefficients:

Homogeneous
The homogeneous equation with constant
coefficients is
y+ a y+ by = 0 -------(1)
Where a and b are constants

The auxiliary equation of (1) is written as


m2 + a m + b = 0

This is a quadratic equation. It is used to find the


roots.

Once, roots are known thus, general solution of


equation can be obtained. The general solution
depends on the roots of equation.

The roots depend on the discriminant a2- 4b, we


get

CASE 1: two real roots if a2-4b > 0,


CASE 2: real double roots if a2-4b = 0,
CASE 3: complex conjugate roots if a2-4b <0,

The solution is
Case Roots

Set of terms of
solution

General Solution

em1x , em2x

y=c1

Distinct
roots

+ c2

m1, m2
2

y=(c1 + c2 x) emx

Real double
root
m=m1= m2

Complex
Conjugate

epx cos q x,

y= epx (c1cos qx

epx sin q x

+c2 sin qx)

m1=p+iq
m2=p-iq

CASE 1: Distinct real roots


Example: Find the solution of
y-y-30y=0
Solution :
Auxiliary equation is

m2-m-30=0
(m+5) (m-6) = 0
Therefore, the roots are 5 and 6
Hence General solution is y= c1e-5x+c2e6x
Ie., y=C1em1+c2em2, m1 and m2 are roots

Example 2
Find the solution of
y-4y+3y=0 : y(0) = 1 and y(0) = 0
Solution
Auxiliary equation:
m2-4m+3=0
(m-1) (m-3)=0
Therefore the roots are m = 1,3 real distinct roots
General solution is
y= c1ex+c2e3x ----------(1)
Particular solution is
Substituting x=0 y=1
1 = C1+C2 -----------(2)

Differentiating equation (1)


y= c1ex+3c2e3x -----------(3)
Substituting x=0 y=0
Therefore 0 = C1+3C2 --------(3)
Solving equation (2) and (3)
C1=3/2 and C2 = -1/2
Substituting C1 and C2 in equation (1)
The Particular solution is
y= 3/2ex-1/2e3x

4.) Solve
y-2y-y=0 : y(0) = 0 and y(0) = 1
Auxiliary equation:
m2-2m-1=0
m=(2(4+4))/2 = 12
m1=1+2

m2=1-2

Therefore the general solution is


y= c1e

(1+2 )x

+c2 e

(1-2 )x

----------(1)

Particular solution
Solve the above equation for C1and C2 with y(0) =
0 and y(0) = 1
0 = C1 + C2 -------(2)

y(x)= c1(1+2 )e

(1+2 )x

+c2(1-2 ) e

(1-2 )x

-----------(3)

Therefore 1= C1 (1+2 ) + (1-2 ) C2 ----------- (4)

Solving equation (2) and (4)


C1 = -1/(2-2)

C2 =1/(2-2)

Therefore the particular equation is


y= -1/(2-2)

(1+2 )x

+1/(2-2)

Solve y + a y +by= 0
m2+am+b=0
m1 and m2 are roots

(1-2 )x

CASE 2: Real Double roots (Equal roots)


General Equation y+ a y+y = 0
if the roots are m=m1= m2
The solution is
Y=( C1 + C2 x) emx

Example: Solve the following second order


homogeneous equation
y+4y+4=0

Solve:
The auxiliary equation is
m2+4m+4=0
Therefore (m+2)2=0
Therefore m=-2 (Double roots)
The solution is y=( C1 + C2 x) emx
ie., y=( C1 + C2 x) e-2x

Example: Solve y+2y+1=0


Auxiliary equation is m2+2m+1=0
Therefore (m+1)2=0; m=-1
y=( C1 + C2 x) emx
ie., y=( C1 + C2 x) e-x

Solve
y-8y+16=0
y(0) = 1 and y(0) = 3

Solution:
Auxiliary equation
m2-8m+16=0

Therefore (m-4)2=0; m=4 (double roots)


y=( C1 + C2 x) e4x --------------(1)
y=4C1e4x+C2 (4x e4x + e4x) --------(2)

