Kerto Manual Bolted Connections

Bolted
connections
Table of contents
1 General....................................................................................................................... 2
2
Material properties.................................................................................................. 2
3 Loading...................................................................................................................... 3
4
Laterally loaded bolts.............................................................................................. 3

4.1 Timber-to-timber connections...................................................................... 4

4.2 Panel-to-timber connections........................................................................ 4

4.3 Steel-to-timber connections......................................................................... 4

4.4 Effective number of fasteners....................................................................... 4
5
Multiple shear plane connections........................................................................ 5
6
Block shear failure................................................................................................... 6

6.1 Timber failure capacity of joint area............................................................ 6

6.1.1 Capacity of inner part lamellas.......................................................... 6

6.1.2 Capacity of the edge part of lamellas.................................................7

6.2 Connection forces at an angle to the grain................................................. 8

6.3 Alternative dimensioning method................................................................ 9
7
Steel plates.............................................................................................................. 10

7.1 Tension strength............................................................................................ 10

7.2 Embedment strength................................................................................... 10

7.3 Block tearing................................................................................................... 10
8
Axially loaded bolts................................................................................................ 10
9
Fastener spacings and edge and end distances............................................... 11
10
Allowed tolerances of bolted connections.........................................................14
11 Bibliography.............................................................................................................14
Calculation example: Laterally loaded timber-to-timber bolt connection................15
Endnotes ............................................................................................................................17
Bolted connections
Parts that are according to the Finnish national annex are marked with
green text or they are given in the endnote. These rules may not apply
outside Finland. The equations by RIL 205-1-2009 are generalized from
the Eurocode and are on the safe side. Additional general information
about connections is also collected from several sources.
1. General
2. Material properties
Washers with a side length or an external diameter of at least 3d

(where d is the diameter of the bolt) and a thickness of at least 0.3d
should be used under the head of bolts and nuts. Washers should have
a full bearing area.
The calculation method for steel bolts presented in this guide is

valid only for bolts with a diameter d 24 mm and ultimate tensile
strength fu,k 800 N/mm2 (class 8.8)1. In addition, the timber thickness of side members t1 and t2 should be at least 4d and in dual or
multi shear plane connections the timber thickness of inner members
ts should be at least 5d.
Bolts should be tightened so that the members fit closely, and they
should be re-tightened if necessary when the timber has reached
equilibrium moisture content. If re-tightening cannot be done, and
there is a possibility that the timber can dry by over 5 % of its weight
after installation of the bolts, only 80 % of the calculated capacity of
the bolt connection can be utilised.
Bolt holes in timber should have a diameter no more than 1 mm
larger than the bolt. Bolt holes in steel plates should have a diameter
no more than 2 mm or 1.1d (whichever is greater). If the connection
is designed using thick steel plate (tt d) equations and bolt diameter
d < 20 mm, the maximum allowed hole in the steel plate should not
be more than 1.1d.
In this guide timber means solid timber, glued laminated timber,

Kerto-S and Kerto-T. Due to its cross-veneers, Kerto-Q has better
splitting resistance when compared to other timber when used in
flatwise connections.
Wood-based panels should be CE-marked in accordance with EN
13986 (plywood, particleboard, OSB-board, medium fibreboard
and hard fibreboard) or they should have a local type approval or
statement/certificate from an institution approved by local building
authorities that covers their use as load-bearing structures.
Table 1: Strength modification factors for service classes and load-duration classes kmod . and partial factors M for material
properties and resistances. 2
Strength modification factors for service classes and load-duration classes
kmod
Load-duration class
MateriaL
Service class
Permanent action
Long term action
Medium term
action
Short term action
Instantaneous
action
Solid timber, round timber,

glued laminated timber,
Kerto LVL, plywood
1
2
3
0.60
0.60
0.50
0.70
0.70
0.55
0.80
0.80
0.65
0.90
0.90
0.70
1.10
1.10
0.90
Particleboard EN 312-4*
and -5, OSB/2*, Hard
fibreboard
1
2
0.30
0.20
0.45
0.30
0.65
0.45
0,85
0.60
1.10
0.80
Particleboard EN 312-6*
and -7, OSB/3, OSB/4
1
2
0.40
0.30
0.50
0.40
0.70
0.22
0.90
0.70
1.10
0.90
Medium fibreboard: MBH.

