Roadmap
Elias Adriano Nogueira da Silva
Daniel Lucrdio
AbstractHaving arisen from the industry, cloud computing is receiving increasing attention from the academy. We
are witnessing an increasing number of papers dedicated to
experience reports and proposal of methods, processes and
tools focused on cloud-related technology. Researchers are also
attempting to identify and formalize the main concepts behind
cloud computing, forming a basis for future investigations about
how this approach can be used to promote advances in many
fields of computer science. However, while the main research
challenges and opportunities related to cloud computing in
general are already well-known, in the software engineering
area the scenario is less clear. In this paper, we present the
results of a systematic literature review where we tried to
understand how researchers from the software engineering field
are viewing the cloud computing paradigm. We identified ten
software engineering research opportunities focused specifically
on cloud computing, which are presented and discussed in terms
of related work. We also present a discussion on some practical
issues related to the development of software for the cloud, trying
to make some obscure points clearer and aiming to facilitate the
work of software engineering researchers and practitioners.
I. I NTRODUCTION
The concept of cloud computing has gained recent attention mainly because of the industrys initiative. Companies
attempted to optimize and even profit from their computing
infrastructure, and thus a plethora of related concepts and
proprietary technology started to appear, aiming mostly at
the potential market. It was only recently that the academic
community started to look at these concepts more carefully.
Although it is possible to track down earlier related work
describing virtualization, grid computing and clusters [1], [2],
[3], which are concepts related to clouds, the first academic
papers dealing explicitly with cloud computing started to
appear around 2008-2009 [4], [5], [2]. Most of these were
attempts to propose a proper definition for cloud computing
and its underlying concepts and technologies [4], [2], [6].
However, up to this date, no definition is widely accepted by
the community [2], [7], [8].
One study that stands out is a 2009 technical report from the
University of California at Berkeley [9], a prominent academic
group in the field. The report discusses the main concepts
behind cloud computing, and presents some upcoming challenges and research opportunities for the academic community.
Soon this report and its authors became widely cited, laying
down the ground for different research directions in the cloud
computing field.
1 Google
7 Amazon:http://aws.amazon.com/pt/ec2/
2 Flickr:
8 GoGrid:
Drive: http://drive.google.com/
http://www.flickr.com/
3 Picasa: http://picasa.google.com/
4 SkyDrive: http://skydrive.live.com/
5 Google App Engine: http://code.google.com/appengine
6 Windows Azure: http://www.windowsazure.com/
http://www.gogrid.com/
9 http://www.ibm.com/cloud-computing/
10 Server Virtualization: is the technique of execution of one or more virtual
servers over one physical server [14]
11 http://lapes.dc.ufscar.br/ferramentas/start-tool
TABLE I
S YTEMATIC R EVIEW P ROTOCOL
Objectives:
Main Question:
Intervention:
Control:
Population:
Results:
Application:
Keywords:
Source selection criteria:
Studies Languages:
Source Search
Methods:
Source Engines:
Study inclusion criteria:
Study exclusion criteria:
Studies types definition:
Initial studies selection:
Studies quality evaluation:
Information extraction fields:
Results summarization:
To identify the main challenges and research opportunities in developing software for the cloud,
and how to adopt the main cloud services, from the software engineering perspective;
What are the main challenges and research opportunities in developing software for the cloud, in
terms of methodologies, languages, frameworks, tools and other software engineering concerns and
what has already been done in these few years of cloud research, from the software engineering
perspective?
Cases study, surveys, definitions and other types of research related to cloud software development;
We found no study to use as control;
Research related to cloud software development;
Case studies, surveys, definitions and research work related to cloud software development;
Cloud computing software development research;
Cloud computing; software development; software engineering; research gaps;
Availability of the papers over the web; search engines using keywords;
English and Portuguese;
The string was first defined in Scopus, then adapted to other engines like ACM and IEEE;
Automatic search; Search through bibliographic references of selected papers; Search by groups
and authors; Search over the related conferences and journals
Scopus; IEEE; ACM; Google Academic Search; Springer
The full paper was available; The study involved definitions about cloud computing; The study
contained experience reports about cloud computing software development;
The full paper was not available; The study was not directly related to cloud computing; The study
approached cloud computing without considering software development
Papers and technical reports;
Based on abstract, keywords and title;
The quality of studies was evaluated in an ad hoc way, after the reading;
Study types; Search domain; main idea; short summary;
All the accepted papers were analyzed, and the data were summarized into a single textual report,
where the results were described;
Fig. 1.
13 The list with all members of the OpenCloud Manifesto can be found at
http://www.opencloudmanifesto.org/supporters.htm
14 IEEE P2301: http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/2301/
15 IEEE P2302: http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/2302/
consensus about the set of models, languages, transformations and software processes that could be used to
successfully develop cloud applications using MDE [27].
Current efforts revolve mostly around the identification of
abstractions that would allow one to specify and create
systems independently of the underlying platform, and
the automatic code generation for some specific platform
or service infrastructure [28], [29].
B. Decision-making about migration to the cloud model
In order to take advantage of the benefits of the cloud
model, many organizations have the desire and/or intention
to embrace the cloud for existent and new applications. This
decision is inherently complex, and suffers the influence
from multiple factors such as cost, availability, performance,
security and QoS, each of which have a major influence on
every organization [30].
Before making the decision, an organization must take into
consideration the viability of the cloud model in its current
context. It must carefully analyze the constraints related to
cloud platforms, both technical [31] and organizational, and
consider its business requirements [32].
The literature contains research providing support for the
decision about migration to the cloud [33], [30], [32], [34],
[35]. Ezzat et al. [36] studied the cloud from different perspectives, in order to determine the aspects that mostly affect
the decision about cloud adoption. However, in this review
we have not found a formal process to specifically support
this task.
