AOTC AutoCAD 2008 Creating and Presenting 3D Models-slipstream-Sample CH PDF

Chapter
1
3D Modeling
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Chapter1:
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The lessons covered in this chapter familiarize you with 3D modeling and how you view your
designs as you create them. You also learn the coordinate system and how you can use it to help
you create 3D designs.
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Creating 3D models of your designs helps you to refine your ideas because you can visualize the
relationship of design components. This same visualization of 3D models also helps you
communicate the design idea to others. Because of the need to communicate ideas to others,
every design discipline can use 3D modeling at some point in the design process.
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The lessons in this chapter
lidmethods, commands, and options for creating 3D
Au teach you the
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models. Methods covered include creating
your designs with predefined shapes, using crosstV
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sectional geometry you create, and
combining models to create a new single model.
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Objectives
After completing this chapter, you will be able to:
Explain the differences in 3D model types and how to view and display the models.
Create solid models from primitive shapes.
Create surface and solid models from 2D profile geometry.
Create a composite solid by joining, subtracting, and intersecting solid models.
Describe the 3D coordinate system, and how to define a custom coordinate system, control
the display of the coordinate system icon, and acquire a point in 3D space.
Lesson: Introduction to 3D
Overview
This lesson introduces you to 3D modeling. It starts with an explanation of the types of 3D models you
can create and how you can change your viewing direction in 3D space to look at your designs from
different directions. It then explains the commands you use to change your viewing direction, change
the representation display of your models, and change the number of viewports and their display
within the graphic window.
The reason you create a design is to validate it and to communicate it to others. By creating your
design as 3D models, you are able to do both of these with a lot more clarity.
In the following illustration, the drawing window is split into four equal viewports so the building and
site can be viewed in different directions. Each of the views is also set up to display the geometry
slightly differently based on the designers needs.
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Objectives
After completing this lesson, you will be able to:
Describe the types of 3D models and their benefits.

Explain the different ways you can view your 3D models.
View your model using Constrained Orbit.
Change the display of the models by changing the active visual style.
Set and adjust model space viewports.
Chapter 1: 3D Modeling
Types of 3D Models
In this section of the lesson, you learn about the different types of 3D models you can create to
represent your designs. While learning the differences between the types of models you can create,
you will also learn the benefits of 3D modeling. With the ability to identify the types of models and
their benefits, you will be able to select the proper model type to create based on your criteria and
design requirements.
In the following illustration, the same floor plan is shown as a wireframe, a surface, and a solid model.
Definition of 3D Model Types
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A primary benefit of 3D is the ability to visualize the design. By creating a 3D model, you can actually
see how the different aspects come together. You can then use the 3D model to do a more effective
job of communicating your design to others, not just those with the ability to read 2D blueprints. As
well as seeing the design better, you can extract measurements from your design. Depending upon
the model type, those measurements can include distance, area, volume, and other mass properties.
With solid models you can also check to see if any solid models interfere with each other. Once you
have the model created, you can also generate 2D drawing views for documentation purposes.
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a which of the three model types you created.
The extent of the benefits of a 3D model dependsSon
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Those three modeling types are:
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Wireframe Model The most basic
form for 3D model representation. You draw lines, arcs, and
Vaedges of your design. Though this model type can be useful, it
circles in 3D space to representt the
is often difficult to work with
Nowhen creating a complex model with many edges. When viewing a
wireframe model, you see all of the edges of the model regardless of which side of the model you
are viewing from.
Surface Model A higher level of model representation, since it not only defines the edges of the
design, but also an outer skin to the model. Surface models can add clarity to the display of a
design by hiding all geometry that resides behind a surface. While a surface model can return
values for its surface area, it cannot return mass property information since a surface has no true
thickness, just a length and a width.
Solid Model This model type defines the inner volume, outer surface, and edges of your design
all within a single object. Solid models represent all aspects of a design, and thus are the most
complete representational type of 3D model. You can create solid models from predefined shapes
or from complex outlines. You can combine solid models together to create even more complex
models.
Example of 3D Model Types

While you can create your designs as wireframe models, you will find solids and sometimes surface
models more pertinent for you to design with. If you need to model how the contour of land changes
in an area, creating a surface model from contour lines at the various elevations is the most productive
model creation method. You may also find creating surface models more practical if you are creating
very thin walled products like plastic bottles or the clear plastic packaging formed to hold
merchandise. For all other designs like buildings, bridges, desks, and mechanical parts, solid models
will offer you the most versatility in creating, editing, and displaying your design.
In the following illustration, a 3D model of a new idea for material handling equipment was created to
better discuss the designs merits and issues.
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es3D Models
Navigating and Displaying
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As you create 3D models, it is important to view the model from different directions. Your ability to
effectively change the display of your model and the direction from which you view it has a direct
impact on your ability to efficiently create and complete your design. In this next section, you learn
about the different ways you can change the direction from which you view your model, and other
ways you can have it displayed.
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In the following illustration, the same design is being viewed from three different directions. With each
view, you are able to get a better understanding of the design.
Navigation and Display Defined

When working in 3D, you typically need to look at different sides of your design. To view the different
sides, you do not reorient the model in 3D space. Instead, you change your viewing position in 3D
space by orbiting your viewing direction around your 3D model or changing to a preset viewing
direction.
Orbiting Your View

When orbiting your view, the pivot point is the center of a bounding box around the geometry. This
bounding box is a mathematical box that is just large enough to encompass either all the geometry in
your drawing or just the geometry you select.
Preset Viewing Directions

The preset viewing directions include top, bottom, front, back, left, right, and four additional isometric
views. These preset viewing directions are based on the default alignment of the X, Y, and Z coordinate
system. For example, the top view looks straight down the Z axis at the X,Y plane, while the front view
looks in the direction of the Y axis at the X, Z plane. Use these preset views to quickly change from one
viewing direction to another or to establish a starting point from which you can orbit to the exact
required viewing direction.
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Display Types
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As you add more detail to your model design, your ability to understand what you are looking at with
respect to your model is more dependent on how you display the model. There are three main ways
of displaying a surface or solid model. You can have it display as a wireframe, where only the edges are
displayed but you can see all the edges as if it were a wireframe model. You can have it display in
hidden mode, where all edges are displayed except the ones that cannot be seen based on the current
viewing direction. Or you can display it in a shaded form, thereby only showing the visible faces and
edges of the model based on its current viewing direction. Each of these display modes have slight
variations that change the quality or characteristics of the model display. By selecting a visual style,
you activate one of these uniquely saved display modes to have your model display in that fashion.
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Example of Navigating and Displaying 3D Models

In the following illustration, the model showing a new proposed material handling equipment cart
has been orbited in a way to help communicate the design. It is also being displayed in a conceptual
mode to give it the appearance of a hand sketched design that has been colored in. This type of
display can then be used within a presentation to give it a different type of feel for the audience.
Orbiting Your 3D Model

Orbiting your viewing point around your model allows you to see different aspects and details of your
design. With the Constrained Orbit command, you can freely rotate your view around your model. If
no geometry is selected at the start of the command, then the command pivots the view about the
center point of a bounding box of all the geometry. If you select geometry before executing the
command, then the view orbits around the center of the selected geometry.
Not only can you use constrained orbit to view your model, you can also use it while you are in another
command. This means you can start creating or modifying geometry looking at the model in one
direction, orbit to another relevant side, and complete the command.
In the following illustration, the creation of another model was initiated while looking at the design
from one direction. The view was then orbited while still in the process of creating the new model so
another point could be snapped to. The design after the creation of this additional model is then
shown on the far right.
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Command Access
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Constrained Orbit
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Command Line: 3dorbit

Menu: View > Orbit > Constrained Orbit
Toolbar: 3D Navigation
Toolbar: Orbit
Dashboard: 3D Navigate control panel
For Constrained Orbit to orbit around a selected object, the option Enable Orbit Auto Target
must be selected. So if you selected a model prior to starting the constrained orbit, and your
orbit does not orbit around the center of the model, then right-click and select Enable Orbit
Auto Target from the shortcut menu.
Procedure: Viewing Models in a Constrained Orbit

The following steps give an overview of viewing 3D models in a constrained orbit.
1.
Start the Constrained Orbit command.
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Change the view orientation by left-clicking in the drawing area and dragging. Release the
cursor to set the view direction.
3.
Continue to rotate the view until you achieve the required orientation.
4.
Exit the Constrained Orbit command by pressing ESC or right-clicking and selecting exit.
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Procedure: Using a Constrained
Orbit in About
le a Specific Object
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The following steps give an overview of viewing
fo 3D models in a constrained orbit based on the
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selection of specific objects.
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1.
Select one or more objects.
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2.
Start the Constrained Orbit command.
3.
Change the view orientation by left-clicking in the drawing area and dragging. Release the
cursor to set the view direction.
4.
Continue to rotate the view until you achieve the required orientation.
5.
If the orbit does not center on the bounding box of the objects selected, right-click and select
Enable Orbit Auto Target.
6.
Exit the Constrained Orbit command by pressing ESC or right-clicking and selecting exit.
Changing the Model Display

When selecting a display mode for your 3D surface or solid model, you have five preset display modes
you can select from. These preset display modes are referred to as visual styles. The five preset display
modes are:
2D Wireframe
Wireframe
Hidden
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Realistic
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Conceptual
In the following illustration, the same model is being displayed in four different visual styles:
Wireframe, Hidden, Realistic, and Conceptual. The top left, Wireframe, is useful when you want to view
geometry through the model and the lower right, Conceptual, is useful when you want to present an
idea as one in progress.
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Command Access
Visual Styles
Command Line: Vscurrent, vs

Menu: View > Visual Styles > 2D Wireframe, Wireframe, Hidden, Realistic, or
Conceptual
Toolbar: Visual Styles
Dashboard: Visual Styles panel
The following icons are associated with the menu and toolbars for the different visual styles.
Icon
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Option
2D Wireframe
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Wireframe
Hidden
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Realistic
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Conceptual
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Accessing Visual Styles on the Dashboard

To access the visual styles on the Dashboard, click the down arrow to the right of the active style name.
The list of visual styles appears as preview images, as shown in the following illustration.
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Switching to a Wireframe display can make the selection process quicker if you are trying to select
edges and corners that are on different sides of a model.
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Setting Viewport Displayl
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In this section of the lesson, you learn how to access the Viewports dialog box, the options for creating
and configuring multiple viewports, and the overall procedure to change viewport display. When
working in 3D, you can increase your productivity by changing the number of viewports displayed
within the drawing area. By creating the appropriate number of viewports in the right viewing
directions for the task at hand, you can view the model from multiple directions at the same time.
You can also start a command in one viewport, then click into another viewport and complete the
command.
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Multiple Viewport Display

In the following illustration, the same drawing window is shown as a single viewport and then split
into three viewports. In the multiple viewport display on the right, notice how each viewport is set to
display a different direction of view. Also notice how the model is displayed in different visual styles in
each of the viewports. In this case, two of the viewports display the models using the Realistic visual
style and the other one uses 2D Wireframe.
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Command Access
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Viewports
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Command Line: Viewports, Vports

Menu: View > Viewports > New Viewports
Toolbar: Viewports
Viewports Dialog Box

Following the typical workflow, you first display the Viewports dialog box, and then configure the
number of viewports to display, the view orientation, and the display style. You start the configuration
process by selecting an existing viewport configuration from the list. You then activate one of the
viewports and change its view direction and visual style.
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If you make a number of changes, enter a name so that when you click OK, this viewport configuration
is added to the list of named viewports. To apply a saved viewport configuration, click the Named
Viewports tab, double-click a configuration name, and click OK.
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A list of viewport configurations you select from.
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Use to preview the viewport configuration that will be applied after you click OK. Also use to
activate a viewport for further configuration by clicking within the rectangular area of that
viewport. The active viewport is shown with a square drawn just inside its borders.
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Use to have the viewport configuration applied to the active viewport instead of the default
option of Display, which changes the entire drawing window.
Use to have the view direction in the viewports change to common viewing directions.
Use to select a different preset view for the active preview viewport.
Use to set the visual style for the active preview viewport.
Use if you have changed settings from the standard configuration. Entering a unique name
and clicking OK saves the viewport configuration as a named viewport.
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Procedure: Changing Viewport Display

The following steps give an overview of setting the viewports display.
1.
Start the Viewports command.
2.
Configure the number of viewports to display.
3.
Individually activate each viewport and change the view direction and visual style.
4.
Name the viewport configuration.
5.
Save the viewport configuration.
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Exercise: Interact with 3D Models

In this exercise, you interact with different types of
existing 3D models by changing their display and
viewing the results of these display changes.
The completed exercise
2.
View the models from different orientations:
3.
4.
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Orbit until the back of the pump housings are

visible.
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5.
Press ESC to exit Constrained Orbit.
6.
Change the visual style of the drawing:
Wireframe model
Surface model
Solid model
Drag the cursor left and right.

Drag the cursor up and down.
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To complete the exercise, follow the

steps in this book or onscreen in the
exercise. In the onscreen list of chapters
and exercises, click Chapter 1: 3D
Modeling. Click Exercise: Interact with
3D Models.
Open M_Introduction-to-3D.dwg.
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Left-click and hold:
Completing the Exercise
1.
On the 3D Navigate control panel, click

Constrained Orbit.
On the Visual Style control panel, select

3D Hidden from the list.
7.
On the Visual Style control panel, select 3D

Wireframe from the list.
12.
Rotate the view until the front of the

housings are displayed.
8.

Conceptual from the list.
13.
Create multiple viewports to observe the

models from different perspectives:
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Click in the upper-left viewport to activate.
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On the 3D Navigate control panel, select

Front from the list.
oOn the 3D Navigate control panel, select

Top from the list.
Click in the right viewport to activate.
On the 3D Navigate control panel, select

Right from the list.
Use the Constrained Orbit command to

rotate the view with regards to specific
objects:
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Click in the lower-left viewport to activate.
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Press ENTER.
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Realistic from the list.
On the 3D Navigate control panel of the

Dashboard, click Parallel Projection.
Click View menu > Viewports > 3 Viewports.
9.
Press ESC to exit the constrained orbit.
Window-select the solid and surface

models.
On the 3D Navigate control panel, click

Constrained Orbit.
18.
Save and close all files.
Notice that the wireframe model does not

display during the orbit.
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Lesson: Creating Solid Primitives

Overview
This lesson describes how to create 3D designs by creating solid model primitives.
3D solid modeling is used across multiple design disciplines and primitive solid models are a key
element in creating designs. You can use solid model primitives individually or in conjunction with
other solid models to create complex designs. These 3D solid models help improve visualization,
which in turn improves communication and understanding of the design. They also help to reduce
errors and decrease the time required to complete a project.
In the following illustration, solid primitives are used to define space in a floor plan. A combination of
cylinders, boxes, pyramids, and a torus were used to quickly create the solids.
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Objectives
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Define and identify solid primitives and their importance in creating 3D designs.
Use and create solid box primitives.
Use and create solid sphere primitives.
Use and create solid cylinder primitives.
Use and create solid cone primitives.
Use and create solid wedge primitives.
Use and create solid torus primitives.
Use and create solid pyramid primitives.
Create box, sphere, cylinder, cone, wedge, torus, and pyramid 3D solid primitives.
Create 3D solid primitives to visualize the layout of a room.
About Solid Primitives

Primitive solids provide you with a method for creating designs ranging from quick and basic to
complex and detailed. If you can recognize where primitive models can define the shape of your
design, you will complete the design quicker.
In the following illustration, the solid models help you quickly visualize the conceptual layout for a
project to design tooling to create stamped parts.
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Definition of Solid Model Primitives
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Primitive solid models are predefined geometric shapes provided to you. You have seven basic
primitive solids you can design with: a box, sphere, cylinder, cone, wedge, torus, and pyramid.
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To create these shapes, you only need to supply a creation location and actual size. Once you have
created a solid primitive, you have information available to you such as its volume and other mass
properties. When you have created more than one solid primitive, you can create a more complex
model by combining primitives into a single model. You can also subtract the volume of one model
from another.
For many design needs, you can create and position solid primitives together much as you may have
done with wooden building blocks when you were a child.
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Example: Solid Primitives Used for Fixtures and Furniture

You can use solid primitives to represent all types of objects including mechanical parts, machines,
buildings, fixtures, and furniture. In the following illustration, a basic floor lamp has been created using
only primitive solids. This model can now be used in a room space or layout plan to help visualize
placement and remaining available space.
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Creating a Solid Box A
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You use the Box command to create rectangular or cube-shaped solid primitives. Since a box is a basic
building block shape, it is an important shape to be able to create. To create boxes efficiently and
based on your design criteria, you will need to know how to access the command and use the
appropriate creation option.
In the following illustration, the solid primitives are being displayed partially transparent so you can
see their initial creation starting plane or point.
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Command Access
Box
Command Line: Box

Menu: Draw > Modeling > Box
Toolbar: Modeling
Dashboard: 3D Make control panel
Options for Creating a Solid Box
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Following the command prompts and a typical workflow, you begin defining the base rectangular
shape by specifying two opposite corners, just like drawing a 2D rectangle. With the base shape
defined, you then specify the height.
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Instead of creating a box based on its default prompts and options, you can select different
suboptions to create the box based on other design criteria.
Option
Description
Center
Use to define the location of the solid primitives geometric center prior to specifying
its size.
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Cube
Length
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Use to create a box with all of its edges equal to a single specified value instead of
specifying three separate values for length, width, and height. You can also place the
cube with its edges not parallel to the X and Y axes of the current UCS.
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Use this option to create the base rectangular shape so its edges are not parallel to the
X and Y axes of the current UCS.
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Procedure: Creating a 3D Box

The following steps give an overview of creating a solid box.
1.
Start the Box command.
2.
Specify the base rectangular shapes start position, orientation, and size. Do this by specifying
one corner and then the other corner, or the center point and corner.
3.
Specify the height.
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Creating a Solid Sphere

You use the Sphere command to create a solid circular primitive. A basketball is an example of
a sphere.
In the following illustration, the solid primitive is being displayed partially transparent so you can
see its initial creation starting plane.
Command Access
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Sphere
Command Line: Sphere
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Menu: Draw > Modeling > Sphere

Toolbar: Modeling
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Options for Creating a Solid

u Sphere
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During the creation of a solid sphere, you
t define the position and size of the circular cross section
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through its center. Creating this circular
N cross section is very similar to creating a 2D circle. When you
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start the command, you are prompted to specify the center of the sphere, then size it with a radius or
diameter value.
Instead of creating a sphere based on its default prompts and options, you can select different
suboptions to create the sphere based on other design criteria.
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Option
Description
3P
Use to define the size of the circular cross section by specifying three points that
reside in the same coordinate system plane or are located anywhere in space.
2P
Use to define the size of the circular cross section by specifying two points in space.
When you specify these points, you supply the location and diameter of the sphere,
even without knowing the location of its center point.
Ttr
Use when you need the circular cross section to be tangent to two different objects
and a specific radius.
Procedure: Creating a 3D Sphere

The following steps give an overview of creating a spherical solid.
1.
Start the Sphere command.
2.
Specify the center point of the sphere.
3.
Specify the radius or diameter.
Creating a Solid Cylinder

You use the Cylinder command to create a cylindrical solid primitive with a circular or elliptical cross
section.
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In the following illustration, the solid primitive is being displayed partially transparent so you can see
its initial creation starting plane.
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Command Access
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Cylinder
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Command Line: Cylinder

Menu: Draw > Modeling > Cylinder
Toolbar: Modeling
Options for Creating Solid Cylinder Primitives

Following the command prompts and a typical workflow, you begin defining the base circular shape
by specifying the center point and radius or diameter, just like drawing a 2D circle. With the base shape
defined, you then specify the height. The default direction of height is perpendicular to the base
circular shape.
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Instead of creating a cylinder based on its default prompts and options, you can select different
suboptions to create the cylinder based on other design criteria.
Option
Description
3P
Use to define the base circular shape by having its circular edge pass through three
points in space. Especially useful when positioning and sizing a cylinder based on
existing 3D geometry.
2P
Use to define the diameter of the circular base using two opposite points on its outer
edge. Especially useful when you do not know the location of the center point or you
are positioning and sizing a cylinder based on existing 3D geometry.
Ttr
Use when you need the circular base to be tangent to two different edges and a
specific radius.
Elliptical
Use when you want the base shape of the cylinder to be an ellipse instead of a circle.
Axis Endpoint
Use to specify the top center point of the cylinder. This sets the cylinder height and
reorients the cylinder so its center axis extends from its base center point to the
selected axis endpoint, in effect, rotating the cylinder to this new alignment.
Procedure: Creating a 3D Cylinder
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The following steps give an overview of creating a cylindrical solid.
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1.
Start the Cylinder command.
2.
Specify the base circular shapes start position, orientation, and size. Do this by specifying the
center point and then the radius or diameter. Or select one of the suboptions and respond to
its requirements.
3.
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Specify the height or change its orientation using Axis Endpoint.
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Creating a Solid Cone
You use the Cone command to create a triangular shaped primitive with curved sides that transition
in shape from the base to the top. The default base shape is circular but you can also create an elliptical
base. The cone then transitions from its base shape to a point at the top, or to a shape smaller or larger
than its base.
In the following illustration, the solid primitives are being displayed partially transparent so you can
see their initial creation starting plane.
22
Command Access
Cone
Command Line: Cone

Menu: Draw > Modeling > Cone
Toolbar: Modeling
Options for Creating Solid Cones
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Following the command prompts and a typical workflow, you begin defining the base circular shape
by specifying the center point and radius or diameter, just like drawing a 2D circle. With the base shape
defined, you then specify the height. The default direction of height is perpendicular to the base
circular shape.
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Instead of creating a cone based on its default prompts and options, you can select different
suboptions to create the cone based on other design criteria. Except for the option Top Radius, the
suboptions are identical to the options for creating a cylinder primitive.
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Option
Description
3P
S
2P
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Use to define the base circular
shape by having its circular edge pass through
Sa useful when positioning and sizing a cone
three points in space. Especially
r
o
based on existing 3D
d fgeometry.
i
l
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Vthea diameter of the circular base using two opposite points on
Use to define
t
o Especially useful when you do not know the location of the
its outer
Nedge.
center point or you are positioning and sizing a cone based on existing 3D
geometry.
Ttr
Use when you need the circular base to be tangent to two different edges and
a specific radius.
Elliptical
Use when you want the base shape of the cone to be an ellipse instead of
a circle.
Axis Endpoint
Use to specify the top center point of the cone. This sets the cone height and
reorients the cone so its center axis extends from its base center point to the
selected axis endpoint, in effect, rotating the cone to this new alignment.
Top Radius
Use when you want a cone shape with a flat top instead of one that comes to
a point. With a smaller radius value than the base, your cone will taper in as it
transitions from the base to the top. With a larger value, you create a cone
that tapers out from the base to the top.
23
Procedure: Creating a 3D Cone

The following steps give an overview of creating a conical solid.
1.
Start the Cone command.
2.
Specify the base circular shapes start position, orientation, and size. Do this by specifying the
center point and then the radius or diameter. Or select one of the suboptions and respond to
its requirements.
3.
Specify the height to create a 3D cone with a point, or select the Top Radius option.
4.
If you selected the Top Radius option, specify the value for the top radius.
5.
Specify the height to the flat top of the cone.
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Creating a Solid Wedge
You use the Wedge command to create a solid triangular primitive with three rectangular faces. When
you create a wedge, you end up with a shape that appears to be half of a box primitive that is split
diagonally from one edge to another. The high side of the wedge is the side opposite the second point
specified when creating the base rectangular shape.
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In the following illustration, the solid primitive is being displayed partially transparent so you can see
its initial creation starting plane. The base rectangular shape was created from point 1 to point 2.
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Command Access
Wedge
Command Line: Wedge

Menu: Draw > Modeling > Wedge
Toolbar: Modeling
24
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Options for Creating Solid Wedge

The workflow and options for creating a wedge are the same as for creating a box primitive. Following
the command prompts and a typical workflow, you begin defining the base rectangular shape by
specifying two opposite corners, just like drawing a 2D rectangle. With the base shape defined, you
then specify the height.
Instead of creating a wedge based on its default prompts and options, you can select different
suboptions to create the box based on other design criteria.
Option
Description
Center
Use to define the location of the solid primitives geometric center prior to
specifying its size.
Cube
Use to create a wedge with all of its edges equal to a single specified value instead
of specifying three separate values for length, width, and height. You can also
place the cube with its edges not parallel to the X and Y axes of the current UCS.
Length
Use this option to create the base rectangular shape so its edges are not parallel to
the X and Y axes of the current UCS.
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Procedure: Creating a 3D Wedge
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The following steps give an overview of creating a solid wedge.

1.
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Start the Wedge command.
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a orientation, and size. Do this by specifying
2.
Specify the base rectangular shapes start position,
S
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one corner and then the other corner, or
fo the center point and corner.
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A
3.
Specify the height.
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Creating a Solid Torus
You use the Torus command to create a circular tube primitive with its final shape resembling a
doughnut or bicycle inner tube. You create a torus by defining the size and position of two circular
shapes.
In the following illustration, the solid primitive on the left is shown partially transparent so you can see
a representation of the defining sizes and planes for this primitive. The actual torus will appear like the
illustration on the right.
25
Command Access
Torus
Command Line: Torus

Menu: Draw > Modeling > Torus
Toolbar: Modeling
Options for Creating Solid Torus Primitives
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Following the command prompts and a typical workflow, you first define the size of the torus by
specifying the center point of the torus and then its radius or diameter. With that size defined, you
then define the size of the solid tube material by specifying its radius or diameter. The radius size of
the torus is measured from the center point of the torus to the center point of the solid tube material.
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Instead of defining the size of a torus by its center point and radius or diameter, you can also define its
size and location in 3D space by using the options Three Points, Two Points, or Tangent to Two Objects
and a Radius.
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Procedure: Creating a 3D Torus Primitive

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The following steps give an overview of creating a solid torus primitive.

1.
2.
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Start the Torus command.
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V
Specify the start position, orientation,
size of the torus. Do this by specifying the center
t and
o
point and then the radius or diameter.
Or
select
one of the suboptions and respond to its
N
requirements.
3.
Specify the radius or diameter for the solid part of the torus.
Creating a Solid Pyramid

You use the Pyramid command to create a primitive that has a polygonal base with flat sides that
transition in shape from the base to the top. The pyramid can transition from its base shape to a single
point or to a shape smaller or larger than its base. By default, the polygonal base has four sides, but
you can change that number based on your requirements.
26
In the following illustration, the two solid primitives on the left are being displayed partially
transparent so you can see their initial creation starting plane. The two solid primitives on the right are
examples of pyramids with more sides than the default value and different top conditions.
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Command Access
Pyramid
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Command Line: Pyramid
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Menu: Draw > Modeling > Pyramid
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Dashboard:
lid panel
Au3D Make control
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N Pyramid Primitives
Options for Creating Solid
Toolbar: Modeling
Following the command prompts and a typical workflow, you begin defining the base polygonal
shape by specifying the center point and then a point on the polygon, much like drawing a 2D
polygon. With the base shape defined, you then specify the height. The default direction of height is
perpendicular to the base circular shape.
27
Instead of creating a pyramid based on its default prompts and options, you can select different
suboptions to create the pyramid based on other design criteria.
Option
Description
Edge
Use to specify the length of a flat segment of the polygon base. When picking the
points to define the size of a segment, you also set the position and orientation of the
base polygonal shape.
Sides
Use to change the shape of the pyramid by changing the number of sides from the
default of 4 to any value greater than 2 and less than 33.
Circumscribed /
Inscribed
Use to change which outer point you will define when specifying the size of the base
polygonal shape. With Circumscribed, you size the polygon from the center point to
the midpoint of a flat segment on the polygon. With Inscribed, you size the polygon
from the center point to the endpoint of a polygon segment. Only the option not
active for use will be listed for selection.
Axis Endpoint
Use to specify the top center point of the pyramid. This sets the pyramid height and
reorients the pyramid so its center axis extends from its base center point to the
selected axis endpoint, in effect, rotating the pyramid to this new alignment.
Top Radius
Use when you want a pyramid shape with a flat top instead of one that comes to a
point. With a smaller size value than the base, your pyramid will taper in as it
transitions from the base to the top. With a larger value, you create a pyramid that
tapers out from the base to the top.
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To change the number of sides or specify the edge length of a pyramid, select the
corresponding option prior to specifying the center point.
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You can use the Pyramid command to create objects like hexagon bar stock by specifying the top
radius size to be the same as the base size.
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Procedure: Creating a 3D Pyramid

The following steps give an overview of creating a solid polygonal pyramid.
28
1.
Start the Pyramid command.
2.
Change the number of sides for the polygon base if the default value is different than your
current requirements.
3.
Specify the base polygonal shapes start position, orientation, and size. Do this by specifying
the center point and then the radius to a point on the polygon shape that is circumscribed or
inscribed. Or select the Edge suboption and specify the endpoints of one edge.
4.
Specify the height to create a 3D pyramid where the sides converge to a point, or select the
option Top Radius.
5.
If you selected the option Top Radius, specify the radius value for the top.
6.
Specify the height to the flat top of the pyramid.
Exercise: Create Individual Solid Primitives

In this exercise, you create box, sphere, cylinder,
cone, wedge, torus, and pyramid 3D solids.
4.
steps in this book or in the onscreen
Modeling. Click Exercise: Create
Individual Solid Primitives.
Create a Box
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1.
Open M_3D-Solids.dwg.
2.
On the 3D Make control panel of the

dashboard, click Box.
3.
To define the 3D box:
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5.
To specify the center of the box.
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When prompted for the height, move the

cursor in the positive Z direction. Enter 50
for height.
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6.
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When prompted to specify the first

corner, select a point near the UCS.
When prompted to specify the other
corner, enter L for length.
Move the cursor in the positive X
direction. Enter 100 for length.
When prompted for the width, move the
cursor in the positive Y direction. Enter 75
for width.

corner, enter C for center.
When prompted to specify the center,
click to the right of the first box.
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Toodefine the box.

