Chemistry
Introduction - Chemistry
The following released test questions are taken from the Chemistry Standards Test. This test is one of the
California Standards Tests administered as part of the Standardized Testing and Reporting (STAR) Program
under policies set by the State Board of Education.
All questions on the California Standards Tests are evaluated by committees of content experts, including teachers
and administrators, to ensure their appropriateness for measuring the California academic content standards in
Chemistry. In addition to content, all items are reviewed and approved to ensure their adherence to the principles of
fairness and to ensure no bias exists with respect to characteristics such as gender, ethnicity, and language.
This document contains released test questions from the California Standards Test forms in 2003, 2004, 2005,
and 2006. First on the pages that follow are lists of the standards assessed on the Chemistry Test. Next are
released test questions. Following the questions is a table that gives the correct answer for each question, the
content standard that each question is measuring, and the year each question last appeared on the test. Reference
sheets, provided for students taking the test, are also included as they are necessary in answering some of the
questions. It should be noted that asterisked (*) standards found in the Science Content Standards for
California Public Schools, Kindergarten through Grade 12, are not assessed on the California Standards Tests
in Science and, therefore, are not represented in these released test questions.
The following table lists each reporting cluster, the number of items that appear on the exam, and the number
of released test questions that appear in this document. The released test questions for Biology, Chemistry,
Earth Science, and Physics are the same test questions found in different combinations on the Integrated
Science 1, 2, 3, and 4 tests.
1
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright 2007 California Department of Education.
C A L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
Chemistry
REPORTING CLUSTER
Investigation and Experimentation
(Standards: CHIE1. a-n)
NUMBER OF
RELEASED
TEST QUESTIONS
Kinetics, Thermodynamics
Gases and Their Properties (Standards: CH4. a-f)
Solutions (Standards: CH6. a-d)
Chemical Thermodynamics (Standards: CH7. a-d)
14
15
Chemical Reactions
Acids and Bases (Standards: CH5. a-d)
Reaction Rates (Standards: CH8. a-c)
Chemical Equilibrium (Standards: CH9. a-b)
13
13
10
TOTAL
60
60
In selecting test questions for release, three criteria are used: (1) the questions adequately cover a selection of the
academic content standards assessed on the Chemistry Test; (2) the questions demonstrate a range of difficulty;
and (3) the questions present a variety of ways standards can be assessed. These released test questions do not
reflect all of the ways the standards may be assessed. Released test questions will not appear on future tests.
For more information about the California Standards Tests, visit the California Department of Educations
Web site at http://www.cde.ca.gov/ta/tg/sr/resources.asp.
2
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright 2007 California Department of Education.
C A L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
Chemistry
The following 14 California content standards are included in the Investigation and Experimentation reporting
cluster and are represented in this booklet by six test questions. These questions represent only some ways in
which these standards may be assessed on the California Chemistry Standards Test.
CALIFORNIA CONTENT STANDARDS IN THIS REPORTING CLUSTER
CHIE1. a.
Select and use appropriate tools and technology (such as computer-linked probes,
spreadsheets, and graphing calculators) to perform tests, collect data, analyze
relationships, and display data.
CHIE1. b.
CHIE1. c.
CHIE1. d.
CHIE1. e.
CHIE1. f.
CHIE1. g.
CHIE1. h.
CHIE1. i.
Analyze the locations, sequences, or time intervals that are characteristic of natural
phenomena (e.g., relative ages of rocks, locations of planets over time, and succession
of species in an ecosystem).
CHIE1. j.
Recognize the issues of statistical variability and the need for controlled tests.
CHIE1. k.
CHIE1. l.
Analyze situations and solve problems that require combining and applying concepts
from more than one area of science.
CHIE1. m. Investigate a science-based societal issue by researching the literature, analyzing data,
and communicating the findings. Examples of issues include irradiation of food, cloning
of animals by somatic cell nuclear transfer, choice of energy sources, and land and water
use decisions in California.
CHIE1. n.
Know that when an observation does not agree with an accepted scientific theory, the
observation is sometimes mistaken or fraudulent (e.g., the Piltdown Man fossil or
unidentified flying objects) and that the theory is sometimes wrong (e.g., the Ptolemaic
model of the movement of the Sun, Moon, and planets).
3
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright 2007 California Department of Education.
C A L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
Chemistry
The periodic table displays the elements in increasing atomic number and shows
how periodicity of the physical and chemical properties of the elements relates to
atomic structure. As a basis for understanding this concept:
CH1. a.
Students know how to relate the position of an element in the periodic table to its atomic
number and atomic mass.
CH1. b.
Students know how to use the periodic table to identify metals, semimetals, non-metals,
and halogens.
CH1. c.
Students know how to use the periodic table to identify alkali metals, alkaline earth
metals and transition metals, trends in ionization energy, electronegativity, and the
relative sizes of ions and atoms.
CH1. d.
Students know how to use the periodic table to determine the number of electrons
available for bonding.
CH1. e.
Students know the nucleus of the atom is much smaller than the atom yet contains most
of its mass.
Nuclear Processes
CH11.
CH11. a.
Students know protons and neutrons in the nucleus are held together by nuclear forces
that overcome the electromagnetic repulsion between the protons.
CH11. b.
Students know the energy release per gram of material is much larger in nuclear fusion
or fission reactions than in chemical reactions. The change in mass (calculated by
E = mc 2) is small but significant in nuclear reactions.
CH11. c.
Students know some naturally occurring isotopes of elements are radioactive, as are
isotopes formed in nuclear reactions.
CH11. d.
Students know the three most common forms of radioactive decay (alpha, beta, and
gamma) and know how the nucleus changes in each type of decay.
CH11. e.
Students know alpha, beta, and gamma radiation produce different amounts and kinds of
damage in matter and have different penetrations.
4
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright 2007 California Department of Education.
C A L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
Chemistry
The following eight California content standards are included in the Chemical Bonds, Biochemistry reporting
cluster and are represented in this booklet by nine test questions. These questions represent only some ways in
which these standards may be assessed on the California Chemistry Standards Test.
CALIFORNIA CONTENT STANDARDS IN THIS REPORTING CLUSTER
Chemical Bonds
CH2.
Biological, chemical, and physical properties of matter result from the ability of
atoms to form bonds from electrostatic forces between electrons and protons and
between atoms and molecules. As a basis for understanding this concept:
CH2. a.
Students know atoms combine to form molecules by sharing electrons to form covalent
or metallic bonds or by exchanging electrons to form ionic bonds.
CH2. b.
Students know chemical bonds between atoms in molecules such as H2, CH4, NH3,
H2CCH2, N2, Cl2 and many large biological molecules are covalent.
CH2. c.
Students know salt crystals, such as NaCl, are repeating patterns of positive and
negative ions held together by electrostatic attraction.
CH2. d.
Students know the atoms and molecules in liquids move in a random pattern relative to
one another because the intermolecular forces are too weak to hold the atoms or
molecules in a solid form.
CH2. e.
CH10. a.
Students know large molecules (polymers), such as proteins, nucleic acids, and starch,
are formed by repetitive combinations of simple subunits.
CH10. b.
Students know the bonding characteristics of carbon that result in the formation of a
large variety of structures ranging from simple hydrocarbons to complex polymers and
biological molecules.
CH10. c.
5
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright 2007 California Department of Education.
C A L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
Chemistry
The kinetic molecular theory describes the motion of atoms and molecules and
explains the properties of gases. As a basis for understanding this concept:
CH4. a.
Students know the random motion of molecules and their collisions with a surface create
the observable pressure on that surface.
CH4. b.
Students know the random motion of molecules explains the diffusion of gases.
CH4. c.
Students know how to apply the gas laws to relations between the pressure,
temperature, and volume of any amount of an ideal gas or any mixture of ideal gases.
CH4. d.
Students know the values and meanings of standard temperature and pressure (STP).
CH4. e.
Students know how to convert between the Celsius and Kelvin temperature scales.
CH4. f.
Solutions
CH6.
CH6. a.
CH6. b.
Students know how to describe the dissolving process at the molecular level by using
the concept of random molecular motion.
CH6. c.
Students know temperature, pressure, and surface area affect the dissolving process.
CH6. d.
Students know how to calculate the concentration of a solute in terms of grams per liter,
molarity, parts per million, and percent composition.
Chemical Thermodynamics
CH7.
CH7. a.
Students know how to describe temperature and heat flow in terms of the motion of
molecules (or atoms).
CH7. b.
CH7. c.
CH7. d.
Students know how to solve problems involving heat flow and temperature changes,
using known values of specific heat and latent heat of phase change.
6
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright 2007 California Department of Education.
C A L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
Chemistry
The following nine California content standards are included in the Chemical Reactions reporting cluster and
are represented in this booklet by 13 test questions. These questions represent only some ways in which these
standards may be assessed on the California Chemistry Standards Test.
CALIFORNIA CONTENT STANDARDS IN THIS REPORTING CLUSTER
Acids, bases, and salts are three classes of compounds that form ions in water
solutions. As a basis for understanding this concept:
CH5. a.
