502-8 Paraxial Raytracing

8-1
OPTI-502 Optical Design and Instrumentation I

Copyright 2012 John E. Greivenkamp
8-2

Section 8
Paraxial Raytracing
YNU Raytrace
Refraction (or reflection) occurs at an interface between two optical spaces. The transfer
distance t' allows the ray height y' to be determined at any plane within an optical space
(including virtual segments).
t
n
n n C
Refraction or Reflection:
nu nu y
Transfer:
y y u t
y y
nu
This type of raytrace is called a YNU raytrace. All rays propagate from object space to
image space.
A reverse raytrace allows the ray properties to be determined in the optical space
upstream of a known ray segment. A ray can then be worked back to its origins in object
space.
Refraction or Reflection (reverse):
nu nu y
Transfer (reverse):
y y ut
y y
8-4

nu nu y
y
Paraxial refraction equation:
8-3

Paraxial Raytrace Equations - System
1
fE
Refraction at an optical system effectively occurs at the principal planes of the system. The
ray emerges from the rear principal plane at the same height, but with a different angle.
Transfer:
y y u t
y y
u
P
The transfer distance t allows the ray height y to be determined at any plane within
an optical space (including virtual segments).
The raytrace equations can be applied to a single surface or to an entire system (by
using the principal planes).
Paraxial Raytrace Single Surface
nu nu y
y y u t
Paraxial refraction occurs at the vertex plane of the surface.

The surface sag is ignored.
The image location is found by solving for a ray height of zero.
h
y
R
t1
t1 = t 2
n n
y ut1
nu nu y
n n

z z
CC
y 0 y u t1
y
t2 t1
u
m
h z / n
t / n nu
h
z/n
t1 / n nu
A raytrace spacing is the distance from the current surface to the next surface.
u u y
y y u t
The principal planes are the locations of effective refraction.
h
y
u
P
t1
t1 = t 2

8-5
Paraxial Raytrace Single Component (in air)
y y u t1 0
y
t2 t1
u
y ut1
u u y
1 1

z z
h z
t
u
2
h z
t1 u
These relationships also apply to a thin lens in air.
Transfer:
y j 1 y j u j t j
Refract:
nj uj n j u j y j j
y j 1 y j j j
u j 1 u j
j j y j j
Refraction occurs at each surface. The amount of ray deviation depends on the surface
power and the ray height.
Transfer occurs between surfaces. The ray height change depends on the ray angle and
the spacing between surfaces.
The image location is found by solving for a ray height of zero in image space.
n1
h
u1
y1
n1 n2
n2 n3
nk
nk
u1 u2
u2 u3
uk
uk
yk
y2
yk+1
uk
t1 t 2
t1
t2 t 3
tk
tk

8-6
General Raytrace Equations
n1
h
u1
Transfer:
y j 1 y j u j t j
Refract:
nj uj n j u j y j j
n1 n2
n2 n3
nk
nk
u1 u2
u2 u3
uk
uk
y1
yk
y2
8-7
yk+1
uk
z
t1 t 2
t1
t2 t 3
n1u1 n1u1 y11
yk 1 yk uk tk
yk yk 1 uk 1tk 1
n2 u2 n2u2 y22
n2u2 n1u1
y2 y1 u1t1
y1 u1t1
tk
tk
nk uk nk uk ykk
n3u3 n2 u2
Image Location and Magnification:
tk
yk 1 0
yk
uk
h n1u1 1
h nk uk k
u1 u2
u3
y2
y1
P1
t1
u2 u3
P1
y3
P2
P2
t1 t 2
P3
P3
t2 t 3
The general raytrace equations hold (in air):
y4
u3
t3 t 4
y j 1 y j u j t j
u j u j y j j
u j 1 u j
Each element or component refracts the ray, and the principal planes are the locations
of effective refraction.
Transfer occurs between the rear principal plane of one component and the front
principal plane of the next.
Image location and magnification:
y4 0
t4 t3
y3
u3
h u1
h u3

8-8
Paraxial Raytrace Series of Components (in air)
u1

Paraxial Raytrace
Series of Surfaces
Two 50 mm focal length lenses are separated by 25 mm.

A 10 mm high object is 40 mm to the left of the first lens.
1
u1
h 10 mm
u1
u2
u2
y2
y1
u1
1 2 0.02 mm-1
u3
z
t1 t 2 25 mm
t1 40 mm
y0 0
u1 0.1 (Arbitrary)
y1 u1t1 4.0 mm
t2 t 3 ?
y2 y1 u1t1
y3 y2 u2 t2 0
y2 4.5 mm
t2 t3 64.286 mm
u2 u1 0.02
u2 u2 y22
u2 0.07
u1 u1 y11
u1 0.02
h ?
u3 u2 0.07
h u
0.1
m 1
1.429
h u3 0.07
h 14.29 mm
A second ray can be traced to determine the image size.
h 10 mm
u1
u2
u1
1 2 0.02 mm-1
y1
u2
y2
z
t1 t 2 25 mm
t1 40 mm
y0 h 10.0
t2 t 3 64.286 mm
y3 y2 u2 t2
h y3 14.29 mm
y2 y1 u1t1
u1 0.1 (Arbitrary)
y1 y0 u1t1 14.0 mm
u1 u1 y11
u1 0.18
y2 9.5 mm
u2 u1 0.18
u2 u2 y22
u2 0.37
h ?

8-10
Raytrace Example (Continued) Two Separated Thin Lenses in Air
u1

8-9
Raytrace Example Two Separated Thin Lenses in Air
If the arbitrary initial angle of the second ray is chosen to be zero, the
location of the rear focal point of the system can also be determined.
1
u1
h 10 mm
1 2 0.02 mm-1
u2
y1
u2
y2
z
F
t1 t 2 25 mm
t1 40 mm
t2 t 3 64.286 mm
h ?
BFD
y0 h 10.0
y3 y2 u2 t2
h y3 14.29 mm
y2 y1 u1t1
u1 0
y2 5.0 mm
y1 y0 u1t1 10.0 mm
u2 u1 0.2
u2 u2 y22
u2 0.3
u1 u1 y11
u1 0.2

8-11
BFD (transfer to y3 = 0):

y3 y2 u2 BFD 0
BFD 16.67 mm
The Gaussian properties of an optical system can be determined using a paraxial raytrace
with particular rays.
Rear cardinal points: Trace a ray parallel to the axis in object space. This ray must go
through the rear focal point of the system. The kth surface is the final surface in the system.
n
u1 1 0
n
y1
y1
yk
P
uk
V
BFD
fR
k 1 y1
System:
k y1

k
y1
k nuk
nuk
y1
BFD V F
As transfers:
yk
ny
k
uk
k
yk 1 0 yk uk BFD
fE
f R
d V P
y1 yk
uk
yk 1 y1 yk uk d
d BFD f R

8-12
Cardinal Points from a Raytrace Rear Points
A ray from an axial object at infinity can be used to determine the rear
cardinal points.
1
1 2 0.02 mm-1
u1
u2
y1
u2
y2
F
u2 u1 0.02
u2 u2 y22
u2 0.03
y3 y2 u2 BFD 0
V
d
t1 t 2 25 mm
u1 0
2
y1
f f R
y2 y1 u1t1
u1 u1 y11
u1 0.02
y1 1.0
y2 0.5 mm
BFD
nu2
u
2 0.03 mm 1
y1
y1
d V P
BFD
y2
16.666 mm
u2
y1 y2
16.666 mm
u2
or
33.333 mm
d BFD f R BFD f 16.666 mm
Trace a ray from the system front focal point that emerges parallel to the axis in image space.
The reverse raytrace equations are used to work from image space back to object space.
n
n
u1
yk
y1
V
FFD
uk k =0
yk
fF
k 1 yk 0
1
yk
nu1
yk
FFD VF
fE
y1
ny
1
1
u1
fF
d VP
yk y1
u1
d FFD f F

8-14
Cardinal Points from a Raytrace Front Points
System:

8-13
8-16

C1 = 0.02/mm
C2 = -0.01/mm
t = 10 mm
n = 1.5
8-15

Example Thick Lens in Air

R1 = 50 mm
R2 = -100 mm
n2 = n
n1 = 1
n3 = 1
C2
C1
From Gaussian optics (for comparison):
= 0.01/mm
= 0.005/mm
= 0.01467/mm
fE = 68.16 mm
f F 68.16 mm
f R 68.16 mm
d = 2.27 mm
d' = -4.54 mm
PP 3.19mm
There are several different spreadsheet forms that can be used to facilitate the raytrace.
Raytrace Example Forward Ray
Object
Surface
C
t
n
-
t/n
y
nu
u
y
nu
u
Space 1
Surface 1
Space 2
Surface 2
Space 3
Image
Surface
First, trace a ray parallel to the axis in object space to determine the rear focal point and
rear principal plane.
F'
Object
Surface
Space 1
Space 2
Surface 2
1.0
-
t/n
10
1.5
63.63
1
=
0
0
Solve to obtain
y = 0 at F'
-.005
6.667
Image
Surface
?
1.0
-.01
Ray
parallel
to axis
Space 3
-0.01
0.02
C
t
n
y
nu
u
Surface 1
*
.9333
=
=
-.01
*
=
-.01467
-.01467

8-17
Raytrace Example Forward Ray
y
nu
u
y1 arbitrarily chosen
to equal 1
.01467 3 .9333 0
y y
V F
V F 63.63 mm
n3
u .01467
y1 1
y1
.01467 / mm
f E 68.16 mm
f R 68.16 mm
BFD V F 63.63 mm
d BFD f R 4.54 mm
y1
fR

8-18
Raytrace Example From the Trace of the Forward Ray
Now, trace a ray from the front focal point that emerges parallel to the axis in image space
to determine the front focal point and front principal plane.
F
Object
Surface
Space 1
Surface 1
Space 2
Surface 2
?
1.0
-
t/n
FV
0
1.0
10
1.5
-.01
y
nu
u
-.005
6.667
b
a
Image
Surface
-0.01
0.02
C
t
n
Space 3
Ray
parallel
to axis
y
nu a FV b
u
.01b a c
FV 65.89
a .01467
6.667 c b 1
c .005
.005 c 0
b .9667
Use the reverse raytrace equations.

F
Space 1
Space 2
?
1.0
-
t/n
65.89
1.0
=
.005
-*
y y
1
=
y
nu
u
Image
Surface
-.005
6.667
-* +
.9667
.01467
.01467
Space 3
10
1.5
-.01
Surface 2
-0.01
0.02
C
t
n
y
nu
u
Surface 1
Solve for t1: .9667 .01467 1 0
1
0
Ray
parallel
to axis

8-20
Raytrace Example Reverse Ray
Object
Surface

8-19
Raytrace Example Front Properties
FV
FV 65.89 mm
n1
u .01467
y2 1
y2
.01467 / mm
f E 68.16 mm
y2
f F 68.16 mm
fF
FFD VF FV 65.89 mm

8-21
Raytrace Example From the Trace of the Reverse Ray
d FFD f F 2.27 mm
PP t d d 10.0 2.27 4.54 3.19 mm
h 1
s OV 200
OV 200
Object
Surface
Space 1
C
t
n
200
1.0
-
t/n
200
Surface 1
Space 2
y
nu
u
20
* arbitrary
19.33
-.1966
-.1966
nu
.1
.51
nu .1966
Image
Location
-.51
.9333
-.01
Image
Size
-.01467
-.01467
Gaussian check: d 2.27 mm

.01467
h .51mm
s V I 98.30 mm
.51
m
.51
1
98.30
-.1
1
0*
0
Solve
-.005
6.667
.1*
.1
Image
Surface
?
1.0
10
1.5
-.01
Space 3
-0.01
0.02
y
nu
u
Surface 2
d 4.54 mm
f E 68.16 mm
z s d 202.27 mm
s V I z d 98.3 mm
z 102.8 mm

8-22
Raytrace Example For a Finite Object
8-24

Surface
C
t
n
8-23

YNU Raytrace Form

7
-
t/n
y
nu
u
y
nu
u
y
nu
u
Raytrace Example YNU Raytrace Form

Surface
C
t
n
-
t/n
.02
-.01
/?/200
10
?//?
1.0
1.5
1.0
-.01
/?/200
y
nu
u
y
nu
u
y
nu
u
?//?
63.63
.9333
-.01
-.01467
0
65.89
-.01467
.9667
.01467
.005
.01467
0
98.30
20
.1
Thicknesses, indices and angles are

associated with optical spaces.
-.005
6.667
.1
Curvatures, powers and ray heights

are associated with optical surfaces.
19.33
-.1
-.1966
-.1966
0
z
R1 73.8950
R2 51.7840
R3 162.2252
C1 .0135327
C2 .0193110
C3 .00616427
Surface
C
t
n
n2 1.649
t2 4.0
.013533 -.019311 -.006164
10.5
4.0
1.0
1.517
1.649
1.0
V F
V F BFD 112.85
n'
u .01667
-
t/n
y
nu
u
n1 1.517
t1 10.5
-.00700
.00255
6.92
2
0
-.00400
2.43
1.903
-.01400
112.85
1.881
-.00914
d BFD f R 7.15
t 80 mm
R2 50 mm
R1
V
n2 1
n3 n 1
WD
BFD
C1 .005
C2 .02
1 .01/ mm
2 .04 / mm
1 n2 n1 C1
fR
Gaussian Reduction:
1 2 12
t
80 mm
1
n2
80
)
1
f E f R 500 mm
.01 .04 (.01)(.04)(

.002/ mm
n1 n 1
F z
f F 500 mm
Both principal planes are well in
front of the system.
2 (n3 n2 )C2
1
.01 80

400 mm
.002 1
.04 80
d 2
1600 mm
.002 1
d
BFD f R d 100 mm
FFD f F d 2100 mm
WD BFD t 20 mm

8-26
R1 200 mm
R2
.008333
y1
f R 120.0
-.01667
Mirror System Cassegrain Telescope
y1 2
f E 120.0
-.01667

8-25
Cemented Doublet
Surface
C
t
n
-
t/n
-.005
-.02
/?
-80
?/
1.0
-1.0
1.0
-.01
/?
y
nu
u
y
nu
u
u u2 .002
80
.002 / mm
y1
y1
d BFD f R 400 mm
?/
100
WD BFD t 20 mm
.20
-.01
-.002
0
2100
.01
-.002
4.2
y1 1
f E f R 500 mm
.04
BFD V F 100 mm
FV 2100 mm
1
.002
-.04
.002
.04

8-27
Mirror System Cassegrain Telescope Raytrace
FFD FV 2100 mm
u .002
y2 1
.002 / mm
y2 y2
f F 500 mm
f E 500 mm
d FFD f F 1600 mm
The principal planes of a thin lens are both located in the plane of the lens.
1
f
Power:
Refraction:
u u y
Transfer:
y y ut
n n 1

8-28
Paraxial Raytrace Thin Lens in Air
8-29

8-30

Ray Deviation Thin Lens in Air

The paraxial ray deviation introduced by a thin lens is independent of the object-image
conjugates. Remember that paraxial angles are actually ray slopes.
It depends only on the ray height at the lens and the lens power or focal length:
u u y
u u u y
u
Thin Lens YU Raytrace
Surface
f
-
t
y
u
y
u
y
u
u u y
y y t u
8-31

8-32

Thin Lens Telephoto Lens
1 .01/ mm
f1 100mm
t 50mm
2 .01333/ mm
f 2 75 mm
1 2 12t
t < f1
.00333/ mm
BFD << f
f1
f f E 300 mm
f2
BFD
f F 300 mm
d
F z
f R 300 mm
1
t 150 mm
BFD f R d 150 mm
d 2 t 200 mm
FFD f F d 500 mm
Thin Lens Telephoto Lens - Raytrace
Surface
f
-
t
y
u
y
u
100
-75
-.01
.01333
/?
50
1
u u2 .00333
-.01
500
1.667
-.01333
f E f R 300 mm
d BFD f R 150 mm
-.00333
1
y1 1
u
.00333/ mm
y1
?/
150
.5
.00333
BFD V F 150 mm
1
0
FV 500 mm
FFD FV 500 mm
u .00333
y2 1
u
.00333/ mm
y2
f F 300 mm
f E 300 mm
d FFD f F 200 mm
8-33

8-34

Raytrace Comments
In a paraxial raytrace, t is the directed distance from the current surface to the next
surface. As a result, real objects will usually have a positive distance to the first surface,
as opposed to the typical negative Gaussian object distance z.
Surfaces are raytraced in optical order, not physical order. All planes of interest in an
optical space must be analyzed before transferring to a reflective or refractive surface and
entering the next optical space. Within an optical space, transfers move back or forth
along the ray in that space without changing the ray angle. Real and virtual segments of
the space can be accessed.
YNU Raytrace Form
Surface
C
t
n
-
t/n
y
nu
u
y
nu
u
y
nu
u
8-36

Surface
f
-
t
8-35

Thin Lens YU Raytrace Form
y
u
y
u
y
u
Virtual Objects and Raytraces

Consider an optical system or projector forming a real image. The ray heights and angles
at the image are easy to determine.
A second lens is now placed between the first lens and its image. The original image no
longer exists, but it now serves as a virtual object for the second lens. A final system
image is formed by the second lens working with the first lens.
z
t1
Once again, determining the ray heights and angles in the system image space is
straightforward. Transfer from the first lens to the second lens and refract.
A common situation is to be given the size and location of the virtual object for a lens or
system without any information about the optical system (lens 1, from above) used to
produce it. Rays must be created corresponding to this intermediate image (the virtual
object). These rays exist in the optical space corresponding to the virtual object, which is
the object space of the optical system.
Once the intermediate space rays are
defined, these rays are transferred by t1
back to the entry vertex of the optical
system. The ray heights and angles are
now known at the first vertex of the
optical system, and they are in the
system object space. These constructed
rays can then be propagated through the
system to the system image space.
Pick two rays, one through the top of the
virtual object, the other through the axial
object point. The angles are arbitrary.
Constructed Rays in
Object Space
y1
u1
Virtual
Object
h0
y1
u1
t1
When transferring back to the front vertex, these rays are not refracted by the optical system.
They are already in object space. The negative thickness t1 transfers to the left along the
rays. Regardless of the physical order, rays are traced in optical order: from object space to
image space. The thicknesses are the directed distances as defined by the sign conventions.

8-37
Virtual Objects and Raytraces

502-8 Paraxial Raytracing

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Deskripsi Asli:

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

502-8 Paraxial Raytracing

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

8-1

OPTI-502 Optical Design and Instrumentation I

OPTI-502 Optical Design and Instrumentation I

OPTI-502 Optical Design and Instrumentation I

Paraxial refraction equation:

OPTI-502 Optical Design and Instrumentation I

Paraxial Raytrace Equations - System

Paraxial Raytrace Single Surface

Paraxial refraction occurs at the vertex plane of the surface.

The principal planes are the locations of effective refraction.

OPTI-502 Optical Design and Instrumentation I

Paraxial Raytrace Single Component (in air)

These relationships also apply to a thin lens in air.

OPTI-502 Optical Design and Instrumentation I

n1u1 n1u1 y11

Image Location and Magnification:

The general raytrace equations hold (in air):

OPTI-502 Optical Design and Instrumentation I

Paraxial Raytrace Series of Components (in air)

OPTI-502 Optical Design and Instrumentation I

Two 50 mm focal length lenses are separated by 25 mm.

A second ray can be traced to determine the image size.

OPTI-502 Optical Design and Instrumentation I

Raytrace Example (Continued) Two Separated Thin Lenses in Air

OPTI-502 Optical Design and Instrumentation I

Raytrace Example Two Separated Thin Lenses in Air

OPTI-502 Optical Design and Instrumentation I

Raytrace Example (Continued) Two Separated Thin Lenses in Air

BFD (transfer to y3 = 0):

OPTI-502 Optical Design and Instrumentation I

Cardinal Points from a Raytrace Rear Points

d BFD f R BFD f 16.666 mm

OPTI-502 Optical Design and Instrumentation I

Cardinal Points from a Raytrace Front Points

OPTI-502 Optical Design and Instrumentation I

Raytrace Example (Continued) Two Separated Thin Lenses in Air

OPTI-502 Optical Design and Instrumentation I

OPTI-502 Optical Design and Instrumentation I

Example Thick Lens in Air

From Gaussian optics (for comparison):

Raytrace Example Forward Ray

OPTI-502 Optical Design and Instrumentation I

Raytrace Example Forward Ray

OPTI-502 Optical Design and Instrumentation I

Raytrace Example From the Trace of the Forward Ray

Use the reverse raytrace equations.

Solve for t1: .9667 .01467 1 0

OPTI-502 Optical Design and Instrumentation I

Raytrace Example Reverse Ray

OPTI-502 Optical Design and Instrumentation I

Raytrace Example Front Properties

OPTI-502 Optical Design and Instrumentation I

Raytrace Example From the Trace of the Reverse Ray

Gaussian check: d 2.27 mm

OPTI-502 Optical Design and Instrumentation I

Raytrace Example For a Finite Object

OPTI-502 Optical Design and Instrumentation I

OPTI-502 Optical Design and Instrumentation I

YNU Raytrace Form

Raytrace Example YNU Raytrace Form

Thicknesses, indices and angles are

Curvatures, powers and ray heights

.013533 -.019311 -.006164