AND
ROM
AAAKillMH ACTIVITY
'11 IF:
liARI
XIJA'IUD
JEST TIMES
MOOKERJI
.<SMS*Zy
immwmsm
iJi*:^'i'yi''JS-iL^fj'
^^
i-im f
^-
(litlBm-"&sca^!ba^^
: -'^
i
A HISTORY
OF
INDIAN
SHIPPING
IN PREPARATION.
1.
2.
*The
the
Data
<
>
<
w
N
o -^
o ^
P
H
O
^
pq
^
3
< S
in
a,
Q
<
INDIAN SHIPPING
A HISTORY OF THE SEA-BORNE TRADE
BY
RADHAKUMUD MOOKERJI,
M.A.
WITH AN
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
BY
BRAJENDRANATH
Principal,
India
College,
CO..
HORNBY
30MSAY
8,
ROAD,
;;.';*;; >,
'''"''''
BOWBAZAR STREET, CALCUttA
LONDON AND NEW YORK
.
'.
'*
303,
1912
'" *
,\
LONDON
"
Do Thou Whose
adversaries, as
if
countenance
is
turned to
[J^tg--Veda,
255284
all
do Thou convey us
I., 97, 7 and 8.]
in
PREFACE.
About two
As
sequently developed into the present work.
indicated by its title, it is an attempt to trace the
history of the maritime activity of the Indians in
all its
It deals
with
what
is
attention
This
systematically by
by any means the
deserves.
it
my
difficulties.
unexplored,
handed.
The
of
work
is
and
I
have indicated
fully,
The
vii
PREFACE
both literary and monumental. For the collection
of literary evidences I have had to be at great pains
in ransacking the vast field of Sanskrit literature as
well as
which
evidences
together.
as the Pali,
The Sanskrit
texts,
as well
in the
original
now
The
made
literature,
translations of McCrindle.
too,
Old Bengali
by the
literature,
with the
account of
Bengali
maritime
activity.
Further,
have, with the help of translations, found
out all the evidences bearing on the history of
I
Indian
maritime
Persian works,
activity
that
are
furnished by
works
as
through translations in
giving an account of Indian maritime intercourse
with the Farther East.
are
accessible
viii
PREFACE
have had also to study MSS. of unpublished
works, both Sanskrit and Bengali, in the original.
I
Much
taining
Kumbakonam.
have also
the
the
some
history of the
old capital of
Bengal.
Of
the
MSS.
used, those
and
specially noticeable
the Arthasdstra of
and
unutilized, Sanskrit
in
the
ix
PREFACE
work
life
some
aspects of economic
boats
of several
that
travels,
To
kindness of some of
sketches
my
occur
my
artist
owe the
of ships and
sculpture and
friends
representations
in old Indian
the
My
Kumar
my
old
and also to
U.S.A., for their kind assistance
Mr. Ramananda Chatterji, M.A., editor of the
Modern Review, for the courtesy of his permission
to reprint those portions of my work which appeared
;
in his
Review.
obligation to
my
Nor must
friend Mr.
omit
to express
Benoy Kumar
my
Sarkar,
my
PREFACE
have also to express my gratitude to the
Hon'ble Maharaja Manindrachandra Nandy Bahadur of Cossimbazar, and Dr. Rashbehary Ghose,
I
Radhakumud Mookerji.
Berhampore, Murshedabad,
June, 19 lo.
XI
AN INTRODUCTORY NOTE
(By Principal Brajendranath Skal, M.A., Ph.D.)
two thousand
years, not
merely in a
social,
a moral,
in
respect
of
colonizing
xiii
and maritime
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
and of commercial
and
manufacturing
multitude of facts of special significance also come out vividly, and, in several cases,
activity,
interests.
and
the
teeming ports
harbour and other
harbours
maritime
of
India,
the
regulations of
the
Mauryan
supremacy
for a
thousand
in applied
chemistry, etc.
positions, the author, besides availing himself of the
archaeological (including architectural and numismatic) as well as other historical evidence, has
survey
is
monograph
is
not a mere
and executed
The
in a philosophical
xiv
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
small compass, and is equal alike to the enumeration
of details and the march and sweep of a rapid
historical survey.
One
characteristic
cannot
volume
escape the
most
clip
and
By confining himself to
chronology.
landmarks, and traversing his ground by
speculative
settled
Moses
in
culture-history.
In
fact,
whether
in
For the
rest, it must be recognized that, while accuracy and
scientific criticism, in the measure in which
they are
XV
historic origins
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
attainable in the social sciences,
must always be
Brajendranath Seal.
XVI
CONTENTS.
Introduction.
I.
II.
III.
Isolation
page
and Intercourse
.
BOOK
Part
Chapter
Chapter
I.
,.
6
9
Indications
I.
III.
I. HINDU PERIOD.
Indirect
.......
Coins
Chapter
..... ....
Evidences
Epochs
Evidences
19
32
Part IL
The
I.
Chapter
II.
Chapter
III.
Rome
IV. The
-53
Chapter
Chapter
.81
.100
Period
.
Intercourse
with
.116
.142
CONTENTS
Chapter V.
PAGE
The
of
Chapter
VI. The
Period of
Hindu
India {continued)
Northern
in
Imperialism
The Maritime
Activity of the
Bengalis
Chapter
VII. The
155
India {continued)
Chapter
VIII. The
West Coast
The
168
Period
India
Cholas
the
Time
of
the
Northern India
Chapter
X. Retrospect
BOOK
I.
Chapter
II.
Chapter
III.
7 th
Century to
in
.170
.178
....
185
205
Akbar
Chapter
of the
Mahomedan Conquests
Chapter
{continued) :
to that of Aurangzeb
Reign of
224
243
Conclusion
Indexes
I.
II.
163
India {continued)
Chapter IX.
148
253
Subjects
Proper
Names
'257
xvm
269
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Indian Adventurers Sailing
out
Sculptures of Borobudur.)
Sea-Going Vessel.
The Royal
(From
Pleasure-Boat.
Landing of Vijaya
(From the
.
Frontispiece
Facing page
32
36
40
(From
in Ceylon,
....
...
Colonize Java.
to
543
36
B.C.
42
Paintings.)
(From
44
the
46
Do.
do.
No. 2
46
Do.
do.
No. 3
48
Do.
do.
No. 4
48
Do.
do.
No.
48
Do.
do.
No. 6
48
Some Indian
a.d.
7th Century
Some Indian
51
{235
(236
242
Pinnace
352
Bangles
252
252
Grab
Pattooa
Dony
Brick
View of
Ballasore
252
252
252
252
Roads
xix
Reinaud.
in
MS. Bodleian
589.
Al-Biladuri.
AI-Biruni.
Al-Idrisi.
Anabasis.
Analysis of the Finances of Bengal (Fifth Report).
Ancient Ships.
Torr.
Grant.
McCrindle.
Anecdota Oxoniensis.
Archaeological Survey of India
Arthasastra.
Kautilya.
(New
Asoka Rock
Assam
Edicts, II.
Ayecn-i-Akbari.
Abul-Fazl.
Bhikshuni Nidana.
Bhilsa Topes, The.
Bible,
and XIII.
Cunningham.
The.
Book
of Ezekiel.
Genesis.
Kings.
Proverbs,
Bodhisattvavadana Kalpalata.
Kshemendra.
Gazetteer.
Bombay
Bombay Times
(1839).
xxi
b 2
LIST OF AUTHORITIES
Buddhist India.
Rhys Davids.
Beal.
Aufrecht.
Yule.
Way
Thither.
Dr. Brajendranath
Seal.
Chilappathikaram.
Edkins.
Christian Topography. Cosmas.
Chinese Buddhism.
Chu-Fan-Chih.
Chao Jukua.
Sir
W.
Elliot.
Considerations on the
of
Affairs
India.
Lt.-Col. Walker.
Curtius.
Da6akumaracharita.
Das
De
De
Dandin.
alte Indien.
Coutto.
Vita Constant.
Dharma
Sutra.
Baudhayana.
Gautama.
Diodorus Siculus.
Disquisitions concerning Ancient India.
Robertson.
Economic Review.
Edicts of
Asoka.V.
Smith.
Epigraphia
Epitome of
Roman
(1896-97).
History.
Florus.
Erukkaddur-Thayan-Kannanar-Akam.
Foe-koue-ki.
Fragments.
Orme.
xxii
LIST OF AUTHORITIES
Geographical Account of Countries round the Bay of Bengal,
A. Thomas Bowrey. (Hakluyt Society publication.)
Ptolemy.
Georgics.
Geography.
Virgil.
Ghatakakarika.
Grammar
Growth and
Vicissitudes of
Bayley.
Gujarat.
Dr. Caldwell.
Dr. Yeats.
Commerce.
Gujarat.
Bird.
Herodotus.
Hist. Anc. Orient (English edition).
History.
Orosius.
Burma.
India.
Sir
India. Sir H.
Indian Navy.
Java.
Elliot.
Lt.-Col. C. R. Low.
Raffles.
Konkan.
Pegu. Phayre.
Theophrastus.
Brojokishore Ghosh.
Rome. Dion
Mahrattas.
Duff.
Plants.
Puri.
Hist.
Cassius.
Hitopadefia.
Huang-hua-hsi-ta-chi.
Ideals of the East.
Okakura.
Imperial Gazetteer
Ind. Alt, vol.
Chia-Tau.
(New
Edition), vol.
ii.
ii.
Sir C. Bridge.
Indian Antiquary.
Fergusson.
Weber.
Architecture.
Literature.
E. B. Havell.
translation).
C.
xxiii
Daniell.
LIST OF AUTHORITIES
I-Tsing.
Taka-kusu.
Ajanna.
Baveru.
Bhojajanuya.
Janaka.
Kundaka-Kucchi-Sindhava,
Mahajanaka.
Samudda-Vanija.
Saiikha.
Suhanu.
Supparaka.
Sussondi.
Tandulanali.
Valahassa.
Journal Asiatique.
of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
Kavikankan Chandi.
Koch Bihar and Assam. Blochmann.
Kwai-Yuen Catalogue of
Godama.Bishop
Bigandet.
Adi parva.
Karna parva.
6anti parva.
Sava parva.
xxiv
LIST OF AUTHORITIES
Mahawa6so.
Mai
Tumour,
Fuzat-i-Timuri,
Mdmoires.
Jagajiban.
Reinaud.
Mission Life.
(translated
MuUaipaddu.
Natural History,
Pliny.
Nihon-ko-ki.
Nitifetaka.
Vartrihari.
Numismata
Orientalia.
Sir
Walter
i.
Elliot.
Oaranara-Puram.
Hunter.
Brahma Alphabet.
Biihler.
Paddinappalai.
Paintings
the
in
Buddhist
Cave-Temples of Ajanta.
Griffiths.
Panchasiddhantika.
in Jndia.
Anguttara.
Digha Nikaya.
Sanyutta Nikaya.
Sutta.
Vinaya.
Portuguese Asia.
Stevenson.
Danvers.
Portuguese in India.
Nikhilnath Roy.
Protapaditya.
XXV
^Phipps.
LIST OF AUTHORITIES
Provinces of the
Roman
Empire.
Mommsen.
Puranas.
Bhagavata.
Garuda.
Markandeya.
Padma.
Varaha.
Vayu.
Raghuvaiisam.
Kalidasa.
Raja-Tarangini.
Rajavalliya.
Ramayana.
Ayodhya kandam.
Kiskindhya kandam.
Ratnavali.
King Harsha.
Roman
Empire.
Gibbon.
Whiteway.
Ruijukokushi.
Upham.
Sanhita.
Manu.
Vrihat.
Yajnavalkya.
Sanchi and its Remains.
Magh
Sifiupalabadha.
Maisley.
Si-yu-ki.
Spectator.
Statistical
Account of Bengal.
Hunter.
Strabo.
Sungshih.
Suyshoo.
Takmilla-i- Akbar-nama
xxvi
LIST OF AUTHORITIES
Tamils Eighteen Hundred Years Ago, The.
Tarikh-i-Fi rozshahi,
Burni
V. K.
Tarikh-i-Masumi.
De
Barros.
Hiuen Tsang.
Marco Polo (Marsden's
Varthema.
Voyages.
Badger.
translation).
Vriksha- Ayurveda.
Wassaf.
Civilization.
Raghunandan.
Yuktikalpataru (manuscript).
Z.
D. M. G.
xxvu
Pillay.
INDIAN SHIPPING.
INTRODUCTION.
I.
Isolation
and Intercourse.
Even
it
as a whole
to
be over-
in spite of
endowed
INDIAN SHIPPING
that presents such an eventful record of intercourse
The geography of India
with foreign countries.
human
insight
birth
to the
gave
is
which
Aryan
and
so
with
expansion,
migration
big
consequences,
and by far the most important event in the world's
And it is a commonplace of history that
history.
one of the main streams of this great migration of
the pioneers of the world's civilization entered India
through her
north-western
mountain
passes to
build up her spiritual character, even as the Indus
and the Ganges have broken through the Himalayas
to create her physical character.
I ndo- Aryans pushed on their
that
created.
is
reflected
Then
in
INTRODUCTION
a
religions,
product
of
the
Indian
soil
which
its
influence
from
the
first
the
Iranian
veritable
influence
empire
of
the
flowing
ancient
Orient,
empire of the Achaemenides, which
under Darius included within itself the whole of
the
east
an influence that
the
Hellenic influence
regions,
but "which
touched only
and the Graeco-
Kushan or
Indo-Scythian kings. Then, also, the two great civilizing forces of the world that next arose did not fail
B 2
INDIAN SHIPPING
which, following in the wake of foreign invasions and
commerce, has continued to influence Indian thought
and life to this day. India, therefore, is a favoured
Hardly
less
We
full
shall
thirty
She had
colonies
in
East as
Japan.
Roman
Empire,
and both the East and the West became the theatre
of Indian commercial activity and gave scope to
her naval energy and throbbing international life.
thus be seen that instead of the rigid
isolation apparently decreed to her by nature, we
It will
INTRODUCTION
remarkably active intercourse with foreign
countries established by the efforts of man, and a
find a
obstacle
itself into
a great
command
INDIAN SHIPPING
finally the
interior.
II.
The
Evidences.
shipping and
maritime activity naturally divide themselves into
The Indian
two classes, Indian and foreign.
struction
of
history
of
Indian
and
art,
The
epigraphic, monumental, and numismatic.
evidences of Indian literature are based chiefly on
Sanskrit, Pali, and Persian works, and in
some cases
The former
ture, in
The way
INTRODUCTION
require to be explained at the outset.
Bearing in
"
mind the well-known dictum that the literature as
well as the art of a people tells its life," I have
thought that the case for India's maritime activity
cannot be held to be sufficiently made out until in
the
first
instance
it
is
activity,
presented will
be all Indian, being those supplied by Indian literature and art, and after them will follow the evidences
first
made
matter of certainty, I
drawn from them the basis of any historical treat-
ment
of India.
making out
7
it,
so to
INDIAN SHIPPING
The
speak.
of
of the naval
up of materials
supplied by such foreign and also Indian works as
labour under no chronological difficulties.
The passages from ancient Indian works will be
activity
Biihler,
the far-famed
German
"
orientalist,
there
merchants
to the
These
proofs, however, will be found mostly to supply an
indirect kind of evidence
they contain no direct
information regarding the existence and development of a national shipping which is certainly
implied in the existence, development, and continuance of that maritime trade to which they so
For it is a commonplace of
conclusively refer.
history, and quite stands to reason, that no commerce can spring up, and much less thrive, especially
its rivers."
it
is
fostered
by a national
INTRODUCTION
III.
Epochs.
The epochs
various
may be
and some
of the old Pali and Tamil works, as also from
the finds of Egyptian and Assyrian archaeologists,
of
humanity
in
the
5th century
B.C.,
For
321-184).
this period the available evidences are those preserved in the works of many Greek and Roman
2.
authors
who
essayed to
(b.c.
tell
Maurya emperors.
Roman
Mr. McCrindle.
is
interesting
the evidence fur-
INDIAN SHIPPING
nished by a recently published Sanskrit work, the
Arthasdstra of Kautilya, which is a mine of information regarding the manifold aspects of a highly
developed material civilization witnessed by Maurya
India.
Bearing on this period also is the evidence of
work
in the Bibliotheca
The
Andhra Period
in
India was at
height
in the north
and
the
/
y
(
its
in fact, the
whole of the
under the
^southern peninsula
/in
direct
Roman
gold poured into all parts of India in payment for her silks, spices, gems, and dye-stuffs.
The
the north,
the city of
Rome, and
in ancient
10
Tamil works
to the
INTRODUCTION
"
"
Yavanas or Greeks and Romans, and to the important South Indian ports like Muchiris and Pukar,
of which full descriptions are given in old Tamil
Besides evidences from ancient
poems.
Indian
foreign
The
works.
chief
of
these
are
Pliny's
of India and of
much
Coromandel.
Parts of
colonized,
for the
remarkable maritime
INDIAN SHIPPING
of Cosmas.
Some
very valuable evidences regarding the early commerce between India and China
are furnished by Chinese annals like the Kwai-
Yuen Catalogue
Cathay and the
many
Way
China.
information,
archaeological discovery
remarkable resuscitation
to
render
of
lost
possible
Indian
the
history
'
sible
Chinese
traveller, contains
12
many
interesting details
INTRODUCTION
regarding Indian maritime activity in the Eastern
waters and intercourse with China in the latter half
of the 7th century.
Chinese annals also furnish
evidences regarding the maritime intercourse of the
the Sung-shih.
6.
from the
of
e.g.
nth
evidence
mostly imbedded in
Persian works which have been made accessible to
the
Musalman
period,
are
i.
The
early
Musalman
regarding Indian shipping and commerce is furnished by a foreign traveMer, the Venetian Marco
Wassaf
we
is
Mahuan, the
of India after Marco
INDIAN SHIPPING
nimo
di
are
also
valuable
a factor in
Indian
details
regarding
Indian maritime activity are derivable from Portuguese annals like De Coutto, utilized in some of the
politics,
Varthema has
traveller
left
very
interesting
Akbar
to
reign of
i8th,
i.e.
from the
the
of
reign
that of Aurangzeb.
The evidence
the
for
Akbar
is
derived,
firstly,
Abul-Fazl's
information,
Ayeen-i-A kbari,
which
yumma
tained
many
interesting
details
regarding
the
revenue for
its
Some
details regarding
commerce, and
Hindu maritime
activity,
INTRODUCTION
from
Takmilla-i-A kbarnama
in
Elliot,
vol.
vi.,
Talish in
MS. Bodleian
Catalogue, which
is
Thomas Bowrey,
in
Fryer
is
tion.
The same
15
BOOK
I.
HINDU PERIOD.
PART
I.
and Art.
17
BOOK L PART
CHAPTER
I.
I.
and Pali
literature
abounds
in references to the
form
all
and knowledge
be explained.
It is not a printed book but a MS., to be found in the Calcutta Sanskrit
College Library, called the Yuktikalpataru. Professor Aufrecht has noticed
Dr. Rajendralal Mitra has the followit in his Catalogue of Sanskrit MSB.
it
Sanskrit
on
comment
MSS., vol. i., no. cclxxi.) '^Yttkti{Notices of
ing
It treats of jewels, swords,
a
is
kalpafaru
compilation by Bhoja Narapati.
1
horses, elephants,
ornaments,
flags,
umbrellas,
seats,
ministers,
ships,
19
C 2
INDIAN SHIPPING
The
to the
of ships.
According to the Vriksha-Aytirveda, or the Science
of Plant Life (Botany), four different kinds of wood ^
making
wood
that
is soft
Vaisya class
wood
to the third or
According
is difficult
20
owing
to vast water.^
HINDU PERIOD
Ships, on the other hand, which are made of timbers
of different classes possessing contrary properties
are of no good and not at all comfortable.
They do
not last for a long time, they soon rot in water, and
they are liable to split at the slightest shock and to
sink down.^
wood which is
down a very im-
He
carefully noting.^
says that care should be taken that no iron is used
in holding or joining together the planks of bottoms
warning which
is
worth
wood used
in
^w
f^fwsnffTT^wrs'^rr-rrT
-^
5T'$'5r
21
TW
rr^fll^ ^ft^:
II
INDIAN SHIPPING
division
(Samanya)
traffic
or
into
is
:
two
classes
(a)
Ordinary
waterways
fall
under
this
class
(b)
HINDU PERIOD
Of
Ships that
fall
all
sea-going.^
They are in the first instance divided
into two sub-classes^: (i) Dirgha (^^), including
ships which are probably noted for their length, and
Unnata
(^"^fTT),
class.
(3)
I.
Dirgha, 42 (length),
Names.
5:^
Special.
(breadth),
4^ (height)
INDIAN SHIPPING
Names.
HINDU PERIOD
The YMktikalpatani
tions for decorating
and
make them
kinds
Four
quite comfortable to passengers.
of metal are recommended for decorative
masts
to
is
to
-^
ii-rr5frww
ii
f^T^r^f^
^Tf^fVr:
Tfr^^
^g'iijirr
xr^
Wirt"
^Ntt
injTsi^ "^"^^
25
^^^rs'^^
ii
INDIAN SHIPPING
There are also given interesting details about
the cabins of ships.
Three classes ^ of ships are
distinguished according to the length and position
of their cabins.
There are firstly the Sarbamandira
have the largest cabins
(w^-s^^n) vessels, which
extending from one end of the ship to the other.^
These ships are used for the transport of royal
treasure,
horses, and women.^
Secondly, there
are the Madhyamandira (^w^f^Ti) vessels,'^ which
have their cabins just in the middle part. These
vessels are used in pleasure trips by kings, and they
are also suited for the rainy season.
Thirdly, ships
may have their cabins towards their prows, in which
^
(^^tr^f^^rr).
they will be called Agramandira
These ships are used in the dry season after the
case
was probably
They
fight recorded in
26
HINDU PERIOD
Bhujyu against some of his enemies in the distant
island, who, being afterwards shipwrecked with all
"
his followers on the ocean,
where there is nothing to
give support, nothing to rest upon or cling to," was
rescued from a watery grave by the two Asvins in
their hundred-oared galley.^
It was in a similar
ship that the righteous Pandava brothers escaped
from the destruction planned
with
all
five
^t"^^
Mahdbhdrata, "^if^'^r^
^
TTTT
wn^
Ayodhya Kdndam.
27
INDIAN SHIPPING
And, further, it was in these
passage.
ships that the Bengalis once made a stand against
the invincible prowess of Raghu as described in
enemy's
Ganges.^
The conclusions as to ancient Indian ships and
shipping suggested by these evidences from Sanskrit
The
literature.
abounds with allusions to sea voyages and seaborne trade, and it would appear that the ships
employed for these purposes were of quite a large
size.
Though indeed the Pali texts do not usually
give the actual measurements of the different dimenalso
size.
ship
Thus, according
which Prince
in
-^irrsr-fr^rg -fRr^T
%Tn
28
"spwnnrr^frrsr
HINDU PERIOD
and children,
making up more than seven hundred, were also cast
adrift in similar ships.^ The ship in which the lionprince, Sinhala, sailed from some unknown part of
Jambudvipa to Ceylon contained five hundred merchants besides himself.^ The ship in which Vijaya's
Pandyan bride was brought over to Ceylon was also
of a very large size, for she is said to have carried
no less than 800 passengers on board.^
The
mentions
a
ship that was wrecked
yanaka-ydtaka
with all its crew and passengers to the favourite
Their
followers.^
Vijaya's
number
wives
Buddha
So
also the
Gems "
himself.
carried
The
mentioned
large
as
Samudda-Vanija-ydtaka was so
accommodate also a whole village
in the
to
Ceylon,
ii.
28, 168.
Tumour's Mahdwaiiso,
46, 47^
Tumour's Mahdwa^so,
Si-yu-ki,
*
*
46.
241.
Tumour's MahdwaAso,
51.
YLdiXdy's
'
ii.
"
Now
it
Manual of Buddhism,
happened
that five
13.
29
INDIAN SHIPPING
of absconding carpenters numbering a thousand
who failed to deliver the goods (furniture, etc.) for
crossed the
full
five
Bay
The
it.^
cubits in width,
three masts.
Mahdjmiaka-ydtaka
from
seven
caravans
with
their
on board
Lastly, the
the story of the
beasts.
in relating
30
HINDU PERIOD
The
in
ditiously
their
made
31
INDIAN SHIPPING
CHAPTER
II.
The
conclusions pointed to by these literary evidences seem further to be supported by other kinds
of evidence mainly monumental in their character.
They
available
from Indian
literary
in
coins.
comparison
evidences, native
and
foreign alike, have, however, a compensating directness and freshness, nay, the permanence which Art
confers, creating things of beauty that remain a joy
for ever.
Indeed, the light that is thrown on
ancient Indian shipping by old Indian art is not yet
Department
and maintenance.
There are several representations of ships and
boats in old Indian art. The earliest of them are
tion
those to be found
of No.
Stupa
at
among
i3o%
m^i^mm
SCULPTURES FROM THE SANCHI STUPAS.
[To face p.
32.
HINDU PERIOD
"It represents a river or a sheet of fresh
water with a canoe crossing it, and carrying three
or string.
men
two propelling
who
are
Sanchi and
its
Remains,
p. 42.
p. 43.
33
INDIAN SHIPPING
whose prow is formed by a winged
gryphon and stern by a fish's tail. The barge
contains a pavilion overshadowing a vacant throne,
over which a male attendant holds a chatta, while
floating
on
another
man
it
man
is
steering
or propelling the vessel with a large paddle.
In the
water are fresh-water flowers and buds and a large
shell
and there are five men floating about, holding
;
make
the Matsya, or
Vishnu,
whose
fish,
latest
the
first
of the avatars of
was
incarnation
Buddha.
Sanchi and
its
Remains,
34
p. 59.
p.
320.
HINDU PERIOD
and
design
may mention
the
in
Kanhery
Bombay,
S'atakarni
king Vashi-
The
35
INDIAN SHIPPING
In the course of a journey I made through Orissa
and South India I noticed among the sculptures of
of Jagannath at Puri a fine, wellpreserved representation of a royal barge shown in
relief on stone, of which I got a sketch made.
The
the
Temple
Kanaraka
difficult to ascertain
Shastras
what
waters.
It
is
It is very probably
here represented.
not a mere secular picture meant as an ornament.
is
The
36
.iy:^:,-p'M<,i
VAITAL DEUL.
[To face p.
36.
HINDU PERIOD
being suggested by the surrounding sculp-
likely,
was
Madhyamandira type
Yuktikalpataru.
In Bhubaneshwara there
is
as defined in the
some
style of
Orissan architecture.
and the
basaltic rocks
tion of labour,
that
went
skill,
we
believe, to the
modern as
37
INDIAN SHIPPING
character.
The worth
that
"
much
of the
is
glowing testimony
During my long and careful study of the caves I have not been able to
detect a single instance where a mistake has been made by cutting away
too much stone ; for if once a slip of this kind occurred, it could only have
The
12, 10, 9, 8,
earliest caves,
13,
made
J. Griffiths,
2
The Paintings
in the
Ibid.
38
HINDU PERIOD
we have
The Chinese
pilgrim did
not himself visit Ajanta, but he was at the capital
of Pulakeshi II., King of Maharastra, where he
heard that " on the eastern frontier of the country
to these caves.
On the four
dark valley.
sides of the Vihara, on the stone walls, are painted
tery) constructed in a
different
scenes
in
the
life
of
the Tathagata's
These scenes
finish."
The
The vitality
greater part of the Asiatic continent.
and individuality of Indian civilization were already
fully developed during the spacious times of Gupta
imperialism, which about the end of the 7th century
even transplanted itself to the farther East, aiding
in the civilization of Java,
Beal, Buddhist
39
vol.
ii.,
p. 257.
INDIAN SHIPPING
opening of the 7th century a.d. divided between
Harshavardhana of Kanauj and Pulakeshi II. of the
Deccan, both of whom carried on extensive interThe fame of Pulacourse with foreign countries.
"
The
There
is
a large fresco
ceremonial
As might
be naturally expected,
it
of
was
their
also the
though dimly,
in
the
national
art
is
of
The
period.
40
[To /ace
p. 40.
HINDU PERIOD
sailed in search of plenty till the shores of Java
arrested their progress and gave scope to their
colonizing ambition.
The
Each mast
masts.
is
surmounted by a
truck,
and
carried a lug-sail.
The jib is well filled
sort of bowsprit, projecting from a
with wind.
there
is
appears to
in
is
form,"
European
be decked and has
like
that
vessels.
ports.
borne
The
till
ship
Steering-oars
hang
in
the
'*
Griffiths,
The Paintings
in the
41
P- i7-
INDIAN SHIPPING
the steersman being accommodated on a sort of
ladder which remotely suggests the steersman's
chair in the
rower
is
in the
bows."
The
vessel
is
while a
Ma-
of the
to
be used in pleasure
trips
by
kings.
The
and
fleet,
very important event happened in the far-off fatherland of Vijaya, for it was the day on which the
Buddha attained the Nirvana. Vijaya was next
installed as king,
"
Great Dynasty."
Griffiths,
2 he Paintings
in the
42
P- i7'
if^^^^^^:
Al/\NrA.
MMKHMaitfSiMHlMMHaMlMM
Paintings.)
[
To face
p. 42.
HINDU PERIOD
The conquest
of Ceylon, laying as
foundation of a Greater
India,
it
was a
stir
did the
national
deeply the
some of the
forgotten chapters
The
no one
more competent
to
his hand;
43
INDIAN SHIPPING
and to the right are represented again
the group on their elephants, also in boats, engaged
in a boat,
in
battle,
as the principal
dis-
is
in the act of
of the inanimate
vessels, to
44
543 B.C.).
\To face p.
44.
7.
HINDU PERIOD
now
present a very important and interesting series of representations of ships which are
found not in India but faraway from her, among the
I
shall
in splendid relief
Mr. Havell
ship,
Christian era.
Df one
of
them
"
The
is
itself.
It
The
tells
sailors are
hastening to
45
INDIAN SHIPPING
mind
when
Java
after a
types
rather
than
individual
sail
noteworthy that
a smaller one as
is
"
was
the
voyage."^
The form
These ships
of vessels.
They
^
ii.,
To
will be
the
first
Beal,
India
Buddhist Records,
iji
the Fiftemth
vol.
and
ii., p. 269.
Century, in the Hakluyt Society publications,
p. 27.
46
I.
2.
46.
HINDU PERIOD
vessels of the second type, have more than one mast,
are many-ribbed, the ribs being curved, not straight.
built so
it
is
rigger as
shown
in Fig. 5.
No.
down.
Again, in No.
first
compass.^
1
This is the suggestion of a European expert, Mr. J. L. Reid, member
of the Institute of Naval Architects and Shipbuilders, England, at present
Superintendent of the Hugh Docks, Salkea (Howrah). In connection with
Mr. Reid's suggestion, the following extract from the Bombay Gazetteer,
"
will be interesting
The early Hindu
xiii.. Part ii.. Appendix A,
vol.
47
INDIAN SHIPPING
No. 5 appears
to be in collision with
some other
vessel, or
merchantman
Ceylon to
themselves in catching
the
party
disporting
fish.
Some of the
makara^ or
alligator,
showing
its
fearful
row of
so
The
a vessel of oil and pointed to the North. The fact of this older Hindu
compass seems placed beyond doubt by the Sanskrit word maccha-yantra,
or fish machine, which Molesworth gives as a name for the mariner's
compass."
48
3.
4.
48.
5-
6.
(Reproduced from
.the
Sculptures of Borobudur.)
[To face p.
HINDU PERIOD
The
and
pillars
Method
feet.
Breadth 15
feet.
...
Lastly,
Temple at
it
may
Borobudur.
We
shall
now
numismatic
^
The Javanese chronicles relate that about a.d. 603 a ruler of Gujarat,
forewarned of the coming destruction of his kingdom, started his son with
5,000 followers, among whom were cultivators, artisans, warriors, physicians,
and writers, in 6 large and loo small vessels, for Java, where they laid the
foundation of a civilization that has given to the world the Sculptures of
Borobudur.
49
INDIAN SHIPPING
sculpture and painting, there are a few interesting
representations on some old Indian coins which
belonging to the
which is to be detected the device of a two-masted
coast,
"
remarked
ship
**
:
Some
suggest
^
184-213) power was not confined to the land."
Again: "The ship-coins, perhaps struck by Yajna
(a.d.
S'ri, testify to
Coromandel coast
the
Christian era."
in
the
This inference
century of the
of course, amply
ist
is,
3
*
Z.D.M.G.,
Imperial
p.
613.
Gazetteer,
They
p. 202.
New
Edition, vol.
New
50
ii.,
p.
825.
p. 29.
No.
No.
ANDHRA
I.
3.
SHIP-COINS OF
No.
No.
2.
4.
A.D.
[To face p.
51.
HINDU PERIOD
of lead, weighing respectively loi grains,
65 grains, and 29 grains. The obverse of the first
shows a ship resembling the Indian dhoni, with bow
are
all
to the
right.
The
round
pointed in vertical
the point of the stem is a
vessel
On
is
The
Traces of
masts, each with a cross-tree at the top.
rigging can be faintly seen. The obverse of the
second shows a ship to the right.
The device
resembles that of the first, but the features are not
INDIAN SHIPPING
country from the base of the tableland to the Palar
They
37.
Sir
52
iii.,
HINDU PERIOD
CHAPTER
III.
HAVE already
said
that
indirect
We
works which,
The
in Biihler's
oldest evidence
on record
supplied by the
Rig-Veda, which contains several references to sea
voyages undertaken for commercial and other
purposes.
having a
One passage
(I.
is
25. 7) represents
Varuna
A third
Brahma
53
passage
Alphabet, p. 84.
(I.
56. 2)
INDIAN SHIPPING
mentions merchants whose
field of activity
knows
The
which is the
3), mentions a
fifth,
Bhujyu, however,
by a storm, with
all
his followers,
is
shipwrecked
on the ocean,
"
The
five
passages are
\i
(VII. 88. 3
(I.
54
&
4.)
116. 3.)
HINDU PERIOD
other passages may be mentioned that which
invokes Agni thus " Do thou whose countenance
Among
is
turned to
all
do thou
in a ship to the opposite shore
"
in a ship across the sea for our welfare
;
convey us
which Agni
is
if
or that in
The Rdmdyana
which
distant lands
by way of the
In the Kish-
sea.
giving directions to
of Sita, mentions
all
monkey
to
to the cities
go
of the sea
^
;
in
The
passage in question
(^Kishkindhyd
^T^
the
and mountains
in the islands
Ravana
them
Kdndam^
40. 23.)
is
is
^^Ji*i(JlT^r^ T^WfTT^^
'^'^'^
<*1v*K|-^t
The commentator
T^^lf^
^fw^
-^
l*ldl4<.rHI
explains wl*(<*"lTIal
worm which
which China has been famous from time immemorial has been termed
in
passage
The
55
may be adduced
to
INDIAN SHIPPING
is
mentioned as the
Yavana
which
are
Java and
while the
show
that
tissues.
The
missionaries
in
bamboo
to Byzantium.
The food
Chinese
LL.D., F.G.S., F.S.S., etc.) The same author, in his Technical History of
"
Fabrics of silk and cotton are of Oriental origin.
Commerce, p. 149, says
For 600 years after its introduction from China (a.d. 552), silk cultivation
:
was isolated within the Byzantine Empire. The rearing of the worms and
the weaving of the silk was practised in Sicily during the 12th and in Italy
during the 13th century, whence it was subsequently introduced into France
and Spain."
*
The
*
'3fc
.%
Ptolemy adopted the Sanskrit name of the island of Java and mentioned
Greek equivalent, while modern writers like Humboldt call it the Barley
Alberuni also has remarked that the Hindus call the islands of the
Island.
Malay Archipelago by the general name of Suvarna Island, which has been
interpreted by the renowned French antiquarian Reinaud to mean the
islands of Java and Sumatra.
{fonrnal Asiatiqne, tome iv., IVe
its
Sdrie, p. 265.)
56
HINDU PERIOD
In the
red sea.
Ayodhyd Kdndam
there is even a
ledge
and
Rdmdyana
use
universal
who
trafficked
in the habit of
The
of waterway.
accounts
the
bringing
of
the
its
how Sahadeva,
states
Mlechchha inhabitants
^
^r^
thereof.^
The well-known
-jni*
{Ayodhyd Kdndam,
84. 78.)
[Let hundreds of Kaivarta young men lie in wait in five hundred ships
the enemy's passage).]
obstruct
(to
The following sloka from Manusanhitd, while enumerating the various
fight
by
(Manu,
7.
192.)
under
his
subjection the Mlechchha kings and hunters and cannibals inhabiting the
several islands in the sea, including the island called Tamra, etc.]
57
INDIAN SHIPPING
story of the churning of the ocean, in the Mahdbhdrata, in the boldness of its conception is not without
a significance.
In the
Drona Parva
there
who
is
"
are
an island."
In the same Parva
there is another passage in which there is a reference
to a "tempest-tossed and damaged vessel in a wide
^
ocean."
In the
Karna Parva we
of
trade/
v"^^
ffr^fri:
58
ii
HINDU PERIOD
the
for
constructed
the purpose
for
kind-hearted Vidura/
The
was
of a large size,
kinds of weapons
ship
mass
of Sutra
by way of the
sea.
suffi-
References
authority, the late Professor Blihler
to sea voyages are also found in two of the most
:
ancient
2.
ii.
2,
Dharma
forbids^
Sutras.
them
to
Baudhayana, Dh. S.
the orthodox Brahmans,
for a transgression
Northerners
by
"
'
or,
strictly
speaking,
the
Aryans
Now (follow the offences) causing loss of caste, (viz.) making voyages
sea."
^ "
(Biihler's translation in
S.B.E.)
customs
(the
peculiar) to the North are, to deal in wool, to
drink rum, to sell animals that have teeth in the upper and in the lower
Now
59
{Ibid.)
INDIAN SHIPPING
living north of the author's
traffic in
wool and
in
It follows
of course that
was
their
trade
as a matter
carried
on with
Manu
^
158) declares a Brahman who has gone
to sea to be unworthy of entertainment at a Srdddha.
(iii.
In chapter
viii.
"The
down
"
Hereby
an
is
is,
after
deducting a choice
(Biihler's translation in
S.B.E.)
and
carts."
{Ibid.')
men
fix,
who
and able
to
calculate (the profit) according to the place, and the time, and the objects
(carried), that (has legal force) in such cases with respect to the payment
(to
be made)."]
60
HINDU PERIOD
of interest on the
on bottomry is to be
fixed by men well acquainted with sea voyages or
In the same chapter there is
journeys by land.
another passage^ which lays down the rule of
fixing boat-hire in the case of a river journey and a
sea voyage.
But perhaps the most interesting
passages in that important chapter are those which
are found to lay down the rules regarding what
may
lent
money
One
of
them
beyond human
Manu
control.^
also
mentions a
[" For a long passage the boat-hire must be proportioned to the places
times.
Know that this (rule refers) to passages along the banks of
rivers ; at sea there is no settled (freight)."]
and
The
irxT^TT
^TTr-5f
^wJTHr ^frrs>-fr:
ii
{Afauu,
viii.
409. 9.)
"
on them)."]
61
INDIAN SHIPPING
Hindus entrusted with the
business of conducting trade, and upon them was
particular
enjoined
caste
of
the
quainted
of other countries, with various dialects and languages, and also with whatever has direct or indirect
reference to purchase or sale.
Sanhitd^ there is a passage
the
Hindus were
In the Ydjnavalkya
in the habit of
making adventurous
of passages
that hint at the flourishing condition of Indian
shipping and shipbuilding and the development of
Thus
full
the
fortunes of traders,
STT^fcl Sf F'^^r?i:l\S-l
(4. 8.)
(7. 6.)
62
4JJI
HINDU PERIOD
physicians, shippers,
and the
like.
The
third,
also,
The
fifth
disposing
of
laden
with
mer-
exports
abroad,
treasure.
The Purdnas^
The Vardha
(9- 3I-)
(lo. 3-)
(lO. lO.)
(44. 12.)
^
E.g. the
Purd^a.
63
INDIAN SHIPPING
Purdna mentions a childless merchant named
Gokarna who embarked on a voyage for trading
purposes but was overtaken by a storm on the sea
The
nearly shipwrecked.
contains a passage which relates
and
embarked on a voyage
in
same
how
Purdna
a merchant
a sea-going vessel
in
full
of references to the use of the sea as the highway of commerce, to voyages, and naval fights.
IJ^ W^
^Sn"^ ^'^Tnf
!!l<UIU*|^
^T'Slf^'JTT'^TnmTr^-^W^W
64
II
HINDU PERIOD
with
force
which
the
kings
isles
formed
midst
the
in
of Bengal attacked
pillars of victory on
The Raghuvansa
Ganges.^
the
of
also
River
mentions
the
by the land
But
route.
wealth
attributed to
to
the
King Harsha,
-^T
[" Having by his prowess uprooted the Vaagas (Bengalis) arrayed for
(Raghu) posted pillars of
victory
on the
^7?TT<I^rtT
isles
formed
Tf^T^T^T:
in the
^"WT^^
midst of Ganga."]
[" Otherwise how was the attainment of a plank possible of the daughter
of the king of Siiihala, shipwrecked on the sea, with her desire kindled by
the faith
state
by
bom
the merchant of
How
also
65
in thai
INDIAN SHIPPING
being shipwrecked in mid-ocean and brought thence
by some merchants of the town of Kausambi. In
the
an
arrives
The S'isupdlavadka
at
different
isle
of the
[At
this
very
Yavanas were
afraid.
pursuit.
the
The
pursuing
[He
66
many
countries,
HINDU PERIOD
In
the vast
to
Muktipura
a merchant and
artist in
his wife to
an
and
island,
their
the 4th
separation after a shipwreck by storm
chapter describes the voyage of Samudrasura and
;
another merchant to the Suvarna Island for commerce, and their shipwreck the 6th chapter recounts
the quest of his son by Chandrasvami, who goes to
;
many a merchant's
and so on. The Hitopade^a
in
returned
In the
TTSi
-W\ vf^
-irif^
TT^
f^f^^-iTT
67
at
of precious stones.
there is a passage
^TTT^-f^^T W^\
F 2
INDIAN SHIPPING
which
means of crossing
the
illimitable
darkness.
The Rdja-Taranginl^
describing the
on the sea.
Lastly,
misfortunes
we may
notice
contains a passage
of a royal messenger
connection the
this
in
perils of the
According to
deep.
Varahamihira, Garuda Purdna, and Bhoja, pearlfishing was carried on in the whole of the Indian
Ocean as
were
shtra,
taka,
and
its
chief centres
Saura-
and Haimadesha.
to Agastya, the
pearl-fishing were in the
According
^r^ TTT
f?rf(nn'?TfTrfVT-g7qr5r
fell
;
fsdw-
ii
on a vessel,
he came out and
68
its
belly,
HINDU PERIOD
out the most famous
Thus Sanskrit
as
the
Vedas,
the
Sutras,
the
forms
such
Purdnas, poetry
is replete with
epic and dramatic, romance, etc.
references to the maritime trade of India, which
commerce.
pointed to by these
evidences
from
Sanskrit
literature
receive
their
and sea-borne
According to the
Rdjavalliya, Prince Vijaya and his seven hundred
followers were banished by the king Sinhaba
(Sinhavahu) of
Bengal
trade.
for
the oppressions
they
sent
away
similarly.
The
ships
started
from a
69
INDIAN SHIPPING
"
Vijaya landed in Ceylon on
the successor of former Buddhas
the
day
that
Dynasty."
married.
ship in
over to
virgins
who accompanied
regnum followed
her.
period of inter-
of Vijaya without
attended by thirty-two
nephew,
ministers, embarked from the city of Sagal," reached
issue
till
his
nour's
70
Ceylon,
i.
71
ii.
177.
Tur-
HINDU PERIOD
Ceylon, and the latter voyage, according to
Tumour's Mahdwanso, occupied twelve days.
viz.
Next
a large trade,
Northern Kosala.
preach,
induced his former mercantile associates of Supparaka to erect a Vihara with a portion of the
who
crossed the
of Bengal in a ship
that conveyed full five hundred cartloads of their
Palekat,
Bay
own
on
their
way
to
Suvama
in
Magadha.
Again, in
71
Godama,
loi.
60.
INDIAN SHIPPING
related in the
Ceylon.
The
As
Si-yu-kif
^
^
ii.
246.
72
HINDU PERIOD
Vinaya mentions a
Hindu merchant named Poorna who made six sea
voyages, and in the seventh voyage he was in the
company of some Buddhist citizens of Sravasti
and was converted by them to Buddhism. The
Sutta Pitaka contains also several allusions to
Among
Anguttara
which
(4.
in ships {ndva,
distinctly
It
trade
in
their
sea-going
vessels certain birds of strong wing which, when
the vessels were out of sight of land, would be let
loose and used to indicate in which direction the
land
lay.
If the shore
to
return.
Some
73
INDIAN SHIPPING
selves to a period of one thousand years beginning
from 500
points to
B.C.
the
The
in
pre-Asokan days.
to
which Professor
voyages
Gulf and of
its
ydtakas contain
describing
74
HINDU PERIOD
which they had been paid in advance, built a
ship secretly, embarked their families, and emigrated
down the Ganges and out to an island over-sea.^
etc.) for
The
Vdlahassa-yataka (jFat.
mentions - five hundred dealers
passengers on an ill-fated ship.
ii.
128,
no.
196)
were fellow
who
The Supparaka-
ydtaka^
{jfat.
iv.
who
town of Bharukaccha^
port
in
sailed
The
" There
they sailed at the wind's
that lay in the midst of the sea."
Ibid.
^
will until
The
escaped from a
3
"
Now
it
happened
that five
"The
assessor
539)
and
how
story mentions
valuer,
Ibid.
pilot to
made
the king's
Ibid.
" It
happened that some merchants had got ready a ship and were
Now there were seven hundred souls
about
for a skipper.
casting
^
Ibid.
At
' "
Four months the vessel had been voyaging in far-distant regions ;
and now, as though endowed with supernatural powers, it returned in one
Ibid.
single day to the seaport town of Bharukacch."
IS
INDIAN SHIPPING
recounts the adventures^ of a prince who, with other
^
from Champa
traders, is represented as setting out
bhumi
is
"
Chersonese
and
for
Suvannabhumi on
wrecked
is
same
in
probably either
'
the
"
or the whole
who
given to charity
sails in
The
following
is
a brief summary of
its
story
and
He
in
kills
prince suspects
him. The king's
consort, being with child, flees from the city. Her son is brought up without
knowledge of his father, but when he learns the truth goes to sea on a
merchant venture.
He is wrecked, and a goddess brings him to his
he was
Ibid.
"
'
for the
to
be
built, filled
it
76
HINDU PERIOD
alms 600,000 pieces of money. His ship, how^
in mid-ocean, but he is
ever, sprang a leak
miraculously saved by a kind fairy in a magic
with the seven treasures of gold, silver,
The
pearls, gems, cats'-eyes, diamonds, and coral.
Sussondi-y dtaka {Jat. iii. 188, no. 360) mentions
ship^
filled
traders
ports
several
explicitly
of
in
ydtakas
a
successful,
and
which
we
are
told
sporadic, deal in
^
Benares, and of horses
if
"
When they were come to the high seas, on the seventh day the ship
sprang a leak, and they could not bale the water clear." Ibid.
The following contains a full description of the ship " The deity,
^
"^
well pleased at hearing these words, caused a ship to appear made of the
seven things of price ; in length it was 800 cubits, 20 fathoms in depth ; it
had three masts made of sapphire, cordage of gold, silver sails, and of gold
Ibid.
also were the oars and the rudders."
the
Golden Land."
sail for
Ibid.
horses."
*'
Some
horses."
Similarly, Jdtaka ii. 31, Suhanu-Jafaka, no. 158, has the following :
horse-dealers from the North Country brought down five hundred
Again,
Jdtaka
ii.
287, or Kundaka-Kticchi-Sindhava-Jdtaka,
77
INDIAN SHIPPING
imported by hundreds from the North and from
Sindh.i
The
may
be thus
Rhys Davids
Communication
caravans and water.
summed up
in the
words of Mrs.
'
hundred carts drawn by oxen. They go both east and west from Benares
and Patna as centres. The objective was probably the ports on the west
coast, those on the sea-board of Sobira (the Sophir (Ophir) of the SeptuaFrom here there was intergint) in the Gulf of Cutch or Bharukaccha,
sea
with
Baveru
and
change by
(Babylon)
probably Arabia, Phoenicia,
and Egypt.
Westward merchants are often mentioned as taking ships
from Benares, or lower down at Champa, dropping down the great river,
and either coasting to Ceylon or adventuring many days without sight of
land to Suvannabhumi (Chryse Chersonesus, or possibly inclusive of all the
.
"
Boddhisatta was born into a trader's family
no. 254, mentions how the
in the Northern Province; and five hundred people of that country,
horse-dealers, used to convey horses to Benares and sell them there."
^
Jdtaka
dhisatta
i.
came
"
Bod178, or Bhojajanuya-Jdtaka, no. 23, mentions how
to life as a thoroughbred Sindh horse."
Jdtaka
Similarly,
181, or the Ajamia-Jdtaka^ no. 24, refers to a warrior \dio fought from a
chariot to which were harnessed two Sindh horses.
i.
"^
Economic Jotirnal
dXi^L J.
R. A. S.
for 1901.
78
BOOK I. PART
The History
of Indian
11.
Maritime Activity.
I. PART
BOOK
CHAPTER
I.
The Pre-Mauryan
Both Brahminical and
II.
Period.
For
foreign.
it is
and
natural,
in fact necessary,
we
find, as
a matter of
abundant allusions
fact, in
to India's
commerce,
arts,
and
INDIAN SHIPPING
x/^
Indeed,
show
that
all
of
the
relations
commercial
world,
successively with the
and Romans
them
with a
jasper, then esteemed as precious stones
with
resinous gum, furs, assafoetida, and musk
;
Persian Empire,
is
82
by
HINDU PERIOD
weight with gold. It was manufactured in India,
as well as obtained for re-export from China.
Next
to silk in value were cotton cloths ranging from
coarse canvas and calicoes to muslins of the finest
were
in great request
Through ages
position
in
throughout Europe.
India thus occupied a unique
the commercial
world as
the
main
As a consequence
supplier of the world's luxuries.
she throughout had the balance of trade clearly in
her favour, a balance which could only be settled
by the export of treasure from European and other
countries that were commercially indebted to her.
For India desired nothing which foreigners could
Thus has she
give her but the precious metals.
been
many
Europe from America in the i6th century by conquest or rapine, but by the more natural and peaceful
method of commerce, " by the exchange of such of
her productions as among the Indians were superfluities but were at the same time not
only highly
prized by the nations of Western Asia, Egypt, and
INDIAN SHIPPING
from the farther East by means of
"
"
It was this flow or
the Indian trade. "^
drain of
gold into India that so far back as the i st century
^except
India, or
Delmar, to ;^70,ooo of
modern English money, were withdrawn annually
from the Roman Empire to purchase useless Oriental
according
equivalent,
to
enabled the
We
of this trade
which served
doubtedly
the
is
its
Roman Empire,
3
"the wealth
course which un-
to create
Herodotus,
iii.
vol.
ii.,
299-300.
P- 34)-
84
New
Edition,
HINDU PERIOD
of Indian history, the story of her old, abounding
international life.
The
I can but
logists alone can do full justice to it.
briefly refer to some of the conclusions reached in
This
first
the
is
See his Hibbert Ledtires for 1887 on the Origin and Growth of
Religion
among
the Babylonians.
85
INDIAN SHIPPING
wood must have been
an old Babylonian
"
list
that there
been brought by
sea, for, as
by
Mr.
all scholars.
J.
for the
6th century
coming."
B.C.
direct
evidence
is
is
forth-
so very
interesting,
(i)
may
86
HINDU PERIOD
the palace of Nebuchadnezzar (604-562 B.C.) at Birs
Nimrud, part of which is now exhibited in the
British
Museum.
(2)
Temple of
the
"
Taylor found two rough logs of wood, apparently
teak, which ran across the whole breadth of the
shaft,"
"
it
in a letter
There
is
no doubt that this wood was imported into Babylonia from India."
(3) The Baveru-ydtaka, as we
have already seen, relates the adventures of certain
Indian merchants who took the first peacock by sea
to Babylon.
Mr. Kennedy remarks, " the ydtaka
itself may go back to 400 B.C., but the folks-tale on
which it is based must be much older." We have
already cited the opinion on this Jdtaka of the late
Professor Biihler, according to whom, if the age of
the materials of the
story indicates that
"
ydtakas be considered, the
the Vanias of Western India
our days.
This
87
INDIAN SHIPPING
the very ancient
and
Western
ports of Surparaka-Supara
Bharukaccha-Broach are occasionally men-
tioned."
We
that in the
may
Digha Nikaya
(i.
222) of Sutta-Pitaka,'
"
by sea; and
this conclusion
is
only because
direct intercourse
between Babylon and India
practically came to an end after 480 B.C., but
Babylon
rice
"
The evidence warrants us
following conclusion
in the belief that maritime commerce between India
:
.and
more
Babylon flourished
in
the
Brahma
Alphabet^ p. 84.
88
It
was
HINDU PERIOD
hands of Dravidians, although Aryans
had a share in it and as Indian traders settled
afterwards in Arabia and on the east coast of Africa,
and as we find them settling at this very time on
chiefly in the
we cannot doubt
their settlements in
Babylon
remarks
lon
"
:
The
and India
also."
the
century b.c, of trading from ports on the southwest coast of India (Sovira at first, afterwards
Supparaka and Bharukaccha) to Babylon, then a
(2) These merchants
great mercantile emporium.
were mostly Dravidiai)s, not Aryans. Such Indian
names of the goods imported as were adopted in the
West (Solomon's
ivory,
"
West
has been
held
by Mr. A. M. T. Jackson,
Buddhist India,
89
p. ii6.
INDIAN SHIPPING
I.C.S.^
"
According to him,
and some
ships from
tury B.C."
There have been also other scholars who are disposed to view this maritime commerce of India with
the
West
existence of
maritime
commerce between
*
^
*
Bombay
ii.,
ch. vi., p. 3.
ii.
228;
90
ii.,
HINDU PERIOD
Further, according to Wilkinson/ the presence of
indigo, tamarind-wood, and other Indian products
by the evidence of Egyptian and Assyrian archaeology, is further supposed by many competent
authorities to be alluded to in several places in the
Bible itself.
"Even in the Mosaic period (1491-
1450
B.C.)
Genesis ^ there
Ancient Egyptians,
of Statistics, U.S.A.
2
article
the
ii.
I. A. for
August, 1884.
"
Gen. xxxvii. 25
Behold, a company of Ishmeelites came from
Gilead with their camels bearing spicery and balm and myrrh, going to
^
carry
it
down
to Egypt."
91
INDIAN SHIPPING
classical
md
found in the
trade of India
may be
fact
Kings
jx.
26, 27,
28
precious stones."
"
Ezekiel xxvii. 24
These were thy merchants in all sorts of things,
in blue clothes, and broidered work, and in chests of rich apparel, bound
^
with cords."
Ibid. 15
"They
and ebony."
^
*
Sirabo, xv. 37
"Ebony grows
History of Plants,
iv. 4, 6,
there."
quoted by McCrindle.
92
HINDU PERIOD
Testament, where there
articles of merchandise
or
Ophir
Thus
the
in
word
for
list
from
brougfht
"
"
peacock
tukim
poetical, purely
is
the
given
tuki in Kings,
cock
is
Tarshish
looo B.C."
Hebrew
in the
Chronicles, while
of the
"
text is
the ancient,
tokei, the
(splendid) tail."^
or ahaloth for the
the
word aghil.
Without dwelling
work,
Comparative
Languages
:
Grammar
them by the
monumental
of the Dravidiaii
It seems probable that Aryan merchants from the mouth of the Indus
must have accompanied the Phoenicians and Solomon's servants in their
voyages down the Malabar coast towards Ophir (wherever Ophir may have
been) or at least have taken part in the trade. ... It appears certain from
notices contained in the Vedas that the Aryans of the age of Solomon
what parts
it
remains uncertain to
clergyman
further supported by
and scholar, the Rev.
is
We may
Grammar
93
p. 122.
INDIAN SHIPPING
T. Foulkes,^ who, in a very learned essay, comes to
the same conclusion, and says
:
The
fact is
now
chandise of the days of King Hiram and King Solomon had its startingplace in the seaports of the Dakhan ; and that with a very high degree of
probability some of the most esteemed of the spices which were carried
into Egypt by the Midianitish merchants of Genesis xxxvii. 25, 28, and by
the sons of the patriarch Jacob (Gen. xliii. ii), had been cultivated in the
\/ Thus
the
first
is
On
the land
caravans the
(Heliopolis),
route
cities
his fore-
94
vol. viii.
HINDU PERIOD
Syrian port for the arrival and departure of the
Their cargoes were
fleets sent on these voyages.
carried
to
and
after
the
successive
decline
of
the
Jewish,
640 a.d.
We have now dealt with the foreign trade of
India in the age of the Bible, and proceed to consider
the notices
of the
left
international
intercourse
of
this period
India.
The
contingent
cotton gar-
95
The
INDIAN SHIPPINCx
of the inclusion of a part of India as the twentieth
satrapy of the Emperor Darius/ a fact which in the
Indian products
Herodotus noted the wool which certain wild trees
bear instead of
Among
"
fruit,
clothing.
\/ Herodotus
nature and
Herodotus, iii.
See Smith's Early History of India, pp. 137, 153, 225, for an account
of this Persian influence.
3
in
Herodotus, iii. 106, in McCrindle's Ancient India as Described
2
Classical Literature.
*
Ibid.,
i.
Ibid.,
iii.
192.
io6.
pp. 225
ff.
96
HINDU PERIOD
have originated in the peculiar customs of the
"
Tibetan gold-miners and the name " ant gold was
to
possibly
first
brought from
size.
The " horns of the gold-digging ants " mentioned by Pliny and others have been supposed to
be simply samples of the ordinary pickaxes used by
who were
geologist,
the Indus
tributaries, is
known
itself,
as well as
some of
to be auriferous."
its
Professor
97
ii.,
p. 32.
INDIAN SHIPPING
The
it
is
remembered
that about
full
throughout the world is from alluvial washings, and when this fact is considered in connection with the reflection that wide tracts in Australia and
America, formerly richly productive, are now deserted, being covered with
exhausted tailings, it can be conceived how these regions in India and
which are known to be auriferous, may, in
there are very many of them
the lapse of time, after yielding large supplies of gold, have become too
it
in the
rivers.^
Ctesias
is
I. A.,
August, 1884.
Ctesias^ translated
p. 3.)
98
Languages,
p. 105.
HINDU PERIOD
Ctesias also refers to a lake in the country of
the Pygmies upon the surface of which oil is pro-
duced.
This
where there
and where
is
"
is
ductive petroleum
know
to
deposits, which,
moreover,
we
earliest times."
being obtained on
"
inhabited by
certain
high-towering mountains
the Griffins, which have been recognized as Tibetan
Ctesias
also
"
mentions
gold
"
mastiffs,
Udd.
99
first
xiii., p.
described by
230.
INDIAN SHIPPING
CHAPTER
The Maurya
We
now
II.
Period.
Mauryas, which
may be taken roughly to begin from the date of
In
Alexander's Indian campaigns, about 325 B.C.
the accounts of these campaigns by Greek writers
reach
sometimes
period.
Thus
it
shipbuilding was
back as 325
may be
B.C.)
employment
\)
Hydaspes.^
Nearchus ^
all
service,
"^
and a stupendous
readiness.'
3
fleet
galleys, boats,
Also Arrian,
v. 8.
Ibid., p. 87.
100
and
rafts in
HINDU PERIOD
according to Arrian/ about 800 vessels,
according to Curtius and Diodorus about 1,000
bering,
"
more
reliable estimate
of considerable interest.
The Ayeen Akbari reckons the Panje-ab as the third province of the
Mogul Empire, and mentions 40,000 vessels employed in the commerce of
the Indus,
It was this commerce that furnished Alexander with the means
of seizing, building, hiring, or purchasing the fleet with which he fell down
the stream
and when we reflect that his army consisted of 124,000 men,
with the whole country at his command, and that a considerable portion of
;
had been left at the Hydaspes during the interval that the main body
advanced to the Hyphasis and returned to the Hydaspes again, we shall
have no reason to accuse Arrian of exaggeration when he asserts that the
fleet consisted of 800 vessels of which 30 only were ships of war and the
rest such as were usually employed in the navigation of the river.
Strabo mentions the proximity of Emodus, which afforded plenty of fir,
pine, cedar, and other timber ;^ and Arrian informs us that Alexander in the
these
country of the Assaconi, and before he reached the Indus, had already
which he sent down the Koppenes to Taxila. All these cir-
built vessels
lOI
vol.
i.,
p. 12.
is
no
INDIAN SHIPPING
Dr. Robertson also expresses the same opinion
is
fleet so
apt to appear at
assembled in the Indus to oppose her fleet {Diod. Sicul., lib. ii.,
remarkable that when Mahmud of Ghazni invaded India,
cap. 74).
a fleet was collected on the Indus to oppose his, consisting of the same
number of vessels. We learn from the Ayeen Akbari that the inhabitants
of this part of India still continue to carry on all their communication with
each other by water ; the inhabitants of the Circar ot Tatta alone (in Sindh)
vessels were
It is
have not
less
all
by them.^
Mauryas shipbuilding
flourishing
in India
The
N Megasthenes informs us, while noticing the existence of a class of shipbuilders among the artisans,
^
3
Anab.,
vi. 15,
and
Curtius,
T^.
These
196.
ix. 9.
'*
102
HINDU PERIOD
ships built in the royal ship-yards were, however,
as Strabo ^ informs us, let out on hire both to
those
to professional
merchants.
Taprobane (Ceylon)
"The sea between the island of Ceylon and India
is full of shallows not more than six
paces in
depth, but in some channels so deep that no
anchors can find the bottom.
For this reason
Pliny^
observations
Greater Bear
the
vessels,
which
is
Fliny,
3
flight
indicates
is
vi.
22,
vi.
22.
Fliny,
direction in which
quoted
in
p. 55.
The
ocean-going
p.
432.)
103
INDIAN SHIPPING
amphora being regarded
as
weighing
about
fortieth of a ton.^
r
The development
possible and
of a Board of Admiralty ^ as one of the six Boards
which made up the War Office of Emperor Chandra
The book ^
^
With regard to the equivalent of the amphora and
Pliny ^ vi. 22.
"
The amount of
the tonnage of these ancient vessels, McCrindle says
carried
ancient
the
was
talent or the
by
ships
generally computed by
cargo
each
of
which
of
The largest
about
a
fortieth
a
ton.
weighed
amphora,
:
measured about
XV.
1
members to each.
One
division
is
104
HINDU PERIOD
being a unique production of its kind in the entire
Sanskrit literature, and a most valuable historical
document, conveying as
it
picture of the extraordinarily rich and varied civilization that was developed in Maurya India over
all
The
or
artificial.^
Artha^dstra, bk.
ii.,
ch. xxviii.
105
INDIAN SHIPPING
The kind and degree
own
a throbbing commercial
life.
A man
r:
-ara
06
^^:
with a minor
to
pay a
ferry
fee of
one
HINDU PERIOD
masha} A load carried on
the head, a
and a horse
had each to pay two mashas} Four mashas were
demanded for each camel or buffalo that was transported across the river.^ Five mashas were levied
for a small cart, six mashas for a cart of medium size
that was drawn by bulls, and seven mashas for a big
cart."^
Four mashas had to be paid for a load of merload carried on the shoulders, a cow,
were subject
to ferry fees.
to the realization
and
collec-
forcing
regulations.
Thus
"'
^T^TTrnrfrt ^t fq^^r^^z^l^Tir
INDIAN SHIPPING
exempt from toll any ship laden with
merchandise that was damaged and spoiled by
water, or to charge only half the due toll, and then
empowered
allow
it
to
to sail
approached.^
when
chandise in part or
therefore
full,
But besides relieving ships in distress the Superintendent had to adopt many preventive measures
to ensure safety.
yth day of
when
owing
of rivers by
enforced.^ Again, in those large rivers which cannot
be forded during either the winter or summer
and
08
were launched,
HINDU PERIOD
manned with
all
in small
strict regulations
of rivers.
the
man who
place
and
pay a
fine oi
time
but without
permission
had
to
109
INDIAN SHIPPING
allowed to cross
freely
place
rivers
at
seri-
and wide
(3)
(4)
ing in advance.
(5) Servants engaged to carry things (provisions
and
own
ferries
and
(7)
tricts
and
children,
the
known
to
local
towns.^
no
HINDU PERIOD
of harbour regulations, and miscreants that were
Thus to destruction
dangerous to public peace.
The
towns.^
and
^
persons of the following descriptions
Any person
who eloped with the wife or daughter of another
:
one who carried off the wealth of another a suspected person one having a perturbed appearance
one who had no baggage one who attempted to
;
^K'^wraft ^<^t
f^'rt
and of
^Tg^^-s^
III
^f^fr^rf^
VT^'lirfi
^jt^vt^^
INDIAN SHIPPING
a heavy load forded a river at an unusual place
and
time.^
We
the
Naval
to sea, including
even the
Chandra Gupta.
watched by officials,
who
Maurya
"^
112
p. 125.
HINDU PERIOD
constant intercourse with foreign states, and that
large numbers of strangers visited the capital on
So
business."^
L
/
commerce
good and expanding source of revenue.
In the days of Asoka, whose empire embraced a
much wider
was
distant
monarchies of
Hellenistic
Egypt,
she soon
Syria,
Epirus,^ and
of merchants, and missionaries preaching the gospel of universal brotherhood, at once the commercial and spiritual centre,
efforts
As Mr. V. A. Smith observes " When we remember Asoka's relations with Ceylon and even
more distant powers, we may credit him with a
:
preserved a
very interesting story regarding Indian mercantile
the Eastern waters, which clearly
activity in
a.d., is
Hock Edicts
'
II.
and
p. 125.
xiii.
113
viii.
INDIAN SHIPPING
indicates that the progress of the foreign intercourse
and naval activity of India during the days of the
how
the
the throne
who
They informed
him
of the Dragon),
who
destroyed
all
and a consequent
and import
duties).
how Asoka,
Then
falling off
the story
bestowing some
thought on the seafaring Nagas, was persuaded by a
Buddhist priest to issue a sort of edict (which we
may call Asoka's Marine Edict) inscribed on a
goes on to relate
after
that he
plate,
was able
to
make
114
the
Nagas
respect his
HINDU PERIOD
and give up all their booty, which was afterwards distributed among the merchants robbed.^
We have now narrated some of the facts in the
sea-borne trade of India from the earliest times
edict
recorded to
li
^^f'^^ ^VTT^^
<)**,<
JusiTi+Tfrr:
^^m^^
XffT
"^f^-
^^MJllflTiT:
wnr^r^ ^Psrw^:
^f^^rnr^r^-T^T
"^^
f^TTt"^
-^fTiraft
-g-
-^
f^^
fT'R-J^Tft
^TJTT-^T^ ^f^-^:j:
^nTTni'?rTf^?r^RfwT^*rTx:T:
115
^^??^:
II
INDIAN SHIPPING
CHAPTER
III.
Intercourse
WITH Rome.
The
South
With
regard
B.C. to
itself.
A.D. 250),
"
The Andhra period
following general remarks
seems to have been one of considerable prosperity.
There was trade, both overland and by sea, with
:
116
HINDU PERIOD
and especially
In a.d. 68 a number
in the south.
in
Malabar."
was
at its height.
When
the
whole of the
civilized
arts
Roman
and ideas
gold which
The
of
result of
Indian
art of the
the
art,
admitted on
it
all
was the
hands
to
"^
school
is
Augustan and
in the
at
its
best
between
Imperial Gazetteer,
Early
new
Roman Empire
A.D. 100-300.
rise of
New
Edition, vol.
p. 56.
117
ii.,
p. 325.
INDIAN SHIPPING
Indian
art.
"
Kadphises
I.,
who
struck coins in
When
Roman
38
A.D.).
the
in
many
parts of the
'
south, in
figures
merce of India.
in
Early History^
118
p. 238.
HINDU PERIOD
intercourse that has resulted in the incorporation of
several Tamil words into the language of the Bible
The Roman
itself.
The
have mention
in classical
Rome
writers, in
of which
we
exchange for
Roman
which
/
'
coins,
conveying as
merce,
viz. that
masted
tion of
it
is to
is
came from
**
Roman
the
sugges-
quite clear.
The stimulus
which
Augustus.
1904.
the land."
119
'
INDIAN SHIPPING
Before that time India carried on her trade chiefly
whose king, Ptolemy Philadelphus
with Egypt
;
(285-247
whom Asoka
with
B.C.),
founded the
intercourse,^
city of Alexandria,
emporium
that
of trade
coast ports
was
Alexandria."
and
the
Rock Edict
"^
Strabo,
3
ii.
"Roman
II.
v. 12.
120
HINDU PERIOD
commodities that sprang up under the Ptolemies,
and as usual this commercial intercourse has left
some marks on their language. Thus the Greek
names for rice {oryza), ginger {zingiber), and
word
**
'
cups, presented
121
p. 220.
INDIAN SHIPPING
Ain the Periplus,
who brought
/
it
etc., for
sale to
these
and commenced
their return
December or January.
\/The activity of this Occidental
in
breached
trade of India
height
Then a great
demand arose on the part of the wealthy Romans for
the luxuries of the East, which shocked the more
Thus we find
sober-minded citizens of Rome.
routes between the East and the West.
on perfumes, unguents,
and personal ornaments, saying that there was " no
year in which India did not drain the Roman Empire
of a hundred million sesterces,"^ sending in return
their reckless expenditure
Natural History,
to
;;^i,ooo,ooo, of which _;^6oo,ooo went to Arabia and ;^40o,ooo
vol.
the
Roman
see
Mommsen's
Provinces
ii., pp. 299-300.
Empire,
;
of
India
yi\\,
ch.
iii.
i8.
122
HINDU PERIOD
wares which were sold
"
a.d.
by a
pilot
named
hugging the
The
Arabs on
on vessels
coast.
of this
articles
Roman
and perfumes,
(2)
trade
comprised
precious stones
and
pearls,
and
(3) silks,
Natural History,
xii. 7
123
(14).
Ivii.
\y
INDIAN SHIPPING
the
to
refers
pepper^ and
demand
ginger of
them
India and
a great inquiry in
for
in
Roman
and
^
with a
carefully noticed and described by Pliny
skill rivalling that of a modern lapidary.
The most
highly prized of these stones was the beryl, found in
India in only one place, namely Padiyur in the
Coimbatore district, or at most in two, Vaniyambadi
in the Salem district being said to also possess a
mine and these beryls were believed to be the best
and purest in the world. And it is in the neighbourhood of these mines that the largest number of
stones,
pearls,
Roman
Thirdly, the
demand
produced
The
cargoes."
ii.,
p.
301
already become
the
Roman
betel
The
ships,
he
tells
us,
merchants as
down
home
of
the highly esteemed and dear-priced pepper, for the sake of which they
visited the ports of Muziris (probably Mangulura) and Nelcynda (in Indian
doubtless Nilkantha, from one of the surnames of the god Shiva, probably
the
c. i.
124
Roman
kitchens."
HINDU PERIOD
on India in
cotton,
Rome was
and
at fabulously
high prices.
In the reign of Aurelian, silk was worth fully its
weight in gold. Tiberius Caesar had to pass a law
forbidding transparent silk as an indecent dress.
Mr. Vincent A. Smith has thus summarized the
information
precious
commodities not
markets of Europe.
Southern Sea, which
The
pearl-fishery of the
productive and valuable, had been worked for untold ages, and always
The mines
attracted a crowd of foreign merchants.
still
is
to
Early History,
p.
400.
active
INDIAN SHIPPING
during the period of eighty years from Augustus to
Nero
(a.d.
68)
number
of coins
Rome
with
in
new
era in social
manners
in
Rome
rise of
at this period
words of Merivale,
^ the simpler habits of the Plebeians and the Pro\vincials prevailed over the reckless luxury and
dissipation in which the highest classes had so long
under Vespasian, when,
to use the
"
"
According to Sewell, Roman Coins," in the J.R.A.S. for 1904,
coins and 1187 silver, besides hoards discovered which are
"612 gold
'
'
separate
discoveries,
a potfuU.'
mostly in
districts."
126
HINDU PERIOD
indulged." The trade with
from the days of Caracalla,
to confusion, both internal
external,
and her
The
the
conclusion that
the suggestion has been made that Roman commercial agents took up their residence in some of
the capitals
for
trade
127
INDIAN SHIPPING
also of the
good reason
"There
^
:
is
Roman
and that European soldiers, described as powerful Yavanas, and dumb Mlecchas (barbarians) clad
in complete armour, acted as bodyguards to Tamil
kings, while the beautiful large ships of the Yavanas
era,
by iron
chains, guarded by powerful Yavanas, whose stern
looks strike terror into every beholder, and whose
long and loose coats are fastened at the waist by
means of belts, while dumb Mlecchas, clad in complete armour,
"^
'
who
ii.
128
66-67.
ch.
iii.
HINDU PERIOD
gestures, kept close watch throughout the night in the
outer chamber, constantly moving round the inner
"
:
It is
Both
by
^
is
Mullaipaddu^
ii.
59-66.
Series, vol.
ii.,
in
ihe/.A.S.B.
for 1906,
129
New
INDIAN SHIPPING
literature of India, in the ancient Sanskrit
and
Pali
Romaka
Mahdbhdrata
to the
works, to
coming
nomical
works
named
Paitdmaha,
Vdsishtha^
Romaka
is
often mentioned as a
tana, or Visaya,
i.e.
a great
Mahdpuri, Pat-
city, state,
or dominion.
Lanka there
rise at
is
Pitaka
mentioned the Romaka-ydtaka, which
Romaka
is
describes a
sham
130
ch. 51.)
it
HINDU PERIOD
contrary to Buddhist practices, evidently to show
the contrast of a Buddhist ascetic with a Roman
ascetic.
ancient
Indian
The Periplus, a
Ptolemy's Geography (a.d. 140).
sort of marine guide-book, is the record of an
experienced sailor who navigated the Red Sea,
Persian Gulf, Malabar and Coromandel coasts, and
resided for many years at Barygaza-Bharoach.
According to the Periplus, Bharoach was the principal distributing centre of Western India, from
which the merchandise brought from abroad was
131
INDIAN SHIPPING
carried to the inland countries.
Paithan, situated
at twenty days' journey to the south of Barygaza,
and Tagara, ten days' east of Pithan (modern
Dharur
in the
Nizam's
territory),
J.B.B.R.A.S.,
vol. vi.
Arch. Sur.
132
W.
and Dr.
HINDU PERIOD
and Hindu settlements on the north coast of Socotra.7
In
"
Barygaza traded
to
Arabia
for
gums and
incense, to
ii.,
p. 404.
Dr. Vincent makes the following interesting comment in this con" The different sorts of vessels constructed in these
nection
ports are
:
Varthema
that were of
(lib.
vi.,
Tamasari (Masulipatam)
INDIAN SHIPPING
Some
down
the
Red Sea
to
Mouza
(twenty-five miles
south of Mokha) and thence to the watering-place
Okelis at the straits.
They then followed the
Arabian coast as
far as
Indian traders.
From Kane
diverge,
some ships
Barygaza, and
rike
to
(Malabar
route
coast).
from Egypt
in July.
trade to Malacca.
as
in
champans,
^
etc."
Languages,
vol.
ii.,
p. 94.
p.
521.)
HINDU PERIOD
Natural History, ]
by the
Tamil
contained
is
supplied
which are
magnitude and
descriptions
of
their
fail
to bring
home
to our
ships of the
splashing the white
large
sold, is
The
rare products of the seas and mountains."^
description given of Kaviripaddinam (the Kamara
*
Oaranar-Puram, 343.
INDIAN SHIPPING
of the Periplus and Khaberis of Ptolemy) or Pukar
are equally important and inspiring.
It was built
blacksmiths,
braziers,
and
carpenters,
salts,
coppersmiths,
Pakkam.^
Paddinappalai^ 134-136.
Chilappathikarant.
butchers,
and toyMaruvar-
describes
the
HINDU PERIOD
markets of Kaviripaddinam " Horses were brought
from distant lands beyond the seas pepper was
:
came
from the
pearls from the
the
The produce
Eastern seas.
of the
regions
on the
"
(in
Ceylon and the manufacturers of Kalakam
of
were
to
the
markets
Burma)
Kaviripadbrought
dinam.^ What is again worth noting is the fact
that in these Chola ports there were lighthouses
built of brick and mortar which exhibited blazing
It is also
lights at night to guide ships to ports.
said that the palace of the Chola king in the city of
may
to
Augustus Caesar
in
20
b.c.
Paddinappalai, 1-40.
'
Book
and
26.
by
INDIAN SHIPPING
the Indian king Pandion.
It is now settled beyond
doubt that Pandion was the king of the Pandyas of
the south, who were then the only people in India
that perceived the advantages of a European
alliance that was first entered into in the days of the
of his country."^
also alluded to by
^^ Orosius.^
Augustus are
Dion Cassius,- by Florus,^ and
Dion Cassius
Trajan receiving
With
The embassies
to
(a.d. 180)
many embassies
also speaks of
from Indians.
remarks
"
:
offered its
Rome
\#
Hist. jRomey
ix.
i.,
p. 19.
73.
iv,
12.
New
Edition, p. 238.
HINDU PERIOD
Eusebius Pampheli
Rome
found
to be
with\A
"
^
^
*
it
De
Vita Constant^
iv.
50.
Bombay
Gazetteer, vol.
Rawlinson's
/'d'r/'/^ia,
i.,
271.
Part
i.,
p.
490.
INDIAN SHIPPING
of the gifts which the Periplus notices were set
One other result of
apart for the rulers of Sindh.
this long-continued alliance was, as
other
know-
Poudopatana, Nalopatana, Salopatana, Mangarouth, and Parti, and also other ports farther
northward on the western coast, such as Kallyan
and Surat. He describes Ceylon under the name
''
were imported the
of Serendip as the place where
silk of Sinae-Roman China and the precious spices
of the Eastern countries, and which were conveyed
thence to
He
all
140
HINDU PERIOD
parts of India
like
manner
He
ports."
in
it
141
ii.,
pp. 507-600. -^
INDIAN SHIPPING
CHAPTER
IV.
India.
Throughout
the centuries
when India
carried
on
to
The
give
full
West
scope to her
We
from 600
B.C.,
tion of the
which
Bay
traffic
between
Those
Bengal and Ceylon, Madras and Burma.
evidences have been set forth in great detail, and
need not be reproduced here. As Elphinstone has
pointed out, "the inhabitants of the coast of Coromandel seem early to have been distinguished by
^
142
HINDU PERIOD
their maritime enterprise from their countrymen onA
the west of India."
Mr. Vincent Smith ^ also says : /
"
Roman
Mr.
Pillay,
ancient Tamil
there are
poems
to
many
allusions in
voyages undertaken by
poem
Burma) brought articles of merchandise to Kavirippaddinam, the great emporium at the mouth of the
*
p.
415.
INDIAN SHIPPING
Lower Burma
or
maritime
work seems
to
have
been done and the lead taken by the ancient kingdom of Kalinga on the eastern sea-board, which is
said to have been founded
before Christ,"^
"
and
its
capital
about halfway
down
the coast
still
^
patam."
This
kingdom was
ruled
for
many
Some
of the inscriptions
speak of navigation and ship-commerce as
forming part of the education of the princes of
"
'
Paddinappalaiy
Sir
1.
191.
'
i.,
p. 170.
144
HINDOk PERIOD
days made
an excellent harbour for anchorage, "crowded with
ships from distant countries."^ The conjecture mayKalinga."^
The Chilk^Lake
in those
be hazarded that the great sea-king Bali of the Rdmayana might have been no other than a monarch of
the sea-coast
kingdom of Kalinga.
At
first
confining
across
the
Bay
From
of Bengal.
the
evidences
still
exist,
was Thara-khetra
Hunter's Orissa, vol. i., p, 197. Hunter remarks " This and others
of the inscriptions prove, in the opinion of the scholar to whom we owe
^
We know
"
History of the
1864, and no. 2, 1868.
Burma Race," by
145
vi.,
1837.)
i,
INDIAN SHIPPING
According to R. F. St. Andrew St.
somewhere about 300 a.d. people from the
John,^
west coast of the Bay of Bengal founded colonies
on the coasts of the Gulf of Martaban, of which
near Prome.^
"
the
principal
appears
Saddhammanagara."
Kalinga and Burma
to
have
The
been
Thaton or
between
intercourse
is
evident from
many
in the
"
History of the
Burma Race," by
J.R.A.S., 1898.
History of Burma, p. 31.
Mission Life, May, 1867.
146
i.e.
during
A.SJ.
HINDU PERIOD
the
first five
it
^ ^\^
v
(y^
great
are
full
of such narratives.
new kingdom
at
King
When
of Kalyan,
the Chalukya
was founding
in
their ship
Sir
147
^^
INDIAN SHIPPING
CHAPTER
V.
Perhaps
in
is
the
Hindu
colonization of Java,
And
yet the
in
first
There
The
history of this
Hindu
colonization of Java
"
is
The histories of
thus briefly put by Elphinstone
Java give a distinct account of a numerous body of
Hindus from Clinga (Kalinga) who landed on this
:
148
HINDU PERIOD
island, civilized the inhabitants,
and who
fixed the
proved beyond doubt by the numerous and magnificent Hindu remains that are still existing in Java,
and by the
fact that,
although the
common language
dialect of Sanskrit.
proved by
decisively
The
found
sailed
Java,
crews
^
professing the Brahminical religion."
That Kalinga had a large share in the coloniza-
Indian Architecture,
p. 103.
149
p. 185.
INDIAN SHIPPING
and eventually the island of Java." Tavernier^ in
"
A.D. 1666 remarked that
Masulipatam is the only
place in the Bay of Bengal from which vessels
sailed eastwards for Bengal, Arrakan, Pegu, Siam,
the
connection
Cambodia cannot be
There
doubted."'^
of
is,
its
colonization
from
Kalinga on the
Ball's Translation, i,
174
Journal,
Vol.
i.,
Bombay Branch
Part
i.,
According
p. 493.
vi.
356;
referred
of R.A.S., xvii.
to
in
the
Bombay
HINDU PERIOD
and powerful prince from
Gujarat named Aji Saka made his descent on the
island about a.d. 75, but was soon compelled to
withdraw in consequence of a pestilence or some
other calamity. This story was perhaps invented
to this legend, a great
The Javanese
India.
besides this abortive attempt, another more successful attempt^ at colonization, made again from the
cultivators, artisans,
specimens of Buddhist
art
in
ii.,
p. 82.
INDIAN SHIPPING
century before and after the
beginning of the 7th century, a process of Saka
migration that was stimulated by the then confor at
least
half a
was almost a
sequence of the final collapse of the Saka power
at the beginning of the 5th century, when the Saka
kingdom of Surashthra or Kathiawar was conquered
by Chandra Gupta 11.,^ and Brahmanism supplanted
Buddhism as the dominant State religion in India.
Then " the Buddhist art-traditions went with the
Saka immigrants into Java, where they reached
of
dition
Northern
India,
and
at
wards
were
conquests of
Prabhakaravardhana, the father of S'ri-Harsha of
;
secondly,
there
the
p. 113.
HINDU PERIOD
If we
attack and to share in the prosperity of Java.
add to these the following further events which all
The Chinese emperor sent an ambassador, Ouang-h-wuentse, to SriHarsha, who, on his arrival, found he was dead (a.d. 642) and hi% place
usurped by a minister who drove him off. The envoy retired to Tibet, and
with help from Tibet and Nepal he returned, defeated the usurper, and
of the
Ancients,
ambassador.
INDIAN SHIPPING
Saka, Huna, and Gurjjara chiefs to lead their
south to the land of rubies and gold/
men
*
In comparing the relative importance of the western and eastern
Indian strains in Java, it is to be remembered that the western element has
been overlaid by a late Bengal and Kalinga layer of fugitives from the
Tibetan conquest of Bengal in the 8th century and during the gth and
later centuries by bands of Buddhists withdrawing from a land where their
religion was no longer honoured.
Bombay Gazetteer^ vol. i., p. 498.
154
HINDU PERIOD
CHAPTER
VI.
There was
the
military,
religious,
and
now
Christian era
carried
home
It is
foreign itinerants in their ships.
also equally noteworthy that from very early times
she has been the home of many a religious move-
ment whose
her limits.
beyond
known
that
hardly sufficiently
few centuries of the Christian era
is
INDIAN SHIPPING
Buddhistic
faith,
and S'ilabhadra,
known through-
It is also
a recent
made
Sun.
itself
Artists
felt
and
even
art-
and Japan,
commercial
missions.
works
^
The
tell
and
artistic
and
religious
priests of the
156
HINDU PERIOD
Vijaya of Bengal with his 700 followers achieved
the conquest and colonization of Ceylon, and gave
to the island the name of Sinhala after that of his
we have
Bengal
besides, as
No
expected, well preserved in their literature.
folk-lore is so popular in Bengal as those volumes of
poetry evoked by devotion
Indian Antiquary,
"
:
to
the
goddesses of
India, p. 35.
From
INDIAN SHIPPING
Chandi and Manasa, and
in
Antonio had
Purdfia or Manasdmangala is formed by the contributions of more than fifty authors who have all
described sea voyages.
About eight or nine poems
form the group of poems celebrating the glories of
the goddess Chandi, and in nearly all of them are
also contained accounts of sea voyages.
These
down
maritime pursuits.
The
is
that
158
HINDU PERIOD
Chand Saodagara.
There
is
fleet
Dhanapati sailing towards Ceylon in Kavikankana Chandf, which is well worth a notice.^ It
of
^tf*f ^1^
^U
5^tT
^f^
159
^^;i^
^tCSF CRT
INDIAN SHIPPING
made up of seven vessels. The head ship is
called Madhukara (t^^), generally meant for
its cabin is made all of
princes and big merchants
The second ship is named Durgdvara, the
gold.
is
third
Gooardkhi,
the
fourth
Sankshachura,
the
exchanged
in
ones.^
The
\5f5<^
c^tc!5?
^?
^sr^ f5Wl
Ttf^
tcTt
in those
II
-w:^
f^ ^m^
i6o
(f^ ^^)
HINDU PERIOD
days were Satgaon, called Tcharitrapoura in the
time of the Chinese pilgrim's visit, and described
by Ptolemy as a royal
city of
immense
size,
as
sail
Bengal
sea-board.
It
is
referred
to
in
the
Mahdwanso (ch.'xix.) as
of the
most
chiefly
in
and extreme
of very great antiquity, and
delicate
texture
161
INDIAN SHIPPING
Two
"Tamalipti
is
we embarked when
^
This
is
the
place
"^
to
China.
returning
.
Takakusu's I-Tsing,
162
xxxiii., xxxiv.
where
HINDU PERIOD
CHAPTER
The Period of Hindu
Northern India
{continued)
VII.
Imperialism in
:
The Intercourse
WITH China.
It was also in the age of the Guptas and Harshavardhana that we find the field of Indian maritime
activity in
the
eastern
seas
extending as far as
beyond the
As Mr.
small colonies of Java and Sumatra.
Down to the days of
Kakasu Okakura remarks,
in the farthest East,
''
Mohammedan
Bengal
coast,
and Arabia
till
a century
later."
Throughout the
i, 2.
Mr. G. Phillips in the J.R.A.S., 1895, p. 525. According to Professor Lacouperie {Western Origin of Chinese Civilization) the maritime
intercourse of India with China dates from a much earlier period, from
"
"
about 680 B.C., when the sea-traders of the Indian Ocean," whose chiefs
163
INDIAN SHIPPING
1st
era,
during the
according to Chinese annals, many embassies from Indian sovereigns bringing merchandise under the name of tribute to the Chinese court,
arrived,
Rudradaman
(a.d.
of Kathiavad was at the height of its power, challenging the supremacy even of the great Andhra
to
a continued
Ceylon with
which was due to a
intercourse of
sea,
national worship.
Among those men who
shared in the propagation of Buddhism and in the
common
were Hindus," founded a colony called Lang-ga, after the Indian name
of Ceylon, about the present Gulf of Kiao-tchoa, where they arrived
in vessels having the prows shaped like the heads of birds or animals
Lanka
art.
164
HINDU PERIOD
translations of its scriptures in China, there were
many who took the sea route between India and
China.
bhadra, a descendant of the Sakya prince Amitodana, arrived in China in 398, i.e. two years before
in a.d.
420
had
sailed
way,
like
dynasty.
He
reign of the
China.
Sung
Emperor Wun,
Again,
it
is
mentioned
in
in the
work
called
Professor
M. Anesaki
in
165
INDIAN SHIPPING
In a.d. 434 there arrived in China
quite a number of Sinhalese nuns, under the leadership of a certain Tissara, to further Gunavarman's
order in China.
Kau
in
lated
Buddhaghosa's Sdmantapasadika
In the 6th century there was a continued development of the maritime intercourse between India
and China.
sea."
Emperor
of South
China held
his court.
As
166
HINDU PERIOD
his
"
Huang-hua-hsi-ta-chi,
Ta-mo
Canton)."
The
impetus
in China, where
of
arrival
to
great
it
Indian
to
(i.e.
Bodhi-
Pan-yu
(i.e.
Bodhidharma gave
missionary
activity
is recorded that there were at
coast of China.
In the
Mahdwanso
A.D.
(ch.
xl.),
was
founded
as
early
the coast.
167
p. 113.
as
p. loo.
INDIAN SHIPPING
CHAPTER
VIII.
ON THE
During
West
Coast.
during
maritime activity was equally manifest towards the
West. In the 5th century, according to Hamza of
Ispahan, the ships of India and China could be
seen constantly moored at Hira, near Kufa, on
the Euphrates.^ The ports of Sindh and Gujarat
appear
among
prise of the
It
ports that
In
the Indian adventurers sailed to colonize Java.
a.d. 526 Cosmas found Sindhu or Debal and
i.e.
White Hunas,
Yule's Cathay^
I,
Ixxviii.
168
Ibid. I, clxxviii.
HINDU PERIOD
In
time of
the
the
empire of
S'ri
Harsha,
Guptas,
people of
succeeding
Surastra were described by Hiuen Tsang (about
A.D. 630) as deriving their livehood from the sea
that
in
by engaging
He
modities.^
cities of Persia,
of
the
the
that
notices
Hindus were
in
the chief
of their religion.^
Again, the Jats
were probably the moving spirit in the early
Mahomedan sea raids (a.d. 630-770) against the
full
practice
from Gujarat
taken place,
Thus
169
ii.,
p.
269.
INDIAN SHIPPING
CHAPTER
IX.
The
period
Harshavardhana was
remarkable
outbursts
colonizing activity,
pansion of India.
of
naval
enterprise
by
and
in
The Chu-fan-chih
of
Chao Jukua, a
periods
(a.d.
Cheng-Kuan
690-692) of the
T'ien-chu
China.^
to
during the
Tang
Punya-upachaya,
came
(a.d.
Chinese
who was
China from
170
HINDU PERIOD
Jnana-bhadra, a Buddhist from Palyan of the
"
Southern Ocean," came to China for the second
traveller
I-Tsing,^
who
regularly plying
in
the
These
learning.
Kalinga
in
were
S'ri-Bhoja
Java, Mahasin
in
in
Sumatra,
Borneo, and
the
islands
of
Bali,
INDIAN SHIPPING
Bengal, like I-Tsing, who disembarked at the port
of Tamralipti, while others would halt at Ceylon,
that sacred place of Buddhism, to re-ship themselves for Bengal, like Fa-Hien.
I-Tsing has also
recorded the names of some of his contemporaries
who like him visited India by way of the sea. One
Throughout
notices
devotees
in
we have
this period
Chinese
visiting
annals
China,
as
of
also frequent
Indian
we have
Buddhist
those
of
came
988)
At
Buddhist
172
by
name Lo-hu-na,
HINDU PERIOD
arrived in China
by sea
of T'ien-chu (India).
In Col. Yule's Cathay and
the IVay Thither we have a record of the various
from the
earliest
land.
As
who
Japanese
dhistic
The
visit
of
the
Indian
is
historical fact.
China
to
Rev. Daito Shimaji on " India and Japan in Ancient Times," in the
Journal of the Indo-Japanese Association, January, 1910.
^
INDIAN SHIPPING
persuaded by the
latter to visit
Japan.
He
settled
in Japan,
to her industry.
of Japan record
how
eleven
The
official
centuries
annals
ago cotton
Among
his
effects
Ruijukokushi (another
official record) that a man from Kuen-lum was cast
up on Japanese shores in April, 800, and that the
cotton-seeds he had brought with him were sown in
the provinces of Kii, Awaji, Sanuki, Jyo, Tosa, and
"
^
by the black current."
sjowards the end of the loth and the early part
that country
to India
"
in the
Journal of
HINDU PERIOD
of
the
nth
century,
remarkable
Southern
India witnessed
under
the strong government of a succession of Chola
outburst
of
naval
activity
Chera fleet in
(probably on the west
of
the
the
Kandalur
passed from
roads of
coast),
and
its
1025) he
is
said to have
assumed the
who
thirteenth
title
175
we
find
INDIAN SHIPPING
"
the whole kingdom of Ham
that he also conquered
(Ceylon) in the raging ocean girt by the crystal
waves of the sea," as well as " countless old islands
whom
he caught by
the
Bay
Kadaram
as
"difficult
being
All
to
attack,
being
coast
of
Kadaram
In addition to
Bengal.
there were also taken on the same coast
the
Bay
of
Nicobar and
Andaman
Islands.
176
These
exploits are
HINDU PERIOD
thus
referred
Huparani
"
:
to
in
the
Tamil
The war-elephants
poem ICalinga
and Kadaram,
where the roaring crystal waves washed the sand
"
mixed with red gold, was annexed
(canto viii.,
:
stanza 25).^
The naval activity of the Chola emperors was
not, however, confined within the limits of the Bay
of Bengal.
They appear to have carried on their
intercourse with countries of the farther East as far
as China.
a.
A.D. 1033,
Raja
which may stand for the Chola king Kulotunga (a.d. 1 077- 1 1 18). The last embassy consisted
of 72 men it was probably, like most of the missions
ka-lo,
The
ff.
177
INDIAN SHIPPING
CHAPTER
X.
Retrospect.
at
some length
the available
down
Musalhave con-
We
man
We
life
under the
domestic
succeeded
in the
to
land,
smooth through
centuries
political
of
the
these changes.
The opening
Christian era, which saw the
all
178
by the Kushans
HINDU PERIOD
of the north and the Andhras of the south, with
the Vindhyas as their mutual boundary, were also,
as
we have
growth
This
is
ports, ports,
INDIAN SHIPPING
plied
country of
its
The
food-stufifs."
result
was the
Palmyra
in the
desert,
"
own
people."
And
the
of
also, as
many
satrapies
of
we have
Rome and
was her
wonderful achievements in applied chemistry more
than her skill in handicraft which enabled India to
command for more than a thousand years (from
It
may
it
factures.
Some
of
the
pre-eminence
in exports
Indian
among
and manu-
discoveries
in
preparations of cements or powders called Vajralepa, "cements strong as the thunderbolt," for
1
80
HINDU PERIOD
which there was ample use in the temple architecture of the times, whose remains still testify to
strength of these metal or rock
Varahamihira also alludes to the experts
the adamantine
cements.
India
in
owed her
the preparation
of fast dyes for textile fabrics by the treatment of
natural dyes like manjishtha with alum and other
chemicals
(2)
from
(i)
principle
of
by a process
which, however crude, is essentially an anticipa"
and (3) the
tion of modern chemical methods
"
in a manner worthy of advanced
tempering of steel
metallurgy, a process to which the mediaeval world
indigotin
the
indigo
plant
"
owed
its
Damascus swords."
Besides the
the
Roman
trade,
West
with
it
181
his
learned thesis on
"The
INDIAN SHIPPING
and Suvarnabhumi, and a complete navigation, in
fact, of the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean,
This Eastern maritime enterprise reached its climax
age of the Gupta emperors, when India once
more, as in the days of Chandra Gupta and Asoka,
asserted herself as a dominant factor in Asiatic
in the
politics,
a Greater India.
Towards
activity
of the
in
the
Eastern waters had a vastly extended field, embracing within its sphere not only Farther India and
the islands of the
Indian Archipelago,
but also
we
activity.
182
BOOK
II.
MAHOMEDAN
PERIOD.
BOOK
II.
MAHOMEDAN
CHAPTER
I.
The Pre-Mogul
We
now
shall
Period.
the
narrate
briefly
PERIOD.
history
the advent
after
of
and
We
prise.
was
of the
Arab conquests
of Ceylon
to
secure
Khalifa
the
dispatched,
Mahometan
pilgrims,
slaves,
had
in
the
the
orphans,
good
with
fitted
-will
and
of
presents,
Abyssinian
Hajjaj
and
8th
It
century (a.d. 712).
will be remembered that these Indian pirates had
activities
times.
with
They
Al-Biladuri
inspired
Elliot, vol.
i.,
p.
185
ii8
also
Appendix,
p.
429.
INDIAN SHIPPING
monarchy even in the days of its most absolute
power. According to Strabo and Arrian it was to
protect their cities against these piratical attacks
that the Persians made the Tigris entirely inaccessible for navigation, till Alexander, on his return
from
India,
to
commercial
further
intercourse
From
we get
The commerce
the Arabs.
notices of India
of the Arabs
was
by
at its
See
Al-Biladuri
Elliot, vol.
Chach-nama
i.,
p.
to the
513.
Elliot, vol.
in Elliot, vol.
186
The voyages
i.,
i.,
p. 120.
p.
167.
of
9th century.
MAHOMEDAN PERIOD
About
A.D. 851
Malabar),
Masudi of Bagdad
(a.d.
or
Ceylon,
and the
like.
Akbari
It
was a
his
army on
return from
He
his
and
is
thus
conflict.
They launched, according to some,
4,000 boats, and according to others 8,000 boats, manned and armed,
Both fleets met, and a desperate
ready to engage the Mahammadans.
conflict ensued.
Every boat of the Jats that approached the Moslem
fleet,
sword.'*
Al-Biruni gives some interesting details regarding the Indian maritime and commercial activity of
the
nth
Sir
century.
He
Office.
*
Elliot, vol.
ii.,
p.
478.
187
INDIAN SHIPPING
named Bawarij, who
commit their depre-
The
much
activity,
amount
Wassaf
In the
"
came the
countries," whither
"
vessels of
China
"
the
cotton
fabrics
in Sir
H.
of Coromandel,
Elliot's
the
p. 65.
2
Ibid., p. 67.
Jlid,^ p, 69.
188
i.,
MAHOMEDAN PERIOD
pepper and cardamomes of Malabar, and the lemons
of
Mansura on
Mehran
"
(Indus).
Again, in
the
is
"
the
White Huna
(a.d.
Sir
George Birdwood
in his
Office.
^
Reinaud's Mkmoires^
p. 236.
189
xxii.
INDIAN SHIPPING
where near modern Tiperrah).
Balban marched
from Lakhnauti in pursuit of the rebel with all
speed, and in a few days arrived at Sunar-gnaw.
The Rai of that place, by name Danuj Rai, met the
Sultan, and an agreement was made with him that
he should guard against the escape of Tughril by
water.
The expedition ended in the death of
Tughril, and the complete defeat of his army, and
"
such punishment as was inflicted on Lakhnauti
The
Damascus and
the famous
Marco
Polo.
Abulfeda
Marco Polo
Coromandel coast
a great centre of pearl-fishing, and the Gujarat
These pirates sailed
coast of desperate piracy.
every year with their wives and children in more
than a hundred corsair vessels, staying out the
whole summer. They are also said to have joined
in fleets of twenty to thirty, and made a sea cordon
Marco Polo also found
five or six miles apart.
(a.d.
190
iii.,
pp. 1 15-12
1.
MAHOMEDAN PERIOD
trict)
come
'*
all the ships touch that
as the city where
laden with horses and other
from the West
.
"
a
things for sale." Of Coilum (Quilon) he says,
great deal of brazil is got here, also ginger and
He
here and
many
says,
it
buckram
Of Cambaet (Cambay) he
produces indigo in plenty, and much fine
there is a
exported hence
great trade in ktdes, which are very well dressed!'
He speaks of Aden as a " port to which many ships
cotton
is
He also
cargoes."
mentions Indian vessels sailing as far as the island
of
come with
India
their
left
lie
in
in
towards
laid
over
in every part.
191
INDIAN SHIPPING
with iron
nails.
The bottoms
are
smeared over
tree,
its
repairing.
Marco
size, form, and
He saw ships
when
which would
192
MAHOMEDAN PERIOD
As
in
The larger
provided with their smaller boats.
vessel had usually a single deck, and below the
deck the space was divided into sixty small cabins,
fewer or more according to the size of vessel, and
each cabin afforded accommodation for one merchant.
guard
chanced to run
the
in, it
fitted,
pass
from one
division to another,
In
case
of a
this, if
INDIAN SHIPPING
It was
description of the pearl-fishings of Malabar.
conducted by a number of merchants who formed
who were
persons
the
the
14th century,
of the voyage across the
Odoric^
we have
in the
account
maritime
(a.d.
1321),
in
ships
sailing
China
in
of the
between
Yule's
traveller,
ed.
Thomas
Wright.
" This is
a confirmation of the account we
from
the time of Agatharcides down to the
have of those large ships
1 6th century; the ships of Guzarat which traversed the Indian Ocean in
2
all
ages."
'
xviii.
194
324.
MAHOMEDAN PERIOD
who
an embassy
to China,
cW^
was consumed
in the
farthest West.^
'
^
Elliot, vol.
iii.,
iii.,
p. 35.
195
O 2
INDIAN SHIPPING
two expeditions were directed against Lakhnauti by"
Sultan Firoz Shah Tuglak, in both of which many
barrier-breaking boats (kistiha-i-bandkushan) were
used, in which his whole army, consisting of a lac of
troops, had to embark in crossing rivers round the
^
In a.d. 1372,
islands of Ekdala and Sunar-gnaw."
marched
means
the Indus by
in the short
on the Ganges.
battles
On
2
'
*
pp. 293
ft.
321-322.
George
iii.,
iii.,
196
204
ft".
MAHOMEDAN PERIOD
Mahomedan Chinaman, who was attached as interpreter to the suite of Cheng-Ho when he made his
voyages to India and other places at the beginning
when a ship
quarters, and says
arrives from China the King's Overseers, with a
merchants from
all
history of the
Ming
who
Shah,
reigned
Pang-Kola, sent to
the Chinese court in 1408 an embassy with presents
including horses and saddles, gold and silver ornaments, drinking vessels of white porcelain with
azure flowers, and many other things and that in
;
INDIAN SHIPPING
received by the Bengal king, his queen and ministers.^
Thus, in the first half of the 15th centuiy, an active
sea-borne trade and commercial intercourse were
(a.d. 1442)
period."
Says he
From Calicut are vessels
:
harbour one
Again
Security
may
be desired.
and
most
house take upon themselves the charge of looking after the merchandise,
over which they keep watch day and night. When a sale is effected they
levy a duty on the goods of one-fortieth part ; if they are not sold they
make no charge on them whatsoever. In other parts a strange practice is
wherever
vessels,
"^
y'
i.
George
204
is
ff.
19.
198
i.
14,
MAHOMEDAN PERIOD
Nicolo Conti
was
of the
earlier part
another
15th century
traveller
who
in
gives
the
some
interesting details
and commerce.
many
masts.
The lower
triple planks, in
part
constructed with
some ships
is
are so built in
much
exposed.
But
growing
supremely
high
"
deserves
rich,
so
to be
much
Hieronimo
'*
21, 27.
2
Ilfid., iv. 4, 8, 9.
199
ii.
lo,
INDIAN SHIPPING
made
While
of cotton."
sailing from
Sumatra
in a
advance of
us, learning
i6th
western coast.
Portuguese
Bombay
up a great maritime
power, and with a fleet of 300 vessels began to
harass the commerce of the Musalmans till he was
the
coast
When in
Humayun said
fortresses,
a.d.
"
:
built
200
sea."
belt,
See
MAHOMEDAN PERIOD
subdued by treachery by the King of Gujarat.
Mahmud, probably
the
greatest of the
kings of
1459-1511), organized and maintained
Gujarat (a.d.
a large fleet to subdue the pirates that infested his
coasts.^
In East Africa in a.d. 1498 Vasco de
Gama
Cambay and
other parts
of India, who guided themselves by the help of the
stars in the north and south, and had nautical
instruments of their own (y.AS.B., vol. v., p. 784).
'
^
Bombay
Gazetteer, vol.
Portuguese in India,
i.,
Part
ii.,
201
INDIAN SHIPPING
In 1584 the Portuguese were defeated in a regular
expedition which they sent against the pirates of
Goa, then a nest of buccaneers who were organized
into a formidable force under the Samurai, practising
guerilla warfare and preying on all sea-borne traffic.^
During this period the great commercial marts
on the western coast were Chaul and Dabhol,
was Bassein,
timber-producing district.
load there with timber and carry
the Turks used it for their fleet.
to Mecca,
it
where
in
built
The
One
Red Sea
the
in 161 2
was 153
ft,
by
Sir
H. Middleton on
long, 42
beam
its
voyage to
De
Coutto,
Gazetteer, vol.
i..
iv.
Part
99
ii.,
pp. 34-36.
202
p. 47.
quoted in Bombay
MAHOMEDAN PERIOD
One
mainmast 108
the
feet,
the mainyard
The English
great
following extract
make
butts.
And when
their vessels,
they lay on pitch outside, and put in an immense quantity of iron nails.
Do not imagine, however, that they have not any oakum, for it comes
there in great abundance from other countries, but they are not accustomed
to use it for ships.
They also possess as good timbers as ourselves and
in greater quantity than with us.
The sails of these ships of theirs are
made of cotton, and at the foot of the said sails they carry another sail,
this when they are sailing in order to catch more wind ;
so that they carry two sails where we carry only one.
They also carry
anchors made of marble, i.e. a piece of marble eight palmi long and two
palmi every other way. The said marble has two large ropes attached
to
it,
From
i.e.
As
Purchas,
i.
349-350
203
ii.,
p. 38.
INDIAN SHIPPING
bottom, they call Capel. Some other quick ships are called Paroo^ and
they are boats of ten paces each, and are all of one piece, and go with
oars
made
of cane,
also
is
made
of cane.
There
is
also
another kind of vessel which goes with a sail and oars. These are all
made of one piece, of the length of twelve or thirteen paces each. The
opening
is
man cannot
sit
by the
is
pp. 152
flf.
204
P.
MAHOMEDAN PERIOD
CHAPTER
The Mogul Period
II.
We now reach
establishment was founded and maintained, especially in Bengal, the home of Indian shipbuilding.
Previous to Akbar
record
and shipbuilding,
especially in
work of Akbar
there were
the Great.
According
to
life
and
Abul-Fazl,
for
the
205
to,
INDIAN SHIPPING
and
in
been
some
and
The
first
was
to see to the
purpose of
Vessels
navigation, and supervise their building.
were built of various sizes and for various purposes.
supply of ships
boats
the
for
served
for
Emperor had
also
convenient
habitations.
The
pleasure-boats built with convenient apartments, and others on which there were
and Tata.
In Allahabad and
Admiralty was
206
MAHOMEDAN PERIOD
channels, the coasts to be avoided, and the character
of
the
who
vessel,
Maullim
her destination
(3)
khelasses
of the
or
sailors
it
was
(4)
Nakhoda-
the
helmsman, of
whom
(8)
the Sukangeer, or
ship
in
(12)
were employed
in setting
sails
and
it free.
207
INDIAN SHIPPING
task of the Admiralty was " to watch
the rivers," for which an active, resolute man was
The third
appointed,
who
to the
was
Nor was he
necessity.
anywhere except
to allow
goods
to be landed
Akbar
is
kingdom.
Nothing was
exacted upon exports and imports excepting a trifle
taken at the ports which never exceeded 2 J per cent.,
and was regarded by merchants as a perfect
to
the
revenues
of
remission.^
The Ayeen4-Akhari'^
regarding the river
also gives
tolls in
some
Akbar's time
details
For every boat was charged R. i per kos at the rate of i,ooo mans
provided the boat and the men belong to one and the same owner. But
if the boat belongs to another man and everything in the boat to the man
"^
Blochmann's translation.
208
ff.
MAHOMEDAN PERIOD
is R. i for every 2^ kos. At ferry places an elephant
it, the tax
has to pay \od. for crossing; a laden cart, d^d, ; ditto, empty, 2d.; a laden
camel, id. ; empty camels, horses, cattle with thin things, ^d. ; ditto, empty, \d.
Other beasts of burden pay ^d., which included the toll due by the driver.
As
gratis.^
Bengal as settled in
Emperor Akbar, about the
year 1582, by Raja Todar Mall, in which we
find specific assignments for naval establishment.
Some perganas were definitely assigned for main-
established
revenue)
behalf of the Mogul
it
to be furnished
by the zemindars
mated
at
structing
Rs.
new
amounted annually
^
Blochmann's
and
repairing
to Rs. 8,43,452.
the
old,
fleet
was
The
translation.
209
INDIAN SHIPPING
principally stationed at Dacca, as
its
its
headquarters,
functions for guard-
ing the coast of Bengal against the then veryfrequent incursions of the Maggs and other
foreign
or
pirates
invaders.
Under
the
royal
of
the
Nowwara
or
of
Dacca
jurisdiction
Admiralty
was placed the whole coast from Mundelgaut (near
Bundar of
Balesore, which
was
also liable to
allowed
to
make a
settlement
at
Hugli.
The
of
the
were
country
nearly
one-third
jaigeer,
which was
the
district,
of
computed
extent.
its
the
included
to
comprise
The Nowwara
principal assignment in
the
best lands of the
and
artificers
of the
Topography and
Government, 1840).
fleet.^
Statistics
210
MAHOMEDAN PERIOD
assigned for the support of the Nowwara, a fruitful source of revenue for the
support of the
naval establishment was derived from the Mheer
Baree, which was a tax on the building of
boats varying from 8 as. to R. i 4 as., accordIt was levied
ing to the size of the vessels.
upon
all
the district.
as,
per
oar; to Calcutta lo as. ; and to Benares R.i 8 as., while boats arriving
from these places were taxed at the rate of i, 2, and 4 rupees per boat.
and boatmen
As
Arrakan
pirates,
both
Magg and
come by
Bengal.
They carried off the Hindus and
threw them one above another under
Moslems,
the decks of their ships
and sold them to the
Dutch, English, and French merchants at the ports
of the Deccan.
Sometimes they brought the
constantly to
"
211
P 2
INDIAN SHIPPING
dominions."
that
"
flotilla
With
said
it is
their
The
Nowwara came from
flight."^
the
materials for
The
The Venetian
kingdom of Arrakan.
traveller,
Cesare
Fedrici, writing about the year 1565,
states that 200 ships were laden yearly with salt,
di
for
built
^
From the contemporary Persian account of Shihab-ud-din Talish in
MS. Bodleian 589, Sachau and Eth^s Catalogue, entry 240, translated by
Ibid.
Ibid.
212
i.,
pp. 444-5.
Ibid.
MAHOMEDAN PERIOD
and stationed
boats
at
Dacca.
barges for the Viceroys, and two vessels, magnificently fitted up, had annually to be dispatched to
The
abad.
''
as
it
in
"
large
The means
and
of locomotion
small, to the
Ayeen-i-Akbari, vol.
ii.,
is
number of 40,000."
p.
338.
213
Jarret's translation
of the
INDIAN SHIPPING
march to the sea. There is a small channel (called nar in the language
of Thatta) communicating with the port which is unfordable. Between
the port and the ocean there is but one inhabited spot, called Suimiani.
to the Mir Bandar, or port master, with a loaded
is always stationed.
of
Whenever a ship enters the creek
ordnance,
piece
it intimates its approach by firing a gun, which is responded to by the
now go
belong
Bandar ;
boats, repair
those on the
Every vessel
the business
its
cargo
is
We
may now
refer to
some
In
[590 Akbar
Elliot, vol.
^
i.,
p. 277.
Ibid., vol.
i.,
Ibid., vol.
iii.,
p.
370.
MAHOMEDAN PERIOD
opened his long-continued campaign against Behar
and Bengal, and sent the Khan Khanan Munim
Khan
who
The
accommodation."
When
Two
own
men
in boats
siege."
and Patna
fell
into the
Bengal was not easily pacified. The Mogul jaigirdars in Bengal and Behar attempted to defy
The Afghans also availed
Akbar's authority.
themselves of this opportunity, took up arms, and
made themselves masters of Orissa and part of
first.
who
of Jaipur,
It
that
we
INDIAN SHIPPING
a remarkable outburst of naval activity in
Eastern Bengal, and proofs of a naval organization
find
The chief
establishing the Nowwara at Dacca.
centres of this Hindu naval activity were Sripur,
Bakla or Chandradwipa,
He
naval genius but hardly sufficiently known.
had many men-of-war kept always in readiness in
In 1602 he
shipyards and naval stations.
recovered the island of Sandwipa from the Moguls
his
and placed
its
The King of
captured 149 of the enemy's vessels.
Arrakan fared equally ill in his second attempt
against Kedar Roy's allies, although he dispatched
But
as many as 1,000 war-vessels against them.
to face a
another direction
216
MAHOMEDAN PERIOD
Man
Singh, the then Viceroy of Bengal, was convinced of the necessity of extinguishing the power
Man Singh
to
make a
500 men-of-war,
first
men,
is
a well-known
Ramachandra
his son and
^
fact.^
The
reputation
as a hero
was
successor,
Kirtinarayana,
Takmilla-i-Akbarndma, in
fully
passage
from the
of
maintained by
i66
who was
flf.
217
INDIAN SHIPPING
equally skilful in naval warfare, and succeeded in
ousting the Feringhis from their settlements near
the
mouths
of
the
His
Meghna.
alliance
was
Hindu
Bengal was that
established at
were always
to
be found
who
i6th century
speak in high terms of the wealth flowing from her
brisk sea-borne trade and the greatness and magnitravellers
visited
some
ficence of
"
Bengal as
Bengal
of her ports.
in the
Purchas describes
very wholesome
"
silk,
air."
of Bengal
flesh of every kind, in great quantity of sugar, also
of ginger, and of great abundance of cotton, than
:
any country
in the world."
218
MAHOMEDAN PERIOD
English traveller to Bengal (1586), mentions
some of the ports and marts of Bengal. One of
the
first
Of
cotton cloth."
"
Here
says,
that
is
is in all
India.
much
wherewith they
serve all India, Ceylon, Pegu, Malacca, Sumatra,
and many other places."
Satgaon was another
thus
is
of
emporium
great
and
rice,
Here
things.
in
salt."
INDIAN SHIPPING
back as the days of Pala and Sena kings. As
the place was surrounded on all sides by rivers it
naturally gave a great impetus to boat-building and
maritime activity, of which the first proofs we get
are in the time of the Pala kings. In the Kalimpur
In
boats.
inscriptions
Under
the
Musulman kings
of Bengal,
Gaur con-
and importance. We
have already seen how in the 15th century ambassadors from China to Bengal and from Bengal to
China used to carry presents as tokens of mutual
friendship between the sovereigns of both the
In the i6th century, under the rule
countries.^
of the Hussain Shah dynasty, the city attained its
Hussain Shah (1498- 1520 a.d.)
greatest splendour.
tinued to
grow
fTf^fr ^wfir^^
in prosperity
^sf^
fr^^TTi;;,
i.e.
"
Now
from
his
royal
ceeding
See
p.
camp
of
220
Ep.
Ind.^
MAHOMEDAN PERIOD
himself maintained a powerful fleet, with which he
once invaded Assam. ^
In Hunter's Statistical
for
sail
how from
"
"
"
year
fifty
De
who
visited
in the reign of
it
"
1538 A.D.)
called Gaur.
:
in length
streets
traffic
past.
and
Mahmud
III.
(1532-
The
so
stately
No.
*
3
in
I.
Vol.
vii., p.
95.
221
i.,
ch.
ix.,
pp. 415
fF.
i.,
INDIAN SHIPPING
thousand families, and well fortified
along the
streets, which are wide and straight, rows of trees
to shade the people, which sometimes in such
;
numbers
that
some
trod
are
to death."
Besides
we
We
have already made extracts from the account contained in Kavikankana Chandi of the adventures
of the merchant Dhanapati, who lived many years
in Gaur, and of his son S'rimanta, who sailed in
name
Gaur
to
who
sailed
occupied so
from
much
Delhi
of
scarcely
to
the
for
river
of Dhanapati,
in ships that
that
there
was
local
tradition, preserved in
^tf^ ^t^f^
^c?
<tif^
222
^c^
II
Palit's
learned
MAHOMEDAN PERIOD
commerce.
One
of
the
MSS.
gives a glowing
of
its
maritime
river,
and of the
testifying
trade.
Some
to
light
the
is
of iron nails.^
It
is
pm fV^
fpf?^ ^t%^
^f%
'
II
223
INDIAN SHIPPING
CHAPTER
The Mogul Period
III.
{continued)
From the
the development
of Indian shipping and shipbuilding in the reign
of Akbar and of the contributions made to it not
efforts,
As
stated
in the
contemporary Persian
"
Magg
in
Jahangir's
to
come
to
Dacca for
used
pirates
J.A.S.B.^
vol.
iii.,
224
MAHOMEDAN PERIOD
Sebastian Gonzales, then in possession of Sandwipa,
and commanding an army of i,ooo Portuguese,
2,000 sepoys, 200 cavalry, and 80 well-armed
vessels of different sizes,
a descent
large army
of
200,000
foot, 700 elephants,
4,000 horse,
consisting
and a fleet of 1,000 ships {Akbarndma). In 1600 an
fleet
was sent
to
Kuch Hajo,
i.,
225
No.
i,
pp.
64
flF.
INDIAN SHIPPING
Nowwara. An engagement ensued in which 4,000 of
them were slain and fifteen of their boats fell into the
hands of the Mogul Government. The Maggs also
were continuing their depredations in the southern
parts of the district.
the country was at
'*
The
this
established
time
almost
rental of
entirely-
of the
Fedai
Khan
obtained the
same sum
imperial
viz., five
to
dues
lacs to the
Emperor and
on
the
of
lacs
in lieu of the
invasion
of
the
Assamese,
it
is
the
clerks
(mutasaddis)
ruined
the
pargannahs assigned for maintaining the Nowwarrah (fleet). Many (naval) officers and workmen
holding jagir or stipend were overpowered by
poverty and starvation."
In the reign of Aurangzeb, when Mir Jumla
came to Bengal as viceroy in 1660, removing the
seat of
*'
to
MAHOMEDAN PERIOD
of the expenditure and
which amounted to fourteen
flotilla,
With a view
lacs of rupees."^
to
guarding against
about
of
confluence
the
built several
Luckia and
the
Issamutty, and constructed several good militaryroads and bridges in the vicinity of the town.^ In
1 66 1 Mir
Jumla marched against Kuch Behar, and
easily annexed the kingdom, when the Raja Bhim
following year (1662) he
embarked on his conquest of Assam with a large
Narain
In the
fled.
force consisting
Nowwara.
imperial
of infantry
About 800
fleet,
and
cannonade
the
and the
artillery
the whole
lasting
in the capture of
300 or 400
enough
to
accommodate
The
many
80, 70,
The
Ghrabs
the
engagement con-
......
......
......
:
Kosahs
in
MS. Bodleian
159
48
10
Taylor's Topography
and
Statistics
227
of Dacca,
p. 76.
Q 2
INDIAN SHIPPING
Parindahs
MAHOMEDAN PERIOD
means adopted by Shaista Khan to revive the
"As timber and shipwrights were
Nowwara.
required for repairing and fitting out the ships, to
every mauza of the province that had timber and
carpenters bailiffs were sent with warrants to take
them to Dacca." The principal centres of ship-
At headquarters, too,
possible."
did not for a moment "forget to
Dacca as
sent to
Shaista
Khan
mature plans
Hakim
Mahammad
Hussain,
mansabdar,
an
old,
able,
department. ...
To
all
ports
of
this
department
Kishore Das, a
was appointed
Nowwara
Nawab, we
find the
To
of Chatgaon, the
Nawab
229
INDIAN SHIPPING
ships at Sangramgara, where the
Brahmaputra
unite,
and another
at
of
island
The
side.
Hussain.
below
Moor, deserted
to the
Mogul
Ghrabs
......
Salb
Kusa
Jalba
Bachhari
Parenda
Not
21
157
.
specified
Total
96
.2
......
.....
.
6
3
.288
Nawab
Arrakanese were
The
captured.
faced each other,
MAHOMEDAN PERIOD
the Carnafuli river.
The Moguls
closed
its
mouth
viz.
INDIAN SHIPPING
"
Account
of
the
trade
of
Metchlepatam," by
He
dated
Christopher Hotton,
9th Jan. 1676-77.
says: "Arriving first in 1657, at which time I
voyages
Malacca,
to
.
Arracan,
.
Moca,
Pegu,
Tanassery,
and
Persia,
the
Queda,
Maldive
Islands."
The King
marine.
He had
to Arrakan,
had a mercantile
of Golconda also
Tenassery, and
Ceylon
to
purchase
less
Narsapore,
was
It
"
45
in
burden."^
miles
north of
Masulipatam,
"
(p. 99).
Morris,
"
232
fF.
MAHOMEDAN PERIOD
"
"
Pinnace
"
"
We
are so
good as at Massapore."
Madapollum was another shipping centre where
"many English merchants and others have their
Here is the best
ships and vessels yearly built.
and well-grown timber in sufficient plenty, the best
iron
seen
several
here
in
excellent
way
of
making shrouds,
Bowrey
have
They have an
stays, or
any other
refers to a sort of
"
"
ship-money imposed
by Nawab Shaista Khan of Bengal on the mercantile community to build up the naval defence or
power of the country. Thus, not satisfied that all,
both rich and poor, should bow to him, but wishing
the ships
Ibid., pp.
100-5.
233
fF.
INDIAN SHIPPING
chants in Hugli, Jessore, Pipli, and Balasore for a
ship or two in each respective place of 400, 500, or
600
Of
the
Nawab s
and sent up
mercantile marine
Bowrey says
of ships of considerable burden that annually trade to sea from
that
it
consists of about
"
20
sail
6 or
7,
pp. 179-80.
2
IHd,
Bay
of Bengal^
'^^mii^m^mmm^''
*:x^r>'^?^'^mi^m-^.-
A PATELLA.
AN OLOAKO.
i
A BUDGAROO.
[To face ^.
235.
MAHOMEDAN PERIOD
strike."
There
is
catamaran, made of
buoyant timber
"
Bowrey noticed
an
exceeding
lading ships.
They
pepper, and
carry
salt,
other
of-war prows
"
in
the
Malaya
Archipelago.^
'
Ibid.
235
Bay of Bengal,
p. 43.
INDIAN SHIPPING
who
some
Dr. Fryer,
has also
left
whom
men
of rudder
the boat
is
^
so artificially that it yields to every ambitious surf."
He describes catamarans as formed of *' logs lashed
them."
little
trouble
out-
"The build of the boats all along the coast of India varies
according to the localities for which they are destined, and each is peculiarly
adapted to the nature of the coast on which it is used."
remarks,
236
.\\.'\:
9
A PURGOO.
A BOORA.
MAN-OF-WAR PROW
[
To face
p. 236.
MAHOMEDAN PERIOD
shipping centres in Aurangzeb
s time.
According
had
at
four
Surat
to Dr. Fryer (1672) Aurangzeb
great ships always in pay to carry pilgrims to Mecca
These vessels were "huge, unshapen
free of cost.
things."
ships or
He
some Indian
Magg and
most
influential
merchant
in Surat,
was captured by
time.
237
INDIAN SHIPPING
Bombay, a ship belonging to the Emperor Aurangzeb
the
himself, called
Gunj Suwaie (** exceeding
treasure"). According to Khafi Khan, the historian,
the Gunj Suwaie was the largest ship belonging to
the port of Surat.
She carried eight guns and
four hundred matchlocks, and was deemed so strong
that she disdained the help of a convoy.
She was
z'
a ship of
much
smaller
size,
at Rs. 1,70,000.
see,
used to
leader, S'ivaji,^
J.
who
liberally
"
DufFs History of the Mahrattas^ p. 85
Having seen the
a
fleet
used
derived
from
S'ivaji
advantage
great exertions to fit
out a marine.
He rebuilt or strengthened Kolaba, repaired Severndroog
"^
Cf.
....
238
MAHOMEDAN PERIOD
patronized the shipbuilding industry. The growth
of the Mahratta power was accompanied by the
formation of a formidable
built,
fleet.
Kolaba,
the like,
in
the annals
of
**
Under him
"
History of the Konkan in the Bombay Gazetteer^ vol. i.. Part ii., pp. 68
"
Shivaji caused a survey to be made of the coast, and having fixed
foil.
on Malvan
and the
rendezvous of their
'
fleet
INDIAN SHIPPING
coast from
Bombay
Bombay
frigate,
engagement.
In
In
17 10
he
seized
and
fortified
Bombay's armed yacht, and fought two East Indiamen bound for Bombay. In 17 16 he made prize of
four private ships from Mahim, an East Indiaman
named Success, and a Bengal ship named Otter.
Then
followed, successively,
expeditions
against
off Colaba.
In 1732,
five
fifteen sail of
240
MAHOMEDAN PERIOD
attacked Colaba with his
army and
forty Or fifty
In 1743
Sambhuji died, leaving his predatory policy to be
His greatest
continued by his successor, Toolaji.
galHvats, but
1754
Toolaji's
the
Dutch
hands,
suffered
losing
vessel
severe
loss
at
with
loaded
Then
the
well-planned
expedition led by
Admiral Watson ^and Clive against Gherriah,
resulting in the burning of the Angrian fleet,
"
three three-masted ships carrying
consisting of
The
following
is
INDIAN SHIPPING
by an eye-witness of Angria's fleet
consisted of grabs and gallivats.
have rarely more than two masts.
.
"His fleet
The grabs
.
They
are
On
very broad in proportion to their length.
the main deck under the forecastle are mounted
.
of the broadside
are
mount
four pounders.
They have
from two
to
The
attack
to
ships
of
force
or
fleet,
burthen."^
of
Gherriah
Bombay
Gazetteer, vol.
242
i.,
Part
ii.,
p. 89.
o
W c
^ I
<;
o a
Q 5
<^
<
H
H
LATER TIMES
CHAPTER
IV.
Later Times.
With
useful
work,
Colonel
said
"
:
of the
the
in
especially
Hon. Leicester
marine
surveying.
Stanhope,
in
1827,
and
the second
put
on a permanent
footing
attained respectable dimensions by
half of the 17th century.
In 1669
it
W.
Pett as
shipbuilder
at
243
R 2
INDIAN SHIPPING
designated as the
Bombay
Marine.
work was
till
transferred to
1735,
building-
when most
establishment had
Navy
services,
Surat to Bombay.
The
of Jumsetjee being
made known
to their lordships,
over England.
244
LATER TIMES
successively the appointment of head builders in
the Bombay Government Dockyard from 1736 up
to 1837
From 1736
1774
1793
1805
1811
1821
to
Lowjee
Manseckjee and Bomenjee
Framjee and Jamsetjee
Jamsetjee and Ruttonjee
Jamsetjee and Nowrojee
Nowrojee and Cursetjee
1774
1783
1805
1811
1821
1837
The degree
describing
Bombay
in
1775,
said:
"Here
is
is,
situation."^
Lieut.-Col. A.
the
"The docks
Bombay
force.
Bombay
is
our
grand
naval arsenal
in
^
TAe History of the Indian Navy, in two volumes, by Lieutenant
C. R. Low, LN.; Bombay Times, i8th May, 1839; Papers relating to
Shipbuilding in India, by John Phipps (1840), late of the Master Attendant
"
India and the Navy," in the London
Office ; Sir Cyprian Bridge on
(445
vi., p.
316).
in
the
year
181 1
INDIAN SHIPPING
Bombay was
India."
facilities
as she
is
blows."
Lieut.-Col. A.
England.
"
to
Bombay
Walker
Old
wrote, in 1811
It is calculated that
Great Britain
well
known
is
that
last
fifty
cheapness.
The
me
but hardly known fact that such of our old wooden ships as still survive
(for the seasoned wood of which our ships are built has a definite length of
coast trade of Northlife) have passed at second and third hand into the
western Europe, and are
to be
met with
in
and other
little
still
246
LATER TIMES
same
"
by one-fourth
cheaper than in the docks of England, so that the
English-built ships requiring to be renewed every
the
writer,
famine produced
building were made in districts like Sylhet, ChittaMr. Lindsay, Collector of Sylhet
gong, and Dacca.
in 1780,
built of
From
78 1
to
i860
inclusive,
thirty-five
ships,
total
82 1
Assam
247
ii.
(Sylhet), p. 155.
INDIAN SHIPPING
Hugli 237 ships, of 105,693 tons, which, reckoned
at an average cost of 200 rupees per ton, makes
the enormous
sum of two crores of rupees
and upwards a considerable part of which sum
;
was absorbed
artificers
and
in
the
payment of wages
to native
country.^
The
ment
first
W.
northern boundaries of
248
LATER TIMES
generally of sisoo timber, the beams and inside
planks of saul, and the bottoms, sides, decks, keels,
The excellence of teak for
sternposts, etc., of teak.
is
Of sisoo and
admirably adapted to
first rate
conveying to the Port of London the trade of the private British merchants
of Bengal.
From
from
"
Howrah,
Sulkea, Cosipore, Tittaghar, Kidderpore, and Fort
Gloucester)," it appears that the total number of
The greatest building years
ships built was 376.
1
781-1839
(including
249
Calcutta,
INDIAN SHIPPING
were 1801, 18 13, and 1876, when 10,079, 10,376, and
8,198 tons respectively were put in.
The Indian Navy, which was thus created and
up by the
service
efforts of the
East Africa.
shores of
the
facilitated
Red
Indian waters,
protected and
of Indian
operations
It
trading
local
also
It
was
finally
abolished
assumption of the
in
April,
1863,
Government of
(181
his
1)
in his
In
^
This rare work is to be found in the splendid library of Mr. Abanindranath Tagore, the renowned Bengali artist, to whom I also owe the
The French reprint was
reproductions from the Sculptures of Borobudur.
issued 1808-12
there
is
is
an
complete.
earlier reprint
The
coloured plates.
250
LATER TIMES
so much so that the English, attentive to everything which relates to
naval architecture, have borrowed from the Hindus many improvements
which they have adopted with success to their own shipping
The
....
utility,
workmanship.
He
of
the
frequented by
larly
by large
Hugli,
their pilots
being
a ship with three masts, a pointed prow, and a
its
crew consisting of a Nicodar or
bowsprit
;
The
captain and a few clashies or Moorish sailors.
grabs were built at Bombay, their pointed prow
The Bangles were
signifying Hindu Construction.
the largest Indian boats, some of them carrying
four
thousand or
five
thousand maunds of
rice.
of
those
countries.
To
the
coast
of
Its
251
INDIAN SHIPPING
It was badly rigged.
planks fastened on each side.
Pattooas, lastly, were those ships that differed from
"
the
little
The yard is
pieces of iron in the form of cramps.
always without sail, and the sails are hoisted and
lowered by blocks."
252
PINNACE.
[
To face p.
2^'2,
GRAB.
[Ta /ace p. 252.
PATTOOA.
[
To face
p. 252.
DONY.
[To /ace p.
252."
>
)
'c O
>
BRICK.
[
To face p.
252.
CONCLUSION.
Thus
which that
India
now
and influenced
is
without this
And
which can
The
is
our dependence on
foreign shipping, and for this we have, on a rough
estimate, to pay a price of about 25 crores of rupees
ing, with the result of increasing
year.
We
have
trade
relations
with
every
side
other.
INDIAN SHIPPING
The
total
is
lies at
liberty to
Even
our coastal or
inter-portal
in
trade,
the
to charge
the matter of
which
is
also
national shipping,
is
seventh to the
native.
passengers that voyage within Indian limits, numbering over 15 lacs every year and, lastly, the outgoing
;
there
is
costing
CONCLUSION
take up the
now goes
The
foreign company.
postal
to a
will
trade, of
which the
total
tonnage
is
1 1
,800,000 tons,
89 per
cent, foreign.
present day
Our
each,
making up
number of
so
who build
invested
in
shipbuilding
may
be
estimated
at
V^
INDIAN SHIPPING
handicapped as they are by the want of a fully
It therefore behoves
developed Indian shipping.
Government and
all
material progress of
the
importance
restoring
and
on modern
who
India
are
to
necessity
lines
interested
in
the
be fully alive to
of reviving
lost
industry
and
that
256
INDEX I SUBJECTS.
wherefrom to be derived, 6
foreign evidences
Indian evidences
of, 6, 7
of, 6, 7
how
to be built up, 8
activity,
40
in,
in ancient India,
180
Articles of merchandise
Roman
Aryans, migrations
trade,
of, 1 1
'
B
Bakla, centre of naval strength in Bengal, 216, 217
Banias of Western India trading on Persian coast, 87
Bengal,
home
of shipbuilding, 205
art,
influence
of,
on Nepalese
art,
157
157
artists,
reformers, 155
257
INDEX
I.SUBJECTS
custom
Boats, registry
61
of,
211
of,
192, 193
trailer,
Bodyguard of Tamil
kings, 128
of,
246
first
of the world-religions,
2,
C
Cabins of ships, 26
Calcutta-built ship,
first,
247
Cane used
for
Canoe, 32
Centre of naval strength, Bakla, 216
wood, 20
Coins, Andhra, 51
Kurumbar,
,,
Roman,
5r
etc., 4,
171, 163
Commercial
258
INDEX
I. SUBJECTS
D
Damascus swords, i8i
Deal
in birds
77
horses, 77
Decline of Occidental trade, 126
Decorations of ships, 25
Dockyard
in
Agashi, 202
at
of
Bombay, 243
Kedar Roy, 216
of Protapaditya, 218
at Narsapore,
232
,
E
Economic system of ancient India, 179
Edict, marine, of Asoka, 114
Egyptians with Arabians hold monopoly of commerce for 900 years, 95
to Persia, 40
European
alliance
first
influence on India, 3
and
foreign,
how
activity, literary
arranged, 6
Expansion of India, 1 1
closing years
of,
39
F
Ferry
fees,
106
Fish, iron, 48
Alexander, 100-102
Angria, 239
the Cheras destroyed, 175
,,
259
s 2
INDEX
I. SUBJECTS
Dhanapati, 158
Gujarat, 201
Portuguese, 201
Raja of "Vishalgad, 200
Fringuan or Portuguese
sailors,
181
of,
Maurya Empire,
209
G
Gaur, commercial centre
at,
219, 220
Graeco-Roman
influence
on India, 3
Greater India, 43
H
Harbour regulations under the Mauryas, 106-111
Hebrew text, Dravidian words in, 92
Hellenic influence on India, 3
Hides, dressing
of,
191
Hindu compass, 47
Hindu element in Java and Sumatra, 201
Hindu-Javanese ship, 45-48
Hindu settlement, 133
I
a single country, i
colonies of, in Madagascar,
commercial
connection
etc.,
activity of, 4, 5
260
INDEX
I. SUBJECTS
intercourse the
making
of, 2
region by itself, i
of,
,.
Egypt, 91
contingent in Xerxes' army, 95
Marine, abolition
39
of,
250
rice,
40
,,
monopoly of
spices, 83
Insurance, marine, 61
Intercourse as much a potent factor in the making of India as isolation, 3, 4
Invasion, naval, of Puri, 40
Jaigeer,
Nowwara, 210
'
K
Kalinga people, traces
of, in
Singapore,
261
1 49-1 51
INDEX
I. SUBJECTS
M
Machcha-yantra or fish-machine, 48 (note)
Madagascar, Indian colony in, 4
Golden Age
of, 40
Indian evidences of, 6
in the
proofs of, 8
the real historical narrative
of,
how
to
be
in shipbuilding,
of,
102
206-208
office of,
205
Metals for decorative purposes, 25
Monastic system in China, foundation
Monopoly,
India's, in spices,
in shipbuilding,
166
83
Maurya
discovery of regularity
Monsoon,
Mosaic period, 91
Mummies wrapped
of,
royal,
of,
102
by Hippalus, 123
in Indian muslin, 91
Municipal commission, rules framed by, for foreigners, 112
Mystical Buddhism in China, foundation of, 172
262
built up, 8
157-160
INDEX
I. SUBJECTS
N-
Names
Bachhari, 230
Bajra, 228, 235
Balam, 228, 231
Bangles, 251
Bhar, 228
Boora, 235
Budgaroo, 235
Capel, 204
Catamaran, 234
Chaturi, 204
Dirgha (Vishesa), 23
Dony, 251
244
Frigate,
Gallivats,
240
Khalu, 231
26, 37, 42
Mohrpunkee, 213
Muggurchera, 213
Oloako, 235
Palwara, 228
Parinda, 228, 230
Paros, 204
228
Patila, 228
Patil,
Pattooas, 252
Pinnace, 251
Purgoo, 235
Rhatgiri, 228
Salb, 228, 230
Samanya, 22
Sambuchi, 203
Sarbamandira, 26
263
INDEX I. SUBJECTS
Names
Unnata (Vishesa), 23
Vishesa, 22
Names
Chandrapana, 160
Chandapata, 160
Chotamukhi, 160
Derby, 240
Durgavara, 160
Futteh Mahmood, 237
Gangaprasad, 159
Godolphin, 240
Gooarakhi, 160
Gunj-Suwaie, 238
Hansarava, 159
Madhukara, 160
Nandi, 165
Ockham, 240
Otter, 240
Rajavallava, 159
Rampura, 238
Restoration, 241
Sagarafena, 159
Sankshachura, 160
Si6hamukhi, 160
Sir
Edward Hughes, 46
Success, 240
Names
Bhandaree, 207
Darya-Saranga, 239
Datra-rasmi-grahaka, 109
Goomtee, 207
Gunners, 207
Keranee, 207
Kherwah, 207
Maullim (the mate), 207
Meer Behry, 206
Nacquedhah
Nakhoda-khesheb, 207
Niyamaka, 109
Punjeree, 207
Shasaka (captain of a ship), 109
264
INDEX
Names
I. SUBJECTS
Sirheng, 207
Tmdal
architecture,
Balban, 190
Babar, 205
Firoz Shah Tuglak, 196
Shaista Khan, 228
Sultan
Timur, 196
Mahmud,
187
expedition against
Assam, 226
headquarters at Dacca, 210
invasion of Puri, 40
power of the Angrias, 239
Kuch
Behar, 225
to
Navigation, art
Number
in
O
Ocean-going vessels, 23, 40,
Officers in ships, 207
Ordinary ships, 22
Outrigger ship, 48
73,
88
P
Palace of Chola king, 137
Nebuchadnezzar, 87
Parsis as master shipbuilders at Surat, 244
74,
93
INDEX
I. SUBJECTS
in Asoka's time,
Khan, 228
113
85-95
Prows of vessels, 25
Puri, naval invasion of,
40
Q
Queen
Rajput
sailors,
R
194
Registry of boats, 211
Regulations, harbour, 106 in
Revival of Occidental trade, 127
Land
of the, 156
208
Roman
Roman
Rome,
men by
of, 36
Portuguese pirates, 211
266
in,'
32
INDEX I.SUBJECTS
Settlement, Hindu, 133
Shipbuilders, salaried servants of
Shipbuilding, capital invested
centres of, 206
in,
"
in Bengal,
246
,,
Sylhet, 212
kings, 102
Ship-commerce,
Ship-tax, 200
art of,
,,
Mahratta, 239
in Bengal,
at Calicut,
,,
201
guidance
of,
used
names
in
203
ordinary, 23
protection
naval warfare, 26
i
of,
of,
198
193
in Pali works, 28
in Sanskrit works, 19, 20, 21
special, 23
varieties of, described
by Bowrey, 231
from China, 56
weighed with gold, 83
267
>
INDEX I. SUBJECTS
Streamers, use of, 48
Superintendent of ships under the Mauryas, 105-112
T
Tamil kings, bodyguards
of,
128
Teak
Temple dedicated
to Augustus,
249
129
Tolls, 208
Occidental, decline
of,
countries, 82
126
U
Ur, Indian teak in, 85, 87
Use of Gupta and White-Huna coins in Madagascar,
etc.,
V
Vessels built at Dacca, 212, 213
used in naval warfare, kind
of,
26
W
Woods,
classification of,
Woodwrights, village
of,
20
74
Y
Yavana colony, 128
268
189
INDEX
II. PROPER
NAMES.
America, 83, 98
Amitodana, 165
Ammianus
Marcellinus, 139
Andaman, 176
Andhra,
Abul-Feda, 189
Achaemenides, 3
Aden, 191
Andhrabhritya, 35, 38
Anga, 144
Adzeitta, 71
Anguttara Nikaya, 73
Anjanabel, 239
Antonio, 158
Afghanistan, 84
Africa, 4, 5, 89, 97, 133, 201
Agashi, 202
179
Angria, 239-242
Agastya, 68
Agni, 55
Agra, 213, 214
Agramandira, 26, 41
Ahmad Shah, 200
Ahmedabad, 200
Archipelago, 5
Aria, 112
Ajanna-Jataka, 78
Ajanta, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43
Arjuna, 57
Aromata, 134
Alaric, 127
Aryappadai-Kadantha-Nedunj-Chilliyam, 128
Albuquerque, 201
Asia, 4,
Ariake, 134
5,
131, 151
Assaconi, loi
Allahabad, 206
Asvins, 27, 54
Amaravati, 149
69
INDEX
II. PROPER
NAMES
Aufrecht, Prof., 19
Baudhayana, 59
Baveru, 74, 78, 90
137, 138
Aurangzeb,
Ausil
Toomar Jumma,
14,
231
209
Bay
Australasia, 253
Australia, 5, 98
Avanti, 137
Begini, 24
Awaji, 174
Babar, 205
Babylon, 74, 77, 82, 85, 86, 87, 88,
89, 94
Babylonia, 86, 87
Backergunj, 216
Bachhari, 230
Bharu, 75
Bharukachchha, 29,
89
Bhaya, 22
Bactria, 139
Bhikshuni-Nidana, 165
Bhima, 22
Bhojajanuya-Jataka, 78
Bhojapara, 171
Bhik, 221
Balban, 190
Bhubaneshwara, 37
Baldeo, 225
Bhujyu, 27, 54
98
Bamian, 153
Bandru, 201
Bitpal, 157
Banga, 144
Banghella, 221
Bodhisattva, 39, 78
Bangles, 251
Bodhisattvavadana
Bankshall, 248
113
Bodhisena, 173
Kalpalata,
Bodleian, 15
Bombay,
270
246
lo,
INDEX
II.PROPER
NAMES
218
Booras, 235
Chakafiri,
Borneo,
Chaldaea, 85
Chalukya, 147
4, 171
Borobudur,
157
Chamban
Champa,
Buddhagat, 145
Budgaroo, 235
Biihler, Dr., 8, 53, 58, 74,
223
Chanakya, 105
Chandeun, 219
Chandi, 158
Chandikan, 216, 218
Chandradwipa, 216
Chandra Gupta, 104, 112, 114, 116,
152, 178, 182, 206
Chandrapana, 160
Buddha,
Ali,
87
Burgess, 69
ChandrasvamI, 67
Bussora, 186
Chand Saodagara,
Chao Jukua, 170
Byzantium, 56
Chapa, 169
Burma,
142
Chapala, 22
Chaturi, 214
Cairo, 199
Chavada, 169
Chavakam, 143
Chembur, 132
Cheng-Ho, 197
Cheng- Kuan, 170
Cambaet, 191
Canton, 166
Capel, 204
Caracalla, 126, 127
Carnafuli, 231
Camatic, 247
Carvalius, 216
Chilmari, 229
China,
Chittagong, 247
177, 195
185, 195
Chach, 153
Chach-nama,
13,
14
Chotamukhi, 160
Christ, 144
Chu-fan-chih, 170
Chula Punna, 71
Chyrse Chersonesus, 78
271
INDEX
II. PROPER
NAMES
De
Claudius, 120
Coutto, 14
Dehli, 189, 190, 222, 226
Cochin, 241
Deir-el-Bahari, 90
Delmar, 84
De
Souza, 221
Colandiophonta, 133
Constantine, 139
Dhar, 19
Dharini, 24
Corbulo, 139
Corea, 155
Dharmakrama, 166
Dhapa, 230
Dharmapaladeva, 220
Coromandel,
11,
50, 51,
13T,
133.
Cosir, 199
Cosmas
Dharur, 132
Dhlman, 157
Digha Nikaya,
142, 231
Indicopleustes, 140
Cossipore, 249
73,
88
Dilawwar, 230
Dineschander Sen, 156
Diodorus, 102
Dipavansa, 72
Dirgha, 22, 23
Crawford, 149
Ctesias, 9, 98, 99
Dirghika, 23
Diu, 169, 201
Ctesiphon, 94
Cunningham, 33
Dony, 251
Dows, 133
Drakes, 40
Cyrene, 113
Cursetjee, 245
Curtius, 100, loi
DudhaU, 218
Duff, 239
Dabhol, 202
Dulva, 145
Durgavara, i6o
Dvaraka, 66
Dwarka, 169
Dakhan, 94
Damascus, 120, 181, 190
Damodar, 210
Dandi, 66
Edora, 94
Ekdala, 196
Daud, 215
Elam, 137
Deccan, 40,
Eloth, 92, 94
272
146
Gatvara, 23
England, 158
Epiphania, 94
Gautama, 60
Erukkaddur
Thayan
Kannanar
Akam, 135
Gedrosia, 89
Germanae, 138
Ghatakakarika, 15
Ghiyas-ud-din
Azam
Shah, 197
Ezion-Geber, 92, 94
Gobi, 97
Godavari, 149, 232
Gogra, 189, 205
Gokarna, 64
Golconda, 232
Fathiyyah-i-ibriyyah, 15,
172
228
Fergusson, 149
Gotamiputra, 35
Grabs, 251
Grant, 209
Florus, 138
Framjee, 245
Man seekjee,
Griffins,
244
99
Griffiths, 38,
Fringuan, 209
Gujadhar, 225
Galbats, 255
Galivats, 240
Gambhira, 222
Gamini, 23
Gandhara, 117, 152
Gangaprasada, 159
Gunabhadra, 166
Gunavarman, 165
Gupta, II, 39, 163
Gurjjaras, 152, 169
H
Hadrian, 117
Haimadesha, 68
Gangaikonda-chola, 175
2, 28, 65, 70, 75,
41
Guardafui, 134
Frobishers, 40
Ganges,
Goomtee, 207
Framjee,
Goa, 202
133, 177,
Hajipur, 215
Hajjaj, 185
Garbhini, 24
Hakluyt, 199
Hamza, 168
Garuda Purana, 68
Hasarava, 159
273
INDEX
II. PROPER
Haridasa
Palit, 223
Harsha, 12, 65
Harshavardhana, 11, 40, 163, 170
Hastinapur, 66
NAMES
Ham,
175, 176
India,
i, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, 7, 9,
10, 34,
Hatasu, 90
97, 99,
Heeren, 90, 97
Heliopolis, 94
Herodotus,
di
113-119, 120,
99
n, 36
Indian Archipelago 3, 182
Indian Ocean, 8, 53, 68, 133, 142,
India, South,
Hewitt, 85, 86
Hieronimo
102, 112,
Himalaya, 2
Hind, 188
Hindusthan, 190
143
Indies, 158
Indo-Aryans,
Hippalus, 123
Hira, 168
Indo-Chinese, 164
Hiram,
Indraprastha, 130
Indo-Scythians, 139
92, 93
Hitopade6a, 67
Hiuen Tsang,
Indus,
11, 12, 38, 162, 168,
169
Irak,
Hiwanti, 164
2, 3,
188
Horiuzi, 156
Irawaddy, 143
Islam Khan, 224, 225
Ispahan, 168
Hormuz,
Issamutty, 227
Holland, 246
120, 134, 150
Hoti, 164
Italy,
56
Huang-hua-hsi-ta-chi, 167
Jagajjibana, 223
Jagannath, 36
Jagnagar, 189
Jahaja-ghata, 218
Jaipur, 215
Jambudvipa, 29
Jamsetjee, 244
Jamsetjee Bomanjee, 244
Janaka-Jataka, 29
laones, 121
Janghala, 24
Jangi, 231
Japan,
174
274
3, 4, 39,
INDEX
II. PROPER
Kashmir, 67, 84
Java,
4,
56,
6,
148,
149,
150,
NAMES
152,
151,
189
Kathasarit Sagara, 67
Kathiawar, 152
Kau, 166
Jaygad, 132
Kausambi, 66
Jedda, 238
Jhelum, 196
Jnanabhadra, 170
Jogue, 138
Julian, 139
Jumna, 189
Keranee, 207
Ketakadasa, 159
Kewmo-lo, 167
Khaberis, 136
Khafi Khan, 238
Junks, 133
Junnar, 132
Justinian, 139
Jyo, 174
Khalu, 231
Kabul, 118
Kharid, 205
Kalinga,
n,
Khegan, 138
Khegas, 138
Kherwah, 207
Khurasan, 188
Khusru II., King of Persia, 40
Kiao-tchoa, 164
Kidderpur, 248
Kii, 174
Kilmak, 217
Kirtinarayana, 217
Kolaba, 239
Koppenes, loi
Kosala, 71
Kane, 134
Kanhery Caves,
Kanishka, 117
Kankan, 169
Kansa, 37
Karibari, 229
35, 132
INDEX
11. PROPER
Kshemananda, 159
Kshemendra, 10, 113, 114
NAMES
Kshudra, 22
225, 227
Macedonia, 113
Machin, 188
Madagascar, 150, 189
Madapollum, 233
Madhukara, 160
Kudduvan, 135
Kuen-lum, 174
Kufa, 168
Kulotunga, 177
Kumedera, 173
Kundaka- Kucchi - Sindhava- Jataka,
Madhyama,
22
Madhyamandira,
42
26, 37,
Kurumbar, 51
Kusai, 223
Magadha,
77
Mahananda, 223
Mahapuri, 130
Maharastra, 39, 134
Laccadives, 176
Lacouperie,
Prof.,*
163
Ladakh, 97
Lahore, 206
Mahavairochanabhisambodhi Sutra,
173
Mahavallipore, 37
Mahawa6so,
Lang-ga, 164
90,"'9i,
97
Mahi-sasaka-Vinaya, 165
Mahmud,
Mahuan,
13, 196
Maisley, General F.
C,
33
Latas, 152
Maisolia, 134
Lenormant, 90
Levant, 120
Limurike, 133
Lindsay, Mr., 247
Lohita Sagara, 56
Malacca,
Lo-hu-na, 172
Malaya Archipelago,
146
Malava, 152
Malaya, 149, 172
Lola, 23
56, 143,
London, 249
Low, Lieut., 245
Lowjee Nassaranjee, 244
Malayan Peninsular, 4
Maldah, 222
Lo-yang, 167
Manasa, 158
276
163,
INDEX
II. PROPER
NAMES
Mesopotamia, 94
Mexico, 158
Manda, 147
Manda Roy,
Mikwa, 174
217
Mangarouth, 140
Mangulura, 124
Manillas, 150
Ming, 197
Manipallavam, 143
Manjanik, 186
Ming-shih, 197
Minayef, 74
Manjistha, 181
Manju
Sri, 172,
173
Mannai, 177
Man
Mogallanna, 167
Moghul, 224, 225, 230
Mohr Punkee, 213
Mansura, 189
Manthara, 22, 24
Manu, 60, 61
Manuel de Faria y Souza, 221
Mokha, 134
Molesworth, 48
Mommsen, 124
Manusanhita, 57
Marcellinus,
Ammianus, 139
Mongols, 3
Monoglosson, 134
Moor, Capt., 230
Morapura, 70
Marsden, 146
Martaban, 146, 176
Maruvar-Pakkam, 136
Morris, 232
Massoola, 234
Mouza, 134
Master, Strenysham, 23
Matama, 176
Muggerchera, 213
Matsya, 34
MauUim, 207
Muhammad
Muhammad
Mauryas,
112
9,
10,
100,
102,
McCrindle, 9, 140
Mecca, 198, 202, 237
Mediterranean Sea, 95
Meds, 185
Mendang Kumulan,
Merivale, 126
151
105,
Muktipura, 67
Multan, 187, 196
123,
124,
128,
132, 134
129,
INDEX
N
Nabonidus, 87
II. PROPER
NAMES
Ormuz, 195
Nacquedah, 237
Orosius, 138
Ossis,
Nakhoda, 207
Nakhoda-khesheb, 207
Nakkavaram, 176
94
Ouang-h-wuentse, 153
Oudh, 145, 189
Oxus, 120
Nakkirar, 121
Nakula, 57
Paddinappalai, 136
Nalopatana, 140
Padishanama, 225
Nandi, 165
Nanking, 166
Nan-Maran, 121
Padma
Narayanadeva, 158
Narsapur, 232
Nearchus, 100
Paitamaha, 130
Padmapani, 35
Purana, 158
Paithan, 132
Pala, 220
Nebuchadnezzar, 87
Nelkynda, 124, 132
Palekat, 30, 71
Pali, 9
Nileswar, 124
Nilgiri,
129
Nilkantha, 124
Nitifiataka, 67
Nivedita, 246
Palar, 52
Palestine, 94
Nowrojee, 245
Pang-kola, 197
Panje-ab, loi
Pan-yu, 167
Paralaukika, 68
Oaranar-Puram, 135
Oderio, Friar, 194
Okelis, 134
Oloako, 235
Paramati, 167
Ophir, 92, 93
Orhet, 168
Parindah, 228
Paris, 82
Parameswara, 201
Parasava, 68
Parichat, 225
278
INDEX
II.PROPER
Paropanisadai, 112
Parti,
140
Protapaditya, 217
Pataliputra, 114
228
Patil,
Patila, 228,
134,
235
Pundra, 144
Punjab, 3, 84, 97, 140
Punjeree, 207
Punna, 30, 71
Pattooas, 252
Paulisa, 130
Pegu,
NAMES
176
Pencose, 219
Pennar, 52
Purchas, 218
Purgoos, 235
Punya-Upachaya, 170
139, 140
Puri, 36,
'
40
Pyard, 202
Periyar, 135
Persia, 4, 40, 65, 68, 120, 141, 163,
169, 202
Peshwas, 15
Peshwar, 140
Petra, 95
Rajavallava, 159
Pett,
W., 243
Rajamandri, 147
Raja-raja, 175
Philadelphia, 48
Rajavalliya, 28, 69
Phillips, G.,
163
Rajendra, 175
Phoenicia, 78, 95
Rajmahal, 224
Rajtarangini, 68
143
234
Rakshasis, 44
Fitch, 15, 218
Pitaka, 73
Ralph
Pithan, 132
Romaka, 130
Ramayana, 27, 55, 57, 145
Ramchandra Roy, 217
Pliny,
II,
84,
97,
103,
Poorna, 73
Portugal, 202
Poms, 138
Poudopatana, 140
Praams, 134
Prabhakaravardhana, 152
116,
122,
Raphael, 44
Rassam, 86, 87
Ratnagiri, 239
Ratnavali, 65, 72
Prambanan, 151
Ratnodbhava, 66
Ravana, 55
Rea, Alexander, 50
Prithvi Raj, 67
Red
279
Sanders, 71
135,
INDEX
Red
II. PROPER
232
Reid, J., 47
Reinaiid, 56
Rhatgiris, 228
Sancharam, 39
Sandwipa, 216, 225
Saiighabhadra, 166
Sanghavarman, 166
Sangrama
Rhinocolura, 95
Rig- Veda,
91
10,
Sankshachura, 160
Sankha-Jataka, 30
Sa6yukta-agama, i66
130
Romaka-Jataka, 130
Rome,
10,
50,
Varman,
Saiigramgara, 230
01, 102
Romaka,
Vijayottunga
176
9, 53, 85,
Robertson, Dr.,
NAMES
116,
82,
118,
126,
Sa yutta Nikaya, 73
Sanuki, 174
Saraju, 189
Sarbamandira, 26
Sardar-i-Sairal,
228
203
Sarmanes, 138
Saris, Capt.,
Rupnarayan, 210
Russia, 221
Satakarni, 35, 38
Ruttonjee, 245
Saddhammanagara, 146
Scotland, 246
Sagal, 70
Scythian, 49
Sebastian Gonzales, 225
Sagarafena, 159
Sagara Island, 216, 218
Sahadeva, 57
Sahara, 153
Saif-ud-din
Hamza
Shah, 197
Seleucia, 96
Semiramis, 102
SemuUa, 132
Sen Kings, 220
Septuagint, 78
Sakuntala, 65
Sakya, 165
Severndoorg, 240
Salabham, 69
Salbs, 228
Shahabuddin, 196
Salem, 124
Salopatana, 140
Shakespeare, 158
Samantapasadika, 166
Sambuchi, 203
Shaista
Samudda-Vanija-Jataka, 29, 74
Samudrasura, 67
Samurai, 202
Shiva, 124
280
56
INDEX
II.PROPER
NAMES
Silabhadra, 156
SMhavahu or SiiShaba, 69
Suleiman, 187
Sumatra,
Sindh,
Sulkea, 248
183
Sindhu, 168
171
Sunga, 165
Sungshih, 13, 177
Sindhuvarga, 239
Singapore, 146
Siiihala, 29, 31, 44, 72, 157,
Sumena, 194
222
Supparaka-Bodhisat, 29
Sinhamukhi, 160
Supparaka- Jataka, 75
Siihapura, 69
Sirheng, 207
Suryya, 130
Sussondi- Jataka, 77
Sutta Pitaka, 73^, 88
Sister Nivedita,
246
Sifiupalavadha, 66
Sita, 55, 56
^ivaji, 15, 238
Smith, Vincent, 113, 125, 127, 129,
143
Suvama, 71
Suvarnabhumi, 30, 145, 161, 171
Suvarna Island, 56
Suvarndrug, 239
Sobira, 78
Suy, 167
Suyshoo, 167
Suvarua Dvipa, 56
Sylhet, 212, 247
Syrastra, 134
Syria, 92, 113, 188
Tabakat-i-Akbari, 187
Sri-Bhoja, 171
Tadmor, 94
Sri-Vishaya, 176
Srinagara, 217
219
Raja Indra Chola, 177
Stanhope, 243
St. John, R. F. St. Andrew, 146
Sripur, 216,
Talaing, 144
Sri
137
Tamolitta, i6i
Tamo, 167
Tamralipta, 31, 72, i6i, 162, 172
Tamraparni, 68
Tana, 191
Tanda, 219
Tandulanali-Jataka, 77
Tao-lin, 172
281
INDEX
Tapoosa, 30, 71
Taprobane, 103
Tarani, 23
Tari, 23
Tarik, 220
II. PROPER
NAMES
Tsi-chao, 197
Tugra, 26, 54
Tundeil, 207
Tung-kia, 197
Tumour,
Tarikh-i-Tahiri, 213
Tarnasari, 133
29, 70, 71
Tarshis, 93
Tata, 206
Ta-tcheng-teng, 172
Tatta, 102
Ujjaini, 167
Unnata, 23
Ur, 85, 87
Taylor, 87
Ur
Tcbaritrapoura, 161
Urdha, 24
Usnisa Vijaya Dharmi, 156
Tenjiku, 174
Uman, 188
Bagas, 85
Tennassaree, 232
Vaital Deul, 37
Thebes, 90
Vajrabodhi, 172
Theophrastus, 92
Valahassa-Jataka, 29, 75
Tientes, 164
Varaha, 172
Varahamihira, 68, 130, 180, 181
Varaha Purana, 6^
Varthema, 14, 15, 133, 203, 218
Vartrihari, 67
Timur, 196
Tinnevelly, 190
Varuna, 53, 54
Vasco de Gama, 201
Tiperrah, 190
Tissara, i66
Vajralepa, 180
Veraval, 168
Tibet,
3, 97, 153
Tien-shon, 173
Tittagarh, 249
Vespasian, 127
Trajan, 138
Vihar, 39,
Trankee, 134
Trapagga, 134
Tripitaka, 165
Tripitak Acharyya, 166
Tripitak, Chinese, 12
Tripoly, 158
Tsang, 162
Vidura, 27, 59
Vinaya
282
71
(Pitalu),
73
INDEX
II, PROPER
NAMES
Vindusarovara, 37
92
Vishalgad, 200
Yajnavalkya Sanhita, 62
Vishnu, 34
Von Bohlen, 90
Yajna Sri, 50
Yamato, 173
Yatratattva, 55
Vriksha-Ayurveda, 20
Yavana,
Virgil,
129
Yavana Dvipa, 56
Yeats, Dr.
J.,
56
Yemen, 90
Yudhisthira, 130
Wheeler,
Yung-hsi, 172
J. T.,
236
Wilkinson, 91
Yung-lo, 197
Wu, 167
Wun, 165
X
Xathroi, 102
Xerxes, 95
Zanguebar, 191
Zarman-Khegas, 138
Zend, 86
283
LONDON