2130902
LAB MANUAL
Title
5
6
10
EXPERIMENT: 1
Aim:- To study Forward Bias and Reverse Bias Characteristics of PN Junction
Semiconductor diode.
Appartus:- Diode (1N4007)
Resistor -1k
Circuit diagram:
Procedure
1) Connectt the diode in forward bias configuration
configuration. i.e. connect the positive terminal of
DC power supply to the positive terminal of diode and negative terminal of DC power
supply to the negative terminal of diode.
2) Increase the voltage of power supply step wise and measure the value of current
flowing Diode (ID) and voltage drop across Diode (VD) by using ammeter and voltmeter
respectively.
3) Connect the diode in reverse bias configuration. i.e. connect the positive terminal of
DC power supply to the negative terminal of diode and negative terminal oof DC power
supply to the positive terminal of diode.
4) Plot the graph of diode voltage (VD) verses diode current (ID) for forward bias and
reverse bias.
Observation Table:
Forward bias:
VD(V)
0.1
0.2
0.3
ID(A)
0A
0.1A
1.4A
0.4
20.8A
0.5
199.5A
0.6
1.5mA
0.65
4.5mA
0.7
13.2mA
0.75
41.6mA
0.8
141.4mA
0.81
196mA
Reverse bias:
VD(V)
1
2
5
ID(A)
0.1
0.2
0.5
10
20
50
60
90
Conclusion:
EXPERIMENT: 2
Aim:- To study Input and Output Characteristics of Common Emitter
for NPN transistor.
Appartus:-Transistor BC-547
Resistor -240k, 2.2k
DC Power supplies
Connecting wires, bread board
Ammeter- (0-20 mA , 0-1mA)
Voltmeter- (0-20V , 0-10V)
Theory:
Circuit diagram:
Configuration
Procedure
a) Input characteristic
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig A
2. Keep the voltage VCE as constant at 5V by varying VCC.
3. Vary the input voltage VBB in step of 1V up to 10 V.
4. Measure thee voltage VBE from voltmeter and the current IB through
ammeter for different values of input voltage.
5. Repeat the steps 3 and 4 for VCE value of 10V.
6. Draw input characteristic for tabulated values.
b) Output characteristic
1. Fix the input base current IB at constant value say at 10A.
2. Vary the output voltage VCC in steps of 1V from 0V to 10V.
3. Measure the voltage VCE from voltmeter and current IC through ammeter
for different values.
4. Repeat the above steps 2 and 3 for various values of IB=0A and 40A.
5. Draw output
utput characteristic for tabulated values.
Observation Table:
a) Input characteristic
VBB(V)
VCE= 5V
VCE=10V
0.1
0.2
IB(A)
0 A
0 A
0.1
0.2
IB(A)
0 A
0 A
0.3
0.05 A
0.3
0.05 A
0.4
0.05 A
0.4
0.05 A
0.5
0.22 A
0.5
0.22 A
0.6
4.66 A
0.6
4.66 A
0.65
0.03 mA
0.65
0.02 mA
0.67
1.53 mA
0.67
0.08 mA
IB= 20A
IC(mA)
VCE(V)
1
2.2
2
2.6
IB= 50A
IC(mA)
VCE(V)
1
4.6
2
5.3
IB= 0A
IC(mA)
VCE(V)
1
0.038
2
0.043
2.97
6.1
0.047
3.3
6.8
0.052
3.68
7.5
0.057
3.99
8.33
0.066
VBE(V)
VBE(V)
b) Output characteristic
VCC(V)
Conclusion
EXPERIMENT: 3
Aim:- To Study OP-AMP
AMP as Non Inverting Amplifier.
Appartus:-
IC- 741,
Resistors 5k
, 10k, 10k
DC power supply (0-30V),
(0
CRO, Function Generator
Connecting wires, bread board.
Theory:
Circuit Diagram:
Input(Vin)
Output(Vo)
Gain=1+
3
Gain=
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
2. Apply sine wave of 1V peak amplitude and 1kHZ frequency from function
generator.
3. Measure the output voltage and input voltage in the CRO.
4. Calculate the gain using the equation
Graph:
Conclusion:
EXPERIMENT: 4
Aim:- To Study OP-AMP
AMP as Inverting Amplifier.
Appartus:-
IC- 741,
Resistors 5k
, 10k, 10k
DC power supply (0-30V),
(0
CRO, Function Generator
Connecting wires, bread board.