Substituting y(0) =1 in equation (1)

1= C1
Substituting y(0)=3 in equation (2)
3 = 4 + C2
Therefore C2 = -1
Therefore the particular solution is
Y= (1-x) e4x

CASE 3: Roots are complex conjugates


Example : Solve
y+ a y+by = 0

roots m1=p+iq
m2=p-iq

General solution is Y= epx(c1cos qx+c2 sin qx)

Example: solve
y+ 2 y+2y = 0

Solution:
Auxiliary equation m2+2m+2=0
There m = (-2(4-8))/2 = -1-1
m1=-1+i m2=-1-i
Therefore the general solution is y= e-x(c1cosx+C2
sinx)

Example: Solve
y-2y+10y=0

y(0) = -2 and y(0)= 1

Solution:
Auxiliary equation
m2-2m+10=0

Therefore m= (2(4-40))/2 = 13i


m1=1+3i

m2=1-3i

Therefore the general solution is y= ex(c1cos3x+C2


sin3x)

Differentiating w.r.t x
Y= C1 (excos3x-3sin3x ex) + C2 (ex sin3x+3cos3x ex)
----------(2)

Substitute y(0) = -2 in equation ---------(1)


-2 = C1
Substitute y(0) = 1 in equation ----------------(2)
1= C1 + 3 C2
Therefore C2 = 1

Therefore the particular solution is


y= ex(-2cos3x+sin3x)

Example: Solve
y-4y+5y = 0; y(0) = 2 and y(0) = 3

Solution
Auxiliary equation
m2-4m+5=0

There m = (4(16-20))/2 = 2-1


m1=2+i

m2=2-i

Therefore the general solution is y= e2x(C1cosx+C2


sinx) --------(1)

Differentiating w.r.t x
Y= C1 (2cosx e2x - sinx e
e2x) ----------(2)

2x

) + C2 (e

2x

2 sinx+cosx

Substitute y(0) = 2 in equation ---------(1)


2 = C1
Substitute y(0) = 3 in equation ----------------(2)
3= 2C1 + C2

Therefore C2 = -1
Therefore the particular solution is
y= e

2x

(2cosx-sinx)

(Up to this point completed)

Examples

Find the solution of y+y=0


y(0) = 1 and y(0) = 4

Solution:
Auxiliary equation
m2+1=0

Therefore m= i
m1=i

m2=-i

Therefore the general solution is y= c1cosx+C2 sinx


----------(1)
Derivation
Y= -C1 sinx + C2 cosx ----------(2)
When x =0 y = 1

Therefore C1 =1 in Eq (1)
When x = 0 y = 4 in Eq (2)
C2=4
Therefore the particular solution is
Y= cosx + 4 sinx

Example
Find the solution of
y+4y=0
y(0) = 2 and y(0) = 3

Find the value of x when y=2.43

Solution:
Auxiliary equation
m2+4=0

Therefore m= 2i
m1=2i

m2=-2i

Therefore the general solution is y= c1cos2x+C2


sin2x ----------(1)

Differentiation
Y= -2C1 sin2x + 2C2 cos2x ----------(2)
When x =0 y = 2, substituting in equation (1)
Therefore C1 =2
In Eq (1)
When x = 0 y = 3 substituting in equation (2)
C2=3/2
Therefore the particular solution is
Y= 2cos2x + 3/2 sin2x

By trial error when y=2.43


X=250

Example
y-2y-3y=0

Solution:
Auxiliary equation
m2-2m-3=0

Therefore m= (2(4-12))/2 = 12i


m1=1+2i

m2=1-2i

Therefore the general solution is y=


ex(c1cos2x+C2 sin2x) ----------(1)

Exercise: District Real Roots


Example: Solve
Y-y =0
Solution:
The auxiliary equation is m2 -1=0
It can be factored into
(m-1)(m+1)=0
The roots are m1 =1, and m2=-1
The solution is y= c1 eX + c2 e-X

Solve the following


1.

y-2y+4y=0

Ans: y=c1e4x+c2ex

2.

y-5y+6y=0

Ans: y=c1e2x+c2e

3.

