_________________________________
. ANEMIA presentations:
_______________________
. Mild -> Fatigue - loss of energy - tiredness - malaise.
. Severe -> Shortness of breath - lightheadedness - confusion.
. Diseases with similar presentations (Hypoxia - CO poisoning Methemoglobinemia).
. Pallor - flow murmur - pale conjunctiva.
. MICROCYTIC ANEMIA:
____________________
____________________
(1) IRON DEFECIENCY ANEMIA:
____________________________
. The most common cause is chronic blood loss (Bleeding ulcer).
. ++ platelet count.
. Dx -> Best initial test -> IRON STUDIES:
- ____________________________________________
- | -- iron.
.|
- | -- ferritin.
.|
- | -- iron saturation.
.|
- | ++ TIBC (Total iron binding capacity).
.|
|--------------------------------------.|
- | ++ Red cell distribution of width (++ RDW).|
- ____________________________________________
. Dx -> Most accurate test -> Bone marrow biopsy.
. Tx -> Ferrous sulfate orally (May turn the stool BLACK but Guaiac test
-ve).
. PICA -> Appetite for non-nutritive substances (ice - clay - dirt).
(2) ANEMIA OF CHRONIC DISEASE:
_______________________________
. Rheumatoid arthritis.
. End Stage Kidney Disease (ESKD).
. Any chronic infectious, inflammatory or connective tissue disease.
. . Dx -> Best initial test -> IRON STUDIES:
- _______________________________________
- | -- iron.
.|
- | ++ ferritin.
.|
- | Normal or -- iron saturation.
.|
- | -- TIBC (Total iron binding capacity).|
|--------------------------------------.|
- _______________________________________
* IRON IS LOCKED IN STORAGE OR TRAPPED IN MACROPHAGES OR IN FERRITIN.
. Osteoarthritis doesn't cause anemia of chronic disease !
. Exclude anemia of chronic disease if there is NORMAL ESR !
. The only form of anemia that responds to erythropoietin is ESKD.
. Tx -> tt the underlying cause e.g. (METHOTREXATE or INFLIXIMAB for
RA).
. Although iron concentration is low, Iron supplementation is not
benificial.
. IRON IS LOCKED IN STORAGE OR TRAPPED IN MACROPHAGES OR IN FERRITIN.
(3) THALASSEMIA:
_________________
. MACROCYTIC ANEMIA:
____________________
____________________
. Extravascular hemolysis occurs in spleen & liver so u can't see it on
a smear !
. Caused by Vit. B12 or floate defeciency.
. Vit. B12 def. -> neurological findings (Mostly peripheral neuropathyLeast dementia).
. Folate defeciency is NOT associated with neurological findings.
. Suspect Vit B12 def. in STRICT VEGETERIANS with anemia & neurologic
complications.
. METFORMIN blocks B12 absorption.
. B12 def. -> Smooth tongue (Glossitis) & diarrhea.
. -- B12 -> -- production of INTRINSIC FACTOR by gastric parietal cells,
. -- B12 -> Atrohic gastritis -> DOUBLE RISK of GASTRIC CANCER.
. Dx -> Best initial test -> CBC with peripheral smear -> HYPERSEGMENTED
NEUTROPHILs.
. Dx -> Hypersegmented neutrophils + Large MCV = Megaloblastic anemia.
. Dx -> Anisocytosis - poikilocytosis - basophilic stippling.
. Dx -> ++ Bilirubin & LDH.
. Dx -> -- Reticulocytic count.
. Dx -> Most accurate test -> -- Vit. B12 & Folic acid levels.
. If u suspect B12 defeciency but B12 level is normal -> Order Methyl
Malonic acid (MMA).
. Dx -> HOMOCYSTEINE is ++ in both Vit. B12 & folate defeciency.
. Dx -> Most accurate test -> Anti-parietal cell Abs & anti-intrinsic
factor Abs.
. Tx -> REPLACEMENT of Vit B12 & folate.
. Tx -> Folic acid will correct the hematological problems.
. Tx -> Vit. B12 will correct the neurological problems.
. Watch for low potassium after ttt B12 def. !
. N.B. (1):
___________
. Folate & cobalamine (B12) are involved in the conversion of
homocysteine to methionine.
. -- Vit. B12 or folic acid -> ++ Homocysteine level.
. N.B. (2):
___________
. Folic acid & vit. B12 defeciency can be distinguished by measuring
Methyl Malonic acid!
. Vit B12 (Not folic acid) is involved in the conversion of MMA to
succinyl coA.
. -- Vitamin B12 -> ++ MMA.
. -- Folic acid -> NORMAL MMA.
. N.B. (3):
___________
. Laboratory tests ------------> Prinicious anemia -------------> Folic
acid defeciency
_________________________________________________________________________
_______________
. Serum B12 level ------------->
(--)
------------->
Normal.
. Serum folic acid level ------>
(Normal)
-------------> (--).
. Serum LDH level ------------->
(++)
------------->
Normal.
. Achlorhydria ---------------->
Absent.
. Schilling test -------------->
. Methyl malonyl acid MMA ----->
Absent.
. Neurological signs ---------->
Absent.
present
------------->
+ve
++
-------------> -ve.
------------->
++
------------->
. N.B. (4):
___________
. Alcohol abuse is the most common cause of nutritional folate
defeciency in USA.
. N.B. (5):
___________
. Anemia of chronic kidney disease is due to erythropoietin defeciency.
. One must be careful to ensure adequate iron stores prior to
erthropoietin replacement,
. Bec. the erythropoietin induced surge in RBCs production may consume
much iron,
. precipitating an iron defecient state.
. N.B. (6):
___________
. A case of microcytic hypochromic anemia with -- iron & ferritin,
. The most common cause of iron defeciency anemia is GIT blood loss.
. Dietary iron defeciency & malabsorption of iron are rare causes.
. Iron supplementation helps to restore iron reserves but u must detect
the cause !
. So .. perform test for occult blood in the stool.
. N.B. (7):
___________
. The most common cause of folic acid defeciency is NUTRITIONAL.
. Either due to poor diet or Alcoholism.
. May be caused by some drugs either by impairing its absorption
(PHENYTOIN),
. or antagonizing its physiologic effect (Methotrexate - Trimethoprim).
. N.B. (8):
___________
. PERINICIOUS ANEMIA:
______________________
. Most common cause of vit. B12 defeciency.
. Auto-antibodies against the gastric intrinsic factor required for B12
absorption.
. More in Northern Europeans.
. Associated other auto-immune diseases e.g. Autoimmune thyroiditis &
Vitiligo.
. Shiny tongue due to atrophic glossitis.
. Shuffling broad-based gait ataxia.
. Neurological abnormalities with loss of pain & vibration sense.
. Peripheral blood smear -> Macro-ovalocytes, megaloblasts & hypersegmented neutrophils.
. Dx -> Detection of Anti-intrinsic factor Abs.
. N.B. (9):
___________
. Total body stores of Vit.B12 in humans are 2-5 mg with min. daily
requirement 6-9 micg.
. Animal products (meat & dairy) are the only dietary sources of vit.
B12.
. It would take 4-5 years of a pure vegan diet to cause dietary
defeciency.
. In contrast, Folate stores are smaller, clinical defeciency occur
within 4-5 months.
. N.B. (10):
____________
. SCHILLING TEST:
__________________
. Used to detect the cause of vit. B12 defeciency.
. Used to differentiate dietary defeciency from perinicious anemia &
malabsorption.
. In dietary defeciency,
. Oral radiolabelled Vit B12 is absorbed in the gut & excr. by kidneys
in NORMAL amounts.
. But In Malabsorption,
. Oral radio-labelled Vit B12 is excreted in sub-normal amounts.
. HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA:
___________________
___________________
. SUDDEN ONSET of hematological manifestations.
. Dx -> Hemolysis ->
-> ++ indirect bilirubin.
-> ++ reticulocyte count.
-> ++ LDH level.
-> -- Haptoglobin.
. Dx -> Intravascular hemolysis ->
-> Abnormal peripheral smear (schistocytes - helmet cells - fragmented
cells).
-> Hemoglobinuria.
-> Hemosiderinuria.
(1) SICKLE CELL ANEMIA:
________________________
. Very severe pain in the back, chest & thighs.
. Retinal infarction.
. Flow murmur from anemia.
. Splenomegaly in children & asplenia in adults.
. Rales or consolidation from lung infection or infarction.
. Skin ulcers.
. Aseptic necrosis of hip.
. Neurological strokes.
. Cause of Osteomyelitis in sickle cell anemia is SALMONELLA !
. Cause of BM suppression in sickle cell anemia is PARVO B19 !
. Tx -> OXYGEN - HYDRATION with NORMAL SALINE - Pain relief.
. If there is fever -> (Emergency - No spleen) -> Ceftriaxone levofloxacin.
. Tx -> EXCHANGE TRANSFUSION if ->
-> Eye -> Visual disturbance from retinal infarction.
-> Lungs -> Pulmonary infarction with pleuritic pain.
-> Penis -> Priapism from infarction of prostatic plexus of veins.
-> Brain -> Stroke (weakness & aphasia due to sludging & occlusion of
cerebral vessels).
.
.
.
.
Stage
Stage
Stage
Stage
Stage
0
1
2
3
4
->
->
->
->
->
++ WBCs.
Enlarged LNs.
Enlarged Spleen.
Anemia.
-- platelets.
. Plethoric face.
. Headache - Blurring of vision - dizziness - fatigue.
. Pruritis happening after a hot bath or shower.
. pruritis due to release of histamine from basophils.
. Hypertension can be one of the presentations of polycythemia.
. ++ incidence of peptic ulcerations (++ Histamine release from
basophils).
. ++ incidence of gouty arthritis ( ++ cell turnover).
. Dx -> CBC "MARKEDLY HIGH HEMATOCRITE & low MCV" !!!
. Dx -> ABG " Absence of hypoxia".
. Dx -> -- Erythropoietin (Most important).
. ++ WBCs & ++ Platelets.
. ++ B 12 & ++ LAP levels.
. MARKEDLY HIGH HEMATOCRITE may lead to THROMBOSIS.
. Ass. with JAK 2 mutation.
. Tx -> PHLEBOTOMY. (HCT < 45%).
. Tx -> Hydroxyurea to -- cell count.
. Tx -> Give daily Aspirin to prevent Thrombosis.
. High risk of thrombosis -> Due to ++ platelet count.
. High risk of bleeding -> Due to impaired platelet function
. N.B. . HERIDITARY TELANGIECTASIA = OSLER - WEBER - RENDU $YNDROME:
____________________________________________________________________
. Diffuse telangiectasia + Recurrent epistaxis + Wide spread AV
MALFORMATIONs.
. AV malformations in lung -> Blood shunt from Rt to Lt side of the
heart.
. AV shunts -> Chronic hypoxemia -> Reactive polycythemia (++ HCT).
(F) ESSENTIAL THROMBOCYTOPENIA:
________________________________
. ++ PLATELET cell count.
. Headache - visual disturbances - pain in hands (Erythromyelalgia).
. Most common cause of death -> Bleeding & thrombosis.
. Tx -> Hydroxyurea to -- cell count.
. Tx -> Give daily Aspirin to prevent Thrombosis.
. PLASMA CELL DISORDERS:
________________________
. ALL are characterized by ++ serum protein with normal albumin (GAMMA
GAP).
_________________________________________________________________________
____
(A) MULTIPLE MYELOMA:
______________________
. Monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells.
. CRAB -> Calcium ++ & Renal impairment & Anemia & Bones pain, lytic
lesions & #s.
-> Skeletal survey -> Punched out osteolytic lesions (if osteoblastic =
Prostate cancer).
-> Serum immune electrophoresis -> Abnormal M spike.
-> Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) -> ++ Mono-clonal Antibodies
(IgG).
-> Urine protein electrophoresis (UPEP) -> BENCE-JONES proteins.
-> Peripheral smear -> ROULEEAUX formation of blood cells.
-> ++ Ca.
-> ++ ESR > 100.
-> B2 micro-globulin (detect prognosis).
-> ++ BUN & Creatinine (RF).
-> Most specific test -> Bone marrow biopsy -> ++ PLASMA cells > 10 % !
. Most common cause of death -> INFECTIONS & RENAL FAILURE.
. susceptible to infections due to -- WBCs & -- ability to produce
effective antibodies,
. due to BM infiltration with malignant plasma cells.
. Tx -> Melphalan & steroids.
. Tx -> Most effective ttt -> Autologous stem cells bone marrow
transplantation.
. Tx -> Hypercalcemia -> Hydration & diuresis.
. Tx -> Bone #s -> Biphosphonates.
. Tx -> RF -> hydration.
. Tx -> Anemia -> Erythropoietin.
. Tx -> Prophylaxis against infections with vaccinations (Pnemovax).
(B) MONO-CLONAL GAMMOPATHY OF UNKNOWN SIGNIFICANCE (MGUS):
___________________________________________________________
. Asymptomatic ++ of IgG on SPEP. (due to ++ ptn in old age).
. Elderly pt > 70 ys.
. MGUS require METASTATIC SKELETAL BONE X-RAY to exclude lytic lesions
sugesting MM !
. No ttt.
(C) WALDENSTROM's MACRO-GLOBULINEMIA:
______________________________________
. ++ Ig M -> Hyperviscosity.
. Blurry vision (Dilated segmented tortuous retinal veins)
. confusion & headache.
. Enlarged Lns & Hepatosplenomegaly.
. Dx -> Serum viscosity level -> ++.
. Dx -> SPEP -> ++ Ig M SPIKE !
. Tx -> PLASMAPHARESIS.
. Same ttt as CLL -> Fludarabaine.
(D) APLASTIC ANEMIA:
_____________________
. PANCYTOPENIA with no identified etiology.
. Tx -> Pt < 50 ys & has a match - > BMT.
. Tx -> Pt > 50 ys & NO match -> Anti-thymocyte globulin & cyclosporine.
. N.B. MONO-CLONAL GAMMOPATHY OF UNKNOWN SIGNIFICANCE Vs MULTIPLE
MYELOMA:
_________________________________________________________________________
_
(MGUS)
(MM)
. Absence of anemia.
. Hypercalcemia.
. Renal insuffeciency.
. Lytic lesions in bones.
bones.
. Serum monoclonal protein < 3 g/dl.
protein > 3 g/dl.
. < 10 % plasma cells in the bone marrow.
the bone marrow.
.
.
.
.
Anemia.
Hypercalcemia.
Renal insuffeciency.
Lytic lesions in
. Serum monoclonal
. > 10 % plasma cells in
. ++ B 2 microglobulin.
. LYMPHOMA:
___________
. ENLARGED LNs (Mostly CERVICAL).
. Anemia due to BONE MARROW INFILTRATION by CANCEROUS CELLS !
. Two types_________________________________
|
____________________________________________________
|
|
.HODGKIN's LYMPHOMA
.NONHODGKIN's LYMPHOMA
.__________________
._______________________
. Best initial test -> EXCISIONAL LN BIOPSY.
. SAME.
. REED STERNBERG CELSS.
. NO !
. STAGING by Contrast CT & CXR & BM biopsy:
. SAME.
-> 1 -> Single LN group.
-> 2 -> 2 LN groups on one side of diaphragm.
-> 3 -> LN invovement on both sides of diaphragm.
-> 4 -> Wide-spread disease = B symptoms (fever - weight loss - Night
sweats).
. 90 % of cases present with Stages 1 & 2.
. 90 % of cases present
with stages 3 & 4.
. Tx -> Stages 1 & 2 with no B symptoms -> radiotherapy.
. Tx -> Stages 3 & 4 with B symptoms ----> chemotherapy.
. "ABVD" ->
. "CHOP" ->
- Adriamycin.
- Cyclophosphamide.
- Bleomycin.
- Hydroxyadriamycin.
- Vinblastine.
- Oncovin.
- Dacarbazine.
- Prednisone.
. TUMOR LYSIS $YNDROME:
_______________________
. Ass. with tumors with high cell turn-over.
. Ex: Poorly differentiated lymphoma "Burkitt's lymphoma" & Leukemias
"ALL".
. HYPER {phosphatemia - kalemia - uricemia}.
. HYPO {Calcemia}.
. Both potassium & phosphate r intra-cellular ions, so cell break down > their release.
. Released phosphate binds calcium leading to hypocalcemia.
. Degradation of cell proteins -> ++ uric acid levels.
. TL$ may lead to fatal arrhythmias, ARF & sudden death.
. Tx -> Allopurinol greatly reduces the possibility of acute urate
nephropathy.
. ASYMPTOMATIC LOCALIZED LYMPHADENOPATHY:
_________________________________________
. Several non-tender rubbery cervical Lymph nodes.
. Most commonly in upper respiratory tract infection.
. Commonly observed in children & youn adults.
. Tx -> OBSERVATION !
. GASTRIC MALT = MUCOSA ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE MANAGEMENT:
______________________________________________________________
. ERADICATION OF HELICOBACTER-PYLORI !
. TRIPLE THERAPY (OMEPRAZOLE - CLARITHROMYCIN - AMOXICILLIN).
. Requires no ttt.
. HEPARIN INDUCED THROMBOCYTOPENIA (HIT):
___________________________________________
. HEPARIN exposure > 5 days then,
. Platelet count reduction > 50 % from baseline.
. Despite -- platelet count ->HIT is highly thrombogenic -> Arterial &
venous thrombosis.
. Necrotic skin lesions at heparin injection sites.
. Acute systemic anaphylactoid recation after heparin.
. Dx -> SEROTONIN RELEASE ASSAY (GOLD STANDARD).
. TTT is started on clinical suspicion before serotonin assay.
. Tx -> CESSATION OF ALL HEPARIN PRODUCTS !
. Tx -> Start Argatroban (direct thrombin inhibitor).
. WARFARIN INDUCED SKIN NECROSIS:
_________________________________
. More common in females.
. Common sites: breasts , buttocks, thighs & abdomen.
. Initial complaint is PAIN FOLLOWED BY BULLAE FORMATION & SKIN
NECROSIS.
. Occurs within weeks after starting therapy.
. Tx -> Discontinue warfarin - Give heparin to continue anticoagulation
- Give Vit. K.
. Acetaminophen, NSAIDs & Amiodarone may potentiate the anticoagulant
effect of warfarin.
. VITAMIN K DEFECIENCY BLEEDING:
________________________________
. Pt kept NPO NOTHING PER ORAL for a prolonged period of time &
receiving Antibiotics.
. OR Newborn hadn't received prophylactic vit. K (Home-born) for
prevention of hemorrhage
. ++++ PT > ++ PTT.
. THROMBOPHILIA = HYPERCOAGULABLE STATES:
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
(1) LUPUS ANTI-COAGULANT or ANTI-CARDIOLIPINS ANTIBODIES:
__________________________________________________________
. Venous thrombosis.
. ++ aPTT (PROLONGED PARTIAL THROMBOPLASTIN TIME).
. Normal PT, BT, platelet count & VWF.
. Spontaneous abortion. (Due to promotion of arterial & venous
thrombosis).
. False +ve VDRL & True -ve FTA-ABS (Excluding $yphilis as a cause of
recurrent abortions
. Dx -> Mixing study.
. Dx -> Russel Viper venom test (Most accurate).
. Tx -> Heparin (LMWH) followed by warfarin.
(2) PROTEIN C DEFECIENCY:
__________________________
. Skin necrosis with the use of Warfarin.
. Dx -> Ptn C level.
. Tx -> Heparin followed by Warfarin.
(3) FACTOR 5 LEIDEN MUTATION:
______________________________
. Most common cause of thrombophilia.
. Dx -> Factor 5 mutation test.
. Tx -> Heparin followed by Warfarin.
(4) ANTI-THROMBIN DEFECIENCY:
______________________________
. No change in the aPTT with a blous of IV heparin !
. Dx -> Anti-thrombin 3 level.
. Tx -> Large amounts of heparin or direct thrombin inhibitor followed
by warfarin.
. DIC = DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION:
_______________________________________________
. Doesn't occur in healthy pts.
. Ass. with sepsis - burns - snake bites - cancer - Abruptio placenta or
AF Embolism.
. BLEEDING related to CLOTTING FACTORS DEFECIENCY & THROMBOCYTOPENIA !!
. ++ both PT & PTT.
. -- platelet count.
. ++ D-dimer & FDP (fibrin degradation products).
. -- fibrinogen level (consumed).
. Tx -> REPLACEMENT by FFP FRESH FROZEN PLASMA (Contains both palatelets
& clot.factors).
. TRANSFUSION REACTIONS:
________________________
________________________
. 1 . ABO INCOMPATIBILITY:
___________________________
. Acute symptoms of hemolysis WHILE the transfusion is occuring.
. Ex -> DURING a transfusion, the pt becomes hypotensive & tachycardic.
. Back & chest pain & dark urine.
. ++ LDH & bilirubin.
. -- Haptoglobin.
. 2 . TRANSFUSION RELATED ACUTE LUNG INJURY (TRALI) = LEUKOAGGLUTINATION REACTION:
_________________________________________________________________________
___________
. Acute Shortness of breath from antibodies in the donor blood against
the repient WBCs.
. Ex -> 20 mins after a pt. receives a blood transfusion, the pt becomes
short of breath.
. Transient infiltrates on CXR.
. All symptoms resolve spontaneously.
. 3 . IgA DEFECIENCY:
______________________
. presents with anaphylaxis !
. In the future, use blood donations from an IgA defecient donor or
washed RBCs.
. Ex -> As soon as the pt. received transfus., he becomes SOB,
hypotensive & tachycardic.
. NORMAL LDH & BILIRUBIN.
. 4 . MINOR BLOOD GROUP INCOMPATIBILITY:
_________________________________________
. To kell, Duffy, Lewis or Kidd antigens or Rh incompatibility !
. Delayed jaundice.
. No specific therapy.
. Ex -> A few days after transfusion, the pt becomes jaundiced.
. The hematocrit doesn't rise with transfusion & he is generally without
symptoms.
. 5 . FEBRILE NON-HEMOLYTIC REACTION:
______________________________________
. Small rise in temperature.
. No ttt required.
. Reaction against donor WBCs antigens.
. prevented by using filtered blood transfusions in the future to remove
WBCs antigens.
. Ex -> A few hours after transfusion, the pt becomes febrile with rise
1 degree in temp.
. No evidence of hemolysis.
. N.B. HYPOCALCEMIA MANIFESTATIONS (PARESTHESIA) AFTER BLOOD TRANSFUSION:
_________________________________________________________________________
. Occurs in pts who receive more than one blood volume of blood
transfusion or packed RBCs over 24 hours may develop ++ plasma level of
CITRATE (A SUBSTANCE ADDED TO STORED BLOOD) -> CHELATION of Ca & Mg by
citrate -> -- Ca -> Paresthesia.
. MIGRATORY SUPERFICIAL THROMBOPHLEBITIS = TROUSSEAU's $YNDROME:
________________________________________________________________
. Hypercoagulable disorder.
. Un-explained superficial venous thrombosis at un-usual sites e.g. arm
& chest area.
. Associated with OCCULT VISCERAL MALIGNANCY !
. Ex. Cancer involving the pancreas "most common".
. The tumor releases mucin that react with platelets forming platelet
rich micro-thrombi.
. H/O of heavy smoking - abdominal pain - migrattory thrombophlebitis.
. Dx -> CT Abdomen -> searching for an occult tumor (pancreatic
carcinoma).
. GLUCAGONOMA:
______________
. Necrolytic migratory erythema:
---------------------------------> Erythematous papules / plaques on face, perineum & extremities.
-> Enlarge & coalese with central clearing & blistering & crusting &
scaling.
. Diabetes Mellitis:
---------------------> Mild hyperglycemia easily controlled with diet & oral agents.
-> Don't require insulin !
. GIT symptoms:
----------------> Diarrhea - anorexia abdominal pain - occasional constipation.
. Other findings:
------------------> Weight loss.
-> Neuropsychiatric (ataxia - dementia - proximal ms weakness).
-> Associated wih venous thrombosis !
. Dx -> Hyperglycemia with ++ GLUCAGON > 500 mg/dl.
. Dx -> Normocytic Normochromic anemia.
. Dx -> CT or MRI to detect the tumor.
___________________________________
. Most common form of skin cancers in USA.
. Open sore that bleeds, oozes or crusts & remains open for 3 or more
weeks.
. Reddish patch or irritated area, shiny, waxy, scar like with elevated
rolled borders.
. Remains local - Never spreads.
. Tx -> Mohs surgery (Microscopic shaving) -> 1-2 mm of clear margins
are excised.
. Highest cure rate with Mohs surgery.
. Indicated in lesions located at critical areas e.g. perioral region,
nose, lips & ears.
. ESOPHAGEAL CARCINOMA:
_______________________
. Heart burn - significant weight loss - Regurgitation of food - fatigue
- smoking H/O.
. Age > 50 ys.
. Histological types -> Squamous cell carcinoma & Adenocarcinoma.
. SCC -> Ass. with smoking & alcohol consumption.
. Adenocarcinoma -> Barret's esophagus (GERD complication).
. Dx -> BARIUM SWALLOW followed by ENDOSCOPY.
. MYASTHENIA GRAVIS:
____________________
. Ptosis & double vision by the end of the day.
. Dx -> EMG -> Decremental response in compound action potential.
. Dx -> Acetyl choline receptor antibody test +ve.
. Dx -> CT scan chest sh'd be done in all newly diagnosed MG pts
searching for a THYMOMA.
. COLON CANCER SCREENING:
_________________________
* ROUTINE:
___________
-> Colonoscopy at 50 ys then every 10 ys.
* SINGLE FAMILY MEMBER WITH COLON CANCER:
__________________________________________
-> Colonoscopy at 40 ys,
-> or .. 10 ys earlier than the age at which the family member had
cancer,
-> whichever is earlier then every 10 ys.
* HNPCC 3 family members & 2 generations & 1 premature (<50ys):
________________________________________________________________
. Colonoscopy at 25 then every 1-2 ys.
. HNPCC is ass. with high risk of extra-colonic tumors (ENDOMETRIAL
CARCINOMA).
. It is a part of LYNCH $ type 2.
* FAMILIAL ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS:
__________________________________
. Sigmoidoscoy at 12 then every 1-2 ys.
. 100 % risk of cancer.
. ELECTIVE PROCTO-COLECTOMY sh'd be done.
* JUVENILE POLYPOSIS - PEUTZ JEHGERs - TURCOT's $ - GARDNER's $:
_________________________________________________________________
. No additional screening.
. ULCERATIVE COLITIS:
_____________________
. Colonoscopy once the diagnosis is established for 8 ys then repeated
every 1 - 2 ys.
. MEN 1 = MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA 1:
_________________________________________
. Paratyhroid (>90%) -> parathyroid hyperplasia -> primary
hyperparathyroidism -> ++ Ca.
. Pituitary -> prolactinoma.
. Pancreas / GIT -> Gastrinoma "ZE $" - insulinoma - VIPoma Glucagonoma.
. KEY WORDS-> INTRACTABLE ULCERATION + HYPERCALCEMIA -> ZE$ &
Hyperparathyroidism = MEN1.
. POST-SPLENECTOMY SEPSIS:
__________________________
. Asplenic pt have defective PHAGOCYTOSIS !
. impaired antibody mediated opsonization in phagocytosis.
. High risk of overwhelming infection by encapsulated organisms,
. e.g. Strept. pneumoniae, N. menengitidis & H. influenzae.
. DEEP VENOUS THROMBOSIS = DVT MANAGEMENT:
__________________________________________
. Presents with pain, swelling & discoloration.
. D.D. -> Ruptured Baker's cyst - venous insuffeciency - post-thrombotic
$ & cellulitis.
. Failure to anti-coagulate the pt may lead to pulmanary embolism.
. Modified Wells criteria is a pretest propability of DVT:
-> Previous DVT.
-> Active cancer.
-> Recent immobilization.
-> Localized tendrness along vein distribution.
-> Swollen leg.
-> Pitting edema.
.
. Pre-test propability of DVT using WELLs criteria
.__________________________________________________
.|
._________________________________________
.|
.|
. Not likely
. Likely
.____________
.________
|
.|
. D-Dimer test (+)--------------->. Compression
Ultrasonography
.______________
._____________________________
.|
.|
.|
._________________________________
.|
.|
.|
(-)
(+)
(-)
.|
.|
.|
. Un-likely to have DVT ! (TTT with Heparin & Warfarin)
(Contrast Venography)
.
.
or
.