Theory
Circuit diagram:
Input(Vin)
Output(Vo)
Gain=(- )
2
Gain=
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
2. Apply sine wave of 1V peak amplitude and 1kHZ frequency from function
generator.
3. Measure the output voltage and input voltage in the CRO.
4. Calculate the gain using the equation
Conclusions:
).
EXPERIMENT: 5
Aim:- Design and Implement a Non Inverting Adder
Adder and Inverting Adder Using
OPAMP.
Appartus:-
IC- 741,
Resistors 1k,
, 250, 2k
DC power supply (0-30V),
(0
voltmeter
Connecting wires, bread board.
Theory:
Circuit diagram:
Observation Table:
(a) Inverting Adder
Va
Vb
Vc
Vo (p)
Vo=-{Va+Vb+Vc}
-2.99
-3
-3.99
-4
-8.99
-9
-11.99
-12
-12.54
-13
Vo= Va+Vb+Vc
8
Va
1
Vb
0
Vc
7
Vo (p)
8.03
11.03
11
14.03
14
14.03
15
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure (a) in order to get inverting adder circuit.
2. Set the values of resistors Ra= Rb= Rc = Rf and Rom = (Ra || Rb || Rc || Rf) .
3. Vary the values of Va, Vb and Vc Voltages through the DC power supply.
4. Connect the voltmeter across the Load resistance to measure the output voltage i.e
negative sum of input voltages.
5. Calculate the theoretical sum using the the equation Vo = -{Va+ Vb + Vc }.
6. Connect the circuit as shown in figure (b) in order to get Non inverting adder
circuit.
7. Set the values of resistors Ra= Rb= Rc and (1+
) = 3.
8. Vary the values of Va, Vb and Vc Voltages through the DC power supply.
9. Connect the voltmeter across the Load resistance to measure the output voltage i.e
positive sum of input voltages.
10. Calculate the theoretical sum using the equation Vo = Va+ Vb + Vc .
Conclusion
EXPERIMENT: 6
Aim: Design and Implement a Subtractor Circuit Using OPAMP.
Appartus :
IC- 741,
Resistors 5k
, 10k, 10k
DC power supply (0-30V),
(0
voltmeter
Connecting wires, bread board.
Theory:
Circuit diagram:
Fig. Subtractor
Observation Table:
Vo= Vb - Va
Va
Vb
Vo (p)
-0.99
-1
4.02
15
10.02
10
16
14.07
16
20
14.07
15
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure in order to get subtractor circuit.
2. Set the values of resistors R1= R2= R3 = Rf .
3. Vary the values of Va and Vb Voltages through the DC power supply.
4. Connect the voltmeter across the Load resistance to measure the output voltage i.e
difference of input voltages.
5. Calculate the theoretical difference using the equation Vo = Vb - Va.
CONCLUSION:
EXPERIMENT: 7
Aim: Design and Implement a Integrator Circ
Circuit Using OP-AMP.
Apparatus : IC- 741,
Resistors 9.09k,
9.09
10k, 100k
Capacitor 16nF
DC power supply (0-30V),
(0
CRO, Function Generator
Connecting wires, bread board.
Theory:
Circuit diagram:
Fig.- Integrator
Observation Table:
Sr.
No.
Input
Output
Amplitude
Nature
frequency
Amplitude
Nature
frequency
1V
Sine
1 kHz
1V
Cosine
1 kHz
1V
Square
1 kHz
1.5V
Triangular
1 kHz
Calculation:
f = 1 kHz and Vi = 1V sine wave
Let the maximum frequency be equale to fb. Therefore fb = 1 kHz.
So for proper integration to take place fb 10 fa
i.e. fa = 100 Hz
Assume the dc gain of practical integrator is 10.
Rf 1 = 10
Assume R1 = 10 kHz then Rf = 100 kHz
Now, fa =
(
)
so that Cf = 15.9 nF
Rcomp = R1 || Rf = 9.09 k.
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
2. Set the value of R1 and RF according to the provided dc gain.
3. Calculate the value of CF from the value of fa and RF.
4. Apply sine wave of 1V peak amplitude and 1kHZ frequency from function
generator.
5. Measure the output voltage and input voltage in the CRO.
6. Plot the output and input waveforms.
Graph:
Conclusion:
EXPERIMENT: 8
Aim: Design and Implement a Differentiator Circ
Circuit Using OP-AMP.
AMP.
Apparatus : IC- 741,
Resistors 82,
82 10 k, 1.59 k
Capacitor 0.1 nF, 0.005F
DC power supply (0-30V),
(0
CRO, Function Generator
Connecting wires, bread board.
Theory:
Circuit diagram:
Fig.-Differentiator
Observation Table:
Sr.
No.
Input
Output
Amplitude
Nature
frequency
Amplitude
Nature
frequency
1V
sine
1 kHz
-1V
cosine
1 kHz
1V
Square
1 kHz
-10V
Spike
1 kHz
Calculation:
f = 1 kHz and Vi = 1V sine wave
Let the maximum frequency be equale to fa. Therefore fa= 1 kHz.
Assume C1 < 1 F. Let C1 = 0.1 F.
Now, fa =
(
)
. so that Rf = 1.59 k.
( )
. so that R1 = 79.5
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
2. Calculate the value of CF , R1 and RF from the value of fa and fb.
3. Apply cosine wave of 1V peak amplitude and 1kHZ frequency from function
generator.
4. Measure the output voltage and input voltage in the CRO.
5. Plot the output and input signal waveforms.
Graph:
Conclusion:
EXPERIMENT: 9
Aim: Design and Implement a Low Pass Filter Circ
Circuit Using OP-AMP.
AMP.
Apparatus : IC- 741,
Resistors 10 k,
k 15.9 k
Capacitor 0.01
01 F
Theory:
Circuit diagram:
Observation Table:
Sr.
No.
Output
Gain
Gain (dB)
VO (VP)
|VO / Vi|
Input
Vi = 1 VP
Frequency
(Hz)
10
6.02
100
1.99
1.99
5.98
200
1.96
1.96
5.85
700
1.64
1.64
4.29
1k
1.41
1.41
3.01
3k
0.63
0.63
-3.98
7k
0.28
0.28
-10.97
10 k
0.20
0.20
-14.02
30 k
0.07
0.07
-23.53
10
100 k
0.02
0.02
-33.98
Calculation:
Let Vi = 1V sine wave
Choose the cut off frequency fH. Let fH= 1 kHz.
Assume C 1 F. Let C = 0.01 F.
Now, Calculate R using equation, R=
(
)
. so that R = 15.9 k.
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
2. Choose the cut off frequency and value of capacitor C.
3. Calculate the value of R from the value of fH and C.
4. Apply sine wave of 1V peak amplitude from function generator.
5. Vary the frequency of input sinusoidal signal from function generator and
Measure the amplitude of output voltage from CRO.
6. Calculate the gain in dB and find the 3 dB down gain from the maximum gain
value.
7. The frequency correspond to the 3 dB down gain is called the cut off frequency.
8. Plot the graph of frequency verses gain in dB.
Graph:
EXPERIMENT: 10
Aim: Design and Implement a High Pass Filter Circuit
Circ Using OP-AMP.
AMP.
Apparatus : IC- 741,
Resistors 10 k,
k 15.9 k
Capacitor 0.01 F
DC power supply (0-30V),
(0
CRO, Function Generator
Connecting wires, bread board.
Theory:
Circuit diagram:
Observation Table:
Sr.
No.
Output
Gain
Gain (dB)
VO (VP)
|VO / Vi|
Input
Vi = 1 VP
Frequency
(Hz)
100
0.20
0.20
-14.02
200
0.39
0.39
-8.13
400
0.74
0.74
-2.58
700
1.15
1.15
1.19
1k
1.41
1.41
3.01
3k
1.90
1.90
5.56
7k
1.98
1.98
5.93
10 k
1.99
1.99
5.98
30 k
6.02
Calculation:
Let Vi = 1V sine wave
Choose the cut off frequency fL. Let fL= 1 kHz.
Assume C 1 F. Let C = 0.01 F.
Now, Calculate R using equation, R=
(
)
. so that R = 15.9 k.
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
2. Choose the cut off frequency and value of capacitor C.
3. Calculate the value of R from the value of fL and C.
4. Apply sine wave of 1V peak amplitude from function generator.
5. Vary the frequency of input sinusoidal signal from function generator and
Measure the amplitude of output voltage from CRO.
6. Calculate the gain in dB and find the 3 dB down gain from the maximum gain
value.
7. The frequency correspond to the 3 dB down gain is called the cut off frequency.
8. Plot the graph of frequency verses gain in dB.
Graph: