with thanks to
Authors:
Betty Farrell, Ph.D.
Maria Medvedeva
Cultural Policy Center
NORC and the Harris School of Public Policy at the
University of Chicago
THE CENTER FOR THE FUTURE OF MUSEUMS an initiative of the American Association of Museums
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Washington, DC)
Julie I. Johnson (Distinguished Chair of Museum
Leadership, Science Museum of Minnesota,
MA)
channel youtube.com/futureofmuseums.)
Special thanks to the members of the advisory
committee who provided invaluable advice and
feedback to the Cultural Policy Center researchers
in the course of their work and who read, dissected
and commented on the draft report:
Ron Chew (Independent Consultant; former
WA)
THE CENTER FOR THE FUTURE OF MUSEUMS an initiative of the American Association of Museums
AUTHORS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
THE CENTER FOR THE FUTURE OF MUSEUMS an initiative of the American Association of Museums
INTRODUCTION
THE CENTER FOR THE FUTURE OF MUSEUMS an initiative of the American Association of Museums
national level.
we already have.
THE CENTER FOR THE FUTURE OF MUSEUMS an initiative of the American Association of Museums
THE CENTER FOR THE FUTURE OF MUSEUMS an initiative of the American Association of Museums
THE CENTER FOR THE FUTURE OF MUSEUMS an initiative of the American Association of Museums
in 2008.
301,237,703
100.00%
223,965,009
74.3%
37,131,771
12.3%
13,610,333
4.5%
2,419,895
0.8%
Census Bureau.
17,538,990
5.8%
6,571,705
2.2%
255,805,545
84.9%
198,420,355
65.9%
36,397,922
12.1%
13,413,600
4.5%
2,041,269
0.7%
737,938
0.2%
4,794,461
1.6%
Hispanic or Latino:
45,432,158
15.1%
25,544,654
8.5%
733,849
0.2%
196,733
0.1%
378,626
0.1%
16,801,052
5.6%
1,777,244
0.6%
By race
White
By ethnicity
White
Source: American Community Survey 2008. All percentages based on total U.S. population.
in the future.
THE CENTER FOR THE FUTURE OF MUSEUMS an initiative of the American Association of Museums
consequences.
(''
+%.
)%-
(%,
0'
((%.
*%,
/%/
/%0
)%0
-%(
*%.
11.7%
()%(
/'
/%(
+%,
()%*
12.3%
()%*
(*%'
12.3%
(*%'
.'
-'
,'
+'
/*%(
74.3%
/'%*
*'
.,%(
..%*
.+%*
.+%'
)'
('
'
(0/'
(00'
)'''
)''/
)'),
)','
-%+
0%'
()%,
8ccfk_\ij
8j`Xe&GXZ`]`Z@jcXe[\i
9cXZb&8]i`ZXe8d\i`ZXe
N_`k\
N_`k\#efe$?`jgXe`Z
Gifa\Zk\[
(,%(
)(%)
*'%)
G`\Z_Xikjj_fn
g\iZ\ekX^\f]?`jgXe`Zj
Sources: U.S. Census Bureau, Race and Hispanic Origin: 1790 to 1990 (2002); Census 2000 Summary File;
American Community Survey (2008); National Population Projections (2008).4
THE CENTER FOR THE FUTURE OF MUSEUMS an initiative of the American Association of Museums
10
resources.
THE CENTER FOR THE FUTURE OF MUSEUMS an initiative of the American Association of Museums
11
% of U.S.
population
By race/ethnicity
Hispanic
8.6%
13.5%
Non-Hispanic White
78.9%
68.7%
African American
5.9%
11.4%
Other
6.6%
6.4%
All
1992
2002
2008
26.7%
26.5%
22.7%
By race/ethnicity
Hispanic
17.5%
16.1%
14.5%
Non-Hispanic White
28.6%
29.5%
26.0%
African American
19.3%
14.8%
12.0%
Other
28.4%
32.7%
23.4%
*Based on data from the Current Population Survey, which varies slightly from the American Community Survey
data cited elsewhere in this report. Source: NEA, 2008 Survey of Public Participation in the Arts.