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When prompted to specify a corner,

enter L for length.
direction. Enter 100 for length.
When prompted for the width, move the
cursor in the positive Y direction. Enter 75
for width.
cursor in the positive Z direction. Enter 50
for height.
29
Create a Sphere
Create a Cone
1.
Make the layer Sphere current.
1.
Make the layer Cone current.
2.

dashboard, click Sphere.
2.

dashboard, click Cone.
3.
To define the sphere:
3.
When prompted to specify the center point

of the base, click a point to the right of the
cylinder.
When prompted to specify a center point,

click a point in the positive Y direction of
the two boxes.
When prompted to specify a radius,
enter 50.
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4.
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Create a Cylinder
1.
Make the layer Cylinder current.
2.

dashboard, click Cylinder.
3.
To define the cylinder:
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When prompted to specify the center

point of the base, click a point to the right
of the boxes.
When prompted to specify the base
radius, enter 50. When prompted to
specify a height, enter 100.
30
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To create the cone:

radius, enter 50.
When prompted to specify the height,
enter T for Top Radius.
Specify a top radius of 25.
When prompted to specify a height,
enter 100.
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Create a Wedge
6.
To locate the center of a wedge solid:
1.
Make the layer Wedge current.
2.

dashboard, click Wedge.
3.
When prompted to specify the first corner,

click a point in the positive Y direction from
the sphere.

corner, enter C for center.
When prompted to specify the center,
click to the right of the first wedge.
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4.
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Create the wedge solid.
5.
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When prompted to specify other corner,

enter L for length. Move the cursor in the
positive X direction. Enter 100.
When prompted to specify the width,
move the cursor in the positive Y
direction. Enter 75.
move the cursor in the positive Z
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To create the wedge solid:
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corner, enter L for length.
When prompted to specify the width,
move the cursor in the positive Y
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dashboard, click Wedge.
31
Create a Torus
3.
To locate the center of the pyramid:
1.
Make the layer Torus current.
2.

dashboard, click Torus.
3.

click a point in front of the two boxes.
4.
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Create a Pyramid
1.
Make the layer Pyramid current.
2.

dashboard, click Pyramid.
32
Create the pyramid.

enter 50.
When prompted to specify the tube
radius, enter 10.
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4.
To create the torus:

point of the base, enter S for sides.
When prompted for the number of sides,
enter 6.
Click a point to the right of the torus.
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5.
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radius, enter 50.
enter 100.
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f
d6. To locate the edge of a pyramid:

point of the base, enter E for edge.
Click a point to the right of the first
pyramid.
7.
To create the second pyramid:
When prompted to specify the second

endpoint, move the cursor in the positive
X direction. Enter 50.
When prompted to specify height, enter
T, for Top Radius. Enter 25 for the top
radius.
When prompted to specify height,
enter 100.
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33
Exercise: Create Solid Primitives

In this exercise, you create 3D solid primitives to
visualize the layout of a room.
4.
To create the bed:
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exercise. In the onscreen list of
chapters and exercises, click Chapter
1: 3D Modeling. Click Exercise: Create
Solid Primitives.
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1.
5.
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Open C_Primitive-Solids.dwg.
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2.
Make the Bed layer current.
3.

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7.
34

corner, click the left corner of the bed (1).
corner, click the opposite corner of the
bed (2).
Enter 24 for the height.
Make the Lamp layer current.
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On the Visual Style control panel of the

dashboard, click the down arrow next to the
text and click 3D Wireframe, for ease of
selection in subsequent steps.
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8.
To create a cylinder:
11.

dashboard, click the down arrow next to the
text and click Realistic.
12.


point of the base, use the Center object
snap and select the center of the circle (1).
When prompted to specify a base radius,
use the Quadrant object snap and select a
quadrant of the large circle (2).
Enter 3 for height.
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13.
To create the pyramid:
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9.

10.
To create a second cylinder:
p esk
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When prompted to specify a center point

of the base, use the Center object snap
and select the center of the circle (1).
use the Quadrant object snap and select a
quadrant of the small circle (2).
Enter 60 for height.
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point of the base, enter S for sides.
When prompted for the number of sides,
enter 12.
point of the base, use the Center object
snap and select the center of the cylinder.
Enter 12 when prompted to specify a
base radius.
Enter T, for top radius, when prompted to
specify height.
Enter 8 for the top radius.
Enter 12 for height.
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35
14.
Make the Light layer current.
15.

dashboard, click Torus. The torus will
represent an overhead light.
16.
To define the torus:

enter 106,96,90.
Enter 9 when prompted for a radius.
Enter 1.5 when prompted for the tube
radius.
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17.
p esk
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Complete the room by adding the hutch,

desk, and other lamp on the appropriate
layers.
Au
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18.
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Lesson: Creating Models from 2D Profiles

Overview
This lesson describes how to create surface and solid models by using familiar techniques and
geometry to define the size and shape of a model. It also explains how to leverage geometry such as
lines, circles, arcs, splines, polylines, and helixes.
Using common drawing geometry as the input for creating surface or solid models, you can create
some designs quicker than if you created composite models from solid primitives. Common geometry
also provides you with a method of creating some 3D designs that would otherwise be impossible to
create solely from primitives. You can also combine the solid models you create with these methods
with other solids using the various Boolean operations.
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The following illustration shows a complex solid model created from different cross sections of
geometry.
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Objectives
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Describe the types of models you can create from 2D profiles and the characteristics of models
created from 2D profiles.
Explain the right-hand rule as it pertains to revolving a profile around an axis.
State why you would create solid models from 2D profiles instead of using solid primitives.
Create planar surfaces.
Use the Polysolid command to create 3D solids.
Use the Extrude command to create 3D models.
Use the Presspull command to create 3D models.
Use the Revolve command to create 3D models.
Use the Helix command to create a helical path.
Use the Sweep command to create 3D models.
Use the Loft command to create 3D models.
37
About Models from 2D Profiles

In this section of the lesson, you learn about creating 3D models from 2D profiles you draw with lines,
circles, arcs, polylines, and splines. When you understand the types of models you can create from 2D
profiles and the characteristics of these models, you will be able to identify when and where it is
appropriate to use these methods in your designs.
In the following illustration, multiple models are shown that were created from 2D profile geometry
using various methods.
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Definition of Models from 2D Profiles
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The phrase models from 2D profiles refers to the solid and surface models you create from selected
2D profiles. These profiles consist of geometry that you draw to represent a contour or slice of the
shape you want to create. In some cases, you have to create profile geometry in a flat plane anywhere
in space; in other cases, you can create geometry that traverses in all directions through space. The
profile is also defined as being either an open loop or closed loop profile. Open loops are profiles
where a single object does not return to its starting point and close itself. Closed loop profiles are
defined by a single object that does return to its starting point.
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The reason open and closed looped profiles are not defined as creating one type of model or the other
is because the resulting model depends upon the selected profile geometry and the model creation
method. The results of model creation from profiles include:
38
A planar surface.
A multiple segmented solid of straight and arc segments.
An extruded surface or solid.
A revolved surface or solid.
A swept surface or solid.
A lofted surface or solid.
2D Profiles to 3D Models Methods

The following illustrations show the 2D profile geometry used to create the surface and solid models
using different creation methods. When the surface or solid is created, you can have the original
profile geometry automatically deleted or maintained, or you can be prompted to keep or delete the
geometry based on the DELOBJ system variable setting.
Creation Method
Initial 2D Profile
Surface and Solid Models

Created from 2D Profiles
Planar Surface
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Multiple Segmented Solids
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Extruded
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Revolved
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Swept
Lofted
39
Surface or Solid
The following chart summarizes the characteristics of the profile geometry and the model type you
create when extruding, revolving, sweeping, or lofting that profile.
Characteristics of 2D Profile
Surface
A single object creating a closed loop.
Solid
X
A single object creating an open loop.
An open or closed loop composed of multiple objects.
Example of Models Created from 2D Profiles

Every object around you can be modeled from geometry drawn as a profile: objects such as the desk
you sit at, the building you sit in, and the roads and sidewalks you travel on.
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A specific example would be to use the geometry in a site plan and create a 3D representation of that
site. You can use the outline of the buildings foundation to create a solid model showing the
buildings location, shape, and size. Then illustrate the grade of the site by generating a surface that is
a loft between the different contour lines.
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About the Right-Hand Rule of Rotation

During the process of revolving a profile around an axis, you have the option to revolve either a full
360 degrees or a specified angle. If you specify an angle, that value can be positive or negative. When
you understand the right-hand rule, you can determine if you should specify a positive or negative
value to achieve the needed results.
Definition of the Right-Hand Rule of Rotation

You can apply the right-hand rule of rotation when repositioning an object in 3D space by rotating it.
Or you can use it to assist you in determining the positive and negative direction of revolution when
creating a surface or solid model.
40
To determine the positive direction of revolution, start by pointing your thumb in the positive
direction of the axis to revolve around. Then curl your fingers toward your palm. The direction your
fingers curve indicates the positive direction of revolution.
Example of Applying the Right-Hand Rule of Rotation

In the following example, the 2D geometry on the left was copied so it could be used as the 2D profile
for the two revolved solids. During the Revolve command, the axis of revolution was defined as going
along the edge of the solid box. Based on the right-hand rule and with a representation shown in the
illustration, to create the first solid revolve (1), you specify a positive value. To create the second
revolved solid (2), you specify a negative value.
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Choosing a Model Creation Method

As you learn more model creation methods, you have more methods to choose from when creating
your designs. In some cases, the same model design can be created using very different modeling
methods. In those cases, the right modeling method to use is the quickest one. To help you determine
which method to use, there are a few questions you should consider prior to starting your design.
Once you know the questions to ask yourself, you will be able to identify when to create the model
from profile geometry instead of solid primitives.
41
How to Decide Which Model Creation Method to Use

Each time you begin the process of creating a model, you follow a decision-making process similar to
the one shown here.
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a Prope
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o
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Sa
es
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tothe Planar
Creating a Model
d f Surface Command
S Using
i
l
Au
a
tV
You use the Planar Surface command to create surfaces in a flat plane. You either draw a rectangular
surface in a flat plane or convert a closed loop planar object into a planar surface. Closed loop planar
objects you can convert include circles, ellipses, polylines, and splines. If you convert a closed loop
object, the DELOBJ system variable determines whether the original object is automatically deleted.
Planar Surface can be used to provide a backdrop for viewing or rendering.
No
In the following illustration, the rectangular planar surface was newly created within the command
and the other surfaces were created from existing closed loop planar objects.
42
Command Access
Planar Surface
Command Line: Planesurf

Menu: Draw > Modeling > Planesurf
Toolbar: Modeling
Procedure: Creating a Planar Surface
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The following steps give an overview of creating a planar surface.

1.
Start the Planar Surface (Planesurf) command.
2.
If creating a new rectangular planar surface, specify the first corner. If converting a closed loop
planar object, select the Object suboption.
3.
Specify the other corner of the rectangular planar surface or select the objects to convert to
planar surfaces.
a Prope
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4.
Select Yes or No to delete or keep the defining objects
or if you are converting an object and the
e
DELOBJ system variable is set

aldeleting or keeping the defining objects.
sk to prompt before
S
e
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o
o
f
t
u
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liPolysolid
a
Creating a ModelAUsing the
Command
V
t
No
You create multiple segmented solids using the Polysolid command. Multiple segmented solids are
p
m
a
3D solids that consist of a rectangular profile and a single line path the rectangular profile follows.
When creating a solid using Polysolid, you first set the width and height values for the rectangle
profile. Then you draw the path of lines and arcs, like drawing a polyline, or select existing geometry
to define the path. Being able to set the size and create the path of the solid is vital to achieving the
proper final results.
In the following illustration, the solid model on the left was created by drawing lines and an arc
segment and the solid model on the right was created by selecting an existing circle. Converting
circles in this manner can be an efficient way of creating tubular solid models.
43
Command Access
Polysolid
Command Line: Polysolid

Menu: Draw > Modeling > Polysolid
Toolbar: Modeling
Options for Creating Solid Models Using Polysolid
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Following the command prompts and a typical workflow, you create a 3D solid by drawing straight
line segments in the same plane that will be located in the center at the bottom of the solid model.
Before clicking the beginning point of the first straight line segment, you should set the height and
width of the rectangular profile.
a Prope
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C ctual ale
In the following illustration, a solid model was created following the center path from left to right. The
defining characteristics of the rectangular profile are also notated.
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No
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Polysolid Options
You can select a variety of suboptions within the Polysolid command to create a model that meets
your design criteria.
Option
Height
Width
Justify
44
Description
Use to set the distance from the plane the path is being drawn on to the top of
the rectangular profile.
Use to set the width of the rectangular profile.
Use to align the rectangular profile relative to the path being drawn. Options are
Left, Center (the default), and Right justification.
Option
Description
Object
Use to make use of existing planar geometry as a path for the rectangular profile.
Arc
Use to create arc instead of straight path segments. Select the Arc suboption
Direction to change the direction the arc is tangent to the last point, so you can
draw the arc in a direction other than its default direction.
Line
Use to switch back to creating straight path segments after selecting the Arc
suboption.
Close
Use to have the last segment automatically connect to the start point of the first
segment.
Procedure: Creating a Solid Model Using Polysolid
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The following steps give an overview of creating a solid model using the Polysolid command by
drawing the path within the command.
a Prope
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C ctual ale
1.
Start the Polysolid command.
2.
Ensure the Height, Width, and Justify suboptions are set according to your design
requirements.
3.
Specify the starting point.
4.
Switch back and forth between the Arc and Line suboptions and specify the next point for the
needed straight and arc segments.
5.
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or
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Press ENTER to complete the command.
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ali
V
Procedure: Creating a Solidt Model from Existing Objects Using Polysolid
o
N
The following steps give an overview of creating a solid model based on existing planar objects using
the Polysolid command.
1.
Start the Polysolid command.
2.
Ensure the Height, Width, and Justify suboptions are set according to your design
requirements.
3.
Select the Object suboption.
4.
Select the objects to use as paths.
5.
Select Yes or No to delete or keep the defining objects if the DELOBJ system variable is set to
prompt before deleting or keeping the defining objects.
45
Creating a Model Using the Extrude Command

You use the Extrude command to create 3D models from geometry representing a 2D profile of that
model. When you extrude a profile, a model is created a specified distance and direction between the
original planar profile and a projection of that profile. You create a solid model if you select a single
closed loop object. If you select open loop geometry or a closed loop composed of separate objects,
you create a surface model.
Extruding geometry representing a profile of a desired model is an easy way to create a multisided
model. This method of solid model creation can be quite a bit faster than creating and combining
primitive solids. You will be more productive and successful in extruding profiles if you know how to
use the Extrude command and its options to control the models creation.
In the following illustration, different models were created from variations of the same profile shape
and command options.
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Command Access
Au
Extrude
No
ali
V
t
or
f
d
Command Line: Extrude

Menu: Draw > Modeling > Extrude
Toolbar: Modeling
46
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Extrude Options
Following the command prompts and a typical workflow, you create a 3D model by selecting the
planar profile geometry and then specifying a positive or negative height. You specify the height by
typing in a value or by clicking a point in the drawing. After you specify the height, the model is
created in a direction perpendicular to the plane where the profile geometry resides. You can use the
Extrude commands suboptions to create a 3D model that meets your design criteria.
Option
Description
Direction
Use to specify a linear extrusion direction and distance other than perpendicular to the
plane of the cross-sectional geometry. The face at the end of the extrusion is parallel to
the plane where the cross-sectional geometry resides.
Path
Use to extrude the cross-sectional geometry along other geometry. You can create the
path anywhere in space and the extrude will follow a parallel path starting at the crosssectional geometry. Throughout the path and on the end, the cross section will be
perpendicular to the path and not parallel to its original plane.
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NOTE: This option is very much like the Sweep command except the model is created
based on the position of the cross-sectional geometry and not the path location.
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Taper Angle
Use to have the model get narrower or wider as it extrudes away from the crosssectional geometry. Specify a positive angle value to have the model get smaller and a
negative angle value to have it get larger as it extrudes.
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Surface model was created because the closed loop was not a single object, unlike the other
four examples, where the closed loop was a single object.
Solid model created after specifying a height and following the default workflow.
The results of using the Direction suboption and specifying a direction between two points.
The results of using the Path suboption and selecting the 3D spline shown.
The results of specifying a positive Taper Angle and a height.
47
Procedure: Creating a Model Using Extrude

The following steps give an overview of creating a model by extruding a 2D profile.
1.
Draw the 2D profile.
2.
Start the Extrude command.
3.
Select the objects to be extruded.
4.
If the model needs to get larger or smaller as the profile is extruded, select and specify a
taper angle.
5.
Specify the height, or select the creation method Direction or Path.
6.
If you selected the Direction or Path suboptions, specify the distance and direction of the
extrusion by clicking the two points or selecting the geometry.
7.
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C
Creating a Model Using the Presspull Command

e
p
o
Pr or pulling a planar bounded area.
l
Using the Presspull command, you create a solid model by pressing
a
e
lmethod.
tuquickly
You can create multisided models from profile areas very
using this
You create them
a
c
s
e
l
e
quickly since these areas are often the result of different
operations
or
the
intersection
different
l
e boundary, your do
R not have to modifyofthe
t
objects. Since this command only requires a closed
existing
n
I
o
e
geometry or create a new single object outlining

the area for
al the purpose of creating a solid model.
sk
S
e
r shown intersecting each other and thereby
In the following illustration, severaldplanar objects are
o
o
f
t
creating multiple bounded areas.
d were then created using the Presspull command
liareas.
Au The solid models
a
and by selecting within two of those bounded
tV
o
N
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a
Command Access
Presspull
Command Line: Presspull, or hold CTRL+ALT

Toolbar: Modeling
48
Bounded Areas for Pressing or Pulling

When pressing or pulling a bounded area, you create a solid model in a positive or negative
perpendicular direction relative to the plane of the bounded area. The resulting solid model has the
characteristics of an extruded solid model.
The bounded areas you can press or pull include:
Areas defined as a closed loop but created with multiple individual planar objects.
Areas defined by the intersection of multiple planar objects.
Areas defined by planar faces.
Areas defined by the intersection of planar objects and the edges of a planar face.
In order for the area to be calculated, it must either reside on the current UCS or be part of an existing
face on a solid. Bounded areas that are not on the current UCS and are not part of an existing face are
not selected.
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When you press or pull a bounded area of a face on a 3D model, that solid model becomes a
composite solid if it was not previously defined as one. The pressed or pulled area then
becomes a new consumed solid.
a Prope
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C ctual ale
Procedure: Creating Solids with Presspull
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The following steps describe how to create solids with the Presspull command.
1.
p esk
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a tod
Create boundaries that represent

massing objects by drawing objects
such as circles, polylines, and
rectangles.
Au
ali
V
t
NOTE: In this example, each circle

intersection represents a potential
presspull boundary.
No
2.
or
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d
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On the 3D Make control panel, click

Presspull; or press and hold
CTRL+ALT. Click and drag inside
each boundary to adjust the height.
49
Creating a Model Using the Revolve Command

You use the Revolve command to create an arcing or circular 3D model from geometry representing
a profile of that model. When you revolve a profile, you spin the profile around a defined axis. The
amount of revolution can be a full 360 degrees or any start and stop angle within 360 degrees. You
create a solid model if you select a single closed loop object as the profile. If you select open loop
geometry or a closed loop composed of separate objects, then you create a surface model.
For some models that show material that is bent, rolled, or cast in an arc or circular shape, revolving a
profile is the only way to achieve the needed results. In other cases it will just be a lot faster to draw a
profile and revolve it than to create and combine solid primitives. You will be more productive and
successful in revolving profiles if you know how to use the Revolve command and its options to
control the models creation.
In the following illustration, different models were created from variations of the same profile shape
and command options.
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a Prope
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C ctual ale
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p esk
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or
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Surface model was created because the profile geometry was modified to be individual
objects. Unlike the other three examples where the profiles were closed loops.
Au
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t
Solid model created after defining the axis and revolving 360 degrees.
No
The results of specifying 180 degrees instead of 360 degrees.

The results of specifying a starting angle other than 0 and not revolving a full 360 degrees.
Command Access
Revolve
Command Line: Revolve

Menu: Draw > Modeling > Revolve
Toolbar: Modeling
50
Revolve Options
planar profile geometry, specifying the start and end points for the axis of revolution, and specifying
the total number of degrees the profile revolves. The positive and negative angle of revolution is
determined by the axis of revolution and the right-hand rule of rotation. The positive direction for the
axis of revolution extends from the first axis point you pick toward the second axis point. You can
select different suboptions of the Revolve command to create a 3D model that meets your design
criteria.
Option
Description
Object
Use to revolve the selected profile geometry around a line segment. For purposes of
applying the right-hand rule, the positive direction of the axis extends from the closest
endpoint of the selected line toward the other end.
X/Y/Z
Use to revolve the selected profile geometry around its corresponding axis in the current
coordinate system alignment.
Start Angle
Use to have the profile start revolving and creating a model at a position other than the
plane on which it resides. The angle you specify follows the right-hand rule of rotation
around the defined axis of revolution.
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Procedure: Creating a Model Using Revolve
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The following steps give an overview of creating a model by revolving a 2D profile.

1.
p esk
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Draw the 2D profile. Also draw the axis to revolve around if you want to use the Object
suboption to define the axis of revolution.
Au
or
f
d
4.
ali
V
Select the objects to be revolved.
ot
N
Define the axis to revolve around.
5.
Specify the angle of revolution.
6.
2.
3.
Start the Revolve command.
51
Creating a Helical Path

Unlike lines, circles, and arcs that can be used to represent all types of design items, the main purpose
of the helix is to function as a path for a swept or lofted model. Being able to access the Helix command
and create a helical path as required for your design can save you time in completing your 3D model.
In the following illustration, different helical paths illustrate the results of some of the available
creation and command options.
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Command Access
Helix
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Command Line: Helix
p esk
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a tod
Menu: Draw > Helix

Toolbar: Modeling
a Prope
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C ctual ale
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o
f
Dashboard: 3D Make
control
panel
lid
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o
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Helix Options
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Following the command prompts and a typical workflow, you create a 3D helix by specifying the
center point of the base, the radius or diameter of the base, the radius or diameter of the top, and the
height of the helix. To create a planar spiral using the Helix command, you specify the center point of
the spiral, the outside or inside radius or diameter, the radius or diameter of the opposite of what was
just specified, and a height of zero (0).
Once you understand the impact and use of the Helix commands options, you can identify how they
can assist you in creating your 3D designs more quickly and easily. After setting the options and
creating the helix, you can access and manipulate the values of these suboptions through the
Properties tool palette.
52
Option
Description
Axis Endpoint
Use to specify the top center point of the helix. This value sets the helix height. It also
reorients the helix so its center axis extends from its base center point to the selected
axis endpoint, in effect rotating the helix to this new alignment.
Turns
Use to set the number of revolutions for the helix. You can specify a whole or decimal
value.
Turn Height
Use to set a positive distance between each turn. You can also think of this value as the
pitch between revolutions of the helix.
Twist
Use to set the rotation of the helix to clockwise or counter clockwise.
Procedure: Creating a Helix
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The following steps give an overview of creating a helix.

1.
Start the Helix command.
2.
Specify the center point of the base.
3.
Specify the radius or diameter of the base.
4.
Specify the radius or diameter at the top for a 3D helix. Or, specify the inner- or outermost
radius or diameter for a planar spiral.
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Sa
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o
Creating a S
Model
Command
uto theliSweep
df
a
tV
5.
Select a suboption to modify the creation of the helix or specify the height.
You use the Sweep command to create a model that has a more free form or compound shape; that
is, a shape that is not solely linear and does not have a single axis it can revolve around. You create a
swept model by having planar profile geometry follow the path defined by another piece of
geometry. You create a solid model if you select a single closed loop object as the profile. If you select
open loop geometry or a closed loop composed of separate objects as the profile, then you create a
surface model. When selecting the sweep path, you can only select one object but that object can be
an open or closed loop.
No
By sweeping a profile along a path to create a model, you can create a complex model quickly and
easily without having to create and combine multiple models to achieve the required results. You will
be more productive and successful in sweeping profiles along a path if you know how to use the
Sweep command and its options to control the models creation.
53
In the following illustration, the Sweep command was used to create the models. The differences
between them arise from the profiles or paths that were selected or the suboption that was used in
their creation.
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Solid model created by sweeping the square along the helical path shown to the right of
the model.
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Two solid models of the same square profile swept along the same straight line. The difference
occurred when the right model had an angle value set for the Twist suboption.
Solid model created after sweeping the closed loop profile along the spline path.
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Surface model was created because the profile was modified to be individual objects. Unlike
the other three examples where the profile was a closed loop.
p esk
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Command Access
Au
Sweep
No
ali
V
t
or
f
d
Command Line: Sweep

Menu: Draw > Modeling > Sweep
Toolbar: Modeling
54
al e
Sweep Options
planar profile geometry and then the path that the geometry follows. When the model is created, the
mathematical center point of the cross section aligns with the starting point of the path. The planar
profile geometry also rotates in 3D space so it is perpendicular to the paths starting point. You can
control and change the way the profile is swept along the path by selecting and changing the values
of the different command suboptions.
Once you understand the impact and use of the Sweep commands options, you can identify how to
use them to create your 3D designs more quickly and easily.
Option
Description
Alignment
Use to have the profile geometry maintain its current angle at the start point of
the path instead of it being rotated so it is perpendicular to the start point of the
path. Also set to No if, during the automatic alignment, the profile is getting
flipped or rotated in the wrong direction.
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Base Point
Use to select a point on the profile geometry, other than its center, that you want
to have match up with the path.
Scale
Use to have the profile be a specific factor larger or smaller than the original
profile geometry. Use to create a complex model just by drawing one profile and
one path.
Twist
Use to rotate the profile geometry a specified number of degrees as it travels from
the start to the end of the path. Use to create a complex model just by drawing
one profile and one path.
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Additional ObjectATypes
or
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In addition to the standard objects
ot that can be swept or used as a path, such as lines, arcs, and circles,
the following objects can alsoN
be used within the Sweep command.
Object Type
Sweep Uses
Planar faces of a solid
Press CTRL+select to use as the swept profile.
Edges of a solid or surface
Press CTRL+select an edge to use as the path for the sweep.
55
Procedure: Creating a Model Using Sweep

The following steps give an overview of creating a model by sweeping a 2D profile.
1.
Draw the 2D profile.
2.
Draw the path for the sweep unless you will be using existing edges of a solid or surface.
3.
Start the Sweep command.
4.
Select the profile objects to sweep.
5.
Select the suboption Alignment, Base Point, Scale, or Twist to change the models creation
behavior or values from the defaults.
6.
Select the path.

NOTE: To select an edge from a solid or surface, hold the CTRL key while selecting the edge.
7.
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a Prope
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When drawing a planar profile in a different alignment in 3D space and a path that traverses
through 3D space, start by creating solid primitives as bounding boxes to your design. You can
then use the dynamic UCS functionality and object snaps to quickly and easily draw the planar
profile and paths in 3D space.
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or
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Creating a Model Using theskLoft Command

al
S
e
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o
o
f
t
You use the Loft command to create
models
of
free
form
shape. This can be a model that changes from
u
d
i
l
A
one shape to another or one that changes itsasize and orientation in 3D space. When you create a
t V and the model transitions in size, shape, and form
lofted model, you select multiple crossosections
N shape and size of a lofted model can also be influenced by
from one cross section to another. The
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m
a
other cross sections that act as guide rails as it transitions its shape and size between the cross
sections. You create a solid model if you select a closed loop object for the cross sections. If you select
open loop geometry or a closed loop composed of separate objects for the cross sections, then you
will create a surface model.
56
In the following illustration, the Loft command was used to create different models from the same set
of geometry. The differences between them arise from the cross sections, guides, paths, or options
that were used in their creation.
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a Prope
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C ctual ale
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Input geometry for the different models. Consists of two closed loop cross sections, one a circle
and the other a polyline; and three open loop cross sections, two lines and a spline.
p esk
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o
e
l
Surface model created by selecting the open
Saloop geometry as the cross sections and the
r
closed loop geometry as guides.
fo
u
d
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l
A
Solid model created by selectingathe closed loop geometry as the cross sections and the open
loop geometry as guides. t V
No the closed loop geometry as the cross sections and the spline
Solid model created by selecting
on the right as a path.

Solid model created by only selecting the closed loop geometry and selecting the Ruled loft
setting.
Solid model created by only selecting the closed loop geometry and selecting the Smooth Fit
loft setting.
Solid model created by only selecting the closed loop geometry and selecting the Draft Angles
loft setting with a 90 degree start angle and end angle for 50% of the distance.
57
Command Access
Loft
Command Line: Loft

Menu: Draw > Modeling > Loft
Toolbar: Modeling
Loft Options
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Following the command prompts and a typical workflow, you create a 3D model by selecting a
minimum of two cross-section profiles in the order in which they are to transition from one to the
other. You then control the way the loft transitions from one profile to the other by selecting a
transition method in the Loft Settings dialog box.
a Prope
h
C ctual ale
Instead of defining the lofted model with just the cross-section profiles, you can also use guiding
geometry or a path. Once you understand the impact and use of the Loft commands options, you will
be able to use them to create your 3D designs more quickly and easily.
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Option
Description
Guides
S
Path
al e
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Use to control the shape and way the model transitions from one profile
to another. You can select either multiple open or multiple closed loops
as guides but they must intersect each profile. Ensure the LOFTNORMALS
system variable is set to 1 prior to starting the Loft command and using
the Guides option.
Au
ali
V
t
or
f
d
o
N
Use to select a single object that defines the route to create the model
between the profile. It can be an open or closed loop but it must intersect
each profile.
Cross-Sections Only
58
The default option. Use to create a model that transitions only between
the selected profiles. You control the transition method from one profile
to the other with the options in the Loft Settings dialog box.
Transition Options in the Loft Settings Dialog Box

Select from one of the four options to control the loft transition when using the Cross-Sections Only
option.
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Ruled Use to create a loft that transitions from one cross section to another in a linear
fashion. When more than two cross sections are selected, you will have an edge at any cross
section between the first and last cross section.
Au
or
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ali
V
Smooth Fit Use when yout select more than two cross sections and you want a smooth
aesthetic transition between
No all of the cross sections.
Normal To Use to have the model transition so its sides are perpendicular to the plane for all
cross sections, for the start and end cross sections only, for the start cross section only, or for
the end cross section only.
Draft Angles Use to set the transition angle and the percentage of the distance between the
cross sections of the model sides for the start and end cross sections.
59
Procedure: Creating a Model Using Loft

The following steps give an overview of creating a model by lofting cross-section profiles.
1.
Draw the cross-section profiles.
2.
Draw the guiding geometry or path the cross sections will transition through if you want to
control the lofts creation in this manner.
3.
Start the Loft command.
4.
Select the cross sections in the order in which they are to loft from one to the other.
5.
Specify what will control the transitioning from one cross section to another by selecting
guiding geometry, geometry as a path, or just the cross sections themselves.
6.
If the transition is controlled by the cross section, in the Loft Settings dialog box, specify the
control method.
7.
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a Prope
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When drawing geometry in 3D space for a lofts profiles, guiding geometry, or path, start by
creating solid primitives as bounding boxes to your design. You can then use the dynamic UCS
functionality and object snaps to quickly and easily draw the geometry in 3D space.
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Exercises: Specific Commands and Model Types

In this exercise, you will complete a number of short
exercises where you use different commands to
create surface and solid models from 2D profiles.
Models you create include: planar surfaces, solids
using Polysolid, and extruded, revolved, swept, and
lofted surfaces and solids.
3.
To create the location for the home:

dashboard, click Planar Surface.
When prompted to select objects, use
object snaps to select one end of the
small rectangle.
When prompted for the other corner,
select the opposite end of the rectangle.
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Modeling. Click Exercise: Specific
Commands and Model Types.
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4.
Make the Lake layer current.
5.
To create the lake:
Create Surface Using Planar Surface

1.
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a dashboard, click Planar Surface.
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rOn the 3D Make control panel of the
When prompted for the first corner, enter

the letter O for object.
When prompted to select objects,
window select the cyan outline of the
lake.
Press ENTER.
Open C_Planar-Surfaces.dwg.
6.
Make the Driveway layer current.
NOTE: The grid is turned off for clarity.

2.
Make the Foundation layer current.
61
7.
Create Solids Using Polysolid
To create the driveway:

the letter O for object.
When prompted to select objects, select
the outline of the driveway.
Press ENTER.
1.
Open I_Polysolids.dwg or M_Polysolids.dwg.
2.
On the 3D Make panel of the dashboard, click

Polysolid.
3.
To create a handrail around the deck:
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8.
Make the Lot layer current.
9.
To create the proposed lot:
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When prompted to select objects, use an
object snap and select one corner of the
large rectangle.
When prompted to select the other
corner, select the opposite end.
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To define the polysolid:
10.
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When prompted for the start point, enter

H, for height.
Enter 5' [1500].
W, for width.
Enter 4" [100].
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When prompted for the start point, use

the Endpoint object snap to select the far
end of the deck.
When prompted for the next point, use
the Endpoint object snap to select the
beginning of the arc.
Enter A, for arc.
end of the arc.
Enter L, for line.
near end of the deck.
Press ENTER.
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5.
Make the Fence layer current.
6.

dashboard, click Polysolid.
7.
To create a fence around the pool area:
8.
12.

O, for object.
When prompted for the next point, select
the circle.

H, for height.
Enter 8' [2500].
W, for width.
Enter 4" [100].
When prompted for the start point, use

end point of the green line to the left.
the Endpoint object snap to select each
segment of the green lines.
Press ENTER.
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9.
Make the Pool layer current.
10.

dashboard, click Polysolid.
11.
To create the pool:
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13.a Save and close all files.
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Create Extruded Solids
1.
Open C_Extruded-Solids.dwg.
2.

dashboard, click Extrude.

H, for height.
Enter 4' [1250].
W, for width.
Enter 6" [150].
63
3.
To extrude the left circle:
7.
Select the left circle.

Press ENTER.
When prompted to specify the extrusion
height, enter 50.
To extrude the third circle:
4.

5.
To extrude the other circle:
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Select the remaining circle.

Press ENTER.
When prompted for an extrusion height,
enter T, for taper angle.
Enter 5.
When prompted for the extrusion height,
enter 50.

Press ENTER.
When prompted for an extrusion height,
enter P, for path.
Press ENTER.
Select the polyline when prompted for
the extrusion path.
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Create Extruded Surfaces

1.
Open C_Extruded-Surface.dwg.
2.


3.
To extrude the two arcs:
6.
Select the two arcs in the center of the

profile.
Press ENTER.
When prompted for the height, enter T,
for taper angle.
Enter 5.
When prompted for the height, enter 50.
Press ENTER.
7.

dashboard, click Top in the list.
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dashboard, click Parallel Projection.
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4.
5.
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To extrude the remaining eight lines and arcs:
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Select the remaining lines and arcs.

Press ENTER.
When prompted for the height, enter 30.
No
8.
65
Create a Revolved Solid
6.
To revolve the other circle:
1.
Open C_Revolved-Solid.dwg.
2.

dashboard, click Revolve.
3.
To revolve the large circle on the right:
Select the circle.

Press ENTER.
When prompted for an object to define
the axis, enter O, for object.
Select the centerline.
When prompted for an angle of
revolution, enter 360.
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4.
Make the layer Partial current.
5.

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7.
Make the Polyline layer current.
8.

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10.
66

Press ENTER.
Use Endpoint object snaps and select the
endpoints of the centerline from left to
right.
When prompted to specify an angle of
revolution, enter ST for Start Angle.
Enter 90.
Select the polyline profile.

Press ENTER.
Use Endpoint object snaps and select the
endpoints of the centerline from left to
right.
revolution, enter -180.
Create a Revolved Surface
4.
To revolve the orange lines and arcs:
1.
Open C_Revolved-Surfaces.dwg.
Select the orange lines and arcs.

Press ENTER.
When prompted to specify the axis start,
use Endpoint object snaps and select the
centerline from bottom to top.
When prompted for the angle, enter 90.
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Freeze the Surface layer.
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6.
Thaw all layers.
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Create Swept Solids

1.
Open C_Swept-Solids.dwg.
5.
Thaw the Sweep2 layer and make it current.
6.

dashboard, click Sweep.
7.
To sweep the square profile:
2.
Select the square profile.

Press ENTER.
When prompted to select the sweep
path, enter T, for twist.
Enter 45.
When prompted to select a sweep path,
select the polyline.
Freeze the following layers:
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Sweep 2
Sweep 3
Sweep 4
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3.

4.
To sweep the circle profile:
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Select the circle profile.

Press ENTER.
path, select the polyline.
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8.
9.

10.
Create Helical Sweeps

Press ENTER.
enter A, for alignment.
When prompted to align the sweep
object, enter Y, for yes.
11.
12.

13.
Open C_Helix.dwg.
2.

dashboard, click 3D Make to access additional
commands.
3.

dashboard, click Helix.
4.
To create a helix:
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Click View menu > Zoom > Extents.
5.
To display the Draw toolbar:
6.
15.

point of the base, enter 50,50.
enter 40.
When prompted to specify a top radius,
enter 20.
When prompted to specify the helix
height, enter T, for turns.
When prompted to enter number of
turns, enter 5.
height, enter 100.
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Press ENTER.
object, enter N, for no.
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14.
1.
Right-click any toolbar.

Click Draw.
On the Draw toolbar, click Circle.
69
7.
To create the circle:
12.

select the base endpoint of the helix
path.
When prompted for the radius, enter 5.
Press ENTER.
To create another helix:
8.

9.
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Make the layer Helix2 current.
11.

dashboard, click Helix.
70
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When prompted for the number of turns,

enter 3.
height, enter 100.
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Press ENTER.
select the helix.

point of the base, enter 150,50.
enter 40.
When prompted to specify a top radius,
enter 20.
height, enter T, for turns.
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14.
To create the circle:
16.

select the base endpoint of the helix
path.
When prompted for the circle radius,
enter 5.
Press ENTER.

Press ENTER.
select the helix.
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71
Create Lofted Solids
4.
To loft three cross-section profiles:
1.
Open C_Loft-Solids.dwg.
2.
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Freeze the following layers:
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Loft 2
Loft 3
Loft 4
Verify that Loft 1 is the current layer.
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3.
72

dashboard, click Loft.
Select the three cross sections: circle,

rectangle, and circle in order, from top to
bottom.
Press ENTER.
When prompted to enter an option, press
ENTER.
In the Loft Settings dialog box, click OK.
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7.
Thaw the Loft 2 layer and make it current.
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Freeze the Loft 1 layer.
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8.
To loft the cross-section profiles:
12.
When prompted to select cross sections

in lofting order, select the top circle first,
then the bottom circle.
Press ENTER.
When prompted to enter an option, enter
G, for guides.
When prompted to select guide curves,
select the two vertical arcs.
Press ENTER.

in lofting order, select the two circles, top
to bottom.
Press ENTER.
P, for path.
When prompted to select a path curve,
select the vertical arc.
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9.
Thaw the Loft 3 layer and make it current.
10.
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14.
15.


73
16.
19.

in lofting order, select the two circles on
the left from top to bottom.
Press ENTER.
Press ENTER.
In the Loft Setting dialog box, click OK.
To experiment with different settings:

Select the Preview changes box to turn
on previews.
Enter different values for Draft Angle

settings.
NOTE: You might have to move the dialog
box to see the changes.
20.
Click OK.
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17.

18.
To loft cross-section profiles:
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in lofting order, select the two circles on
the right from top to bottom.
Press ENTER.
Press ENTER.
In the Loft Settings dialog box, set values
1 to 5 as shown:
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Thaw all layers.
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Create Lofted Surfaces

1.
Open C_Loft-Surfaces.dwg.
2.

3.
To create the lofted surface:
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When prompted to select cross sections,

select the orange polylines.
Press ENTER.
G, for guides.
When prompted to select guide curves,
select the green polylines.
Press ENTER.
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Exercise: Create Solid Models from 2D Profiles

In this exercise, you create an arched doorway by
creating solid models from 2D profiles.
2.

3.
To extrude the two cyan objects:
Select the two cyan objects.

Press ENTER.
enter a value of 6'-8" [2100].
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Modeling. Click Exercise: Create Solid
Models from 2D Profiles.
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76
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4.
Make the Archway-Sweep layer current and

freeze the Post-Extrude layer.
5.

Open the I_Creating-Solids-from-2DProfiles.dwg or M_Creating-Solids-from2D-Profiles.dwg drawing.
6.
To sweep the orange profile:
10.
Select the orange profile.

Press ENTER.
path, enter A, for alignment.
Press ENTER.
object perpendicular to the path, enter N,
for no.
select the green path.
When prompted for the angle of revolution,

enter 360.
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Thaw the Button layer and make it

current.
Freeze the Archway-Sweep layer.
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On the 3D Navigate control
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Au panel, select
a
Ornament in the View list.
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To restore the ornament view:
9.
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To prepare to create the ornamental button:
8.
Select the magenta profile.

Press ENTER.
When prompted for the axis start point,
select point (1) from the illustration.
When prompted for the axis end point,
select point (2).
11.
7.
To create the ornamental button:
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77
12.
Thaw all layers and zoom to the drawing

extents.
15.
On the Modify toolbar, click Array.
13.
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To rotate the UCS:
Click Tools menu > New UCS > X.

When prompted for a rotation angle,
enter 90.
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14.
To display the Modify toolbar:

Click Modify.
78
In the Array dialog box, click the Select

Objects button and select the solid you
revolved previously located near the
lower right part of the extrusion.
Enter the values shown in the following
illustration:
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1' [300]
or
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17.
Zoom to the drawing extents.
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Exercise: Create Surface Models from 2D Profiles

In this exercise, you combine surface models with
existing solid models to complete an assembly of a
staircase. You use surface modeling commands and
profile geometry to create the surface models.

chapters and exercises, click Chapter
1: 3D Modeling. Click Exercise: Create
Surface Models from 2D Profiles.
1.
Open C_Creating-Surfaces-from-2DProfiles.dwg.
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To set a system variable so that a profile is not

consumed by a solid feature:
Enter DELOBJ on the command line.

Enter 0.
NOTE: This variable specifies that all defining
geometry is retained when creating a 3D
object.
80
3.
Make the Extrude layer current and Freeze all

other layers.
4.
Zoom in on the square.
5.

6.
To create an extruded surface:
9.

8.
To create another surface:
Select all four segments that form the

square.
Press ENTER.
enter -4 (specify a negative value).
7.
To enclose the box:
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Use a window to select the bottom line as

illustrated.
Press ENTER.
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direction and enter 4.
Copy the new surface to the other side.
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10.
Thaw the CenterLine and Revolve layers.
11.
Make the Revolve layer current.
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13. Zoom
or in on the profile.
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12.
Freeze the Extrude layer.
14.

81
15.
To create the ornament:
19.
Select the cyan profile.

Press ENTER.
When prompted for the axis start point,
enter O for object.
the centerline.
When prompted for the angle of
To create the hand rail:
Select the profile.

Press ENTER.
path, enter A for Alignment.
object perpendicular to the path before
the sweep, enter No.
path, select the path.
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16.
Thaw the Sweep layer and make it current.
17.
Freeze the Revolve layer.
18.
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20. Thaw allolayers.
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21.
82
Exercise: Create Sweeps

In this exercise, you use the Sweep command to
create a spring completing a coil over a shock
assembly.
1.
Open C_Coil-Over-Shock.dwg.
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2.
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To display the Draw toolbar:
l
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3.

Click Draw.
Freeze the Retainer layer.

Modeling. Click Exercise: Create Sweeps.
83
4.
5.
To create the cross-section for the spring:
7.
Thaw the Retainer layer.

select the bottom of the helix path.
enter 4.
Press ENTER.
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8.
6.

Sweep.
the circle.
Press ENTER.
When prompted to select the path, select
the helix path.
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To create the spring:
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Exercise: Create Lofts

In this exercise, you use the Loft command to create
the handle section of a razor.
3.
To define the cross sections for the loft:
Select the four cross sections in order

from right to left.
Press ENTER.
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4.
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Open C_Create-Loft.dwg.
No
To create the loft:

chapters and exercises, click Chapter 1:
3D Modeling. Click Exercise: Create Lofts.
1.
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6.

Union.
the two solids. Press ENTER.
To display the Modify toolbar:
7.
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To combine the two solids:
NOTE: The grid is turned off for clarity.
When prompted to enter an option,

enter P.
When prompted to select the path curve,
select the spline.

Click Modify.
Zoom in on the joined area.
85
8.
On the Modify toolbar, click Fillet.
9.
To add a fillet to the joined area:
When prompted to select the first object,

select the ellipse where the two solids
were combined.
When prompted to enter the fillet radius,
enter .5.
Press ENTER.
Press ENTER again to create the fillet.
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Lesson: Creating Composite Solids

Overview
This lesson describes how to join, subtract, and intersect solid models to create composite solid
models. With the ability to create composite solids, you can create accurate, detailed, and realistic
solid models from more basic solid shapes.
After completing this lesson, you will be able to create a composite solid by joining, subtracting, and
intersecting solid models.
In the following illustration, different solid primitives were brought together and joined, subtracted,
and intersected to create the initial shape of the hydraulic pump body.
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Describe the characteristics and benefits of composite solids.

Union solids to create a composite solid.
Subtract solids to create a composite solid.
Intersect solids to create a composite solid.
Check solid models for interference.
Use Boolean commands to complete a hydraulic pump cover and assembly and check for
interference.
Use Boolean commands to complete a decorative lamp and check it for interference.
87
About Composite Solids

You create composite solid models by combining multiple solid models into a new single model. With
an understanding of the characteristics of composite solids and how they are created, you can create
your designs more quickly using more basic building block shapes. In many cases, you will be able to
create complex models from basic solid primitive shapes.
In the following illustration, a composite solid was created from basic solid primitives to show detail
in the base of a fluted column.
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Definition of Composite Solid Models
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To create a composite solid, you combine two or more solids into a single model using a Boolean
operation. Boolean operations for creating composite solids include:
88
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Union Joins multiple solid models into a single solid model.

Subtract Removes the intersecting material of one or more solid models from another
solid model.
Intersect Creates a new model based on the volume of intersecting material of multiple
solid models.
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In the following illustration, the same set of three solids were used with different Boolean commands
to create the resulting composite solids as shown.
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The original set of three independent solids. The rectangles grips are active to illustrate that
the solid models are all separate.
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Shows the results of unioning the three separate models. The composite models grips are
active to illustrate the model volume is now defined within this single composite solid.
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Shows the results of subtracting the cylinder and cone from the rectangle.
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Shows the resulting solid when calculating the intersection between the rectangle and
cylinder.
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Composite Solid Properties

When you create a composite solid, its properties are directly impacted by the layer and color property
settings of the solid models selected for its creation. When you do a Boolean operation, the resulting
composite solid resides on the layer of the first selected solid and maintains any property overrides
that the solid has. If the other selected solids have their color set to ByLayer, then the faces from those
solids display with the same color as the layer of the first selected solid. If any of the solid models you
select after the first solid model have specific colors defined, that is, something other than ByLayer,
then the faces on the composite solid created from those solid models continue to display their
original color.
Since the solid that results from a Boolean operation resides on the layer of the first selected solid and
maintains any overrides of that solid, make sure the first solid you select has the properties you want
and that it resides on the appropriate layer. Then you wont have to change the properties of the
composite solid model after creating it.
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In the following illustration, three separate solids were unioned together. The first result (1) shows the
composite solid when the color property for the cylinder is set to something other than ByLayer. The
second result (2) shows the composite solid when all of its component solids have their color
properties set to ByLayer.
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Example: More Detailed Designs with Composite Solids
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The level of detail you create in your designs is usually based on your design needs and available
design time. The following illustration is an example of a floor lamp composed of composite solids.
These composite solids add a slightly higher level of detail and realism to the overall design and
therefore add more realism to a room design when the lamp is added.
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Creating Solids Using Union

You use the Union command to combine two or more solid models into a single composite model.
During the operation of the command, you select all the solids you want to join into a single
composite solid. Upon completion of the command, all of the selected solid models are consumed
into that new composite solid.
In the following illustration, a set of models has been joined together in the process of creating a
model of a new building design. The top two illustrations are displayed in wireframe for better
visualization of the changes that occurred before and after the union.
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Command Access
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Union
Command Line: Union

Menu: Modify > Solids Editing > Union
Toolbar: Solids Editing
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Procedure: Creating a Composite Solid Using Union

The following steps give an overview of creating a composite solid by unioning multiple solid models
together.
1.
Start the Union command.
2.
Select the solid models you want to union, remembering that the properties of the resultant
solid are impacted by those of the first solid selected.
3.
Press ENTER.
Creating Solids Using Subtract

You use the Subtract command to remove material from a solid based on the volume of other
intersecting solids. During the operation of the command, you define two separate selection sets of
solid models. The first set of selected solid models are the ones you want to keep. The second set of
solids are the ones you want to subtract from the first set.
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Upon completion of the command, the first set of selected solids are unioned together and then the
second set of solids are subtracted from the first set. All of the selected solid models are consumed into
that new composite solid. The solids that were subtracted from the first set are no longer available for
future Boolean operations.
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In the following illustration, the concept of a new building design is further refined with the
subtraction of another set of solids.
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Command Access
Subtract
Command Line: Subtract

Menu: Modify > Solids Editing > Subtract
Toolbar: Solids Editing
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Procedure: Creating a Composite Solid Using Subtract

The following steps give an overview of creating a composite solid by subtracting one set of solids
from another set.
1.
Start the Subtract command.
2.
Select the solids you want to keep and have the volume of other solids subtracted from.
3.
Press ENTER.
4.
Select the solids to subtract from the first selected solids.
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Press ENTER. The second
lid is now subtracted from the first selection set.
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Creating Solids Using Intersect

You use the Intersect command to create a single solid model from common space shared by two or
more solids. When prompted to select objects, you can window select all of the solid models, or select
them individually. Upon completion of the command, all of the selected solid models are consumed
into that new composite solid.
In the following illustration, a more complex looking model was created from the area of intersection
of two basic solid primitives.
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Command Access
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Intersect
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Command Line: Intersect
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Menu: Modify > Solid Editing > Intersect
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Toolbar: Solid Editing
Procedure: Creating a Composite Solid Using Intersect

The following steps give an overview of creating a composite solid based on the intersection of
multiple solid models.
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1.
Start the Intersect command.
2.
Select the solid models, remembering that the properties of the resultant solid are impacted
by the first solid selected.
3.
Press ENTER.
Checking Interference
You use the Interfere command to determine if two or more solids occupy the same space. This is
useful for locating interferences when you do not want solid models to overlap. It can also help you to
ensure you have the proper amount of overlap for those conditions when you do want them to
interfere, like mechanical assembly press fits.
In the following illustration, the bushing appeared to be too large for the housing so they were
checked for interference. During the process of checking for interference, a solid model of the
interference was created and is shown on the far right.
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Command Access
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Interfere
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Command Line: Interfere
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Menu: Modify > 3D Operations > Interference Checking

Options for Interference Checking

Following the command prompts and a typical workflow, you will select the models you want to check
for interference in two different selection sets. The first set of solid models you select will be checked
for interference against the second set of selected solid models. When you select two sets of solids,
the solid models within the same selection set are not checked against each other for interference.
Checking for interference in this manner will be quicker than checking all the solid models against
each other for interference.
If you do need to check a set of solid models to see if they interfere with each other, you will then want
to follow a slightly different workflow. Select all of the solids in the first selection set and do not select
any solids in the second set. By selecting them all in only one selection set, then all of the solid models
will be checked for interference against each other.
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After selecting the solid models for the selection set or sets, the Interference Checking dialog box will
display if an interference is detected. You will also see a red solid model indicating the amount and
location of the detected interference. You can select to keep this separate solid model for future use
like measuring it or using it in a Boolean operation. If no interference is detected, you will be informed
as such on the command line.
The Interfere command has two suboptions to help you select solid models within a block and to view
interference results in the manner you prefer.
Option
Description
Nested Selection
Use when you need to select a solid model that is within a block
definition.
Settings
Use to display the Interference Settings dialog box so you can change the
reporting visual styles and model color when an interference is detected.
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Interference Settings Dialog Box
In the Interference Objects area, set the visual style, the color of the interference solid, and whether or
not to highlight the interfering pair or the interference. In the Viewport area, set the visual style for all
other solids in the drawing.
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Interference Checking Dialog Box

Within the Interference Checking dialog box, you can view how many solids were in the first and
second selection sets and how many pairs of solids interfered. You can also view the interference by
manually zooming, panning, and rotating the display, or click Previous or Next to have the display
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automatically zoom to the pairs of model

interference. Deselecting the Delete Interference
Objects Created On Close option keeps the
interference solid model in the drawing after closing
the dialog box.
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Use Interference Checking to create a new solid model from overlapping solid models when you
want to keep the selected solid models as individual models (unlike using the Intersect command
where the selected solid models would be consumed into the new composite solid).
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Procedure: Checking for Interference
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The following steps give an overview of checking for

interference between multiple solid models.
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1.
Start Interference Checking.
2.
Select the first set of solid models.
3.
Press ENTER.
4.
Select the second set of solid models.
5.
Press ENTER.
6.
If interference is detected, view and interpret the displayed results.
7.
If you want the solid models of the intersecting area to remain after you close the dialog box,
clear the option to delete the interference objects prior to closing the Interference Checking
dialog box.
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Exercise: Create Composite SolidsMechanical

In this exercise, you use Boolean commands to
complete a hydraulic pump cover and assembly.
You also inspect the assembly by checking for
interference.
1.
Open C_MECH-Composite-Solids.dwg.
The drawing displays the solid models similar
to the following illustration. This illustration
also identifies and names the parts for clearer
reference in subsequent exercise steps.
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Composite Solids - Mechanical.
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Hose
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Bushing
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aClearance
Socket Head Cap Screw

Emboss
Cap
Housing
2.
To activate the 2D Draw control panel on the

dashboard:
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Right-click the two horizontal bars at the

top of the dashboard.
Click Control Panels > 2D Draw Control
Panel.
3.
4.
On the 2D Draw control panel dashboard,

click Move.
6.
To union the cap and the emboss:
To move the emboss object to the cap:
Select the emboss.

Press ENTER.
Use the Center object snap and select the
bottom-center of the large arc on the
right of the emboss.
Use the Center object snap select the
top-center of the large arc on the right
of the cap.
Use 3D Orbit to verify the emboss is
centered on the cap.

the cap, then the emboss.
Press ENTER.
Take note of the color property of the
resulting solid compared to the original
colors of the selected solids. Resulting
properties are determined by the order in
which the solids are selected.
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7.
On the 2D Draw control panel of the

dashboard, click Copy.
8.
To copy the clearance object:
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dashboard, click Union.
9.
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oSelect the Clearance object.

Press ENTER.
Use the Center object snap to copy the
clearance object to the center of the four
small radii of the cap. Use the far side of
the cap so that the clearance objects
interfere with the cap.
Use Constrained Orbit to verify the
location.
On the 3D Make panel of the dashboard, click

Subtract.
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10.
To subtract the clearance objects from

the cap:
13.

the cap.
Press ENTER.
the four clearance objects.
Press ENTER.
To install the socket head cap screws:
Make three additional copies of the

socket head cap screw.
Use the Move command to position the
screws into each of the holes on the cap.
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NOTE: Copies of the clearance objects were

made because objects are consumed when
the subtraction is complete. The original solid
is available for use elsewhere, or could be
stored in a library for use in other projects.
11.
12.
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dashboard, click 3D Wireframe.
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Use the Move command to position the cap

on the housing.

dashboard, click Copy.
15.

dashboard, click the two down arrows to
access additional commands.
16.

dashboard, click Interference Checking.
17.
To check for interference:
20.
When prompted to select the first set of

objects, select the housing and cap.
Press ENTER.
When prompted to select the second set
of objects, select the four screws.
Press ENTER.
Because an interference was detected,
the Interference Checking dialog box
displays with information on the
interference and display options.
To subtract the interference object:
Select the Housing and press ENTER.

Select the created interference object
and press ENTER.
21.
Use the Interference Checking command to

validate that there is no longer an
interference between the housing, cap,
and screws.
22.

dashboard, click Realistic.
A new bushing is required to complete the
assembly.
23.
18.
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To add a solid object from the interference:
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A solid model also appears to visually

represent the interference (1) as
identified in the following illustration.
Uncheck Delete Interference Objects
Created on Close.
Click Close in the Interference Checking
dialog box. The preview of the
interference is created as a solid object in
the model.
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Use the Move command to position the hose

and the bushing using the Center object
snap.
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24.

dashboard, click Intersect.
25.
To intersect the bushing with the hose:
19.
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the bushing and hose.
Press ENTER.

dashboard, click Subtract.
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26.
Move the bushing to the housing.
27.
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Exercise: Create Composite SolidsArchitectural

In this exercise, you use Boolean commands to
complete a decorative lamp. You also inspect the
assembly by checking for interference.
1.
Open C_ARCH-Composite-Solids.dwg.
The drawing displays the solid models similar
to the following illustration. This illustration
also identifies and names the parts for clearer
reference in subsequent exercise steps.
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Composite Solids - Architectural.
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Core
Pole
Base
Shade
Ornament
103
2.
Zoom in to the base of the pole.
4.
Use the Center object snap and the move

command to position the core to the center
of the pole.
5.

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6.
To subtract the core from the pole:
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dashboard:
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Click the down arrow to the right of the

text Realistic.
Click 3D Wireframe as shown in the
following illustration.
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the pole.
Press ENTER.
the core.
Press ENTER.
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7.

Dashboard:
10.
To union the base and pole:
Click the down arrow to the right of the

text 3D Wireframe.
Click Realistic as shown in the following
illustration.

the base and the pole.
Press ENTER.
Take note of the color property of the
resulting solid compared to the original
colors of the selected solids. Resulting
properties are determined by the order in
which the solids are selected.
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Use the Center object snap and the move

command to position the pole to the center
of the base.
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11.
9.

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On the 2D Draw control panel, click the Move

command.
105
12.
To position the lamp shade to the top of the

pole:
15.
Use the Center object snap, select the

bottom of the hole in the shade (1).
Use the Center object snap, select the
small step near the top of the pole (2).
To check for interference:
Select the lamp shade for the first set of

objects. Press ENTER.
Select the pole for the second set of
objects. Press ENTER.
Use the Pan and Zoom buttons on the
Interference Checking dialog box to view
the interference.
Because an interference was detected,
the Interference Checking dialog box
displays with information on the
interference and display options.
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dashboard, click 3D Make to access
additional commands.
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16.
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dashboard, click Interference Checking.
17.
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To add a solid object from the interference:
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A solid model appears to visually

represent the interference (1) as
identified in the following illustration.
Clear Delete Interference Objects on
Close.
Click Close in the Interference Checking
dialog box. The preview of the
interference is created as a solid object in
the model.
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18.
To subtract the interference object:
Move the ornament to the top of the base.
24.

dashboard, click Array.
25.
To array the ornament:
Select the lamp shade and press ENTER.

Select the created interference object
and press ENTER.
19.
Use the Interference Checking command

to validate that there is no longer an
interference between the lamp shade
and pole.
20.
To position the ornament box:
23.
Use the Endpoint object snap and move

command to position the top and
bottom halves of the box and enclose the
ornament.
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Use Polar array.

Use the center of the base as the center
point of the array.
For the total number of items, enter 6.
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21.

dashboard, click Intersect.
22.
To intersect the ornaments boxes:
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Select both ornaments boxes.

Press ENTER.
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26.

27.
To union the lamp and the ornaments:

the lamp and the six ornament objects.
Press ENTER.
107
28.
Click View menu > Zoom > Extents.
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29.
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Lesson: Working in 3D
Overview
This lesson describes the 3D coordinate system and how to define a custom coordinate system,
control the display of the coordinate system icon, and acquire points in 3D space.
Being able to adjust the current coordinate system for geometry creation and to acquire the proper
point in 3D space is an important part of being able to create your design as quickly and as efficiently
as possible.
In the following illustration, the same model is shown with different active coordinate systems and
tracking a point in 3D space.
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Objectives
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Describe the relationship
u of the Cartesian
d coordinate system and 3D design.
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A
Change the orientation and location
Va of the coordinate system.
t
Change the display of the UCS
o icon.
N
Describe how to change the coordinate systems dynamically while in a geometry creation or
modification command.
Acquire a point in 3D space by tracking or filtering from other points.
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About the Cartesian Coordinate System

When you create 2D drawings, you create geometry on the XY plane. In many cases, the only time you
give the coordinate system any thought is when you are entering an absolute or relative point. As you
create geometry in 3D, you will need to reorient the coordinate system to create and modify the
geometry. In this section of the lesson, you learn about the Cartesian coordinate system and how it
can help you create 3D designs.
In the following illustration, the icons show the direction of the X, Y, and Z axes of the Cartesian
coordinate system based on the current viewing direction. The left icon is shown in its shaded mode
and the right one in its wireframe form.
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Definition of the Cartesian Coordinate System
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Computer-aided drafting and design (CADD) systems base their positioning of points in 3D space on
the Cartesian coordinate system. The Cartesian coordinate system is composed of three axes (X, Y, and
Z) at 90 degrees to each other. These intersecting axes define the origin point for the coordinate
system and three flat planes. The origin point is the location where each axis value is 0 (zero). The three
planes are defined by pairs of axes which create the XY, XZ, and YZ planes.
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There is one preset coordinate system and you cannot change it. This coordinate system is referred to
as the world coordinate system (WCS). When you begin to create 3D models, you will find working
only from the WCS to be challenging at times. To make it easier to create and modify geometry, you
can define a user coordinate system (UCS). You can define a UCS at any place or orientation in space
and you can define as many as you need. When you define a new UCS, you define a new origin location
and direction for the X, Y, and Z axes. The way you define a new coordinate system depends on the
geometry you have created and the geometry you are trying to create or modify. In some cases, you
will have the coordinate system automatically change based on a flat face you hover your cursor over.
In other cases, you will manually reorient and reposition the coordinate system. This manual
adjustment can be as simple as moving the origin to a new location, reorienting it by picking three
points in space, or rotating its alignment around one axis.
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By default, the drawing displays an icon to help you visualize the orientation of the current coordinate
system and its origin location. This default icon labels the X, Y, and Z axes and also color codes them:
Red for the X axis, green for the Y axis, and blue for the Z axis.
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The following illustration illustrates the planes defined by the different axes of the Cartesian
coordinate system. Plane 1 is the XY plane defined by the X and Y axes. Plane 2 is the YZ plane defined
by the Y and Z axes. Plane 3 is XZ plane defined by the X and Z axes.
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Example of the Need to Change the CoordinateroSystem
le
When creating a 3D design, you sometimes need to create solid or 2D geometry starting on a face that
is not in line with the world coordinate system (WCS). In those cases, you need to define your own
coordinate system to achieve the needed results. In the following illustration, the icon shows the axis
orientation for the WCS. The different geometry was drawn on the different faces of the models by
changing to a user coordinate system. For example, the circle was drawn on the angled face using
standard 2D drawing procedures after the coordinate systems X and Y axes were set in alignment with
the edges of the face.
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Changing the Coordinate System

In this section of the lesson, you learn about the UCS command. This includes learning how to access
the command, the procedure and workflow for using the command, and the most often used
command options.
Since the process of creating a 3D model can be made a lot simpler when you generate or define
different aspects of your design in a flat plane, and the plane you need to draw in is usually not in the
same location or orientation as the WCS, you need to be able to define your own coordinate system.
The UCS you define then allows you to create the geometry you need in the appropriate location and
orientation.
In the following illustration, different coordinate system orientations and alignments are shown
simultaneously on the same model. Though only one coordinate system can be active at any one time,
this illustration illustrates how different the orientation and origins of user coordinate systems can be
from the WCS.
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Command Access
UCS
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Command Line: UCS

Menu: Tools > New UCS
Toolbar: UCS
Toolbar: UCS II
Options for Defining a UCS

Following the typical workflow and command options, you either reposition the origin of the
coordinate system while keeping its current X, Y, Z axis alignment, or you completely reorient and
reposition the coordinate system based on three points in space. To reposition the origin, you start the
UCS command, click the new origin point, and then press ENTER. To reorient and reposition, click a
point on the X axis after clicking the new origin point, and then click a third point to define the
XY plane.
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Instead of defining a new UCS based on the default prompts and options, you can define the UCS
based on other criteria. The following options are some of the most frequently used for defining
a new UCS.
Icon
Option
Description
World
Use to set the coordinate system back to the world coordinate

system.
Named UCS
Use to display the UCS dialog box, save a UCS, and activate a
saved UCS.
Previous
Use to step the coordinate system back to the alignment and

position it was previously.
Face
Use to align the coordinate system to a selected flat surface or

solid face.
Object
Use to align the coordinate system to a selected object.
View
Use to align the coordinate system to the XY plane perpendicular

to your viewing direction.
Origin
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Z Axis
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Use to move the coordinate system origin to a selected point.
al e
Use to align the coordinate system to a point and specified Z axis.
or
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d
li
a
V
tUse to align the coordinate system to point and specified X and Y
No axes.
Use to rotate the coordinate system around the X axis.
Use to rotate the coordinate system around the Y axis.
Use to rotate the coordinate system around the Z axis.
Apply
Use to apply the current UCS setting to all Viewports or a

specified viewport.
113
Procedure: Creating a User Coordinate System

The following steps give an overview of creating a user coordinate system.
1.
Determine the orientation needed for the UCS.
2.
Start the UCS command.
3.
Select the option needed to properly orient the UCS.
4.
Create the needed geometry.
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Changing the UCS Icon Display
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While creating a 3D model, you may encounter times when you want the coordinate system icon to
display a certain way, in a specific location, or not at all. To change the display of the coordinate system
icon, you need to access the Ucsicon command and apply the options available for changing its
display. This section of the lesson covers how to access the command, its options, and the standard
procedure for its use.
Va
t
o
In the following illustration, the UCS icon is shown in two different locations. Where it is set to display
at the 0,0,0 point for the three axes, the display of the icon is visually disruptive to the model view. In
the illustration on the right, it is forced to display in the lower-left corner of the viewport where it does
not disrupt the model view.
114
Command Access
UCSICON
Command Line: Ucsicon

Menu: View > Display > UCS Icon
Options for Changing the UCS Icon Display

Use the following options with the command.
Option
Description
On
Use to turn on the display of the UCS icon.
Off
Use to turn off the display of the UCS icon.
All
Use when you have your drawing window split into multiple viewports. Select this option
before one of the other options to have that option apply to all viewports.
Noorigin
Use to have the UCS icon always display in the lower-left corner of the viewport.
Origin
Use to have the UCS icon display at the origin location of the current coordinate system.
If the origin is too close to the edge of the viewport or outside of the area being
displayed, the UCS icon then displays in the lower-left corner.
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Properties
Use to display the UCS Icon dialog box
Sa and set the style, size, and color of the UCS icon.
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Procedure: Setting the UCS Icon
a Display
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The following steps give an overview
No of setting the display of the UCS icon.
1.
Start the Ucsicon command.
2.
Select properties to change the style, size, or color of the UCS icon.
3.
Specify display of the UCS icon at the origin or no origin.
4.
Toggle the display of the UCS icon on or off.
115
Changing the Coordinate System Dynamically

Whether you are initially creating 3D models or 2D geometry in 3D space, the alignment of the
coordinate system plays a crucial role in achieving the required results. While in a command to create
new geometry, you have the option to dynamically change the coordinate system. For this option to
be available, you need to have Dynamic UCS turned on. You can view and change the Dynamic UCS
setting through the status bars DUCS button.
With Dynamic UCS turned on, hovering your cursor over an existing flat face of a solid model while in
a command that creates new geometry causes that face to highlight and the crosshairs to orient on
that face.
If you click to define the starting point for that command while the face is highlighted, then a new UCS
is temporarily defined for the duration of creating that new geometry. When you complete the
command, the coordinate system that was active prior to creating that new geometry is activated
again. This temporary dynamic coordinate system defines its XY plane to be coplanar to the
highlighted face.
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In the following illustration, a circle is shown being created on a face that was not in alignment with
the coordinate system when the command was initially executed. The UCS was dynamically defined
based on the highlighted face.
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Procedure: Dynamically Changing the UCS

The following steps give an overview for dynamically changing the UCS.
116
1.
Execute a command that will create

new 2D or 3D geometry.
2.
Ensure Dynamic UCS is on by

viewing the DUCS button on the
status bar. Turn it on if it is currently
off.
3.
Hover your cursor over the flat face

that you want to begin drawing on.
An acquired face will have its edges
display as dashed lines.
4.
Click to specify the starting point of

the new geometry. While the face is
highlighted, you can object snap to
or track from points and still have the
UCS align to that face.
5.
Supply the remaining values and

input required to create the new
geometry and then finish the
command.
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Acquiring Points in 3D Space
You specify points in 3D space in much the same manner as in 2D space, except you supply a third
value for the Z axis. If you want to type in an absolute or relative coordinate value, you include a Z value
by entering the coordinate as X,Y,Z. You can also track in 3D space by combining the settings for
running object snap, object snap tracking, and polar tracking or ortho. When tracking through a point
not on the current coordinate systems XY plane, you track parallel to one of the current coordinate
system axes. Another useful method of acquiring an exact location in 3D space is to use coordinate
filters. Through the use of filters, you specify a point by combining the X, Y, and Z values from other
specified point locations.
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You will find the process of creating your design in 3D easier and quicker if you can quickly establish
the correct location in 3D space for your design geometry.
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In the following illustration, the start point for a new line is being tracked in the positive Z direction.
No
117
About Coordinate Filters

You use coordinate filters to specify a point relative to a collection of other points or a set distance
from a specific point. Coordinate filters are also referred to as point filters. You access point filters from
the Object Snap shortcut menu (SHIFT+right-click) or by entering one of the options when the active
command prompts you to specify a point.
When you activate a filter and snap to a point or enter a value, you are specifying what the value
should be for that filter coordinate. For example, if you use the .Z (the . denotes a filter) filter and snap
to the corner of a 3D model, you return the Z value from that corner. You would then need to specify
the X and Y values. You could specify those values by snapping to another location, entering their
values, or using their respective filters and snapping to two other locations. The combination of the
filtered Z value and the X and Y values would constitute the location of the new point.
In the following illustration, a set of solid models is displayed in four viewports showing the top, front,
right side, and isometric directional views. The center of the sphere was based on the point filters and
object snaps as identified in the isometric view. The top view also shows the X and Y filter locations
and the right side view also shows the Z filter location.
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Coordinate Filter Options

Use the following options to filter coordinate values.
Option
118
Description
.X
Use to snap to a point and only return its X value and then specify or filter for the Y
and Z values.
.Y
Use to snap to a point and only return its Y value and then specify or filter for the X
and Z values.
.Z
Use to snap to a point and only return its Z value and then specify or filter for the X
and Y values.
Option
Description
.XY
Use to return the X and Y values of an existing point. You then specify or filter for the
Z value.
.XZ
Use to return the X and Z values of an existing point. You then specify or filter for the
Y value.
.YZ
Use to return the Y and Z values of an existing point. You then specify or filter for the
X value.
If you are using point filters for the X or Y value but specifying the remaining coordinate
values, you need to enter a value as a placeholder for the X or Y. So if you are using the .X filter
and you want to enter an absolute Y and Z value, you need to enter a value for X. For example,
the Y and Z values both need to be 5 and the X filter for the required corner returns 11.65.
When prompted for the YZ, you enter 1,5,5. The 1 in this case acts as a placeholder and is
automatically substituted with 11.65. In this case, 1 was used as the placeholder but any
number could be used.
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Procedure: Tracking in 3D Space
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The following steps give an overview for using 3D Tracking to acquire points.
1.
2.
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To track from an existing point, you

must first be prompted by a
command to specify a point.
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Have running object
snaps,
object
Aupolar trackingaorlid
snap tracking, and
V
ortho turned on and set with
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o
required values and options.
N
3.
Acquire the tracking point by

passing your cursor over an object
snap location on the geometry you
want to track from.
4.
Track in any 3D direction from the

acquired point and either click to
specify the location or enter a
distance value.
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Procedure: Filtering Coordinate Points

1.
To use point filters, you must first be prompted by a command to specify a point.
2.
Decide what you already know or have available to you in geometry of the drawing and what
you are trying to find regarding the new point being specified.
3.
Execute the proper point filter based on what you decided in the previous step.
4.
Specify an absolute value or snap to another point to return its corresponding coordinate
value.
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Exercise: Work with the UCS

In this exercise, you use the options of the UCS
command to create 2D and 3D geometry on
different planes of a solid model. The planes created
provide the base for adding additional features or
solids in different orientations.
3.
To turn off the Dynamic UCS:
4.
5.
To create a circle:

Modeling. Click Exercise: Work with
the UCS.
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Open M_Working-with-the-UCS.dwg.
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2.
Draw a circle near the UCS icon as shown.

Note the orientation of the circle relative
to the solid model.
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1.
On the status bar, if the DUCS button is

selected, click to turn off Dynamic UCS.
If the button is not selected, Dynamic
UCS is already turned off.
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6.
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r a new UCS:
To create
eo
Click Tools menu > New UCS > 3 Point.

Using the endpoint or intersection object
snap, select the points indicated in the
order shown.
To display the 2D Draw dashboard control

panel:
Right-click any control panel on the

dashboard.
Click Control Panels > 2D Draw.
7.
On the 2D Draw control panel, click Circle.
121
8.
To create a profile on the angled face:
11.
When prompted for a center point, select

the approximate center of the angled
face.
When prompted for the radius, click the
face to create the circle.
To align the UCS to a face:
Click Tools menu > New UCS > Face.

Select a point on the face of the part as
shown.
Press ENTER to accept the orientation.
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9.

dashboard, click Presspull.
10.
To presspull the circle:
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Select a point inside the circle and

enter -5.
Press ENTER.
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13.
122
Draw and presspull the rectangular slot as

shown.
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If necessary, adjust your isometric view to see

the three cylindrical features on the right
side.
14.
To orient the UCS:
Click Tools menu > New UCS > 3 Point.

When prompted for a new origin point,
using the Center object snap, select the
base of the left cylinder.
When prompted for a positive location
on the X axis, using the Center object
snap, select the base of the right cylinder.
When prompted for a positive location
on the Y axis, using the Center object
snap, select the top of the left cylinder.
16.
On the 2D Draw control panel, click

Rectangle.
17.
To create 2D profile geometry for the rib:

0,0.
enter @26,10.
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15.
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To save the UCS for future use:
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18.

19.
To extrude the profile:
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Enter 2. Press ENTER.
Click Tools menu > Named UCS to display

the UCS dialog box.
Slowly double-click Unnamed to assign a
new name.
20.
es
R
rSelect the profile. Press ENTER.
Enter Ribs for the new name.

Click OK.
123
Exercise: Use a Dynamic UCS

In this exercise, you use a Dynamic UCS to draw
3D primitives and 2D geometry. You subtract the
resulting geometry from the original model.
3.
On the 3D Make control panel, click Box.
4.
To draw a box on the angled face:
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Modeling. Click Exercise: Use a
Dynamic UCS.
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Open C_Use-Dynamic-UCS.dwg.
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6.
To subtract the box from the main solid:
On the status bar, if DUCS is selected, click

to turn Dynamic UCS on.
If DUCS is selected, Dynamic UCS is on.
124
On the 3D Make control panel, click Subtract.
To turn on Dynamic UCS:
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5.
2.
When you position your cursor over the

angled face, the UCS icon reorients to the
new face.
Click two points as indicated to create the
rectangle.
Enter -20 in the dynamic input field for
the height.
Press ENTER.
Select the main solid shape.

Press ENTER.
Select the new solid primitive.
Press ENTER.
7.
On the 2D Draw control panel, click Circle.
8.
To draw a circle on the main solid:
13.
To subtract the extruded circle from the main

solid:
9.
As you position the cursor for the center

point as shown, the cursor flips to
indicate the new UCS.
Select a point near the point indicated.
Enter 5.
Press ENTER.
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On the Visual Styles control panel, click X-ray

mode.
14.
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10.
On the 3D Make control panel, click Extrude.
11.
To extrude the circle:
12.
Select the main solid object.

Press ENTER.
Select the new extruded circle.
Press ENTER.
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Select the circle.

Press ENTER.
Select the corner endpoint as shown.
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On the 3D Make control panel, click Subtract.
125
Exercise: Use Dynamic Feedback

In this exercise, you use Dynamic Feedback to
quickly lay out a concept for a proposed building
site.
3.
To create the lot:
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3D Modeling. Click Exercise: Use
Dynamic Feedback.
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On the status bar, make sure DYN is

selected.
Select one corner of the large rectangle.
select the diagonally opposite corner.
cursor in the negative Z direction and
enter 12.
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Open C_Dynamic-Feedback.dwg.
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4.
Make the Building layer current.
5.

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6.
Select one corner of the cyan rectangle.

cursor in the positive Z direction and
click.
NOTE: The grid is turned off in this illustration

for clarity.
2.

7.
126
Make the Landscape layer current.
8.
9.

dashboard, click Cone.
12.
To create three trees:
To create the walkway:

Select one corner of the small rectangle.
enter 1.
When prompted for the center point of

the base, select the center of a circle.
When prompted for the base radius or
diameter, select a point on the diameter
of the circle.
click.
Repeat for the other two circles.
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13.
Make the Drive layer current.
14.

15.
To create the driveway:
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10.
Make the Walk layer current.
11.

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Select one corner of the rectangle.

enter 1.
127
Exercise: Track with Object Snaps in 3D

In this exercise, you use Object Snaps and Tracking to
create an overhanging roof.
2.
Adjust the status bar, apply the following

settings:
3.

4.
To create and position the first corner of a flat

roof:
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3D Modeling. Click Exercise: Track with
Object Snaps in 3D.
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Open
I_Tracking-with-Object-Snaps-in-3D.dwg or
M_Tracking-with-Object-Snaps-in-3D.dwg.
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Hover the cursor over the back post to

acquire the top corner endpoint (1).
Move the cursor in the negative Y
direction (2) and, with the tracking vector
displayed, enter 19'-0" [6000].
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1.
Turn on OSNAP, Endpoint object snap,

Extension object snap, POLAR, and
OTRACK.
Turn off DUCS, DYN.
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5.
To create and position the flat roof:
8.
To define the basepoint for the maximum

height bar:
Hover the cursor over the far right corner

of the right-hand post to acquire the
endpoint.
Move the cursor in the positive Y
direction and, with the tracking vector
displayed, enter 4" [100].
Move the cursor in the positive Z
direction and enter 0'-3" [75].
Select the cylinder at the base of the pole.

Press ENTER.
Select any point in the drawing area near
the cylinder as the base point and move
the cursor in the positive Z direction.
Note the orientation of the UCS icon. The
UCS is active on the XY plane, but you are
tracking in Z.
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Au panel: ali
Display the 2D Draw control
tV
Right-click dashboard panel.No
S
or 9.
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7.
To move the maximum height bar into

position:
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Enter 11'-6" [3500] for the second point.
Click Control panels > 2D Draw.
On the 2D Draw control panel, click Move.
10.
129
Chapter Summary
In this chapter, you were introduced to the 3D environment and learned the commands and methods
for creating 3D models. During the process of modeling your ideas, you decide which creation method
achieves your required results. You then execute the commands and options to create solid primitives,
solid or surface models from 2D profiles, or a composite model from multiple solid models to
represent the design.
Having completed this chapter, you can:
Explain the differences in 3D model types and how to view and display the models.
Create solid models from primitive shapes.
Create surface and solid models from 2D profile geometry.
Create a composite solid by joining, subtracting, and intersecting solid models.
Describe the 3D coordinate system, and how to define a custom coordinate system, control the
display of the coordinate system icon, and acquire a point in 3D space.
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Chapter

Describe the types of 3D models and their benefits.

Definition of 3D Model Types

Example of 3D Model Types

Navigation and Display Defined

Orbiting Your View

Preset Viewing Directions

Example of Navigating and Displaying 3D Models

Orbiting Your 3D Model

Command Line: 3dorbit

Procedure: Viewing Models in a Constrained Orbit

Start the Constrained Orbit command.

Start the Constrained Orbit command.

Changing the Model Display

Command Line: Vscurrent, vs

Accessing Visual Styles on the Dashboard

Multiple Viewport Display

Command Line: Viewports, Vports

Viewports Dialog Box

A list of viewport configurations you select from.

Procedure: Changing Viewport Display

Start the Viewports command.

Configure the number of viewports to display.

Name the viewport configuration.

Save the viewport configuration.

Exercise: Interact with 3D Models

The completed exercise

View the models from different orientations:

Orbit until the back of the pump housings are

Press ESC to exit Constrained Orbit.

Change the visual style of the drawing:

Drag the cursor left and right.

To complete the exercise, follow the

Left-click and hold:

Completing the Exercise

On the 3D Navigate control panel, click

On the Visual Style control panel, select

On the Visual Style control panel, select 3D

Rotate the view until the front of the

On the Visual Style control panel, select

Create multiple viewports to observe the

Click in the upper-left viewport to activate.

On the 3D Navigate control panel, select

oOn the 3D Navigate control panel, select

Click in the right viewport to activate.

On the 3D Navigate control panel, select

Use the Constrained Orbit command to

Click in the lower-left viewport to activate.

On the Visual Style control panel, select

On the 3D Navigate control panel of the

Click View menu > Viewports > 3 Viewports.

Press ESC to exit the constrained orbit.

Window-select the solid and surface

On the 3D Navigate control panel, click

Save and close all files.

Notice that the wireframe model does not

Lesson: Creating Solid Primitives

About Solid Primitives

Definition of Solid Model Primitives

Lesson: Creating Solid Primitives

Example: Solid Primitives Used for Fixtures and Furniture

Command Line: Box