LA*, MBH.HLS, MDF.LA*
and MDF.HLS
1
2
0.20
-
0.40
-
0.60
-
0.80
0.45
1.10
0.80
Partial factors M (EN 1995 recommended values and the Finnish NA values)
Fundamental combinations:
Solid and Round timber in general
Softwood structural timber, strength class C35
Kerto LVL
Glued laminated timber
Plywood, OSB
Particle- and fibreboards
Connections
Accidental combination
1.30
1.30
1.20
1.25
1.20
1.30
1.30
1.00
1.40
1.25
1.20
1.20
1.25
1.25
according to timber material
1.00
* Can only be used in service class 1
Bolts and steel plates should, where necessary, either be inherently corrosion-resistant or be protected against corrosion.
Table 2: The minimum specification for material protection against corrosion for fasteners. Electroplated zinc coating Fe/Zn classes are according
to ISO 2081 and hot-dip coating Z classes according to EN 10346. 3 Stainless steel according to EN 10088-1 (grades 1.4401, 1.4301 and 1.4310).4
Service class
Fastener
Bolts
None
None
Fe/Zn 25c, Z350
Steel plates up to 3 mm thickness
Fe/Zn 12c, Z275
Fe/Zn 12c, Z275
Stainless steel
Steel plates from 3 mm up to 5 mm in thickness
None
Fe/Zn 12c, Z275
Fe/Zn 25c, Z350
Steel plates over 5 mm thickness
None
None
Fe/Zn 25c, Z350
KERTO MANUAL
BOLTED CONNECTIONS
APRIL 2013
This instruction is property of Mets Wood.

The instruction has been prepared in
cooperation with VTT Expert Services Ltd.
Table 3: In EN 1993-1-1, EN 1993-1-2 and EN 1993-1-8 the following partial factors are used according to EN 1993 recommended values and FI
NA for structural members, cross sections and connections.
Marking
Value (EN 1993)
Value FI: NA
M0
1.00
1.00
M1
1.00
1.00
M2
1.25
1.25
M3
1.25
1.25
M3,ser
1.10
1.10
M4
1.00
1.00
M5
1.00
1.00
M6,ser
1.00
1.00
M7
1.10
1.10
M,fi
1.00
1.00
4. Laterally loaded bolts

When calculating the lateral load-capacity of the connection, the
capacity of the fastener and block shear in the timber member should
be checked. See Figure 1.
Design capacity of the connection:
Rd =
where

k mod Rk
(1)5
kmod is the modification factor for duration of load and

moisture content
M is the partial factor for connection resistance

When connecting two different materials the smallest value
of kmod / M should be used.
3. Loading
Bolts can be loaded laterally or axially. The loading can also be
combined lateral and axial load.
4.1 Timber-to-timber connections
The characteristic load-carrying capacity for a fastener per shear plane:
Reductions in cross section should be taken into account when

analysing the capacity of timber members.
In compressed Kerto-to-Kerto joints, 2/3 of the perpendicular
compression force can be transferred directly through contact
from member to member. If the contact surfaces have been CNCmachined, 3/4 of the perpendicular compression force can be transferred directly through contact from member to member. Splitting of
the compressed side in sloped connections, such as ridge connections,
should be prevented by shaping the end of the member or installing
a hard fibreboard or steel plate with a height of about 3/4 of the total
height of the connection.
3 M y
0.4 f h,k t u d 1 +
f h,k d t u2 (2)6
Rk = min
2 M y f h,k d
where
When a force in a connection acts at an angle to the grain, the bolts of

laterally loaded joints should ideally be positioned at the compressed
side of the member. In these cases there is generally no need to check
the tension capacity perpendicular to the grain. See Figure 5.
t1 f h,1,k
f
h,k

tu = min
t
f
2 h, 2,k
f h,k
(3)7
f h,k = min( f h,1,k ; f h, 2,k ; f h,s ,k )
(4)8

t1 and t2 are the thicknesses of the outer timber members

fh,1,k and fh,2,k are the characteristic embedment strengths
of outer timber members

fh,s,k is the characteristic embedment strength of inner
timber member in two shear plane connection

d is the fastener diameter
The characteristic value for the yield moment:
My = 0.3 fu,k d 2.6
where

[Nmm]
fu,k is the characteristic tensile strength of the bolt,

in N/mm2

d is the fastener diameter, in mm
Figure 1: Laterally loaded connection
3
KERTO MANUAL
BOLTED CONNECTIONS
APRIL 2013

(5)9
The characteristic embedment strength, at an angle to the grain:
f h, ,k =
where
f h , 0 ,k
k90 sin 2 + cos 2
0.082 (1 0,01d ) k
f h,0,k =
37 k Q (1 0,01d )
[N/mm2]
For particleboard and OSB the following embedment strength should

be used for all loading directions:
(6)
10
general
InIngeneral
for
-Q
forKerto
Kerto-Q
(7)11
4.3 Steel-to-timber connections
The capacity of a steel plate should be checked according EN 1993.
forflatwise
flatwise
connections
1
for
connections
[] (8)12
k Q = 2
connections
1 0.87 for
foredgewise
edgewise
connections
d
1.30 + 0.015d
1.15 + 0.015d
=
1.35 + 0.015d
0.90 + 0.015d
for Kerto
Kerto-S-and
Kerto-T
for
S and
Kerto - T
for Kerto
Kerto-Q- Q
for
forsoftwood
softwood
for
for hardwoods
hardwoods
for
[] (9) 13
k is the characteristic timber density, in kg/m3

is the angle of the load to the grain
When the thickness of a wood based panel is larger than the limit
set out in equation (10), then the characteristic loading capacity of
panel-to-timber connections should be calculated with the equations
for timber-to-timber connections.
[mm]
(10)15
where: fh,panel,k is the characteristic embedment strength of panel,

in N/mm2

For plywood the following embedment strength, should be used for
all angles to face grain:

fh,k = 0.11 (1 0.01d) k [N/mm2]
where: k is the characteristic density of plywood, in kg/m3