*For the purposes of the SPPA, participation in the benchmark arts is defined as attendance at jazz, classical music, opera,
musical plays, non-musical plays, and ballet performances, and visits to art museums or art galleries. Respondents have been asked
about participation in these arts in every version of the survey since 1982. Different versions of the survey have also asked about
other forms of participation in the arts, such as visiting historic sites, attending outdoor arts festivals, or attending Latin music
performances.
THE CENTER FOR THE FUTURE OF MUSEUMS an initiative of the American Association of Museums
12
including:
people;13
12
THE CENTER FOR THE FUTURE OF MUSEUMS an initiative of the American Association of Museums
13
attendance.
stages,
20
25
THE CENTER FOR THE FUTURE OF MUSEUMS an initiative of the American Association of Museums
14
programs?
in a separate report.
THE CENTER FOR THE FUTURE OF MUSEUMS an initiative of the American Association of Museums
15
oped a campaign to overcome negative perceptions of the aquarium. They advertised in Span-
THE CENTER FOR THE FUTURE OF MUSEUMS an initiative of the American Association of Museums
16
tive and engaging places andeven more challengingthat the kinds of important educational
experiences parents and grandparents were
seeking for their children could be educational
even while encouraging fun and play.
THE CENTER FOR THE FUTURE OF MUSEUMS an initiative of the American Association of Museums
17
36
38
the U.S. in the year that ended July 2008 and the
majority-minority status.
39
40
41
THE CENTER FOR THE FUTURE OF MUSEUMS an initiative of the American Association of Museums
18
The Nassau County Museum of Art uses art to enhance literacy among immigrants. Courtesy of the Nassau
County Museum of Art.
player in helping ease the transition of new immigrants into their American communities.46
THE CENTER FOR THE FUTURE OF MUSEUMS an initiative of the American Association of Museums
19
Figure 4. Metro areas in which less than half of people under age 15 are
Source: Frey et al, Getting Current: Recent Demographic Trends in Metropolitan America (Washington, D.C.:
Brookings Institution, 2009)
THE CENTER FOR THE FUTURE OF MUSEUMS an initiative of the American Association of Museums
20
THE CENTER FOR THE FUTURE OF MUSEUMS an initiative of the American Association of Museums
21
significant influences.
THE CENTER FOR THE FUTURE OF MUSEUMS an initiative of the American Association of Museums
22
*The focus groups were conducted by the University of Chicago Survey Lab in January and February 2010 in three sessions. One
consisted of seven 16- and 17-year-old students from diverse backgrounds (African American, Latino and white) who volunteered to
participate through an after-school arts center that provides high-quality, free art classes to underserved city youth. Two other groups
of 18-25 year-olds were more formally recruited through online and on-the-street flyers, asking for people who could come to a 2-hour
evening session in downtown Chicago to talk about their thoughts and experiences with museums.
THE CENTER FOR THE FUTURE OF MUSEUMS an initiative of the American Association of Museums
23
Interactivity
I want to be immersed in the culture. And when
Relevance
to smell something.
lake experience.
THE CENTER FOR THE FUTURE OF MUSEUMS an initiative of the American Association of Museums
24
inventive.
you] visit the museum, but you can also take a stroll
THE CENTER FOR THE FUTURE OF MUSEUMS an initiative of the American Association of Museums
25
different tastes.
processes.
grams. A study by the Institute for Learning Innovation found that a high proportion of program
63
THE CENTER FOR THE FUTURE OF MUSEUMS an initiative of the American Association of Museums
26
Visitors to the New York Hall of Science consistently list interaction with Explainers as one of the
top factors in making their visits enjoyable. The
employment of these young, engaged students
may have a special impact on children, who can
closely relate to them. In 2009, Explainers spoke
23 languages, with their name tags identifying the
languages they speak. They often communicate in
visitors native languages, making the museums
exhibits more accessible to those with limited
English. Preeti Gupta, senior vice president for
education and public programs, began her career
as an Explainer. She often spoke with visitors in
Hindi, which allowed for a deeper sense of com-
THE CENTER FOR THE FUTURE OF MUSEUMS an initiative of the American Association of Museums
27
relatively easy.
which do not.
sciences.
THE CENTER FOR THE FUTURE OF MUSEUMS an initiative of the American Association of Museums
28
programs.
investments in research.
THE CENTER FOR THE FUTURE OF MUSEUMS an initiative of the American Association of Museums
29
information.
THE CENTER FOR THE FUTURE OF MUSEUMS an initiative of the American Association of Museums
30
THE CENTER FOR THE FUTURE OF MUSEUMS an initiative of the American Association of Museums
31
Endnotes
Massey 2007.
20
21
Rodriguez 2009.
22
Falk 1995.
23
24
25
26
Ostrower 2005.
27
Waters 1999.
Fisher 2010.
28
Le n.d.
29
30
NEA 2009b.
31
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Linett 2008.
communication.
32
telephone interview.
33
34
35
36
37
38
Falk 2009.
THE CENTER FOR THE FUTURE OF MUSEUMS an initiative of the American Association of Museums
32
39
Roberts 2010.
64
40
65
41
66
42
67
43
Rodriguez 2009.
44
45
Orchestras 2009.
2009.
46
47
48
Anderson 2004.
49
50
51
n.d.
52
53
Zogby 2008.
54
55
Prensky 2001.
56
57
Gomez 2010.
58
59
McGonigal 2008.
60
61
Jenkins 2006.
62
Simon 2010.
63
THE CENTER FOR THE FUTURE OF MUSEUMS an initiative of the American Association of Museums
33
References Cited
www.costaimc.com/whitepapers/affluent_
hispanics.pdf.
DiMaggio, Paul and Francie Ostrower. 1990.
Participation in the Arts by Black and White
Americans. Social Forces 68 (3): 753-778.
Edmondson, Brad. 2009. Managing Volunteers in
University Press.
THE CENTER FOR THE FUTURE OF MUSEUMS an initiative of the American Association of Museums
34
THE CENTER FOR THE FUTURE OF MUSEUMS an initiative of the American Association of Museums
35
THE CENTER FOR THE FUTURE OF MUSEUMS an initiative of the American Association of Museums
36
sp2.upenn.edu/SIAP/Workpapers.home.html.
www.acf.hhs.gov/healthymarriage/pdf/
marriageamongasianamericans.pdf.
Waters, Mary C. 1999. Black Identities: West
University Press.
estimates
THE CENTER FOR THE FUTURE OF MUSEUMS an initiative of the American Association of Museums
37
Appendix A
Online resources for demographic information and socio-economic
indicators
Demographic Information
THE CENTER FOR THE FUTURE OF MUSEUMS an initiative of the American Association of Museums
38
THE CENTER FOR THE FUTURE OF MUSEUMS an initiative of the American Association of Museums
39
THE CENTER FOR THE FUTURE OF MUSEUMS an initiative of the American Association of Museums
40
% family households
Median age
65 to 74
55 to 64
45 to 54
35 to 44
25 to 34
18 to 24
5 to 17
Under 5
AGE
% of total population
Population size
2.5
52.2
100%
3.5
3.2
2.61
31
66.6
36.7
6.1
6.5
10.8
14.6
14.3
13.3
9.8
17.6
6.9
100%
100.0%
301,237,703
1.7
10.9
6.7
53.4
100%
2.7
3.09
2.51
28.9
66
39.1
7.2
7.2
11.9
15.2
14.1
12.6
9.3
16.3
6.2
100%
74.3%
47
4.7
11.6
6.3
30.4
100%
6.2
3.4
2.67
34.3
63.8
31.7
3.7
4.9
8.8
13.8
14.5
14
11.6
21.1
7.6
100%
12.3%
223,965,009 37,131,771
29.4
1.3
4.6
59.6
100%
5.9
3.54
3.04
39.2
74.5
35.6
3.9
5.4
9.8
14.3
17.8
16.9
9.4
15.8
6.6
100%
4.3%
13,164,169
Asian
39.8
3.3
12.8
5.3
38.8
100%
3.62
3.01
35.2
68.4
31.1
2.8
4.5
9.2
13.9
14.4
14.2
12.1
20.8
7.9
100%
0.8%
2,419,895
American
Indian and
Alaska
Native
38.2
2.7
7.6
4.1
4.74
100%
9.3
3.95
3.46
42.9
75.9
29.8
2.2
3.9
7.8
12.5
15.4
16.7
14.2
19.7
7.6
100%
0.1%
446,164
Native
Hawaiian
and Other
Pacific
Islander
39.2
7.3
2.9
46.5
100%
7.4
3.65
52.4
79.5
27.5
1.6
2.5
5.4
10.4
15.9
19.1
11.8
22.7
10.5
100%
5.8%
17,538,990
Some other
race
46.4
2.7
11.2
3.7
36
100%
4.4
3.38
2.75
35.8
64.8
18.6
1.8
2.7
5.3
8.5
9.8
11.8
11.5
31.8
16.8
100%
2.1%
6,571,705
Two or more
races
37.6
3.7
3.5
48.3
100%
3.88
3.48
48.4
77.5
27.4
2.3
3.2
5.9
10.4
15
17.6
11.3
23.1
11.2
100%
15%
45,432,158
Hispanic
29.7
11
6.7
50.6
100%
3.1
3.1
2.5
28.9
65.3
38.7
6.8
7.1
11.7
15.3
14.2
12.6
9.6
16.7
6.1
100%
85%
255,805,545
Not Hispanic
Appendix B
2006-2008 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates
9.3
27.3
White
Widowed
1.8
Black or
African
American
Divorced
34.1
Total
Population
Separated
HOUSEHOLDS
Never married
41
THE CENTER FOR THE FUTURE OF MUSEUMS an initiative of the American Association of Museums
Asian
Some other
race
Two or more
races
Hispanic
Not
Hispanic
White
Black or
African
American
Native
Hawaiian
and Other
Pacific
Islander
93
100%
Total
Population
American
Indian and
Alaska
Native
60
100%
93
40
25.8
100%
7
29.5
n.a.
58
42
25.1
n.a.
100%
23
30.4
27
29
12
100%
77
36.2
95
39.5
100%
100%
67
32.7
7.3
33
16
100%
29.9
94
27.4
15.6
5.6
42.6
100%
27.4
28.5
100%
30.4
2.3
14.8
100%
26.6
20.5
33
12
26.5
27
24
100%
28.4
33.7
18.6
100%
27.6
11
14.6
100%
38.2
19.1
8.7
10.9
92
15
20
100%
32.5
32.1
15.3
100%
13.1
100%
17
30.7
7.1
8.3
66,490
53,640
93
100%
33.2
19
10.8
2.8
43,240
41,630
100%
15.5
29.9
29.6
8.5
4.1
54,465
46,079
88
(age 25+)
29.6
28.1
29.7
4.3
41,945
41,230
100%
27.5
11.4
19.7
60,267
55,870
Native
5.9
42,428
37,068
PLACE OF BIRTH
10.7
78,986
69,047
Foreign-born
Bachelor's degree
10.1
41,514
35,086
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
LANGUAGE NEEDS
HISPANIC ORIGIN
55,229
29,517
67,715
15,916
52,175
15,178
63,211
15,207
20,303
17,063
30,299
30,248
27,466
18,119
42
THE CENTER FOR THE FUTURE OF MUSEUMS an initiative of the American Association of Museums