DarrenGitelman,MD

NorthwesternUniversity
dgitelman@northwestern.edu

Functionalspecialization

Functionalintegration

Analysesofregionallyspecific
effects
Whichregionsarespecializedfora
particulartask?)
Univariateanalysis

Analysesofinterregionaleffects
Whataretheinteractionsbetween
theelementsofaneuronal
system?
Univariate&Multivariateanalysis

Functional
connectivity
StandardSPM
D.Gitelman
K.Stephan,FIL

Effective
connectivity

Functionalintegration
Functionalconnectivity

Effectiveconnectivity

Temporalcorrelationsbetween
spatiallyremoteareas

Theinfluencethatoneneuronal
systemexertsoveranother

MODEL-FREE

MODEL-DEPENDENT

Exploratory

PPI

Confirmatory

Data Driven

Hypothesis driven

No Causation

Causal (based on a model)

Whole brain connectivity

Reduced set of regions

D.Gitelman
K.Stephan,FIL;S.WhitfieldGabrieli

Task B

Stim 1

Task A

TA/S1

TB/S1

Stim 2

Stimulus factor

Task factor

TA/S2

TB/S2

y
maineffect
oftask

y
D.Gitelman

maineffect
ofstim.type

interaction

Confounds
+ error

S
Nomaineffect
Nointeraction
A

Significant
Interaction
(TxS)

FactorT
issignificant
A

B
Significant
maineffects
andinteraction

FactorS
issignificant
A

B
FactorsT&S
aresignificant

D.Gitelman

Two(ormore)experimental/psychological
factors

Changeinregressionslopeduetothe
differentialresponsetooneexperimental
conditionundertheinfluenceofdifferent
experimentalcontexts.

D.Gitelman

D.Gitelman

Task:Lettersandtonespresented
simultaneously.(PETscan).
Factor1:Tonespresentedatdifferentrates.
Factor2:Subjectsattendandrespondtoeithera
targetletter(A)oratargettone(low).
Isthereadifferentialsensitivitytothe
presentationrateoftoneswhenpayingattention
totonesvs.payingattentiontoletters?
Frith&Friston,Neuroimage,1996

Stim 3 Stim 2 Stim 1

Presentation rate (R)

Attention (A)

Tonesvs.
Letters
D.Gitelman

Tones

Letters

AT/R1

AL/R1

AT/R2
AT/R3

Rateof
tones

AL/R2
AL/R3

interaction

Frith&Friston,Neuroimage,1996

Activityinauditorycortexvariesbypresentationrateregardlessof
whethersubjectspaidattentiontotonesorletters.
D.Gitelman

Frith&Friston,Neuroimage,1996

Activityintherightthalamusisinfluencedbypresentationrateof
toneswhensubjectsattendedtotonesvs.attendingtoletters.
D.Gitelman

Frith&Friston,Neuroimage,1996

Two(ormore)physiologicalfactors(i.e.,neural
activitysignals)

Changeinregressionslopeduetothedifferential
responseofthesignal(neuralactivity)from
region1duetothesignalfromregion2.

D.Gitelman

Key
M=Dummyscans(discarded)
F=Fixation(centraldot)
A=Attention:radiallymoving
dots.Subjectstoldtodetect
changesinspeedofdots(no
changesactuallyoccurred
duringscanning).
N=Noattention:radially
movingdotsviewedpassively.
S=Stationary:250stationary
dots

D.Gitelman

Bucheletal,CerebCortex,1997

Motion No motion

Stimulus factor

Task factor

Attention

TA/S1

TN/S1

TA/S2

TN/S2

Region1

D.Gitelman

No attention

Region2

(TA TN )

SM SS
interaction

Activityin
Region1
Activityin
Region2

Task:Subjectsaskedtodetectspeedchangesin
radiallymovingdots(fMRI).

Doesactivityinposteriorparietal(PP)cortex
(attentionalarea)modulatetheresponsetoV1
(motionarea)activity(oristhereacontribution
fromPPthatdependsonV1activity)?

Region1
D.Gitelman

Region2

interaction
Fristonetal,Neuroimage,1997

PhysiophysiologicalInteraction

xPP xV1

Z=5.77
P<0.001

modulationoftheV1 V5contributionbyPP?
modulationofthePP V5contributionbyV1?
D.Gitelman

Fristonetal,Neuroimage,1997

1Physiologicalfactor(neuralactivity)
1Psychologicalfactor(experimentalcontext)
Changeinregressionslopeduetothedifferential
responseofthesignalfromoneregionunderthe
influenceofdifferentexperimentalcontexts.
Bilinearmodelofhowthepsychologicalcontext
changestheinfluenceofoneareaonanother.

D.Gitelman

Friston et al. NeuroImage, 1997

Motion No motion

Stimulus factor

Task factor

Attention

TA/S1

TN/S1

TA/S2

TN/S2

Taskfactor

D.Gitelman

No attention

Source
Region

(TA TN ) T

SM SS
interaction

Psychological
factor
Activityin
Sourceregion

Task:Subjectsaskedtodetectspeedchanges
inradiallymovingdots(fMRI).

Doesthetask(attention)modulatetheresponse,
toV1activity,ordoesactivityinV1influencethe
responsetoattention?[Inferenceontaskand
regionaleffects]

Taskfactor
D.Gitelman

Source
Region

interaction
Fristonetal,Neuroimage,1997

Twopossibleinterpretations
ModulationofthecontributionofV1toV5byattention(context
specific)
ModulationofattentionspecificresponsesinV5byV1inputs
(stimulusspecific)

D.Gitelman

Fristonetal,Neuroimage,1997

Activityin
regionk

Experimental
factor

Activityin
regionk

Experimental
factor

+ k x T
Responseinregioni

=k + T + k x T
Contextspecificmodulation
ofresponsestostimulus
D.Gitelman

+ k x T
Responseinregioni

=k + T + k x T
Stimulusrelatedmodulationof
responsestocontext(attention)
Fristonetal,Neuroimage,1997

ArePPIsthesameascorrelations?
No
PPIsarebasedonregressionsandexplicitly
discountmaineffects (discountsimplecorrelations)

D.Gitelman

D.Gitelman

KimandHorwitzinvestigatedcorrelationsvs.PPI
regressionusingabiologicallyplausibleneural
model.
PPIresultsweresimilartothosebasedon
integratedsynapticactivity(goldstandard)
Resultsfromcorrelationswerenotsignificantfor
manyofthefunctionalconnections.
Achangeininfluencebetween2regionsmaynot
involveachangeinsignalcorrelation
Kim&Horwitz,MagResMed,2008

Source

Target

Source

Target

AlthoughPPIsselectasourceandfindtarget
regions,theycannotdeterminethedirectionality
ofconnectivity.
Theregressionequationsarereversible.Theslope
ofA BisapproximatelythereciprocalofB A
(notexactlythereciprocalbecauseofmeasurementerror)

Directionalityshouldbeprespecifiedandbased
onknowledgeofanatomyorotherexperimental
results.

D.Gitelman

D.Gitelman

Becausetheyconsistofonly1inputregion,PPIsare
modelsofcontributionsratherthaneffective
connectivity.
PPIsdependonfactorialdesigns,otherwisethe
interactionandmaineffectsmaynotbeorthogonal,
andthesensitivitytotheinteractioneffectwillbe
low.
ProblemswithPPIs
Interactiontermnotformedcorrectly(asoriginally
proposed)
Analysiscanbeoverlysensitivetothechoiceofregion.

D.Gitelman

V1xAttention

xk x gp

Psychophysiologicalinteractiontermoriginallyformedby
multiplyingmeasureBOLDsignalbycontextvector(orby
anotherBOLDsignalinthecaseofphysiophysiological
interactions)
D.Gitelman

Friston,etal.Neuroimage,1997

RegionalactivitymeasuredasaBOLDtimeseries=
hemodynamicresponse neuralactivity
=convolution

InitialformulationofPPIestimatedtheinteraction
termasBOLDxcontextvector.
BUT:Interactionsactuallyoccurataneuronallevel!
Thereforeneuronalactivitymustbeestimatedfrom
hemodynamicactivity
But,thisisdifficultbecausemappingfromBOLDsignalto
neuralsignalisnonunique(duetolossofhighfrequency
information)(Zarahn,Neuroimage,2000)

D.Gitelman

yt h xt y Hx

yt =MeasuredBOLDsignal
h =hemodynamic(impulse)responsefunction
xt =neuronalsignal
H =HRFinToeplitzmatrixform

y A yB Hx A HxB H x A xB
HPy A HP Hx A H Px A
D.Gitelman

Gitelmanetal.,Neuroimage,2003

 HRF

D.Gitelman

HRF

Gitelmanetal.,Neuroimage,2003

 HRF

D.Gitelman

Gitelmanetal.,Neuroimage,2003

Cantryusingamaximumlikelihoodestimator(i.e.,
leastsquares)butthisrunsintotroublewithhigh
frequencycomponents.
Zarahnconstrainedtheestimatestoparticulartemporal
intervals.(Zarahn,Neuroimage,2000)

CantryusingaWeinerfilter,butthisrequireshigh
SNRandanestimateofthenoisespectraldensity.
(Glover,Neuroimage,1999)

D.Gitelman

UseempiricalBayesdeconvolutiontofinessethe
noiseestimatesbysettingthepriorprecisionsonthe
highfrequenciesto0.(Gitelman,Neuroimage,2003)
Gitelmanetal.,Neuroimage,2003

D.Gitelman

Gitelmanetal.,Neuroimage,2003

BOLD

Neural

D.Gitelman

Gitelmanetal.,Neuroimage,2003

D.Gitelman

Gitelmanetal.,Neuroimage,2003

D.Gitelman

Gitelmanetal.,Neuroimage,2003

D.Gitelman

Task-driven
lateralisation
Doestheword
containtheletter
Aornot?

letterdecisions>spatialdecisions

group analysis (random effects),

n=16, p<0.05 corrected
analysis with SPM2

Istheredletter
leftorrightfrom
themidlineofthe
word?
D.Gitelman

spatialdecisions>letterdecisions

Stephan et al, Science, 2003

Bilateral ACC activation in both tasks

but asymmetric connectivity !
groupanalysis
randomeffects(n=15)
p<0.05,corrected(SVC)

IFG

leftACC(6,16,42)

lettervs.spatial
decisions

Left ACC left inf.frontalgyrus(IFG):

increaseduringletter decisions.

IPS

rightACC(8,16,48)
D.Gitelman

spatialvs.letter
decisions

Right ACC right IPS:

increaseduringspatial decisions.
Stephan et al, Science, 2003

Signalin leftIFG

letter
decisions

bVS=0.16
spatial
decisions

bL=0.63

SignalinleftACC
LeftACCsignalplottedagainstleftIFG

D.Gitelman

Signalinrightant.IPS

PPI single-subject example

spatial
decisions

bL=0.19
letter
decisions
bVS=0.50

SignalinrightACC
RightACCsignalplottedagainstrightIPS

Stephan et al, Science, 2003

D.Gitelman

Veldhuizenetal.,ChemSenses,2007

D.Gitelman

Veldhuizenetal.,ChemSenses,2007

Atalowerthreshold(Punc =0.005,influences
wereseenfromFEF,POandPPConAI/FO.
D.Gitelman

Veldhuizenetal.,OHBM2009

D.Gitelman

Veldhuizenetal.,OHBM2009

D.Gitelman

Veldhuizenetal.,OHBM2009

D.Gitelman

Veldhuizenetal.,OHBM2009

Inkblottest
Common/frequent
Infrequent
Rare/unusual
Increasedinschizophreniaandcertainpersonality
disorders
Associatedwithunusualperceptionandhigher
percentageofunusualresponsesinartisticpopulations.

Sinceamygdalaactivitycanaffectperceptual
processinghypothesisisthatamygdalaisactive
duringinkblottest.
Asarietal.,PsychRes,2010
D.Gitelman

http://www.testderorschach.com.ar/en/inkblots.htm

VBMdemonstratedincreasedamygdala&cingulate
volumeinsubjectswithmoreunusualresponses.

D.Gitelman

Asarietal.,Cortex,2010

fMRIstudyresponsestoinkblottest
[unique frequent]:temporalpole(p<0.05corr),cingulate&
orbitofrontal(p<0.001unc).
[frequent unique]:occipitotemporalcortex
Noamygdalaresponses(evenwhentransientactivityexamined)
Temporalpoleheavilyconnectedtoamygdala,andmayaccess
emotionallyvalentrepresentations

D.Gitelman

Asarietal.,Neuroimage,2008

D.Gitelman

Temporalpolemaylinksensoryinputfromoccipitotemporal
regionswithtopdownfrontalcontrolandemotional
modulationbytheamygdala
Asarietal.,Neuroimage,2010

Explore

Saccade

Central

D.Gitelman

Gitelmanetal.,Neuroimage,2002

D.Gitelman

Gitelmanetal.,Neuroimage,2002

D.Gitelman

Areasshowingconnectivitywiththe
superiorcolliculusundertheexplore
butnotthesaccadecondition

Gitelmanetal.,Neuroimage,2002

Pros:
Givenasinglesourceregion,wecantestforitscontext
dependentconnectivityacrosstheentirebrain
Simpletoperform

Cons:
Verysimplisticmodel:onlyallowsmodellingcontributions
fromasinglearea
Ignorestimeseriespropertiesofdata(candoPPIsonPET
andfMRIdata)
Inputsarenotmodelledexplicitly
Interactionsareinstantaneous

D.Gitelman

K.Stephan,FIL

NonfactorialPPIsareinefficient
PPItermandP(psychologicalvariable)arehighlycorrelated(0.86)in
thematrixshownbelow.Thiswillreducethesensitivityforestimating
thePPIeffect(basedonattentiontomotiondataset)

D.Gitelman

Tableofcorrelationsbetweenregressors

Seethepaper:McLaren,D.G.,Ries,M.L.,Xu,G.,
Johnson,S.C.,2012.Ageneralizedformof
contextdependentpsychophysiological
interactions(gPPI):acomparisontostandard
approaches.NeuroImage61,12771286.

NITRC.ORGsite:
https://www.nitrc.org/projects/gppi

D.Gitelman

Psychological
regressor

Regionalsignal

PPI

D.Gitelman

D.McLaren,Neuroimage,2012

BetaEstimates
SPMPPI

SPMPPI2
conditions

gPPI

A[fix](1condition) .9876

.9876

AB(2conditions)

.8675

.9889

SumsofSquares
SPMPPI1
condition

SPMPPI2
conditions

gPPI

A[fix](1condition) 3.6676

3.6676

AB(2conditions)

6.4581

3.5447

D.Gitelman

D.McLaren,personalcommunication

D.Gitelman

D.McLaren,Neuroimage,2012

k=#regressors
n=#timepoints
RSS=residual
sumofsquares

D.Gitelman

D.McLaren,Neuroimage,2012

PlotofAIC:Lowerisbetter
D.Gitelman

D.McLaren,Neuroimage,2012

D.Gitelman

D.McLaren,Neuroimage,2012

IncludingmaineffectsinmyPPIanalysistakes
awayalltheinteractionresults.DoIhaveto
includemaineffects?
Absolutely!Otherwise,theinferenceoninteractions
willbeconfoundedbymaineffects.

ShouldIincludemovementregressorsinmyPPI
analysis?
Yes,includeanynuisanceeffectsyouwouldnormally
include.

D.Gitelman

Whatdoesitmeantoadjustfordifferenteffects?
Adjustingforeffectsmeanskeepingeffectsofinterest
andremovingeffectsofnointerest,e.g.,movement
regressors,blockeffects,etc.
InordertoadjustaneffectsofinterestFcontrast
shouldbesetupbeforetryingtoextractthedata.

D.Gitelman

ShouldVOIsbebasedontheexactlocationsof
groupeffectsorshouldtheybesubjectspecific?
Both.VOIsshouldbesubjectspecific,butshouldbe
closeenoughtoamaximabasedonagroup
analysis,theliterature,etc.Closeenoughdepends
onwherethemaximaisinthebrain,thesmoothness
ofthedata,etc.Closeenoughinthecaudatemightbe
5mm,whileintheparietalcortex,closeenough
mightbe1cm.

D.Gitelman

HowdoIselectregionsthatarecloseenoughtoa
maxima?
Displayacontrastthatshowstheregionsofinterest.
MovetheSPMcursortothegroupmaxima.
Rightclickinthegraphicswindownexttotheglassbrain.The
cursorwilljumptotheclosestmaxima,andthenumberofmmit
moveswillberecordedintheMatlabwindow.Makeanoteof
howfarthecursormoves.
Nowclickeigenvariateandextractasusual

HowbigshouldtheVOIsbe?
Thisdependsonthesmoothnessofthedataandtheregion.If
youhavehighresolutiondataorareinasubcorticalnucleusyou
probablywantasmallersphere.Generallybetween4and8mm
radiusspheresareused.

D.Gitelman

HowisagroupPPIanalysisdone?
Theconimagesfromtheinteractiontermcanbe
broughttoastandardsecondlevelanalysis(one
samplettestwithinagroup,twosamplettest
betweengroups,ANOVAs,etc.)

CanIrunaPPIbasedonasinglemaineffect?
Yes,butthisisnotanoptimaldesign.Itisimportantto
realizethattheinteractiontermwillbeveryhighly
correlatedwiththemaineffectregressor,resultingin
verylowpowerfordetectingtheinteractioneffect.

D.Gitelman

D.Gitelman

RunastandardGLManalysis
Includeconditionsandanynuisanceeffects(motion,etc.)
Foreaseofanalysiscombinemultiplesessionsintoasingle
sessionandincludeblockeffects

Displaycontrastofinterest
ExtractVOI(volumeofinterest),adjustingfor
effectsofinterest(i.e.,excludeanynuisance
regressors)
PPIbutton(makesPPIregressors)
SPM.matfilefromstandardGLManalysis
SetupcontrastofPsychconditions

D.Gitelman

RunPPI GLManalysis
PPI.ppi(interaction)
PPI.Y(maineffect:sourceregionBOLDdata)
PPI.P(maineffect:PsychconditionsthatformedPPI)

D.Gitelman

Contrastis[100]forpositiveeffectof
interactionand[100]fornegativeeffect
(assumingconditionsenteredinorderlisted)

Theanalysisdirectoryshouldinclude:
Directorynamedfunctionalwhichincludesthe
preprocessedfMRIvolumes
Directorynamestructural,whichincludesaT1image
Files:factors.mat,block_regressors.mat,
multi_condition.matandmulti_block_regressors.mat
Make3emptydirectoriescalledGLM,PPIV2and
PPIV5

D.Gitelman

FromMatlabcommandprompt
>>cdpathtoanalysisdirectory
MakesureSPM12isintheMatlabpath
StartSPM:spm
FromtheTasksmenuatthetopoftheGraphics
windowchooseBatch

D.Gitelman

FromtheSPMmenuin
thebatchwindow,select
statsthenselect:

fMRImodelspecification
Modelestimation
ContrastManager

D.Gitelman

Directory:choosetheGLMdirectory
Unitsfordesigns:scans
Interscaninterval:3.22
ClickData&DesignthenNew:Subject/Session
Scans:choosethefunctionalscans
Wewilladdtheconditionsusingmultiplecondition
andregressorfiles.Thefilesarecalled:
Multipleconditions:multi_condition.mat
Multipleregressors:multi_block_regressors.mat

D.Gitelman

Tolookatthefile(notnecessaryfortheanalysis,but
justfordidacticpurposes)
>>loadmulti_condition.mat
ThentypenamesoronsetsordurationintheMatlab
commandwindow.

Contains3cellarraysofthesamesize(notallentries
areshownbelow)
names
names{1}=Stationary;
names{2}=Noattention;

onsets
onsets{1}=[80170260350];

durations
durations{1}=10;(canbejustasinglenumberifalleventshavethe
sameduration)
D.Gitelman

Tolookatthefile(notnecessaryfortheanalysis,butjustfor
didacticpurposes)
>>loadmulti_block_regressor.mat
ThefilecontainsavariableR.,whichisanNxMmatrix
N=numberofscans
M=numberofregressors

Blockregressorsmodeldifferentsessions.Usethiscommandtosetup.
Canalsousevariouscombinationsofzerosandonesfunctions.
>>R=kron(eye(3),ones(90,1));zeros(90,3)]);or
>>R=[blkdiag(ones(90,1),ones(90,1),ones(90,1));zeros(90,3)];
50

100

150

200

250

300

350
1

D.Gitelman

HighPassFilter:192
Note:mostdesignswilluseahighpassfiltervalueof128.
Thisdatasetrequiresalongerhighpassfilterinordernot
tolosethelowfrequencycomponentsofthedesign.

D.Gitelman

Thedefaultvaluesontherestoftheentriesare
correct
ClickModelEstimation SelectSPM.mat
ClickDependencyandchoosefMRImodel
specification:SPM.matFile

Contrastmanager
SelectSPM.mat ClickDependencyandchoose
Modelestimation:SPM.matfile
ContrastSessions
NewFContrast
Name:Effectsofinterest
Weightsmatrix:eye(3)

D.Gitelman

1 0 0
0 1 0

0 0 1

ContrastSessions
NewTContrast
Name:Attention
Weightsvector:[011]

NewTContrast
Name:Motion
Tcontrastvector:[211]

D.Gitelman

ClickSavebuttonandsavethebatchfile
ClickRunbutton(greenarrow)

D.Gitelman

Thechangeinthe
designmatrix
comparedwiththe
previousslideisdue
tononsphericity
effects.
D.Gitelman

 ClickResults
SelectSPM.mat
ChooseAttention
contrast
ApplyMasking:None
pvalueadjust:None
Thresholdp:0.0001
&extentthreshold:10

D.Gitelman

ClickResults
SelectSPM.mat
ChooseMotioncontrast
ApplyMasking:contrast
SelectMask:Attention
Uncorrectedmaskp:0.01
Natureofmask:inclusive
pvalueadjust:FWE
Thresholdp:0.05
&extentthreshold:3

Exampleofapsychological
interaction

D.Gitelman

D.Gitelman

 Results ChooseSPM.mat
Motioncontrast
ApplyMasking:none
pvalueadjustment:FWE
thresholdTorpvalue:0.05
&extentthresholdvoxels:3
Gotopoint[15789]
Clickeigenvariate
Nameofregion:V2
Adjustfor:EffectsofInterest
ROIdefinition:sphere
Sphereradius(mm):6
(TheVOIfileissavedtothe
GLMdirectory.)
D.Gitelman

 ClickPPIbutton
SelectSPM.matinthe
GLMdirectory.
Analysistype:PPI
SelectVOI_V2_1.mat
IncludeStationary:No
IncludeNoAttention:
Yes
Contrastweight:1
IncludeAttention:Yes
Contrastweight:1
NameofPPI:V2x(Att
NoAtt)
(ThePPIfileis
automaticallysavedto
theGLMdirectory.
D.Gitelman

Openbatchwindow
FromtheSPMmenu
selectStats>Physio/
Psychophysiologic
Interaction
ForSPM.matselect
theoneintheGLM
folder
Typeofanalysis:
Psychophysiologic
Interaction

D.Gitelman

Typeofanalysis:Psycho
physiologicInteraction
VOI:choosetheV2VOI
Inputvariablesandcontrast
weights

Column1isthecondition
(seeSPM.Sess.U),column2
willusuallybe1,column3is
thecontrastweight.
NameofPPI::V2x(Att
NoAtt)
Savethebatchfile
Runthebatchfile

D.Gitelman

cdtotheGLMdirectory.

>>loadPPI_V2x(AttNoAtt)
ThismustbedonebeforesettingupthePPIGLMsothe
variablesareintheMatlabworkspace.

FromthetasksmenuatthetopoftheGraphics
windowchooseBatch
Select
fMRImodelspecification
Modelestimation
ContrastManager

D.Gitelman

Directory:choosethePPIV2directory
Unitsfordesign:scans(actuallydoesntmatterin
thiscasesinceweuseonlyregressors).
Interscaninterval:3.22
AddaNewsubject/session
Scans:choosethefMRIscans
ClickRegressorsandadd3regressors
Regressor1:Name:PPIinteraction,Value:PPI
Regressor2:Name:V2BOLD,Value:Y
Regressor3:Name:Psych_AttNoAtt,Value:P

D.Gitelman

ClickMultipleregressorsandchoosethe
multi_block_regressor.matfile
HighPassFilter:192
ClickModelEstimation SelectSPM.mat Click
DependencyandchoosefMRImodelspecification:
SPM.matFile
Contrastmanager
SelectSPM.mat ClickDependencyandchooseModel
estimation:SPM.matFile
ContrastSessions
NewTContrast
Name:InteractionV2x(AttNoAtt)
Weightsvector:[1]

D.Gitelman

Savethebatchfile
Run

PPI Y

D.Gitelman

ClickResults
SelectSPM.mat
ChoosePPIcontrast
ApplyMasking:None

D.Gitelman

Title:Interaction
pvalueadjust:None
Thresholdp:0.005(was0.01inspm8)
&extentthreshold:3
GotoV5(39720)

D.Gitelman

 Results ChooseSPM.mat
Motioncontrast
ApplyMasking:none
pvalueadjustment:FWE
thresholdTorpvalue:0.05
&extentthresholdvoxels:3
Gotopoint[39720]
Clickeigenvariate
Nameofregion:V5
Adjustfor:EffectsofInterest
ROIdefinition:sphere
Sphereradius(mm):6
(TheVOIfileissavedtothe
GLMdirectory.)
D.Gitelman

 ClickPPIbutton
SelectSPM.matinthe
GLMdirectory.
Analysistype:PPI
SelectVOI_V5_1.mat
IncludeStationary:No
IncludeNoAttention:
Yes
Contrastweight:1
IncludeAttention:Yes
Contrastweight:1
NameofPPI:V5x(Att
NoAtt)
(ThePPIfileis
automaticallysavedto
theGLMdirectory.
D.Gitelman

cdtotheGLMdirectory

>>loadPPI_V5x(AttNoAtt)
ThismustbedonebeforesettingupthePPIGLMsothe
variablesareintheMatlabworkspace.

FromthetasksmenuatthetopoftheGraphics
windowchooseBatch
Select
fMRImodelspecification
Modelestimation
ContrastManager

D.Gitelman

Directory:choosethePPIV5directory
Unitsfordesign:scans(actuallydoesntmatterin
thiscasesinceweuseonlyregressors).
Interscaninterval:3.22
AddaNewsubject/session
Scans:choosethefMRIscans
ClickRegressorsandadd3regressors
Regressor1:Name:PPIinteraction,Value:PPI
Regressor2:Name:V2BOLD,Value:Y
Regressor3:Name:Psych_AttNoAtt,Value:P

D.Gitelman

ClickMultipleregressorsandchoosethe
multi_block_regressor.matfile
HighPassFilter:192
ClickModelEstimation SelectSPM.mat Click
DependencyandchoosefMRImodelspecification:
SPM.matFile
Contrastmanager
SelectSPM.mat ClickDependencyandchooseModel
estimation:SPM.matFile
ContrastSessions
NewTContrast
Name:Interaction(V5x(AttNoAtt))
Weightsvector:[1]

D.Gitelman

Savethebatchfile
Run

ClickResults
SelectSPM.mat
ChoosePPIcontrast
ApplyMasking:None

D.Gitelman

Title:Interaction
pvalueadjust:None
Thresholdp:0.001
&extentthreshold:10

D.Gitelman

IfyouhaverunthroughboththeV2V5andthe
V5V2sectionsyoushouldnowhave2VOIfiles:
VOI_V2_1.matandVOI_V5_1.mat.
Ifyouhavenotrunthroughbothsectionsthen
gobacktoeithertheslidestitled:Extracting
VOI:V2V5orExtractingVOI:V5V2and
createtheVOIs

D.Gitelman

Create4PPIs(ClickPPIbutton,thenchoose
psychophysiologicalinteractionasthetaskto
perform.)
V2xNoAttention(UsetheV2VOIandincludeNoAttention
withacontrastweightof1,donotincludeStationary,
Attention).Saveasv2noatt
V2xAttention(UsetheV2VOIandincludeAttentionwitha
contrastweightof1,donotincludeStationary,No
Attention).Saveasv2att
V5xNoAttention(UsetheV5VOIandincludeNoAttention
withacontrastweightof1,donotincludeStationary,
Attention).Saveasv5noatt
V5xAttention(UsetheV5VOIandincludeAttentionwitha
contrastweightof1,donotincludeStationary,No
Attention.Saveasv5att

LoadthePPIsyoujustcreated(Theywillbeinthe
GLMdirectory.)

PlotthePPIdatapoints

D.Gitelman

>>v2noatt=load('PPI_v2noatt.mat');
>>v2att=load('PPI_v2att.mat');
>>v5noatt=load('PPI_v5noatt.mat');
>>v5att=load('PPI_v5att.mat');
figure
plot(v2noatt.PPI.ppi,v5noatt.PPI.ppi,'k.')
holdon
plot(v2att.PPI.ppi,v5att.PPI.ppi,'r.');

Drawtheregressionlines
>>lsline

Labelit

D.Gitelman

>>legend('NoAttention','Attention')
>>xlabel('V2eigenvariate')
>>ylabel('V5eigenvariate')
>>title('Psychophysiologic Interaction')

D.Gitelman

D.Gitelman