Optics Communications 301302 (2013) 8895

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Optics Communications
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/optcom

Tunable photonic crystal lter with dispersive and non-dispersive

chiral rods
Amir Mehr a,n, Farzin Emami a, Farzad Mohajeri b
a
b

Optoelectronic Research Center of Electronic Department, Shiraz University of Technology, Airport Boulevard, Shiraz, Iran
Electronic and Computer Department, School of Engineering, Shiraz University, Zand Boulevard, Shiraz, Iran

art ic l e i nf o

a b s t r a c t

Article history:
Received 13 November 2012
Received in revised form
13 March 2013
Accepted 24 March 2013
Available online 16 April 2013

Applying the nite element method, microcavity photonic crystal lter with chiral rods is studied and
tuning of its bandwidth and transmission peak under system's stability condition is discussed. In order to
study the tunability of this structure, the effects of variation in its rods electromagnetic parameters on its
ltering operation are analyzed. It is shown that the increase in the rods' relative permittivity cause the
increase of bandwidth and transmission peak, and also decrease the photonic band gap width. On the
other hand, the increase in the rods' relative permeability cause the decrease of bandwidth and
transmission peak, and also increase the photonic band gap width. In both cases, peak wavelength red
shift occurs. The effects of rods chirality on ltering characteristics are studied. The real and imaginary
terms of chirality is introduced respectively as a cause for worsening and bettering ltering nature of
chiral photonic crystal, while they do not have effect on peak wavelength and photonic band gap. The
effect of dispersive chirality model parameters on structure ltering is discussed and a design of chiral
photonic crystal lters with appropriate high peak amplitude and small bandwidth in optical integrated
circuits is proposed.
& 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords:
Finite element method
Photonic band gap material
Chiral photonic crystal
Dispersive chirality
Optical lter
Filter tunability

1. Introduction
Photonic crystals (PCs) have recently had great applications
in different elds of optical communication, radio frequency,
and terahertz integrated circuits. PCs are a new class of optical
devices made by a periodic modulation of refractive index. PC is
highly dispersive, so the rate of its transmission and reection are
strongly dependent on wavelength. The most important effect
resulting from periodicity is the presence of continuous and
bounded ranges in the frequency domain where there is no
possibility of wave propagation in the structure. These ranges are
called photonic band gap (PBG). There is an allowed frequency band
between each two successive PBGs (and vice versa) where wave
propagation would be possible under certain circumstances [1,2].
Due to their ability in controlling the electromagnetic wave propagation, and also integration, these structures have many applications. The most important applications of this type of structures are
lasers with very small threshold current [3], PC bers (PCFs) [4],
waveguides [5], couplers [6], multiplexers [7], resonators [8], and
other optical devices such as tunable lenses [9], polarization
converters [10] and PC MachZehnder interferometer [11].

Corresponding author. Tel.: +98 711 7266262; fax: +98 711 7353502.
E-mail addresses: a.mehr@sutech.ac.ir (A. Mehr), emami@sutech.ac.ir
(F. Emami), mohajeri@shirazu.ac.ir (F. Mohajeri).
0030-4018/$ - see front matter & 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2013.03.046

Inserting a defect in PCs periodic structure, the propagation of

some special frequencies in PBG region are possible. This idea is
applied in the various structures of optical lters [12,13]. Moreover, the applications of add/drop channels [14] and PC optical
switching [15] are studied. Also, a new all optical switching device,
which is constructed by connecting an erbium doped ber with
two symmetrical long period ber gratings (EDF LPFGs), is demonstrated [1619].
The incidence of meta-materials in PCs is recently considered.
A group of meta-materials is a major subgroup of bi-anisotropic
medium which is called chiral. Chiral elements do not match their
image under mirror effect. This can also be known as handedness
structures [20]. Two important features of these media are
electromagnetic coupling [21], and optical rotation [22]. The rst
arises from the simultaneous production of electric and magnetic
polarization which is the cause of optical activity. Under the
second feature, the linearly polarized incident wave is rotated by
chiral medium. Chiral medium has so many applications in
microwave eld. Also, in the recent decade, various applications
of these media are reported in optical eld, such as polarization
convertor [23,24], chiral ber networks [25], tunable lasers [26],
negative refraction [27], and magneto optics [28].
Chiral Photonic Crystals (CPCs) are recently taken up due to
their dispersive behaviors, losses and polarization characteristics.
Wave scattering from these media are studied [29], and the
reectivity from these structures are investigated [30]. Also,
characteristics of incident wave polarization control, by these

A. Mehr et al. / Optics Communications 301302 (2013) 8895

structures are simulated [31,32]. Properties of defect modes and

CPC reection spectrum are investigated, and the characteristics of
photonic states density are studied, and it is shown that the
system can operate similar to a tunable narrow band lter [33].
Negative refraction, and chiral/achiral periodic structure ltering
are perused [34], and switching property of this structure is
improved [35]. Tunability of PC lters is a major challenge of
designing optical devices of integrated circuits [3638].
In this paper CPC structure is designed based on embedding
chiral rods in achiral material, and its ltering operation is studied.
The purpose of the relevant researches is to design lters with
high transmission and small band width. Here, also, after observing the operation of ltering variation with changes in permittivity and permeability, the effect of chirality of PC rods on CPC
ltering is analyzed. Dispersive and nondispersive chiral models
are discussed for tunability of this structure.

2. Theory
2.1. Structure description
As shown in Fig. 1 the proposed structure is designed so that
chiral rods with the radius r and the separation P are embedded in
achiral waveguide. The cavity length, formed by defect, is denoted
by D.
The dielectric silicon waveguide with a predened index of n2, a
constant length L and width of W along x and y, respectively, is
surrounded by air with a width of H. The air layers decrease the
radiation losses [39]. Assume that, the structure in innite along
the z direction so that the variations for each eld components are
considered to be zero along this direction. It is desirable to have
no any reected waves from the structure edges in an innite PC
which could be interfere with the incident eld. Therefore,
absorbing boundary conditions are considered for this simulation
around the main structure. The outer layer is covered by perfect
magnetic conductor (PMC). To reduce the interferences between
incident wave and reected wave from rods, the rods are embedded
far from the exciting source. In this structure and with an innite
dimension, in such a way that there is no any reected electromagnetic wave from the structure edges, perfectly matched layers
(PMLs), with a thickness of , are used. The refractive indices of
these layers are matched with the neighboring layers; at the end of
the dielectric waveguide with n n2 and air with n1.
Dene as the distance from the PML edge. To diminish the
electromagnetic waves inside these layers, the electrical conductivity must be chosen as [40]
s sm

2

89

where sm is the maximum value of s at with the optimum of

sopt

where is the characteristic impedance and K is a constant related

to the PML order.
2.2. Formulation of chiral medium
Assuming eld's time dependency in the form of expjt,
constitutive relations in chiral medium are as follows based on
BassiriEnghetaPapas formulation [41]:
D BPE EjB

3a

B
jE
BPE

3b

where is designated as chiral admittance. This form is resulted by

analyzing the characteristics of media made from small helices
regardless of helices variance elds' effect on each other. Another
formulation known as the Condon model is presented for electric
and magnetic displacement of chiral media as follows [41]:

D C Ej H
4a
c0
B C H j

E
c0

4b

p
In these equations is chirality factor, and c0 1= 0 0 is the
speed of light in vacuum. The relation between permittivity,
permeability, and chirality of these two models are as follows [41]:
BPE C ;

BPE C 2 =c0 2 C ;

=c0 C

In general, chirality factor is a complex variable, so that optical

rotatory dispersion (ORD) property is related to its real part, and
circular dichroism (CD), which denotes the difference of absorption coefcients of the two circularly polarized eigen-waves, is
related to the imaginary part. The restriction of chirality factor is
dened as follows [41]:
p
oc0 C C
6
In this paper, rc,rc have been considered for relative permeability and relative permittivity, respectively, and the rods chirality
factor is .
2.3. Source description
To prevent the wave scattering in the simulation region and
considering the practical conditions, a source is used at the input
port of the waveguide. Dene the input magnetic eld pulse as
[42]
H; y H  Hy

Its wavelength dependency has Gaussian shape with the

following denition:
!
0 2
H exp
8

where 0 is the central frequency and is a constant to cover a

wide frequency range. In a case of single mode guide this source
must be considered in the form of [43]:
Hy cosy

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of CPC.

where is chosen based on the source width (equal to the

waveguide width). Wave propagation is in the x direction and
TM mode is considered in this simulation. Therefore, the desired
output is the z component of the magnetic intensity, Hz, with the

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A. Mehr et al. / Optics Communications 301302 (2013) 8895

Table1
Simulation parameters.
Parameter

Value

Description

n1
n2
L
W
P
D
H

K
0

1
3.4
6200 nm
434 nm
364.25 nm
503.75 nm
558 nm
77.5 nm
310  106
1550 nm
0.4 pm2
1
7:23 m

Refraction index of air layers

Refraction index of waveguide
Waveguide length
Waveguide width
Rods periods
Cavity length
Air layers width
PML layers width
Constant
Source central wavelength
Source bandwidth factor
Source length factor

following equation:
!


js 1
2
 H z r k0 H z 0

r
0

Fig. 2. Filtering operation of PC with deferent permittivity of rods.

10

Where r 1 for achiral region, is the angular frequency and

p
r n is the refractive index of region.
3. Simulation results
To simulate the structure and based on the mesh generation
around the corners, eld analysis is done by using FEM method.
Applying the z component of magnetic eld at the waveguide
input, Hzin, and computing the output eld at the end rod gives the
pulse transmission behavior. Simulation parameters are shown in
Table1. To have lower interaction between the incident and the
reected waves from the rods, the source excites far from the rods;
a distance of 3332.5 nm from the center of the rst rod to the
source. The output point is in 5950 nm from the input edge of the
waveguide coincided with the rods center line.
As mentioned in [42], it is necessary to consider a proper time
for stability to remove the resonance peaks. This time must be
chosen so that there is no any improper behavior in the ltering
operation. It is transferred in the frequency domain by using a
small phase change at the output. Utilizing the extremely ne
meshes and to disappear the resonance peaks, a good value for
this change is selected as 0.3725 degree (note that the source form
has strong effects on the undesirable resonance peaks).
By changing the electromagnetic parameters of PC rods it is
possible to study the variation of its ltering operation. Then, the
effects of changing the permittivity, permeability and chirality of
PC rods are investigated.
3.1. The effect of rods permittivity
In this part, assuming rods permeability as constant equal to
rc 1, and putting chirality factor as zero, changes in the transmission curve for some different values of relative permittivity of
PC rods with the radius of 116.5 nm is simulated. Results are
plotted in Fig. 2. As seen, the increase in the rods relative
permittivity causes decrease of PBG width. Indeed, low cutoff
frequency of PC is increased with the rods permittivity, while high
cutoff frequency has no signicant change.
The increase in the permittivity rate of PC lter rods increases
transmission peak value. This is more manifested in Fig. 3 which
shows the value of transmission peak versus peak wavelength for
different values of rods relative permittivity. Physically, wave
scattering is reduced due to decrease of characteristic impedance

Fig. 3. Transmission peak of PC versus peak wavelength for different permittivity

of rods.

Fig. 4. FWHM of PC versus peak wavelength for different permittivity of rods.

p
Z C =C of rods and reduce of its difference with waveguide's
characteristic impedance. So, the transmission peak is increased
with the increase of relative permittivity of rods.
This gure also shows that the increase in relative permittivity
of PC rods not only increases the peak value, but also it causes the
shift of peak wavelength to the higher wavelengths. This shift is
acceptable similar to shift of the reection peak wavelength of
Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) with the increase of effective refractive
index (neff) based on its relation as [44]
B 2nef f

11

where is the grating period.

The value of PC lter band width is raised with the increase in
rods permittivity. This phenomenon is indicated in Fig. 4 which
shows the value of FWHM versus the peak wavelength for
previous values of rods relative permittivity. Similarly, for FBG
the bandwidth size is increased with the increase of the fraction of

A. Mehr et al. / Optics Communications 301302 (2013) 8895

power in the core () based on its relation as



2n0
B

91

12

where n0 is the variation in refractive index.

The slope of increase in PC lter band width is steep as the rods
permittivity is increased, so that as of the PC rods doubles, the
band width of its ltering would be nearly doubled too.
3.2. The effect of rods permeability
In this section, assuming relative permittivity of PC rods as
constant equal to r 1, and putting chirality factor as zero,
variation in the ltering of the proposed PC with a change in its
rods permeability with the radius of 116.5 nm is analyzed and
plotted based on the Fig. 5.
As it is distinguished from the gure, the increase in relative
permeability of PC rods causes the increase in PBG width. Indeed,
this increase is due to the raise of high cutoff frequency of PC,
while the low cutoff frequency has no signicant change.
The increase in permeability of rods causes a decrease in
transmission peak value. This is more manifest in Fig. 6 which
shows transmission peak versus peak wavelength for different
values of rods relative permeability. Physically, wave scattering is
increased due to increment of characteristic impedance of rods
and increase of its difference with waveguide's characteristic
impedance. The gure also shows that the increase of rods
permeability leads to the shift of peak wavelength to the higher
wavelengths. This phenomenon is explainable similar to shift of
the reection peak wavelength for FBG due to increase of effective
refractive index based on Eq. (11).
On the other hand, the increase in permeability of PC rods
decreases the ltering band width. This is specied in Fig. 7 which
shows the FWHM versus peak wavelength and according to the

Fig. 7. FWHM of PC versus peak wavelength for different permeability of rods.

Fig. 8. Transmission pulse of PC for some different permittivity and permeability

of rods.

previous values of relative permeability of PC rods. Similarly, based

on Eq. (12) the bandwidth size is reduced for FBG as the fraction of
power in the core reduced.
It is worth mentioning that the simulations show that inserting
the imaginary term to , parameter of PC rods disturb its ltering
nature.
3.3. The effect of rods chirality

Fig. 5. Filtering operation of PC with deferent permeability of rods.

Fig. 6. Transmission peak of PC versus peak wavelength for different permeability

of rods.

Typically, in infrared range, the relative permittivity of chiral

medium is within the range of about rc 2. As it was mentioned,
in order to compensate for the increase in bandwidth of CPC, we
consider relative permeability greater than 1. In other words, we
consider chiral medium with paramagnetic material. In this paper
rc 1.15 is selected so that, based on Fig. 8, transmission peak of
about 0.9 and bandwidth less than 10 nm is achievable.
Furthermore, in this case, the PBG is also increased a little,
so that its low cutoff frequency would collate with PC low cutoff
frequency with the parameters of rc 2,rc 1 for its rods whereas
its high cutoff frequency would collate with PC high cutoff
frequency with the parameters of rc 1, rc 1.15 for its rods.
Moreover, in this case, larger peak wavelength shift toward higher
wavelengths occurs.
Now, we analyze the effect of chirality factor of PC rods
on ltering operation of CPC. The simulations are done in two
categories based on dispersive and nondispersive nature of
chirality factor. In all these cases, chirality has no effect on the
PBG, and transmission nature, out of PBG is remained with no
signicant change.
3.3.1. Nondispersive chirality
In this part, for proposed PC's rods with radius of r116.5 nm from
chiral elements with relative permittivity and relative permeability

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A. Mehr et al. / Optics Communications 301302 (2013) 8895

Fig. 9. Transmission peak of CPC versus real part of chirality factor, peak wavelength
is constant and equal to 1604.3 nm.

Fig. 10. FWHM of CPC versus real part of chirality factor, peak wavelength is
constant and equal to 1604.3 nm.

equal to rc 2 , rc 1.15 respectively, we study ltering operation of

the PC structure for different values of chirality factor () independent
from frequency.
First, we consider chirality factor as a real variable, and then,
we simulate the structure with its usual chirality factors in
infrared range. The results show that with the change in chirality
value, the peak wavelength remains unchanged whereas the peak
value and the bandwidth are changed. Fig. 9 shows the amplitude
of transmission peak versus the chirality factor for transmission
bandwidth less than 10 nm.
This gure shows that the value of transmission peak is
decreased with the increase in the real part of CPC rods chirality
factor, while the peak wavelength is xed; here it is equal to
1604.3 nm.
The change in CPC lter bandwidth with the change in real part
of the chirality parameter of CPC rods is shown in Fig. 10. The
gure shows that the increase of the real part of CPC rods chirality
factor results the slight increase in the lter bandwidth.
So, generally, the increase of the real part of the chirality
parameter of CPC rods makes its ltering nature more unsuitable.
Moreover, the sign of the real part of chirality factor would have no
effect on CPC ltering operation. In other words, right or left
handedness of the chiral helices does not make any difference. In
continuation of this part, we investigate the effect of imaginary
part of the chirality of PC rods on its ltering operation. It is to be
mentioned that typically in this range Im 0. So, given
Re 0:04, our simulation is done for different values of imaginary part of rods chirality factor. The results of this part show
that although shift in the peak wavelength occurs, it is very small.
In Fig. 11 the value of transmission peak of the proposed CPC
structure is plotted versus the peak wavelength, for different
values of rods chirality factor in stable condition. It is shown that
as the imaginary part of rods chirality factor gets more negative,

Fig. 11. Transmission of CPC versus peak wavelength for different imaginary parts
of chirality factor.

Fig. 12. FWHM of CPC versus peak wavelength for different imaginary parts of
chirality factor.

generally, transmission peak value is increased, and the very slight

shift of peak wavelength toward lower wavelengths occurs.
This phenomenon can be regarded as similar to reduce of
reectivity of FabryPerot mirrors due to their antireection
coating, so that the rate of wave transmission is increased. Also,
the increase of imaginary part of the rods chirality, which is an
expression of the increase of their absorbency and decrease of
their reectivity, cause the increase in the transmission peak of PC
lter [45].
The changes in bandwidth of CPC lter are not uniform with
the increase of imaginary part of its rods chirality. This simulation
is plotted in Fig. 12, which shows FWHM of CPC lter versus peak
wavelength and for changes in the imaginary part of the rods
chirality factor. In general, in the concerning range, the changes
along bandwidth is small, and it is specially decreased for the
values of chirality with ImRe.
Therefore, generally, as the imaginary part of CPC rods chirality
factor gets more negative, its ltering operation is improved, so
that the access to larger transmission peaks and smaller bandwidth with no signicant changes in the peak wavelength is
possible. This result provides the possibility of designing special
tunable PC lters.

3.3.2. Dispersive CPCs

Generally, chirality has a dispersive nature, and this feature
causes its optical activity in chiral medium. To express chirality
dispersive nature, Condon considered a frequency dependent
model for chirality factor. This model used for simulation of
dispersive chirality medium [46,47], is as follows:

k 2k
j2k k

2k 2

13

A. Mehr et al. / Optics Communications 301302 (2013) 8895

Fig. 13. Real and imaginary part of dispersive chirality factor versus wavelength,
parameters of Condon model are k 0.025 fs , k 0.5, k 1.55 m.

93

Fig. 14. Transmission pulse of CPC versus wavelength for parameters of Condon
model as k 0.025 fs , k 0.5, k 1.55 m; Wave propagation is shown at
21550 nm, 1 1650 nm.

where k 2c0/k is the resonance frequency, k is damping factor,

andk is the magneto electric coupling coefcient.
Assuming k 0.025 fs , k 0.5, k 1.55 m chirality factor is
plotted versus wavelength on Fig. 13.
Here, Condon model is chosen to consider chirality dispersive
nature of CPC rods. On the other hand, since the increase in the
size of PC rods cause the shift of transmission peak toward the
lower wavelengths, for the purpose of tuning transmission peak
wavelength on 1550 nm, which is a proper wavelength for optical
communication, the radius of chiral rods of the proposed CPC
structure is chosen as r 127.25 nm. So that, for the mentioned
parameters in Condon model, transmission pulse is plotted as
shown on the Fig. 14. In this gure, propagation of z component of
the magnetic eld (Hz) is illustrated in two wavelengths. At
1 1650 nm, due to being in the range of PBG, incident wave is
not transferred and is reected completely. At 21550 nm,
because of trapping the related modes in the cavity made of the
defect, the incident wave is transferred, and cause a transmission
greater than 0.87. Bandwidth of CPC lter would be about 7.9 nm
in this case.
Following, in this part, the effects of Condon model parameters
for chirality of CPC rods on its ltering operation is studied
separately. In these simulations, we consider the radius of chiral
rods equal to r 127.25 nm. So, the peak wavelength is xed on
1550 nm without any considerable change. Also, the relative
permittivity and the relative permeability are considered equal
to rc 2 , rc 1.15 respectively.
3.3.2.1. Resonance wavelength(k) effect. In this part, assuming that
the damping factor and the coupling coefcient are constant, equal
to k 0.5, k 0.025 fs respectively, the effect of resonance
wavelength of chiral rods on CPC ltering operation is studied.
In Fig. 15 transmission peak and bandwidth of CPC lter are
plotted versus the resonance wavelength.
As seen from this gure, by changing k in the source supported
wavelength range, change of about 10% in transmission peak is
possible. Especially the transmission peak would get over 0.88 at
1400 nm. Bandwidth change with change in resonance wavelength is small and the gure shows the possibility of access to
bandwidth smaller than 8 nm at 1400 nm. Therefore, tuning the
resonance wavelength of chiral rods is introduced as a factor of
tuning of transmission of CPC lter.
3.3.2.2. Damping factor(k) effect. In this part, considering that the
resonance wavelength and the coupling coefcient are constant,
equal to k 1.55 m , k 0.025 fs respectively, the CPC ltering
operation is studied by changing the damping factor of chiral rods.
Fig. 16 shows the value of transmission peak and bandwidth of CPC
lter versus some different values of damping factors. The values

Fig. 15. (a) Transmission peak, (b) FWHM of CPC versus resonant wavelength;
other parameters of the Condon model are k 0.5 , k 0.025 fs.

of k are selected in such a way that: rst, the changes in

transmission peak and CPC bandwidth are being adequate, and
second, system remains stable.
The gure shows that the decrease of damping factor increases
the transmission peak more than 14%. Especially, the transmission
peak reaches 0.97 when k 0.3. Also decreasing the damping
factor causes the very slight decrease in the amount of bandwidth.
Especially, this amount reaches 7.6 nm for k 0.3. Therefore, the
change of damping factor of chiral rods in CPC provides the
possibility of tuning the PC optical lters especially for amplitude
of transmission peak.

3.3.2.3. The effect of magneto electric coupling factor (k). Finally,

considering that the resonance wavelength and the damping
factor are constant equal to k 0.5 , k 1.55 m respectively,
changes in CPC ltering operation with changes in its chiral rods
coupling factor is studied.

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A. Mehr et al. / Optics Communications 301302 (2013) 8895

amplitude of transmission peak of CPC lter reaches over 0.99 for

k 0.045 fs. On the other hand, increasing the coupling factor
decreases the lter bandwidth desirably. Especially, the size of
bandwidth reaches 7.4 nm for k 0.045 fs. Therefore tuning the
CPC lter is possible both for its peak amplitude and its bandwidth
by changing the magneto electric coupling factor of chiral rods.
It should be mentioned that changes in chirality parameters do
not make a signicant change in the transmission peak wavelength of CPC lter, and the peak wavelength remains about the
same 1550 nm.
Fabrication of CPC is available and is demonstrated based on
various methods such as holographic lithography [48], standard
direct laser writing in the commercially available photoresist SU-8
[49], hot embossing combining with a UV curing process [50], and
combined nano-imprint and reversal lithography in SU-8 [51].

4. Conclusion

Fig. 16. (a) Transmission peak, (b) FWHM of CPC versus damping factor; other
parameters of the Condon model are k 1.55 m , k 0.025 fs.

This paper uses FEM to study PC microcavity lter with chiral

rods and also to discuss the tunability of its transmission peak and
bandwidth under system stability condition.
The effect of electromagnetic parameters of PC rods on ltering
operation is studied. It is shown that increased permittivity of rods
results in increased peak amplitude and bandwidth of PC lter. It
shifts the peak toward larger wavelengths and decreases the PBG.
The PC rods with larger permeability show a smaller transmission
peak and bandwidth in PC lter operation. In this state, the
transmission peak shifts toward larger wavelengths, and the PBG
increases.
The chirality factor effect of chiral rods on ltering operation is
studied for both dispersive and nondispersive CPC structure. It is
concluded that the increase in real part of chirality factor
decreases the transmission peak of CPC and increases its bandwidth. On the other hand, the increase of the imaginary part of
chirality factor increases the transmission peak and decreases the
bandwidth. As a result of changes in chirality factor of CPC rods,
the changes in peak wavelength and the size of PBG are negligible.
The Condon model is used to study the chirality dispersion
effect and as it is shown the parameters of this model cause a
change in ltering operation of CPC. As claried, it is possible to
adjust the transmission peak up to 10% through a change in the
resonance wavelength in this model. As found in this research, the
reduction in the damping factor results in increased transmission
peak and decreased bandwidth. Moreover, an increased magneto
electric coupling factor increases transmission peak and decreases
the bandwidth considerably.
Designing of monolithic and tunable lters in optical communication, with large peak amplitude and small bandwidth, using
CPC structure, has been discussed here.
References

Fig. 17. Transmission peak, (b) FWHM of CPC versus magneto electric coupling
factor; other parameters of the Condon model are k 0.5 , k 1.55 m.

Fig. 17 shows transmission peak and bandwidth of CPC lter

versus some different values of magneto electric coupling factor.
Values of k is selected So that the system remains stable and
acceptable variations in the ltering nature is observed.
As it is shown in the gure, increase of coupling factor, causes
the increase in transmission peak of about 20%. Especially, the

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