9.

Private
Automatic
Telephone
System
Based
Exchange (PABX)
Specification
Connection system
Maintenance and Failure Detection
Communication Technology
Process of delivering information from one
destination to another destination by using
code and storan system.
There is 4 category of communication :
1. Audio freq - In range of 16Hz to 16kHz
2. Visual – visible material
3. Graphic – producing information in picture
form
4. Electronic – base on effect of electron flow
Private Automatic Branch/Telephone Exchange (PABX)
There is 2 types of telephone swithing board :
1. PMBX 2. PABX
1. PMBX
Originally an organization's manual switchboard (operated
by a person plugging cables into sockets) was known as a
PMBX (Private Manual Branch Exchange).
Based from original system PMBX (Private Manual Branch
Exchange) – where the contacted no. is connected
manually by the operator.
2. PABX
PABX is an electronic switching systems that replace the
manual & electromechanical switching system.
PABX system able to conduct call @ call distribution
automatically with operator @ in direct (w/out operator) if
the extension no. available.
In addition to telephone sets, fax machines, modems and
many other communication devices can be connected to a
PBX as well (although the PBX may degrade line quality for
modems). All such devices are generally referred to as
extensions.
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• A telephone operator manually connected calls with patch

cables at a telephone switchboard. Computers make most
connections now.
PABX Functions
Basically, PABX performs three main duties:
1. Establishing connections (circuits) between
the telephone sets of two users. Main switching
controller that connect & disconnect telephone
connection in a department or office.
(i.e. mapping a dialed number to a physical
phone, ensuring the phone isn't already busy)
2. Maintaining such connections as long as the
users require them. (i.e. channeling voice
signals between the users)
3. Providing information for accounting purposes
(i.e. metering calls)
In addition to these basic functions, PABXs offer
many other capabilities, depend to the
manufacturers providing different features : -
- Auto Attendant - Speed dialling - Voice mail
- Call transfer - Music on hold - Call waiting
- Call forwarding on busy - Conference call
A. Specification for PABX design
Should follow spec as below :-
1. Min. control panel with capability to be connected to
PABX/ normal telephone, direct call (emergency call)
w/out operator & connection to PA system.
2. Digitally design.
3. Easy to handle modification in user data base ( using
software application) with no intterruption to other
services.
4. Able to conduct internal call or feed the connection
outside to the public telephone network @ to the
other PABX network.
5. Power supply – DC (48V) @ AC supply.
6. Able to conduct manually (operator) or automatically.
7. Attached with port for connection to ISDN PRI
(Primary Rate Interface) network.
8. Power supply to customer telephone should supply by
the PABX system.
 Operator

Computer

ISDN PRI Line

Rangkaian

PSTN/ISD
N
PABX
Telephone

Fax

PABX connection system in private area

PABX system connected to the normal telephone
network (PSTN-Public Switch Telephone Network)
pass through the ISDN PRI (Integrated Services
Digital Network – Primary Rate Interface)
User can make internal call without passing through
the operator by dialling the last 3 @ 4 no. depand to
the setting made in the system.
Calls on a key system are made by selecting a
specific outgoing line and dialing the external
number; calls on a PBX are made by dialing 9 (or 0
in some systems) followed by the external number;
an outgoing trunk line is automatically selected
upon which to complete the call.
External call (in/out to private area) will be
controlled by operator.
ISDN PRI that is used for connection between PABX
to PSTN have a capacity 2.014Mbps that have 30
channel & capable to conduct 30 traffic/call even for
telephone, fax or dial up internet in the same time.
The no. of PABX user not only 30 user even the
external outline can conduct max. 30 traffic in a
time.

If in one time the user exceed max 30 user, the 31st

user will have to wait until the active user
disconnect the line.

However, there is no limit for internal call. It’s

depend to the capability of the PABX system itself.