KERTO MANUAL
BOLTED CONNECTIONS
APRIL 2013

The drying shrinkage perpendicular to the grain direction should be

taken into account with steel-to-timber connections.
The characteristic load-carrying capacity for a thin steel plate, with

tt 0.5d, in single shear:
4.2 Panel-to-timber connections
80 d
fh,panel,k
In compressed steel plate connections the buckling length of 0,8La

can generally be used for outside plates, where La is the distance
between the first fasteners at opposite sides of the connection. The
buckling does not need to be taken into account for steel plates
installed inside a timber member if the expansion of timber members
is prevented, for example, by using tie bolts and limiting the size of
the slot for the steel plate to maximum of 1.25tt.
It should also be taken into account that the load-carrying capacity

of steel-to-timber connections with a loaded end may be reduced by
failure along the perimeter of the fastener group. There are two types
of loaded end failures: block shear and plug shear failure.
for Kerto-Q fh,,k = fh,45,k when 45 90 14
t panel
(12)17
where: d is the fastener diameter, in mm

t is the panel thickness, in mm
[N/mm2]
k 90

fh,k = 50 d 0,6 t 0,2 [N/mm2]
(11)16
0.4 f h,k t d

Rk = min
2 M y f h,k d
(13)18
The characteristic load-carrying capacity for a thick steel plate, with

tt d, in single shear:
f t d
h,k
4M y
Rk = min1.3 f h,k t d 2 +
1 (14)19
2
h,k
3 M y f h,k d
where: fh,k is the characteristic embedment strength of the timber
member, equation (4)
t is the thickness of the timber member

My is the characteristic fastener yield moment, equation (5)
The characteristic load-carrying capacity of connections with a steel
plate thickness between a thin and thick plate, where 0.5d < tt < d,
should be calculated by linear interpolation between equations (13)
and (14).
5. Multiple shear plane connections
The characteristic load-carrying capacity for a steel plate of any

thickness as the central member of a double shear connection should
be calculated with equation (14) where t is the smaller thickness of the
timber side member.
In multiple shear plane connections the resistance of each shear plane

should be determined by assuming that each shear plane is part of
a series of three-member connections. The total capacity of multiple
shear connections is obtained by multiplying the smallest per shear
capacity by the number of shear planes, see Figure 2.
The characteristic load-carrying capacity for steel plates as the outer

member of double shear connection:
0.5 f h,k t d
2 M y f h,k d
Rk = min3 M y f h,k d
t
t + 1 M f d
y
h,k
0.5d
tu tu tu tu
tu
tstu tuts
tu
for t t 0.5d
for t t d
(15)
20
for 0.5d < t t < d
4.4 Effective number of fasteners
For one row of n fasteners parallel to the grain direction, the loadcarrying capacity parallel to the grain should be calculated using the
effective number of fasteners nef :
ni
nef = min 0.9

a t
tu tu ni 4
50 d 2
tu
ts
R v,d = R2R
= 2R 1,d
v,d1,d
(16)21
tu
tu
ts
R v,d = R4v,d
min{R
= 4 min{R
}
1,d; R2,d
1,d}; R2,dR
}
ts
tu
where: ni is the number of fasteners in the row i

min(a1 ; a3 ), when ni 2
a =
a3 , when ni = 1
(17)22

a1 is the spacing of fasteners in the direction of the grain

a3 is the end distance of fasteners
R v,d = 2R 1,d
R v,d = 4 min{R 1,d; R2,d }
connection with timber only in outer members

min(t1 ; t 2 )
t =
(18)23
t
t
t
min(
2
;
2
;
)
1
2 s other two and multiple shear connection
t1 and t2 are the thicknesses of outer timber members, these

should be discarded if the outer member is not timber
ts is the thickness of the inner member of double shear
connection or the smallest thickness of an inner member of a
multiple shear connection
KERTO MANUAL
BOLTED CONNECTIONS
APRIL 2013

Rv,d = 6 min{R 1,d; R2,d ; R 3,d }

}
Figure 2: Calculating the connection capacity of a multiple shear plane

steel plate connection. R1,d is the capacity per shear of a two shear
plane timber-steel-timber (tu -steel-tu ) connection, R2,d is the capacity
per shear of a two shear plane steel-timber-steel (tu -ts -tu ) connection
and R3,d represents the capacity per shear of a two shear plane timbersteel-timber (ts -steel-ts ) connection. 24
6. Block shear failure

6.1 Timber failure capacity of the joint area
The effective number of fasteners is taken into account in the

following equations. This method can be used for Kerto-S, Kerto-Q,
Kerto-T used flatwise and glued laminated timber.
0.7
0.7
k v = 1.0
0.7
0.7
To take into account the possibility of splitting or shear or tension

failure of the joint caused by the force component parallel to grain
F0,Ed , the following expression should be satisfied:
F0, Ed F0, Rd =
k mod
F0, Rk
(19)25
F0, Rk = Fi ,0, Rk
for flatwise Kerto - Q

for flatwise Kerto - T
for glue laminated timber
34
(28)
n2 is the maximum number of fasteners in the fastener

rows perpendicular to grain
The characteristic timber failure capacity of the joint area:

where:
for Kerto - S
for edgewise Kerto - Q
ft,0,k is the tension strength of the timber member
(20)26
i =1
Where Fi,0,Rk is the timber failure capacity for lamella i of the timber
member calculated according to equation (21) and m is the number of
joint lamellas in the timber member.
35 N/mm2
for Kerto-S
19 N/mm2
for Kerto-Q (thickness 21-24 mm)
26 N/mm
for Kerto-Q (thickness 27-69 mm)
24 N/mm2
for Kerto-T
Timber failure capacity for the lamella i should be taken as:
Fi ,0, Rk = Fip , Rk + Fep, Rk
(21)27
f v,k is the shear strength of the timber member

fv,0,edge,k
4.1 N/mm2
for flatwise Kerto-S connections
fv,0,flat,k
2.3 N/mm2
for edgewise Kerto-S connections
fv,0,edge,k
4.5 N/mm
for flatwise Kerto-Q connections
fv,0,flat,k
1.3 N/mm2
for edgewise Kerto-Q connections
fv,0,edge,k
2.4 N/mm2
for flatwise Kerto-T connections
0.68 d
1.63 d
fy
6.1.1 Capacity of inner part lamellas
The capacity of inner part lamellas:
Fip ,Rk
(
(
)
)
liitoksissa
in tension joints
min Ah,ip f h,0,k ; Ftv ,k , vedetyiss
=
(22)28
in
compressionssa
joints
A
f
F
min
;
,
puristetui
liitoksiss
a
h
ip
h
k
cv
k
,
,
0
,
,
where: fh,0,k is the embedment strength of timber parallel to grain

Ah,ip = (n n1 ) d t1
F

cv,k
Ftv ,k
= Fv,k + (n2 1) d tef,i fh,0,k
Ft ,k
Ft ,k 1 0.3
Fv ,k
Fv ,k
Fv ,k 1 0.3 F
t ,k
Ft ,k
(23)29
, when F F
t ,k
v ,k
, when F > F
t ,k
v ,k
(24)30
0.1
k v n1
Av,ip f v,k
ti
(29)
35
for middle lamellas
Av,ip = 2(n2 1)((n1 1)a1 + a3 ) tef ,i

fy is the yield strength of the fastener
(27)33
n1 is the mean number of fasteners in the rows parallel to

grain (n1=n/n2)
ti is the lamella thickness penetration of the fastener
f h , 0, k
for side lamellas
At ,ip = (n2 1)(a2 d ) ti
n is the number of fasteners
KERTO MANUAL
BOLTED CONNECTIONS
APRIL 2013
fy
ti
(25)31
1.7 n10.1 At ,ip f t ,0,k for for

Kerto - LVL
Kerto-LVL
(26)32

=
0.1
for for
gluedglued laminated timber
n
A
f
2
.
0
1
t ,ip
t , 0,k laminated timber
Fv,k =
t ef ,i
f h , 0, k

a1 is the fastener spacing parallel to the grain

a2 is the fastener spacing perpendicular to the grain

a3 is the fastener end distance
(30)36
(31)37
Figure 3: Definition of symbols for the inner parts of lamellas. 38
The splitting capacities:
6.1.2 Capacity of the edge part of lamellas
The capacity of the edge part of lamellas:
Fep,Rk
where:
0.9
in tension liitoksissa
14 n1
min Ah,ep f h,0,k ; Ftv ,k ; Fsv ,k ; Fse ,k , vedetyiss

joints
F
=
t ef ,i (a3 0.5d ) f t ,90,k
s , k
(32)39
=
s hole
ssajoints
liitoksissa
in compression
min Ah,ep f h,0,k ; Fcv,k , puristetui
(
(
Ah,ep = n1 d ti
(33)40
Fcv,k = Fv ,k + d t ef ,i f h,0,k
(34)41
Fsv ,k
Fs ,k
=
F
v,k
Fs ,k
1 0.3
Fv,k
Fv,k
1 0.3
Fs ,k
when F F
s ,k
v ,k
42
(35)
when F F
v ,k
s ,k
At ,ip = kt ,ep At ,ep and Av ,ip = Av ,ep
(36)43
Av,ep = 2((n1 1)a1 + a3 ) tef ,i
(38)45
At ,ep = (2a4 d ) ti
kt ,ep =
1+
1

At ,ep
Av,ep
a4 is the fastener edge distance
KERTO MANUAL
BOLTED CONNECTIONS
APRIL 2013

(37)44
(39)46
0.9
14 n1
=
t ef ,i (a3 0.5d ) f t ,90,k
s end
(41)48
where: ft,90,k is the tension strength of timber member

0.8 N/mm2
0.4 N/mm2
for edgewise Kerto-S connections
6.0 N/mm2
0.4 N/mm
for edgewise Kerto-Q connections
0.5 N/mm2
s hole
and Ftv,k is calculated according to equations (25) - (27) with

substitutions from equation (36):
where:
Fse ,k
(40)47
a3
= max
0.65 a
4
s end =
2 .7
a
cosh 3 1,4
a 4
(42)49
(43)50
Figure 4: Definition of symbols for the edge parts of lamellas. 51
6.2 Connection forces at an angle to the grain
When a force in a connection acts at an angle to the grain, see Figure

5, the possibility of splitting caused by the tension force component,
(FEd sin ), perpendicular to grain, shall be taken into account.
For solid timber, glued laminated timber, Kerto-S, Kerto-T and
Kerto-Q edgewise, the following expressions shall be satisfied:
where:
Fv , Ed F90,d
F90, d is the design splitting capacity
Fv , Ed = max (Fv , Ed 1 ; Fv , Ed 2 )
Fv ,Ed 1 and Fv ,Ed 2 are the design shear forces on
either side of the connection caused by the connection

force component (FEd sin ) perpendicular to the grain
Figure 5: Connection forces at the angle of grain. 54
KERTO MANUAL
BOLTED CONNECTIONS
APRIL 2013

(44)52
(45)53
For softwood, the characteristic splitting capacity:
F90,k = 14 b
he
he
1
h
[N]
(46)55
where: he is the loaded edge distance to the centre of the

most distant fastener, in mm, see Figure 5

h is the timber member height, in mm

b is the member thickness, but not more than the
penetration depth, in mm

The equation (46) does not need to be checked for flatwise
Kerto-Q connections since Kerto-Q when used flatwise is not
sensitive to splitting caused by connection forces at an angle to
the grain due to the cross-veneers.
6.3 Alternative dimensioning method
Timber failure capacity of the joint area can be calculated by the method shown in RIL 205-1-2009 in section 8.2.4S Lohkeamismurto.
When using this method, the connection area for splitting and row
shear is taken into account by using the effective number of fastener
nef , see equation (16). This method cannot be used for edgewise Kerto
connections.
The characteristic block shear capacity of a timber member:
where:
For bolted connections, where the amount of fasteners in a row parallel to grain is not more than four and the bolt spacing perpendicular
to the grain a2 5d, the block shear capacity does not need to be
checked.
For bolted timber-to-timber connection the plug shear capacity does
not require checking.
(47)57
f t ,0,k is the tension strength of timber member

without the size effect
When connection force components are parallel to the grain, the timber failure should be checked at tension loaded member ends. There
are two types of timber failure modes: block shear and plug shear.
The block and plug shear capacities do not require checking for
connections where all the fasteners are in a single row parallel to the
grain (n2 = 1).
For Steel-to-timber connections with Kerto-Q, both block shear and
plug shear capacity should be checked.
Fbt ,k = Lnet ,t t1 kbt f t ,0,k
1,5, Sahatavara ja liimapuu

kbt = 1.50, for solid wood and glued laminated timber
Kerto-LVL
,25,for
LVL
11.25,
(48)58
Lnet ,t = (n2 1) (a2 D )
(49)59

n2 is the number of rows perpendicular to the grain

a2 is the fastener spacing perpendicular to the grain

D is the hole diameter

t1 is the thickness of the timber member (t1 2tef)
The characteristic block shear capacity of Kerto-Q member:
Lnet ,t t1 f t ,0,k + 0.7 Lnet ,v t1 f v,k

(50)60
Fbt ,k = max
L
t
k
f
net ,t 1 bt t ,0,k
where: fv,k is the edgewise shear strength (fv,0, edge, k = 4.5 N/mm2)

Lnet ,v = 2 (a3 + (n1 1) (a1 D ))
(51)61

a3 is the fasteners end distance

a1 is the fastener spacing parallel to the grain

n1 is the amount of rows parallel to the grain
The characteristic plug shear capacity of a Kerto member:
Fps,k = Lnet ,t t ef f t ,0,k + (a3 + (n1 1) a1 ) f v ,0,k (52)62

where:
Lnet ,t = (n2 1) (a2 D )
tef =
Kuva 6: a) Block shear b) Plug shear 56
Rk
d f h , 0, k
(53)63
(54)64
f v,0, k is the shear strength of the timber member

fv,0,flat,k
2.3 N/mm2
fv,0,flat,k
1.3 N/mm2
fv,0,flat,k
1.3 N/mm2
Rk is the characteristic load-carrying capacity per shear

plane per fastener
fh,0,k is the characteristic embedment strength
KERTO MANUAL
BOLTED CONNECTIONS
APRIL 2013

7. Steel plates
fu is the ultimate tensile strength of the steel plate

fub is the ultimate tensile strength of the fastener
7.1 Tension strength
N Ed
N t , Rd
1.0
(55)
p1 is the fastener spacing parallel to load

(56)
A f y
M0
M2 is the partial factor of the steel plate (see Table 3)
(57)
7.3 Block tearing
the design tension capacity for net area
N u , Rd =
p2 is the fastener spacing perpendicular to load

tt is the thickness of the steel plate
the design tension capacity for gross area:
N pl , Rd =
e1 is the end distance of the fastener

e2 is the edge distance of the fastener
where: NEd is the tension force design value
N pl,Rd