Students know the observable properties of acids, bases, and salt solutions.
CH5. b.
CH5. c.
Students know strong acids and bases fully dissociate and weak acids and bases
partially dissociate.
CH5. d.
Students know how to use the pH scale to characterize acid and base solutions.
Reaction Rates
CH8.
Chemical reaction rates depend on factors that influence the frequency of collision
of reactant molecules. As a basis for understanding this concept:
CH8. a.
Students know the rate of reaction is the decrease in concentration of reactants or the
increase in concentration of products with time.
CH8. b.
CH8. c.
Students know the role a catalyst plays in increasing the reaction rate.
Chemical Equilibrium
CH9.
CH9. a.
Students know how to use LeChateliers principle to predict the effect of changes in
concentration, temperature, and pressure.
CH9. b.
Students know equilibrium is established when forward and reverse reaction rates are
equal.
7
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright 2007 California Department of Education.
C A L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
Chemistry
CH3. a.
CH3. b.
Students know the quantity one mole is set by defining one mole of carbon 12 atoms to
have a mass of exactly 12 grams.
CH3. c.
Students know one mole equals 6.02 x 1023 particles (atoms or molecules).
CH3. d.
Students know how to determine the molar mass of a molecule from its chemical formula
and a table of atomic masses and how to convert the mass of a molecular substance to
moles, number of particles, or volume of gas at standard temperature and pressure.
CH3. e.
Students know how to calculate the masses of reactants and products in a chemical
reaction from the mass of one of the reactants or products and the relevant atomic
masses.
8
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright 2007 California Department of Education.
C A L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
Chemistry
2
3
4
barometric
thermometric
calorimetric
spectrophotometric
5
CSC10177
6
CSC20129
CSC10120
CSC00006
CSC00005
CSC00144
9
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright 2007 California Department of Education.
C A L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
Chemistry
7
9
Periodic Table of the Elements
Cr
Mo
Co Ni
Pd Ag
Ge
Sn
Ag to Pd
Co to Ni
W.
Ge to Sn
X.
Cr to Mo
Y.
Z.
CSC00149
10
11
manganese (Mn).
tellurium (Te).
chlorine (Cl).
xenon (Xe).
magnesium (Mg)
silicon (Si)
sulfur (S)
argon (Ar)
CSC00185
CSC00206
CSC00028
CSC10304
10
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright 2007 California Department of Education.
C A L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
Chemistry
Proportion:
> 98%
2%
0.01%
14
15
16
13
CSC20056
alpha
beta
gamma
x-ray
CSC00299
chlorine
fluorine
helium
nitrogen
CSC10387
ionic
hydrogen
metallic
covalent
11
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright 2007 California Department of Education.
CSC20314
C A L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
Chemistry
17
18
19
nuclear.
metallic.
ionic.
covalent.
20
CSC10230
neighboring cations.
germanium (Ge)
aluminum (Al)
arsenic (As)
neighboring anions.
gallium (Ga)
CSC00150
them.
21
22
CSC00142
salt
protein
ethanol
propane
CSC00323
CH(Cl).
CH(Cl)CHCH
2 .
CH 2 CH.
CH 2 CH(Cl).
CSC10086
12
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright 2007 California Department of Education.
C A L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
Chemistry
24
26
A lipids.
400 mm Hg
B monosaccharides.
300 mm Hg
C amino acids.
800 mm Hg
D nucleosides.
650 mm Hg
CSC00062
27
CSC00125
A moving randomly.
28
CSC00239
25
29
B dissolving quickly.
C traveling slowly.
D expanding steadily.
CSC20840
CSC00285
CSC10234
150 C
696 C
223 C
23 C
CSC00089
13
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright 2007 California Department of Education.
C A L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
Chemistry
30
32
Solute
C10H8, naphthalene
CH3 CH2OH
Insoluble Soluble
Soluble
CO(NH2)2, urea
Soluble Insoluble
Soluble
31
Hexane
C2H5OH, ethanol
B C6H5COOH
MgCl2
Water
A NH3
C
D CO(NH 2 )2 in hexane
33
C2 H 5OH in hexane
34
CSC20958
18.1 g
36.2 g
72.4 g
86.2 g
CSC00275
2.5
10
20
CSC10375
14
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright 2007 California Department of Education.
C A L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
Chemistry
36
37
38
A 0.332 ppm
1000 J
B 332 ppm
720 J
C 33,200 ppm
480 J
D 332,000 ppm
240 J
CSC20046
condensed.
a liquid.
frozen.
a gas.
39
CSC00045
CSC00258
D weakly basic.
15
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright 2007 California Department of Education.