Nowdays, the existing public telephone network in

Malaysia is supply by TM and Maxis.
 Pejabat
Cawangan
1

Rangkaian
PSTN
PABX

Pejabat
Cawangan
2
Pejabat
Utama
Pejabat
Cawangan
3 private / branch network
PABX connection system for
PABX system also can be use for connection between
the headquarters office and the branch office by using
the ISDN line .
The branch office user can communicate with their
collegue by dialling the last 3 @ 4 no. only.
In addition, a limited number of outside lines (called
trunk lines) are usually available for making and
receiving calls external to the site (i.e. to the public
telephone network).
Companies with multiple sites can connect their PBXs
together with trunk lines. PBX services can also be
provided by equipment located off site at a central
provider, delivering services over the public telephone
network. This is known as a hosted PBX. For example,
most local phone companies offer a Centrax service in
which each extension has a trunk line connected to the
telephone company's Central Office.
Normally, the private/ branch network applied by the
giant company.
ISDN
a circuit-switched telephone network system
(computerized) designed to allow digital
transmission of voice & data over ordinary
telephone copper wires, resulting in better quality
& higher speeds than that available in PSTN
system. ISDN provides simultaneous voice, video,
and text transmission between individual desktop
videoconferencing systems and group (room)
videoconferencing systems.
PSTN
The public switched telephone network (PSTN) is
the network of the world's public circuit-switched
telephone networks, in much the same way that the
internet is the network of the world's public IP-
based packet switched networks.
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Interface standards

Interfaces for connecting extensions to a PABX include:

- POTS (Plain Old Telephone System) - the common two-wire
interface used in most homes. This is cheap and effective, and allows
almost any standard phone to be used as an extension.

- proprietary - the manufacturer has defined a protocol. One can

only connect the manufacturer's sets to their PBX, but the benefit is
more visible information displayed and/or specific function buttons.

- DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)

> a standard for connecting cordless phones.

- Internet Protocol - used for communicating data across a packet-

switched internetwork. For example, H.323 and SIP.
Interfaces for connecting PBXs to each other include:
- proprietary protocols - if equipment from several
manufacturers are on site, the use of a standard protocol is
required.

- QSIG - QSIG is an ISDN based signaling protocol for

signalling between private branch exchanges (PBXs) in a
Private Integrated Services Network (PISN) for connecting
PBXs to each other, usually runs over T1 (T-carrier) or E1 (E-
carrier) physical circuits.

- DPNSS - for connecting PBXs to trunk lines. Standardised

by British Telecom, this usually runs over E1 (E-carrier)
physical circuits.

- Internet Protocol - H.323, SIP and IAX protocols are IP

based solutions which can handle voice and multimedia (e.g.
video) calls.
Interfaces for connecting PBXs to trunk lines
include:
- standard POTS lines - the common two-wire
interface used in most domestic homes. This is
adequate only for smaller systems, and can suffer
from not being able to detect incoming calls when
trying to make an outbound call.
- ISDN - the most common digital standard for
fixed telephony devices. This can be supplied in
either Basic (2 circuit capacity) or Primary (24 or 30
circuit capacity) versions. Most medium to large
companies would use Primary ISDN circuits carried
on T1 or E1 physical connections.
- Internet Protocol - H.323, SIP, MGCP, and IAX
protocols operate over IP and are supported by
some network providers.
Interfaces for collecting data from the PBX:
- Serial interface - historically used to print
every call record to a serial printer. Now an
application connects via serial cable to this port.
- Network Port (Listen mode) - where an external
application connects to the TCP or UDP port. The
PBX then starts streaming information down to the
application.
- Network Port (Server mode) - The PBX connects
to another application or buffer.
- File - The PBX generates a file containing the call
records from the PBX.
Numbering system that is used in the PABX system
PABX used their own numbering system.
Bg internal call, user only need to dial the extension
no. This is because small switching system is applied
in the company.
Low cost - internal call X no need to pay bill.
PABX system more than 50 line – 2 digit
PABX system more than 50-500 line – 3 digit
PABX system more than 500 line – 4 digit depend to
PABX capacity.
No 0, 1, 8, 9 cannot be use as a starting number.
0 – call operator
1 – service call
9 – external call
8 – Menarik panggilan
If the PABX not fulfill the SIRIM requirement, the
PABX cannot market in Malaysia.
Used Digit No Function
1X Service call
2XXX Nombor Sambungan
3XXX Nombor Sambungan
4XXX Nombor Sambungan
5XXX Nombor Sambungan
6XXX Nombor Sambungan
7XXX Nombor Sambungan
8X Tarik panggilan
9 Membuat panggilan
luar
0 PABX Operator