N t ,Rd = min
N
u , Rd
d0 is the hole diameter in steel plate
0.9 Anet f u
M2
(58)
The block tearing design capacity of a steel plate when a symmetrical

fastener group has a centric force:
(61)

A is the gross area of cross-section

Anet is the net area of cross-section

fu is the ultimate tensile strength
where: Ant is the tension stressed net area of cross-section

fy is the yield tensile strength
M0 and M2 are the partial factors

Anv is the shear stressed net area of cross-section

fu is the ultimate tensile strength

fy is the yield tensile strength
M0 and M2 are the partial factors

7.2 Embedment strength
The design embedment strength for a single fastener:
Fb, Rd =
where:
k1 ab f u d t
M2
f
ab = min d ; ub ;1.0
fu
parallel to force:
- for plates end fasteners

- others
(59)
(60)
e1
;
3d 0
p
1
d = 1
3d 0 4
d =

perpendicular to force:

- for plates end fasteners
- others
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KERTO MANUAL
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e
k1 = min 2.8 2 1.7;2.5
d0
p
k1 = min1.4 2 1.7;2.5
d0

8. Axially loaded bolts

The axial load-bearing capacity and withdrawal capacity of a bolt
should be taken as the lower value of: the bolt tensile capacity; the
load-bearing capacity of either the washer or (for steel-to-timber connections) the steel plate.
The bearing capacity of a washer should be calculated assuming a
characteristic compressive strength on the contact area of 3fc,90,k .
The bearing capacity per bolt of a steel plate should not exceed that
of a circular washer with a diame-ter which is the minimum of:
12tt , where tt is the plate thickness; 4d, where d is the bolt diameter.
Washer with a side length (in the case of square washers) or a diameter
of at least 3d and a thickness of at least 0.3d should be used under the
head and nut. Washers should have a full bearing area.
9. Fastener spacings and edge and end distances
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64
65
RIL 205-1-2009, sivu 115

EN 1995-1-1:2004, taulukko 8.5 ja VTT 184/03 Rev. 24 March 2009, sivut 20-21
Figure 7: Minimum spacings and end and edge distances
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The fastener spacing parallel to the grain a1 and perpendicular to the grain a2 :
Loaded end
Unloaded end
Loaded edge
Unloaded edge
is the angle between a force and the grain direction

Figure 8: Fastener spacings and edge and end distances. 65
Table 4: Bolt minimum spacings and edge and end minimum distances 66
Spacing and edge/
Angle
Solid timber and glued
Kerto-S, Kerto-T and
laminated timber
edgewise Kerto-Q
0 360
(4+|cos|) d
(4+3|cos|) d d)
4d
a2
0 360
4 d a)
4 d a)
4 d a)
a3t
-90 90
max(7 d; 80 mm)
max(7 d; 105 mm) b)
max(4 d; 60 mm) c)
a3c
90 150
(1+6 sin )d
(1+6 sin )d
4d
150 210
4d
4d
4d
210 270
(1+6 |sin |)d
(1+6 |sin |)d
4d
a4t
0 180
max((2+2 sin )d; 3 d)
max((2+2 sin )d; 3 d)
max((2+2 sin)d; 3 d)
a4c
180 360
3d
3d
3d
end distance, see Figure 8
a1
Flatwise Kerto-Q
a) Block shear should also be checked in timber connections if a < 5d.

2
b) For bolts with diameter d < 15 mm, the minimum end distance may be further reduced to 7d, if the embedment strength f
h,0,k is reduced by factor a3 / (105 mm).
c) For bolts with diameter d < 15 mm, the minimum end distance may be further reduced to 4d, if the embedment strength f
h,0,k is reduced by factor a3,t / (60 mm).
d) The minimum spacing may be further reduced to 5d if the embedment strength f

h,0,k is reduced by factor
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Table 5: For bolted moment resisting multi shear Kerto-to-Kerto flatwise connections with circular patterns of
fasteners, the following minimum values of distances and spacings may be used. 67
Spacing and edge/end distances
Kerto-S to Kerto-Q a)
Kerto-S to Kerto-S
Kerto-Q to Kerto-Q
End distance
6 d in Kerto-S
4 d in Kerto-Q
7d
4d
Edge distance
4 d in Kerto-S
3 d in Kerto-Q
4d
3d
Spacing on a circular
5d
6d
4d
Spacing between circulars b)
5d
5d
4d
a) When Kerto-Q is used as outer member

b) Between radius of the circulars
Figure 9: For bolted moment resisting multi shear Kerto-to-Kerto flatwise

connections with circular patterns of fasteners.
10. Allowed tolerances of bolted

connections
Table 6: Allowed tolerances of bolt connections - allowed deviations
from designed position, unless structural design otherwise states. 68
Bolt
connection
bolt location
hole location
tightening
simultaneous drilling a)
separate drilling
parts to contact
5 mm b)
1.5 mm c)
tilted gap max. 3 mm
a) Drilling through all the parts without stopping or using a predrilled part as a
template.
b) On rows parallel to the grain, the fasteners can have a maximum tolerance of
5 mm to each other in the parallel direction.

