ORGANIC ELECTRONICS

L-1
Triode

Transistor

Integrated
Circuit

Nano
Electronics

Organic
Electronics

Molecular
Electronics

B. Mazhari
Dept. of EE, IITK
B. Mazhari, IITK

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Outline

-Limitations of Conventional Electronics

-Key advantages offered by
Devices

Organic Semiconductor

-Some prominent applications

-Course Structure

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Evolution of Electronics

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Key Issue: Integration

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Although the seed of information revolution was there in Triode

itself, it was difficult to harness it

Integration level was limited

ENIAC: Electronic numerical
Integrator and computer: 1946

30 x 50 feet room

The ENIAC contained 17,468 vacuum tubes, along with 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors, 1,500 relays,
6,000 manual switches and 5 million soldered joints. It covered 1800 square feet (167 square meters) of floor
space, weighed 30 tons, consumed 160 kilowatts of electrical power, and, when turned on, caused the city of
Philadelphia to experience brownouts.
brownouts
Records from 1952 show that approximately 19,000 vacuum tubes had to be replaced in that year alone,
which averages out to about 50 tubes a day!
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Transistor: 1948

-530 ggermanium transistors and

2300 diodes.
-Size 420 x 440 x 250 mm (16.5"
x 17.3" x 9.8"), 25Kg
-Cost 535 thousand yen (about
US$1,490)
,
)

Sharp CS-10A, 1964

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-90 Watts of power

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Monolithic Integration

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Discrete vs. Monolithic Circuit

Silicon
N

Case

E
P

B
C

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Discrete vs. Monolithic Circuit

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A741 opamp

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 The power inherent in transistor was unleashed with Invention of IC,

which
hi h represented
t d a new method
th d off making
ki circuits
i it through
th
h Monolithic
M
lithi
Integration

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Moores Law

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Limitations of Inorganic-Semiconductor Electronics

Integrated Circuits can only be made on Single
C t l off
Crystals
S i d t
Semiconductors
using
i
relatively
l ti l high
hi h
temperature Processing steps.

(Monolithic Integration of components on other Substrates such as

glass, plastic etc is not possible)

Example: Light Emitting Diode

Although LED was invented in 1962, its impact on Display has been
minimal !
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Monolithic Integration of Red, Green and blue LEDs on a common

inexpensive glass substrate is not possible!

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Discrete LED Display

2.4" high-definition Active-Matrix display

with
ith a 320x240
320 240 pixel
i l resolution
l ti andd 262k
colors
ar

Dot pitch ~1cm

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w
16

9
h

h 1.17 '' ; w 2.09''

Pixel pitch ~0.05mm

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Organic LEDs
Mg:Al

Alq3 (60nm)
Di i (75
Diamine
(75nm))
ITO Coated Glass

All the
h organic
i layers
l
are amorphous
h
in
i nature.

Glass

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 The properties of organic semiconductors are determined significantly

by properties of the molecules. As a result, there is a great freedom in
altering the semiconductors properties through modification in molecular
structure.
2.73

2.47eV
n

5 20
5.20

PPV
CH3
o

o
CH3
C

2.65

2.07eV
n

4.72

MEH-PPV

oC6H13
CN

3.6
oC6H13

oC6H13
CN PPV
CN-PPV

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oC6H13

CN

1.9eV

5.5
n

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 Organic semiconductors are molecular solids in which molecules

are held together by weak Van der Waals forces. As a result, these
semiconductors can be vaporized at very low temperatures to form
films.
Another class of organic semiconductors are polymers which are
soluble in common solvents such as Chloroform or Xylene and their
films can be formed by even simpler methods of spin coating.
Because organic semiconductors need not be crystalline and because
they can deposited at very low temperatures, organic devices such as
LEDs of different colors,, solar cells,, transistors,, all made out of different
semiconductors can nevertheless be monolithically integrated on not
only a common inexpensive glass but also plastic, paper and fabric!
Monolithically Integrated Circuits on ANY Substrate
It can allow electronics to be used in places it has never been used before
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Processing Advantage
C
Conventional
i l Photolithography
Ph li h
h

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 The fabrication technology for organic semiconductors can be as

simple as inkjet printing

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Imagine being able to produce electronic devices in a continuous

process -- similar to the way newspapers are printed -- on a flexible
sheet of p
plastic,, one meter wide and 10 kilometers long...
g
Rolltronics

Roll-To-Roll
A Continuous Manufacturing
Process
A simplified overview

Raw
Materials

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Deposition

Patterning

Packaging

Finished
Components

The process begins

The plastic passes

The finished goods

with rolls of plastic,

around rollers and

can be memory,

1,000+ ft. long by

through processing

displays, RFIDs,

several feet wide

chambers as silicon is

batteries, CPUs,

layered on the surface

sensors, and more.

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Disadvantages/Challenges
The sources of advantages of organic semiconductors, namely,
amorphous nature and weak intermolecular forces are also reasons for
its main disadvantage which is poor electron and hole mobility

Another weakness of these materials is high sensitivity to oxygen,

moisture and long term stability is a serious issue. Unless organic
semiconductor devices are sealed properly, they may degrade in a
matter of minutes!

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Important Application Domains

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Ambient Intelligence: A new era of Integrated

Electronics
Electronics
Pervasive
Unobtrusive

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Macroelectronics or Large Area Electronics

Proc. IEEE, 2005

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OLED Displays

4.3" WVGA SUPER AMOLED Plus *

800480

Sony HMZ: dual 1280x720 0.7

0 7"
OLED microdisplays (gives an
experience of 750 display from
20m IITK
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New Technologies

The principal
Th
i i l applications
li ti
off any sufficiently
ffi i tl
new and innovative technology always have
b
beenand
d will
ill continue
ti
to
t beapplications
b
li ti
created by that technology.
---H. Kroemer, Nobel Lecture 2000
Quasielectricfields
Quasielectricfields and band offsets: teaching electrons new
tricks

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Flexible Displays

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Monolithic Integration on ANY Substrate

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Can you think of exciting things you could do if one could make red,
green and blue LEDs, tens of thousands of them on any kind of material
(plastic, cloth etc)

Programmable T-shirts ?

An electronic newspaper
flexible sheet of plastic?

on a

(It is
estimated that a single household may
consume 2-3 trees/year in newspapers)

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Lighting

Efficiency ~15lm/W
Lifetime ~1000hrs
1000hrs
Cost ~ $0.4/Klm
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Efficiency ~80lm/W
Lifetime ~10000hrs
Cost ~ $1.5/Klm

Efficiency ~50lm/W
Lifetime ~50000hrs
50000hrs
Cost ~ $35/Klm
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Conventional LED

Organic LED

Point Sources

Broad , Diffuse Sources

OLED based large diffuse light source eliminates the constraints of shape
and size associated with conventional lighting,
g
g, enablingg radicallyy new
applications
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Philips OLED Module for Lighting

Lumiblade can be embedded into most
materials with ease. That gives designers
almost limitless scope to mold and meld
Lumiblade into everyday objects,
objects scenes
and surfaces, from chairs and clothing to
walls, windows and tabletops.

As a result, not only could ambient lighting

become an integral
g
ppart of an object
j
or
building, but also designers could use light
itself to shape products and architecture

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Organic TFT

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Monolithic Integration on ANY Substrate: E-Textile

Integrates electronic devices into textiles, like clothing

Made possible because of low
f b i ti temperatures
fabrication
t
t
Has
Has many potential uses
including: Monitoring
heart-rate and other vital signs,
controlling embedded devices
(mp3 players), keep the time

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Monolithic Integration on ANY Substrate: Low Cost

RFID
Transponder/Transceiver/Tag
Data
Clock

RFID Reader

Microchip

Energy

Coupling element
(Inductive coil, capacitor,
microwave antenna)
Controller

Half of the cost of making an RFID tag lies in

attaching the chip to the antenna, Organic ID Chief
Executive Officer Klaus Dimmler explained(2005)
T
Target:
5 cent tag (Rs.
(R 2)

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Mile-long roll of printed RFID tags: PolyIC

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Monolithic Integration on ANY Substrate: Organic TFT on Paper

Low cost disposable electronics

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Monolithic Integration on ANY Substrate: Organic TFT on fiber

Ambient Intelligence
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Monolithic Integration on ANY Substrate: Low Cost Solar Cells

To do anything requires energy
Electricity
El t i it is
i the
th mostt useful
f l form
f
off energy
Solar energy is one of the most abundant form of energy

Efficiency 6 %

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Monolithic Integration on ANY Substrate: Low Cost Solar Cells

Module

29%

Wafer

Cell

56%
15%

$ 00.3/kW-hr
3/kW-hr vs.
vs $0
$0.06/kW-hr
06/kW-hr

5% efficient polymer cell, D.L. Caroll, 2005

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Airplane Solar Cell

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Important Contributors

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The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000

for the discovery and development of
conductive
d ti polymers
l

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Alan J. Heeger

Alan G. MacDiarmid Hideki Shirakawa

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C. W. Tang

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Polymer LED: 1990

Prof. Richard Friend, FRS

University of Cambridge
Department of Physics

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Organic Electronics in Perspective

Triode

Transistor

Integrated
Circuit

Nano
Electronics

Organic
Electronics

Molecular
Electronics
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Summary
Organic semiconductor devices are attractive because amorphous thin
films of organic and polymer materials whose properties can be tuned
over a wide r ange
g can be deposited
p
at low temperatures
p
on substrates
such as glass, plastic etc. to make viable devices using low cost
manufacturing techniques such as roll-to-roll processing, printing etc.
Their chief disadvantage is inferior performance due to lower carrier
Mobility and inferior long term stability.

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Organic Semiconductor Devices

Source

Drain

Au

Au
Pentacene

Gate

PMMA
PEDOT

OTFT

ITO Coated Glass

Mg : Ag (10:1)
Al

Al 3 , 600 A
Alq

C60

Diamine , 750 A

Pentacene

ITO

ITO
Glass

OSolar

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OLED

Glass

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Course Structure
OLED; OSOLAR; OTFT

Injection; Transport
photon emission/absoption

Molecule

Quantum Mechanics
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Organic Electronics Course

Topics
p Covered and Schedule in Weeks:
Q , Atoms and Molecules
QM,
Organic semiconductor Physics
Organic
g
Light
g emitting
g diode
Passive and Active matrix OLED Displays
Organic
g
Thin Film Transistors
Organic Solar Cells

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2
3
2
1
2
2

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Evaluation:
Midterm Exam

20%

Quiz (2)

20%

Final Exam

40%

Lab

20%

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EE611 Laboratory

WL-118
-6

-1.4x10

-6

-40V

-1.2x10

-6

-1.0x10

-35V

-7

IDS

-8
8.0x10
0x10

-7

-6.0x10

-30V
-7

-4.0x10

-25V
-7

-2.0x10

-20V

0.0
0

-10

-20

-30

-40

VDS

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