CSC00188
C A L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
Chemistry
40
42
43
The above picture shows a light bulb connected
to a battery with the circuit interrupted by a
solution. When dissolved in the water to form a
1.0 molar solution, all of the following
substances will complete a circuit allowing the
bulb to light except
A hydrochloric acid.
44
B sodium nitrate.
C sucrose.
11.
7.
5.
3.
CSC00173
D ammonium sulfate.
41
CSC20341
CSC00146
CSC00184
16
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright 2007 California Department of Education.
C A L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
Chemistry
46
Energy
After Catalyst
Before Catalyst
Reactants
Products
Progress of Reaction
47
After Catalyst
Energy
Before Catalyst
Reactants
Products
Progress of Reaction
C
After Catalyst
a catalyst
an enhancer
an inhibitor
a reactant
CSC10368
Before Catalyst
Energy
CSC00248
Reactants
Products
Progress of Reaction
D
Before Catalyst
After Catalyst
Energy
45
Reactants
Products
Progress of Reaction
CSC20412
17
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright 2007 California Department of Education.
C A L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
Chemistry
48
A+B
AB
A+B
C + D
2A + B
AC
50
NO2(g) + CO(g)
NO(g) + CO2(g)
C + 2D
A+C
CSC00129
49
4HCl(g) + O2(g)
51
CSC20419
cease to evaporate.
begin to condense.
CSC10082
CSC00152
18
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright 2007 California Department of Education.
C A L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
Chemistry
C3H8 + O2
56
CO2 + H2O
CH4 + 2O2
53
2.
4.
8.
16.
55
CO2 + 2H2O
CSC00311
CH3CH2OH + 3O2
CO2 + 2H2O
CH3CH2OH + 3O2
2CO2 + 3H2O
CH3CH2OH + O2
D CH3CH2OH + 2O2
54
2CO2 + 3HO
3CO2 + 2H2O
57
CSC10401
3.00 moles
6.00 moles
0.5 mole
12.0 moles
2.0 moles
16.0 moles
3.
011023 moles
CSC00162
CSC00068
3.
01 1023
1.
20 1024
1.10 1028
CSC00255
19
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright 2007 California Department of Education.
C A L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
Chemistry
58
1.
51023
3.
31023
1.
91026
2.41024
Mg3N2(s) + 6H2O(l)
2NH3(aq) + 3Mg(OH)2(s)
If 54.0 grams of water are mixed with excess
magnesium nitride, then how many grams of
ammonia are produced?
CSC10251
59
Fe2O3 3CO
2Fe 3CO2
64 g
80 g
160 g
1400 g
1.00
17.0
51.0
153
CSC00159
20
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright 2007 California Department of Education.
CSC20076
C A L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
Chemistry
Question Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
Correct Answer
A
C
A
D
A
A
B
C
A
C
D
B
D
A
C
A
D
D
C
A
B
D
C
D
A
C
A
D
C
D
D
B
A
C
D
D
D
C
Standard
CHIE1.A
CHIE1.C
CHIE1.D
CHIE1.F
CHIE1.F
CHIE1.K
CH1.A
CH1.B
CH1.C
CH1.D
CH1.E
CH1.E
CH11.A
CH11.E
CH2.A
CH2.A
CH2.B
CH2.C
CH2.D
CH2.E
CH10.A
CH10.A
CH10.C
CH4.B
CH4.B
CH4.C
CH4.D
CH4.D
CH4.E
CH6.A
CH6.B
CH6.B
CH6.D
CH6.D
CH6.D
CH7.A
CH7.C
CH7.D
Year of Test
2005
2006
2004
2004
2006
2003
2004
2004
2003
2003
2004
2006
2005
2003
2005
2006
2005
2004
2005
2003
2003
2006
2004
2004
2006
2003
2004
2006
2003
2005
2004
2006
2003
2004
2006
2003
2004
2003
21
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright 2007 California Department of Education.
C A L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
Chemistry
Question Number
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
Correct Answer
C
C
B
A
D
B
D
A
B
A
D
C
D
B
B
A
B
C
B
A
C
B
Standard
CH5.A
CH5.A
CH5.A
CH5.C
CH5.D
CH8.C
CH8.C
CH8.C
CH9.A
CH9.A
CH9.A
CH9.A
CH9.B
CH3.A
CH3.A
CH3.B
CH3.C
CH3.C
CH3.D
CH3.D
CH3.E
CH3.E
Year of Test
2003
2005
2006
2005
2005
2003
2005
2006
2003
2004
2005
2006
2005
2004
2005
2004
2005
2006
2003
2006
2005
2006
22
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright 2007 California Department of Education.
Be
Beryllium
9.01
12
Mg
Magnesium
24.31
Li
Lithium
6.94
11
Na
Sodium
22.99
56
Ba
55
Cs
(226)
(223)
(227)
Ac
Actinium
Ra
Radium
Fr
89
138.91
39
44.96
Scandium
Francium
88
87.62
85.47
87
Lanthanum
Strontium
Rubidium
Barium
57
La
Sr
Rb
137.33
88.91
38
37
Cesium
Yttrium
40.08
39.10
132.91
Calcium
Potassium
Sc
20
Ca
3
3B
21
19
1.01
5
5B
23
(261)
Rutherfordium
Iron
Ru
44
55.85
Pm
61
(269)
Hassium
Hs
108
Sm
62
(268)
Meitnerium
Mt
109
192.22
Iridium
Ir
77
102.91
Rhodium
Rh
45
58.93
Cobalt
Co
9
8B
27
Uranium
Protactinium
231.04
Thorium
232.04
238.03
Pa
Th
92
144.24
(237)
Neptunium
Np
93
(145)
(244)
Plutonium
Pu
94
150.36
91
140.91
90
Praseodymium
Cerium
140.12
Nd
60
59
Pr
58
(264)
Bohrium
Bh
107
190.23
Osmium
Rhenium
186.21
Os
76
101.07
Re
75
(98)
(266)
Seaborgium
Sg
106
Ce
(262)
Dubnium
Db
105
Rf
104
183.84
Tungsten
Tantalum
74
95.94
Hafnium
180.95
Tc
43
54.94
Fe
26
Mo
42
52.00
178.49
Mn
7
7B
25
Atomic number
Element symbol
Element name
Chromium Manganese
Cr
6
6B
24
22.99
Ta
73
92.91
Niobium
Nb
41
50.94
Vanadium
Na
Sodium
Hf
72
91.22
Zirconium
Zr
40
47.87
Titanium
Ti
4
4B
22
11
Key
(243)
Americium
Am
95
151.96
Europium
Eu
63
195.08
Platinum
Pt
78
106.42
Palladium
Pd
46
58.69
Nickel
Ni
28
10
(247)
Curium
Cm
96
157.25
Gadolinium
Gd
64
196.97
Gold
Au
79
107.87
Silver
Ag
47
63.55
Copper
Cu
11
1B
29
14
4A
6
31
Cf
98
162.50
Dysprosium
Dy
66
204.38
Thallium
Tl
81
114.82
Indium
In
49
69.72
Gallium
Ga
Es
99
164.93
Holmium
Ho
67
207.2
Lead
Pb
82
118.71
Tin
Sn
50
72.61
Germanium
Ge
32
28.09
Silicon
Aluminum
26.98
Si
14
12.01
Carbon
Al
13
10.81
Boron
(247)
(251)
(252)
Bk
97
158.93
Terbium
Tb
65
200.59
Mercury
Hg
80
112.41
Cadmium
Cd
48
65.39
Zinc
Zn
12
2B
30
13
3A
5
15
5A
7
(257)
Fermium
Fm
100
167.26
Erbium
Er
68
208.98
Bismuth
Bi
83
121.76
Antimony
Sb
51
74.92
Arsenic
As
33
30.97
Phosphorus
15
14.01
Nitrogen
(258)
Mendelevium
Md
101
168.93
Thulium
Tm
69
(209)
Polonium
Po
84
127.60
Tellurium
Te
52
78.96
Selenium
Se
34
32.07
Sulfur
16
16.00
Oxygen
16
6A
8
Neon
17
18
Lr
103
174.97
Lutetium
Lu
71
(222)
Radon
Rn
86
131.29
Xenon
Xe
54
83.80
Krypton
Kr
36
39.95
Argon
Ar
(259)
(262)
Nobelium Lawrencium
No
102
173.04
Ytterbium
Yb
70
(210)
Astatine
At
85
126.90
Iodine
53
79.90
Bromine
Br
35
35.45
Chlorine
Cl
20.18
Fluorine
19.00
Ne
10
4.00
Helium
17
7A
9
He
2
2A
4
Hydrogen
1
1A
1
Constants
L
mol
Pressure Conversions: 1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 760 Torr = 101.325 kPa = 14.7 lbs.2 = 29.92 in. Hg
in.
Unit Conversions
J
Latent Heat of Vaporization of Water: Hvap(H 2O) = 540 cal
g = 2260 g
Mass-Energy Formula: E = mc 2
P1V1 P2V2
=
T1
T2
Calorimetric Formulas
Formulas
Pressure Formula: P = F
A