c) Prerequisite that the timber members have 1 mm bigger holes than the bolt
diameter and metal plates have 1.5...2.0 mm bigger holes than the bolt diameter.
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11. Bibliography
1 EN 1995-1-1:2004. Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures
- Part 1-1: General - Common rules and rules for buildings. 2004.
2 EN 1995-1-1:2004/A1:2008. Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures
- Part 1-1: General - Common rules and rules for buildings. 2008.
3 VTT CERTIFICATE NO 184/03. Revised 24 March, 2009. 2009.
4 RIL 205-1-2009. Puurakenteiden suunnitteluohja, eurokoodi EN
1995-1-1. Suomen Rakennusinsinrien Liitto RIL, 2009.
5 EN 1993-1-8:2005. Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures.
Part 1-8: Design of joints. 2005.
6 EN 1993-1-1:2005. Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures.
Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings. 2005.
7 VTT-S-07046-09. Design method for timber failure capacity of
dowelled and bolted glulam connections. 2009.
8 EN 14592:2008+A1:2012. Timber structures - Dowel-type fasteners Requirements. 2012.
Calculation example
Laterally loaded timber-to-timber bolt connection
Location: Roof truss, lower chord tension joint.

Capacity of laterally loaded bolt group
Figure 10: Connection detail drawing
Checking the possibility of using M12 bolts, d = 12 mm

Bolt grade is 8.8, fuk = 800 N/mm2
Timber beams: Kerto-S flatwise connection.
Service class: 2, load-duration class: medium term action.
The thicknesses of connection timbers, double shear plane connection.

t1 = 51 mm > 4d = 48 mm

t2 = 51 mm > 4d = 48 mm

ts = 63 mm > 5d = 60 mm and ts > min(t1,t2) = 51 mm
The thicknesses of the connecting timber members are OK.
The characteristic embedment strength:
fh,0,k = 0.082 (1-0.01d) k = 0.082 (1-0.0112) 480 = 34.63 N/mm2

fh,1,k = fh,2,k = fh,s,k = fh,0,k = 34.63 N/mm
fh,k = min( fh,1,k; fh,2,k; fh,s,k ) = 34.63 N/mm
t1 f h,1,k
51mm 34.63 N / mm 2
f h,k
34.63 N / mm 2
t u = min
=
= 51mm
2
t
f
51
mm
34
.
63
N
/
mm
2
h
,
2
,
k
34.63 N / mm 2
h,k
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The characteristic value for the yield moment:
My = 0.3 fu,k d 2.6 = 0.3 800 122.6 = 153490 Nmm

The characteristic load-carrying capacity per shear plane per fastener for single shear:
3 M y
0.4 f h,k t u d 1 +
f h,k d t u2
Rk = min
2 M y f h,k d
3 153490Nmm
2
0.4 34.63 N / mm 51mm 12 mm 1 +
2
2
34.63 N / mm 12 mm (51mm)
Rk = min
2 153490Nmm 34.63 N / mm 12 mm
10123 N
Rk = min
= 10.12kN / shear
15973
N
The design capacity per bolt per shear plane:

kmod = 0.8 and M = 1.2
Rd ,1 =
kmod Rk
0.8 10.12kN / shear

= 6.76kN / shear
1.2
For one row of n bolts parallel to the grain direction, the load-carrying capacity parallel to
the grain should be calculated using the effective number of bolts nef :
a = min( a1; a3 ) = 85 mm
t = min( 2t1; 2t2; ts ) = min( 102mm; 102 mm; 63 mm ) = 63 mm
ni = 2
nef
ni
2
2
= 1.73
= min 0.9
a t = min2 0.9 4 85mm 63mm = min
1.73
2
ni 4
2
50 (12mm)
50 d
The design capacity of timber-to-timber connection:

Rd = amount of bolts per shear capacity shears = (2 1.73) 6.76 kN/shear 2 shears
= 46.77 kN
Fv, d = 40kN =
Fv, d
Rd
= 86%
Utilization rate against timber-to-timber capacity is 86 %. > OK
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When the lateral timber-to-timber load-carrying capacity is calculated according to

the effective number of bolts in a row parallel to grain, the block shear capacity can be
calculated according to section 6.3 using equation (47).
Lnet ,t = (n2 1) (a2 D ) = (2 1) (50 mm 13mm) = 37 mm

The characteristic load-bearing capacity of block shear:
Fbt,k = Lnet,t t1 kbt ft,0,k = 37 mm 63 mm 1.25 35 N/mm = 101.98 kN