9y-9y+2y=0 Ans: y=c1ex/3+c2e2x/3

4.

2y-3y+y=0

Ans: y=c1ex+c2e

3x

x/2

5.

y+y-2y=0

Ans: y=c1e-2x+c2e

6.

4y-16y-3y=0 Ans: y=c1e3x/2+c2e-x/2

7.

y+y-2y=0

8.

4y-2(b+a)y+aby=0

Ans: y=c1ex+c2e-2x
Ans: y=c1e

ax/2

Ans: y=c1e

2ax

+c2e-

bx/2

9.

y-(b+2a)y+2aby=0
bx

+c2e-

10.

y-(cos + sin)y+sin cos y=0


Ans: y=c1e
Sinx+c2eCosx

11.

2y-y-y=0

12.

y+y-6y=0

13.

y-2sin y- y=0

Ans: y=c1e x+c2e-x/2


Ans: y=c1e 2x+c2e-3x

Ans: y=c1e (sin+ cos)x


+c2e(sin-cos)x

14.

y+4y-12=0

Ans: y=5/4e2x-1/4e-6x

15.

y+y-2y=0

Ans: y=1/3ex+5/3e-2x

16.

y-7y+12=0

Ans: y=-5e4x+6e3x

17.

y-6y-16y=0

Ans: y=1/2e2x+1/2e-8x

18.

y+4y-5y=0

19.

2y-5y+2y=0

20.

6y+y-2y=0

Ans: y=1/2ex+1/2e-5x
Ans: y=3/5e2x+2/5e-x/2
Ans: y=20/7e-x/2-6/7e2x/3

Roots are equal:


Homogeneous linear equation
Y +ay + by =0
The auxiliary equation
m2 + a m + b =0

Example:
Y =0
The roots are m2 =0 , hence m=0, double roots.
The solution is y= (c1 + c2x) emX
y= (c1 + c2x) e0X
The required solution is y= (c1 + c2x)

1.Y -4y + 2y =0

Ans: y= (c1 + c2x) e2X

2.Y -2y + y =0

Ans: y =(c1 + c2x) eX

3.Y -6y + 9 y =0

Ans: y=(c1 + c2x) e3X

4.Y -8y + 16 y =0 Ans: y= (c1 + c2x) e4X


5.4Y -2y + y =0

Ans: y=(c1 + c2x) eX/2

6.9Y + 12y + 4y =0

Ans: y=(c1 + c2x)e-2X/3

7. b2 Y + 2aby + a2 y =0
Ans: y=(c1 + c2x) e-aX/b

8.Y +2 y + 2y =0

Ans: y=(c1 + c2x) e-

9.Y - 2 sin a y + sin2 a . y =0


Ans: y=(c1 + c2x) e sin a
10.

b2 Y - 2aby + a2 y =0
Ans: y=(c1 + c2x) eaX/b

11.

Y +2ay + a2 y =0
Ans: y=(c1 + c2x)e-ax

12.

a2 Y -2ay + 1 =0
Ans: y=(c1 + c2x) eX/a

13.

4Y -12y + 9y =0
Ans: y=(c1 + c2x) e3X/2

14.

16Y -8y + y =0
Ans: y=(c1 + c2x) ex/4

15.

Y -2a2 y + a4 y=0
Ans: y=(c1 + c2x)

16.

Y +2 y + y =0; Y(0)= 1 ; Y(0)=2


Ans: y=(1 + 3x) e-X

17.

Y -2(a-1) y + (a-1)2 y=0


Ans: y=(c1 + c2x)

18.

Y +4 y + 4y =0; Y(0)= 2 ; Y(0)=-5


Ans: y=(2 - 5x) e-2X

19.

Y -4 y + 4y =0; Y(0)= 2 ; Y(0)=6


Ans: y=2(1- 2x) e2X

20.

Y +4 y + 4y =0; Y(0)= 2 ; Y(0)=-5


Ans: y=(2 - 5x) e-2X

Complex conjugate roots: second order


differential equations
Homogeneous linear equation
Y +ay + by =0
The auxiliary equation
m2 + a m + b =0
This is a quadratic equation.
CASE 3: complex conjugate roots if a2-4b <0,
m1= p+ iq
m2= p- iq
Solution

y=e

pX

( c1 cos qx + c2 sin qx)

Example : Solve
Y +2a cos y + a2 y = 0
Solution:
The auxiliary equation : m2 + 2a cos

m + a2

=0
m = (-2a

)/2

=(-2a

)/2

=So, m1 =-a

, m2 =-

are complex conjugates.


Here, p=

Therefore, the general solution is


Y=

[c1 cos ( a sin

+c2 sin ( a sin

1.Y +2y + 2y = 0
Ans: y = e

-X

( c1 cos x + c2 sin x)

2.Y +3y + 5y = 0
Ans: y = e -1.5X (c1 cos 1.65 x + c2 sin
1.65x)
3.Y + 16y = 0
Ans: y = (c1 cos 4 x + c2 sin 4x)

4.Y +10y + 29y =0


Ans: y = e

-5X

(c1 cos 2 x + c2 sin2 x)

5.Y +6y + 10y =0


Ans: y = e
6.Y + a

-3X

(c1 cos x + c2 sin x)

y=0

Ans: y = (c1 cos ax + c2 sin ax)

7.Y +2ay + (a2 +4) y =0

Ans: y = e

-aX

(c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x)

8.Y +4y + 6y =0
-2X

Ans: y = e

(c1 cos

x + c2 sin

x)

9.Y -4y + 13y =0


Ans: y=e

10.

2X

4Y +8y + 7y =0
Ans: y=e

11.

(c1 cos

x + c2 sin x )

c1 cos x + c2 sin x)

Y -2 y + sin2 +1 =0
Ans: y=

13.

-X

Y -2 cos y + cos2 +1 =0
Ans: y=

12.

(c1 cos 3 x + c2 sin 3x)

c1 cos (sin

x + c2 sin (sin

Y +4y + 5y =0; Y(0)=1 ; Y(0) = 4

x]

Ans: y=e

14.

3X

( sin 5x)

Y -8y + 17y =0; Y(0)=1 ; Y(0) = 2


Ans: y=e

16.

4X

( cos x + sin x)

Y -2y + 26y =0; Y(0)=1 ; Y(0) = 0


Ans: y=e

17.

( cos 6 x + sin 6x)

Y -6y + 34y =0; Y(0) = 0 ; Y(0) = 5


Ans: y=e

15.

-2X

( cos 5 x - sin 5x)

Y -2y + 2y =0; Y(0)=1 ; Y(0) = 2


Ans: y=e

18.

( cos x + sin x)

3Y -y + 2y =0; Y(0)=0 ; Y(0) = 1


Ans: y=e

X/6

sin

x)

19. Y -2y + (a2 + sin2 a) y =0; Y(0)=0 ; Y(0)


=1

Ans: y=

20.

Y + sin

sin (sina)x

a y =0; Y(0)=1 ; Y(0) = 1

Ans: y=cos(sin a) x +

21.

Y -2y + 6y =0; Y(0)=2 ; Y(0) = 3


Ans: y=e

22.

( cos

Y + 2 y =0; Y(0)=
Ans: y=

cos

x +

sin

x)

; Y(0) = 1
x +

sin

23. Y -2 cos a y + (1 + cos2 a) y =0; Y(0)=1


; Y(0) = 1
Ans: y=e

cos a x

[ cos x +(1- cos a) sin

x]

24.

Y +12 y + 37 y =0; Y(0)=2 ; Y(0) = -8

Ans: y=2e-6X[ cos x +2 sin x]


Third Order Differential Equations
Miscellaneous differential equations

2. Nonhomogeneous linear differential


equation
To solve nonhomogeneous equation:
y + P(x) y + Q(x)y= F(x)

where F(x)0

We need to find
1)

The complementary function, yc

2)

Particular solution, yp.

Solution by method of undetermined


coefficients (to find yp)

Table for trial particular solutions

F(x)
1.

2.

Constant
2x + 3

3.

2 x2 + 1
1), (Ex2)

4.

sin a x
(Ex 6)

yp
A
Ax + B
Ax2 + B x + C

(Ex

A cos ax + B sin ax

5.

cos ax

A cos ax + B sin ax

6.

e2x
3), (Ex4)

A e2x

7.

(2 x2 + 1)e2x

8.

x e2x

9.

(2x+1) e2x

10.

x2 e2x

(Ex

(Ax2 + B x + C) e2x

(Ax + B) e2x
(Ax + B) e2x
(Ax2 + B x + C) e2x

11.

e2x sin ax
(Ex5 step2)

12.

e2x cos ax
ax

13.

x cos ax
D) sin ax

e2x A cos ax + e2x B sin ax

e2x A cos ax + e2x B sin

(Ax + B) cos ax + (Cx +


(Ex 7)

14.

x2 cos ax
(Ax2 + B x +
C)cos ax+ (Dx2 + E x + F)
sin ax

15.

x ex cos ax
(Ax + B) ex
cos ax + (Cx + D) ex sin ax

Example1
Solve
y + y 2y = 2 x2 + 2x --------------(1)

Solution
Step 1: Solve the associated homogeneous
equation (LHS)

y + y 2y = 0

yc = C1 ex + C2 e

2x

Step 2: Note the form of F(x)=2 x2 + 2x which is


a quadratic polynomial, refer Table for yp with
similar form

Yp1 = Ax2 + B x + C

Next, determine the specific coefficients A, B and


C where yp is the solution of Eq. (1).

Hence, differentiating Yp1


Yp1 = 2 A x + B
Yp1 = 2A

Next, substituting yp and the derivatives into the


original equation:

2A + 2A x + B 2A x2 2Bx 2 c = 2x2 + 2 x

Equating the co-efficient of like powers of x of


both sides:

2A + B 2 c 2A x2 + 2Ax 2Bx = 2x2 + 2 x

Therefore A= -1
2A-2B = 2
B= -2
2A + B 2 C = 0
C= 2
Hence, yp1 = -x2 2x-2

Step 3 Solve the second yp if any

Step 4 General solution


Y=yc + yp1 +yp2

y= C1 ex + C2 e-2x x2 2x - 2

Verify the solution:


Differentiating the general solution obtained:

y= C1ex 2C2e-2x 2x -2
y= C1ex + 4C2 e-2x 2

Substituting the derivatives above in L.H.S of


equation(1).
C1ex +4 C2 e-2x 2 + C1ex 2C2 e-2x 2x-2 -2C1 ex
2C2 e-2x +2x2 + 4x + 4
= 2x2 + 2 x (same as R. H. S)

Example 2
y y = 2 t2, y (0) = 2 ; y (0) = 0

Step 1 (find yc):


m2 1 = 0
m=1

Therefore yc = c1 et + c2 e-t

Step 2 (find yp): t2

(Table, #3)

yp = A t2 + B t + C
y = 2 At + B
y = 2A

Substitute y and the derivatives into original eq


y y = 2 t2
Therefore 2A A t2 B t C = 2 t2
A=1
B=0
2A C = 2, C = 0
So, yp = t2

Therefore y = yc + yp
y = c1 et + c2 e-t + t2

To determine C1 and C2 solve I.C. y (0) = 2 ; y (0)


=0

2 = C 1 + C2
y (0) = C1 et - C2 e-t + 2 t = 0
C 1 C2 = 0
Therefore C1 =C2

C1 = 1 and C2 = 1
y = e t + et + t 2

Example 3 (repeated term)


Solve y + y 2y = 2 e

Step 1 : solve LHS, get m = 1, -2

So yc = C1 ex + C 2 e

2x

Step 2 : Note that for RHS 2ex , a reasonable


yp of form Aex can be assumed (Table).
However, ex is also a term in yc, the

equation cannot be solved using this yp.


Therefore multiply Aex with xn, where n is
the smallest positive integer that
eliminates the duplication.

Let yp = A x ex
yp = A (x e x + ex )
= A x ex + A ex
yp = A (x ex + ex) + A ex
= A xex + 2 A ex

Substitute derivatives into equation yields


Axex + 2 A ex + A x e x + A ex 2Axex = 2 ex

Solving coefficients
ex :

Ax + 2A + Ax + A 2Ax = 2

Therefore
3A = 2 and A = 2/3
Therefore yp = 2/3 x ex

Step 3 : y = yc + yp
Y = C1 ex + C2 e

2x

+ (2/3) x ex

Solve for constants, y(0) = 1 ; y (0) = 0

C1 + C

=1

y (0) = C1 ex 2 C2 e-2x + (2/3) (x e x + ex)


0 = C1 2C2 + (2/3)
-1 = -C1 C2

-1 = -3 C2 + (2/3)
Therefore 1-(2/3) = -3 C2
Therefore 5/3 = -3C2
C2 = 5/9
C1 = 1-C2 = 1-(5/9) = (4/9)

Therefore y = (4/9) ex + (5/9) e-2x + (2/3) x ex

Example 4(Repeated roots: multiply with x2)


Solve
y 4 y + 4y = 4 e2x , y (0) = 1; y (0) = 2
------------------(1)

Step 1
Let y 4 y + 4y = 0

{m1=m2=2}

yc = (C1 + C2 x )e2x

Step 2
4 e2x is of similar form with (Table) Ae2x, however,
since, e2x and xe2x are solution of homogenous
equation corresponds to a double root 2, we next
try x2.

Let yp = A x2 e2x (Multiply by x2 )


yp = A (2xe2x + 2x2 e2x)
yp = A ( 2 (e2x + 2xe2x) + 2 (2xe2x + 2x2 e2x) )

Substituting in equation 1

2 A e2x + 4Ax e2x + 4 Axe2x + 4 Ax2 e2x 8 A x e2x


8 A x2 e2x + 4 Ax2 e2x = 4 e2x

Therefore 2 A e2x = 4 e2x

Therefore A = 4/2 = 2

Yp = 2 x2 e2x

Therefore y= yc + yp
= (C1 + C2 x) e2x + 2 x2e2x

Find the constants using y (0) = 1; y (0) = 2


1 = C1
y = C1 e2x + C2 x e2x 2x2 e2x
y (0) = 2C1e2x + C2 (e2x + 2xe2x) + 2 (2xe2x +
2x2e2x)
3 = 2 C 1 + C2

Therefore C2 = 1
Therefore y = (1+x) e2x + 2x2 e2x

Example 5
Solve
y + 5 y+ 6 = ex sin x
(1)

----------------------

Step 1
(m+2) (m+3) =0

yc = C1 e-2x + C2 e-3x

Step 2 (Check table *)


yp = ex (A cos x + B sin x )
Table}

{Item 11 in

yp =A ex cos x + B ex sin x
yp = A (ex cos x ex sin x ) + B (ex sin x + ex cos
x)

yp = A (ex cos x ex sin x ex sin x ex cos x ) +


B ( ex sin x + ex cos x+ ex cos x ex sin x )
= - 2 A ex sin x + 2 B ex cos x
Substituting in equation 1
-2A ex sin x + 2 B ex cos x + 5Aex cos x 5Aex sin
x + 5 B ex sin x + 5Bex cos x + 6Aex cos x + 6B
ex sin x = ex sin x
ex sin x:

(-2A-5A+5B+6B)=1

ex cos x:

(2B+ 5A+5B+6A) = 0

-7A + 11 B = 1
11A + 7 B = 0

-77A + 121 B = 11
77A + 49 B = 0

Therefore B= 11/170 {CHECK!!}


Yp = (1/7)ex cosx

Therefore A = 7/170 {CHECK!!}

yp = (1/170) ex ( -7 cos x _+ 11 sin x )

Therefore y= yp + yc
= C1 e-2x + C2 e-3x ex ((7/170) cos x (11/170) sin
x)

Example 6
y + y = 2x + 2 sinx ---------------------(1)
y(/2) = 0; y (/2) = 1

Solution
Step 1
Auxiliary equation

m2 + 1 = 0

Therefore m = i
yc = e0 (C1 cos x + C2 sin x )
yc = C1 cos x + C2 sin x

Step 2
yp1 and yp2

(2 terms in RHS)

yp1 (2x) = Ax+B


yp2 (sinx) = C cosx + E sinx

(Table)

(#2)
(# 4)

Therefore yp = Ax + B + C cosx + E sinx


However, since cos x and sinx both appear
in the complementary function, the above
equation is multiplied with x for C cosx and
E sinx.

Therefore new yp = Ax + B + C x cosx + Ex Sinx


Yp = A + C (cos x x sin x ) + E (x cos x + sin x)
Yp = -C sin x C (x cos x + sinx) + E (cos x-x sin
x) + E cos x

Substitute in equation 1

- C sin x C x cos x C sin x + E cos x Ex sin x


+ E cos x + Ax+B + Cx cos x + Ex sin =
2x+3sinx
(-2C) sin x + 2E cos x + Ax + B = 2x + 3 sin x

Therefore y = yc+yp = Ax + B 2C sin x + 2 E cos x


= 2x + 2 sin x

By comparing the co-efficient of x, sin x and cos x


A = 2, B=0, -2 C=2, 2E =0
Therefore A = 2 , B=0, C= -1, E=0

Therefore yp = 2x x cos x
Therefore y = C1 cos x +C2 sin x + 2x x cos x

Applying the initial values


0 =0 +C2 + 2 * (/2) -----(1)
Therefore C2 = -
Y= -C1 sinx +C2 cos x + 2- (Cos x x sinx )

1 = -C1 + 0 + 2 + (/2)

Therefore C1 = 1 + /2 = (+2) /2

y=(+2) /2 cos x sin x + 2x x cos x

Example 7
Solve
Y+y = 4 x sin x

Solution (CHECK!):
Step 1

yc = c1 cos x + c2 sin x

Step 2 (Ex7)
(Table)
yp = (Ax + B) x C cos x + (Cx +D) x E sin x (??)
( note : here sin x is in the yc ,hence
multiplied by x)
yp = A (2 x cos x- x2 sin x) + B ( cos x- x sin x) +
C( x2 cos x+ 2x sin x) + E ( x cos x+ sin x)

yp =2A( cos x x sin x) A( 2 x sin x + x2 cos x)


B sin x B (x cos x+ sin x) + c ( 2 x cos x- 2 sin
x) + 2 c( x cos x + sin x ) + E ( cos x x sinx ) +
E cos x

Substituting in equation 1 and solving results

A = -1
B=0
C=0
D=1

yp = -x2 cos x + x sinx

Therefore y = yc + yp
= C1 cosx +C2 sinx - x2 cos x + x
Sinx

Determine trial solutions Yp: (use Table)

1.y 2y 3y=4x 5 + 6xe2x


yc= C1 e-x + C2 e3x
yp= Ax + B + (Cxe2x + Ee2x)

2.y 5y+4y=8ex
yc= C1 ex + C2 e4x
yp= Axex

3.y 8y+25y=5x3e-x - 7e-x

yc= e4x (C1 cos 3x + C2 sin 3x)


yp= (Ax3+Bx2+Cx+E)e-x

4.y 6y+9y=6x2 + 2 - 12e3x


yc= C1 e3x + C2 xe3x
yp=Ax2+Bx+C-Ex2e3x

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