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F O R T N E R
BJT Switches
Bipolar Transistor Saturation
Output (V-I for collector to emitter) looks like a current source
IC
IB = 0
VCE
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P H Y S
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F O R T N E R
= 100
1 k
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P H Y S
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F O R T N E R
hfe = 100
1 k
V BE V T
1)
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Two-state Electronics
Common Emitter
+20 V
1 k
Vout
1 k
Vin
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Vout = RID
R
Vout
V C = V CC I C R C
I C = ( V B 0.6V ) R E
VB = RD ID
Q1
RD =
20 k
RC
V C = V CC ( R D I D 0.6V ) ------R
E
RE = 47
V C = 65V ( 2M )I D
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Phototransistor
A base-collector junction is reverse-biased.
The base uses a photo-sensitive material.
Schematic symbol:
IC
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LED Driver
Current should be either on or off. Typically a transistor switch, logic
gate, or saturated op-amp will drive the LED.
Use VCC = +5 V, VLED = 1.7 V, ILED = 10 mA.
V CC V LED
R = ------------------------------- = 330
I LED
Vin
Vout
330
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