If the decision about the migration is positive, the IaaS
model is the ideal choice to deploy pre-existent systems,
while PaaS is more adequate for new applications [37]. An
incremental strategy can be adopted, to effectively migrate
data and applications to the cloud. For pre-existing systems,
the migration itself is a whole new challenge, as explains next
section.
C. Legacy software migration
There are many systems still in use today that became
outdated, either because they make use of unsupported technology or earlier versions of an operating system or platform.
However, the costs for their modernization and the fact that
they may still provide essential services keep them active.
These are commonly known as legacy systems. As expected,
most of these are not ready to be migrated into a cloud
environment, and this is true even for some more recent precloud web applications. One way of solving this problem is a
complete reengineering (i.e. a reconstruction of the software
for a new platform), but this process is normally too expensive. An alternative would be an strategy to migrate legacy
software into a cloud infrastructure and to ensure its correct
functioning in the new environment, without the need for a
complete reengineering. There are many experience reports
that focus on this problem [38], [39], [40], [41], [42], [43],
[44], [45], [31], [46], but more research is still needed, mainly
to formalize a strategy that defines a step-by-step process to
of cloud providers as an integrated (or federated) cloud environment [58]. In such environments, users can (transparently
or not) leverage the resources from different (either public or
private) cloud providers [25], [59], [60], [61], [62], [63]. These
terms are similar and suggest that cloud computing should not
be restricted to a single cloud [59], but a cloud-of-clouds.
In such environment, it would be possible to have application components deployed and co-existing on multiple clouds.
This raises challenges for the developer, who has to worry
about architectural and development issues that consider this
multi-cloud scenario. In particular, the composition of services
needs an effective communication between providers (interoperability). Abstractions for efficient service orchestration and
choreography [64] also need to be conceived or adapted for
the cloud.
There are some efforts related to cloud service composition
in the literature [65], [66], [67], [68], [69]. However, the
related technologies are still under development and more
research is necessary. Standardization efforts, such as those
described in Section IV-A, could offer a partial solution, but
these are not yet established.
I. Case studies
Organizations are normally afraid to adopt new technologies
until relevant success cases are presented. In this sense, to
reinforce the benefits of the cloud, to show the importance of
this paradigm, and its potential to revolutionize the market, it
would be interesting to have a large number of case studies.
The literature already has many examples of such efforts.
Chauhan & Babar [38] report their experience in the migration
of service-oriented systems to the cloud computing model.
Khajeh-Hosseini et al. [44] show a case study of migrating
an enterprise application to IaaS. Tran et al. [40] show a
taxonomy of critical factors in migration to cloud computing
model. We should continue to publish such type of results,
and case studies and experience reports should always be on
the agenda of software engineering researchers. The more
case studies available, the more confident researchers and
practitioners will become regarding the benefits of the cloud,
and the validity of the research.
J. Open source platforms
This last issue may not be considered as an open research
question by itself, but it presents a challenge for many researchers. The most important cloud computing platforms are
proprietary and, as a consequence, not open for investigation, modification and/or extension. This poses a problem for
researchers that want to experiment with different platform
architectures and setups. In this sense, the existence of open
source alternatives could be of great help to the software
engineering and cloud computing in general community.
There are some open source options available (like Eucalyptus16 and Nimbus17 ), but these are mostly focused on the
IaaS model. We still need more research dedicated to produce
16 http://www.eucalyptus.com/
17 http://www.trynimbus.com/
However, some specific concerns arise, such as load balancing, automatic scalability, data storage services and other
functionality that may be used by applications and that must be
developed specifically for a particular provider. Open standards
and open source implementations, such as JClouds (an OCCIWG implementation) [82] can help to reduce some problems,
by providing a common layer that can communicate with
different providers.
Also, the developer must have in mind that, if a public IaaS
provider is being used, the software has to be delivered to the
end user through the Internet. The SaaS model is normally
used, although it is possible to use this infrastructure to host
legacy systems [37], to deliver a system under the ASP model,
or just to perform some kind of data processing [83].
D. Developing Software for the PaaS model
The PaaS model tries to leverage the flexibility of the
cloud model, by providing a complete platform for software
development. A cloud platform hides many of the complexities of developing cloud software, and brings scalability
and elasticity to a different level. In the PaaS model, the
development platform is provided as a service. Applications
that are developed for this particular platform can benefit from
a specific programming model, that can be fully managed by
the platform provider in a fine grained way [84].
The target audience of PaaS are system developers. When
developing for PaaS, a developer must adopt a platform and
its particular set of tools, libraries, technologies and standards
[37]. These may require some initial training, which may lead
to an initial loss of productivity. However, they can later help
to reduce development time by providing useful functionality, facilitating the development and distribution of cloud
applications [84], [85]. For example, Google App Engine
(an example of PaaS provider) has many functionalities for
image processing, image manipulation, user management and
authentication, data storage, location-based services, among
others [86]. As in the IaaS model, applications are hosted in
the providers infrastructure, and are made available through
the Internet, following the SaaS or another model.
The problem with this approach is the lock-in, already
discussed in Section IV-A, caused by the fixed set of technologies that must be adopted. But other than that, the benefits
make PaaS a very interesting approach for cloud application
development.
VI. R ELATED WORK
The most influential related work in the area is the aforementioned technical report from Berkeley [9]. In this report,
Armbrust et al. present the results of a six-month brainstorming effort about the subject. The authors attempt to
clarify related terms and provide simple formulas to quantify
comparisons between the cloud model and the traditional
model. They also identify ten barriers for the success of cloud
computing, and present ten opportunities to overcome them,
much like we attempted to do in this paper.
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