The design load-bearing capacity of block shear:
kmod = 0.8 and M = 1.2
Fbt, d =
kmod
Fbt, k = 67.98kN
Fv,d = 40kN =
Fv,d
Fbt ,d
= 59%
Utilization rate against block shear capacity is 59 %. > OK
Endnotes
1
35 VTT 184/03 Rev. 24 March 2009 (B.10) and VTT-S-07046-09 (10)
EN 14592:2008+A1:2012 6.5.2
EN 1995-1-1:2004/A1:2008 table 3.1 and EN 1995-1-1:2004/NA table 2.3(FI)
EN1995-1-1:2004 table 4.1
4 EN 14592: 2008+A1:2012 table A.1
5 EN 1995-1-1:2004 (2.17)
6 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.28.1S)
7 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.28.2S)
8 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.28.3S)
9 EN 1995-1-1:2004 (8.30)
10 EN 1995-1-1:2004 (8.31)
11 EN 1995-1-1:2004 (8.32) and VTT 184/03 Rev. 24 March 2009 page 20
12 VTT 184/03 Rev. 24 March 2009 page 20
13 EN 1995-1-1:2004 (8.33) and VTT 184/03 Rev. 24 March 2009 page 20
15 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.35.1S)
16 EN 1995-1-1:2004 (8.36)
17 EN 1995-1-1:2004 (8.37)
18 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.37.1S)
19 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.37.2S)
20 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.37.3S) - (8.37.5S)
21 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.33.3S)
22 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.33.4S)
23 RIL 205-1-2009 page 116
24 RIL 205-1-2009 page 96
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52 EN 1995-1-1:2004 (8.2)
53 EN 1995-1-1:2004 (8.3)
54 EN 1995-1-1:2004 figure 8.1
55 EN 1995-1-1:2004 (8.4)
56 RIL 205-1-2009 page 99
57 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.4.1S)
58 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.4.2S)
59 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.4.3S)
60 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.4.1S) and (8.4.34)
61 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.4.5S)
62 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.4.6S)
63 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.4.3S)
64 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.4.7S)
65 EN 1995-1-1:2004 figure 8.7
66 EN 1995-1-1:2004 table 8.5 and VTT 184/03 Rev. 24 March 2009 pages 20-21
68 RIL 205-1-2009 table 10.2S
This document is property of Metsliitto Cooperative (Mets Wood) and is only applicable when used along with products produced by Mets Wood. Use of
the document for other manufacturer's product is prohibited. Metsliitto Cooperative is not responsible for application of documents or possible faults in
documents. This clausul must not be removed. Mets Wood and Kerto are registered trademarks of Metsliitto Cooperative (Mets Wood).

Kerto Manual Bolted Connections

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Bolted

Washers with a side length or an external diameter of at least 3d

The calculation method for steel bolts presented in this guide is

In this guide timber means solid timber, glued laminated timber,

Long term action

Short term action

Solid timber, round timber,

Medium fibreboard: MBH.

* Can only be used in service class 1

Fe/Zn 25c, Z350

Steel plates up to 3 mm thickness

Fe/Zn 12c, Z275

Fe/Zn 12c, Z275

Steel plates from 3 mm up to 5 mm in thickness

Fe/Zn 12c, Z275

Fe/Zn 25c, Z350

Steel plates over 5 mm thickness

Fe/Zn 25c, Z350

This instruction is property of Mets Wood.

Value (EN 1993)

4. Laterally loaded bolts

kmod is the modification factor for duration of load and

M is the partial factor for connection resistance

4.1 Timber-to-timber connections

The characteristic load-carrying capacity for a fastener per shear plane:

Reductions in cross section should be taken into account when

When a force in a connection acts at an angle to the grain, the bolts of

f h,k = min( f h,1,k ; f h, 2,k ; f h,s ,k )

fu,k is the characteristic tensile strength of the bolt,

This instruction is property of Mets Wood.

The characteristic embedment strength, at an angle to the grain:

For particleboard and OSB the following embedment strength should

The capacity of a steel plate should be checked according EN 1993.

k is the characteristic timber density, in kg/m3

where: fh,panel,k is the characteristic embedment strength of panel,

This instruction is property of Mets Wood.

The drying shrinkage perpendicular to the grain direction should be

The characteristic load-carrying capacity for a thin steel plate, with

4.2 Panel-to-timber connections

In compressed steel plate connections the buckling length of 0,8La

It should also be taken into account that the load-carrying capacity

for Kerto-Q fh,,k = fh,45,k when 45 90 14

where: d is the fastener diameter, in mm

The characteristic load-carrying capacity for a thick steel plate, with

5. Multiple shear plane connections

The characteristic load-carrying capacity for a steel plate of any

In multiple shear plane connections the resistance of each shear plane

The characteristic load-carrying capacity for steel plates as the outer

for 0.5d < t t < d

4.4 Effective number of fasteners

nef = min 0.9

where: ni is the number of fasteners in the row i

R v,d = 4 min{R 1,d; R2,d }

connection with timber only in outer members

t1 and t2 are the thicknesses of outer timber members, these

This instruction is property of Mets Wood.

Rv,d = 6 min{R 1,d; R2,d ; R 3,d }

Figure 2: Calculating the connection capacity of a multiple shear plane

6. Block shear failure

The effective number of fasteners is taken into account in the

To take into account the possibility of splitting or shear or tension

for flatwise Kerto - Q

n2 is the maximum number of fasteners in the fastener

The characteristic timber failure capacity of the joint area: