TABLE OF CONTENTS

1) Introduction
1.1) Estimated Area of Scheme
2) Related Theory
2.1) Sewerage System
2.2) Essential Components of Sewerage System
2.3) Sources of waste water
i.
ii.
iii.

Domestic
Industrial
Storm Water

2.4) Types of Sewers and Sewer Systems

a) Types of Sewer Systems
i.
ii.
iii.

Separate System
Combined System
Partially Combined System

b) Types of Sewers
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.

Sanitary Sewers
Storm Sewer
Combined Sewer
House Sewer
Lateral sewer
Sub-Main Sewer
Vii) Main/ Trunk Sewer
Outfall Sewer

2.5) Sewer Appurtenances

i) Manholes
ii) Flush tank
iii) Inlet Provided
2.6) Design Procedure
3) Design Criteria or Values Used
3.1) Design period

i.
ii.

Sewer system
Sewer Pumping Station

3.2) Per Capita Water Consumption, Design Sewage Flow

3.3) Peak Factor Criteria & Values
3.4) Design Equations
i.
ii.

Continuity Equation
Mannings Equation

3.5) Minimum & Maximum velocities

i.
ii.

Minimum (Self-Cleansing) Velocity

Maximum velocity

3.6) Sewer Sizes & Materials

i)
ii)
iii)
iv)

Minimum Sewer Size

Minimum Cover of Sewer
Spacing of Manhole (WASA, Criteria)
Direction of Sewer Line

3.7) Infiltration
3.8) Invert Level
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)

Invert level calculations

For Single Sewer
For two or more sewer of same sizes
Sewers of different sizes
Sewer pipes and Connection
Joints in Sewer Pipes

a) Bell and Spigot Joints

b) Tongue and Groove Joints
4) Results & Calculations
5) Cost Analysis
6) Comments & Recommendations
7) References

Design of Sewerage System

1) Introduction:
Sewer system must be properly planned, designed and operated in order to protect the
environment and people from serious diseases.
No. of Apartments = 3
No. of Flats = 3
No. of Houses = 281
No. of Schools = 1
No. of Parks = 2
No. of Dispensaries = 1
No. of Graveyards = 1
Description
Persons per plot

Population per unit

7
700
500

Persons per apartment

Persons per flats

Estimated Area of Scheme:

Scale 1cm = 10m
Total Area = 28800+34575+5825 = 69200 Sq. meter

28800 m2

34575 m2

2) Related Theory:

5825 m2

2.1) Sewerage System:

Sewerage system is the system of collection of waste water and conveying it to a point of final
disposal with or without treatment.
Some of the important and relevant terms for sewer system are discussed below.

2.2) Essential Components of Sewerage System:

Sewage:
It is Liquid Waste or Waste Water produce as a result of water use.

Sewer:
It is the pipe or conduit for carrying sewage. It is generally
closed and flow takes place under gravity (Atmospheric
Pressure).

Sewerage:
Sewerage is the system of collection of waste water and conveying it to a point of final disposal
with or without treatment.

2.3) Sources of waste water:

Following are the principal sources of waste water;

i) Domestic:
It is the waste water from houses, offices, other
buildings, hotels and institutions.

ii) Industrial:
It is the liquid waste from the industrial places from
their different industrial processes like dying, paper
matting, tanneries, chemical industries, etc.

iii) Storm Water:

It includes surface runoff generated from rainfall and the street wash.

2.4) Types of Sewers and Sewer Systems:

a) Types of Sewer Systems:

Following are the types of sewerage.

i) Separate System
If storm water is carried separately from domestic and industrial wastewater the system is called
as separate system. Separate systems are favored when

There is an immediate need for collection of the sanitary sewage but not for storm water.
When sanitary sewage needs treatment but the storm water does not.

ii) Combined System

It is the system in which the sewers carry both sanitary and storm water, combined system is
favored when;

Combined sewage can be disposed off without treatment

Both sanitary and storm water need treatment
Streets are narrow and two separate sewer cannot be laid

iii) Partially Combined System

If some portion of storm or surface run-off is allowed to be carried along with sanitary sewage
the system is known as partially combined system.

(In Urban area of developing countries, mostly partially combined system is employed as
it is economical)
In Pakistan we use this system.

b) Types of Sewers
i) Sanitary Sewers:
It carries sanitary sewage i.e. waste water from
municipality including Domestic and Industrial
wastewaters.

ii) Storm Sewer:

It carries storm sewage including Surface Runoff and
Street Wash.

iii) Combined Sewer:

It carries domestic, industrial and storm sewage.

iv) House Sewer:

It is the sewer conveying sewage from plumbing system
of building to common/municipal sewers.

v) Lateral sewer:
This sewer carries discharge from two or more house
sewers.

vi) Sub-Main Sewer:

This sewer carries discharge from two or more laterals.

Vii) Main/ Trunk Sewer:

It receives discharge from two or more sub-mains.

viii) Outfall Sewer:

It receives discharge from all collecting system and conveys it to the point of final disposal.

2.5) Sewer Appurtenances:

Sewer appurtenances are the various accessories on the sewerage system and are necessary for
the efficient operation of the system. They include man holes, lamp holes, street inlets, catch
basins, inverted siphons, and so on.

i) Manholes:
The purpose of the manhole is cleaning, inspection of the sewage and to have the house
connections.
These are provided at every change of the direction of the pipe and where ever the two pipes of
different diameters are used or where the slope is to be change in the design of the IEER society.

SPACING OF THE MANHOLES:

SEWER SIZE
225 mm-350 mm
460 mm 760 mm
> 760 mm

SPACING B/W MANHOLES

100 m
120 m
150 m

As in the design the diameter of the largest pipe is 610 mm so the spacing of 100m and 120 m is
provided where it was required.

ii) Flush tank:

The flush is provided where the velocity of the sewerage is less and waste
materials are settled in the flush tanks which are cleaned periodically.

iii) Inlet Provided:

GRATE INLETS are provided in the streets of
the society for the storm water to enter into the
sewer.

2.6) Design Procedure:

Find the present population of the project area. Then find the design population from the
given design period. Afterwards find average sewage flow for the design population.
Using this average sewage flow for design population, select peak factor for your project
area from table # 01
Draw the layout of the sewer system keeping in view the layout of the roads and streets
(represent each sewer with a line and manhole with a dot).
Number the manhole and identify each sewer line (Like M1M2, M2M3, etc).
Allocate Plots or Area to each sewer Line. (col 6,7,8)
Measure the length of each sewer line as scale of your map. Also show direction of flow
in sewer line with an arrow.
By adopting per capita sewage flow as 80-85%of water consumption, calculate average
sewage flow (col 11) and infiltration (col, 12.) for each sewer line. For this design
problem take infiltration rate as 5% of average sewage flow.
Calculate peak sewage flow (col, 12) and finally the design flow (col, 1 & IG) for the
sewer lines.
Using the method of back calculation, find approximate diameter (col, 18) and slope (col,
19) for your sewer assuming that the sewer is flowing frill. For back calculation choose a
suitable design table with a suitable self-cleansing velocity (0.7 m/sec). See Table 02.
In the end find the invert level (col,24 & 25) for all the sewers and complete the table of
calculation called Hydraulic Statement.

3) Design Criteria or Values Used:

3.1) Design period:
i) Sewer system:
Period of design is indefinite. The system is designed to take care for the maximum development
of the area. But we take design period of 20 years for our sewer system.

ii) Sewer Pumping Station:

Design period is 10-years. Rate of Flow are average daily, peak and minimum flow including
Infiltration.

3.2) Per Capita Water Consumption, Design Sewage Flow:

Design Flow:
First of all calculate the average sewage flow on the basis of water consumption and the
population at the end of the design period. i.e at the full development of the area. Then the design
flow for sanitary sewer and partially combined sewers can by calculated by using the following
formulae.
For Sanitary Sewer;
Qdesign = Peak sewage flow + infiltration
For partially combined sewer (WASA Criteria);
Qdesign = 2xPeak sewage flow + infiltration

3.3) Peak Factor Criteria & Values:

Like water supply, sewage flow varies from time to time. Since sewers must be able to
accommodate Maximum Rate of Flow, the variation in the sewage flow must be studied.
Generally Herman Formula is used to estimate the ratio of Maximum to Average Flow
Peak Factor =M =

Where;

Q max
14
=1+(
)
Qavg
4+ P

P is population in thousands

WASA Lahore Design Considers the Following Relationship for Sewer Design
Average Sewage Flow (m3 /day)
2500
2500 5000
5000 10000
10000 25000
25000 50000
50000 100000
100000 250000
250000 500000
> 500000

Peak Factor
4.0
3.4
3.1
2.7
2.5
2.3
2.15
2.08
2.0

3.4) Design Equations:

i) Continuity Equation:
Size of Sewer:
Use the following relation to find the diameter of sewer
Qf = A x V

ii) Mannings Equation:

Slope of Sewer:
Select the minimum velocity value and use the Mannings formula
1
V = R 2/ 3 S1 /2
n

3.5) Minimum & Maximum velocities:

i) Minimum (Self-Cleansing) Velocity:
Sewage should flow at all times with sufficient velocity to prevent the settlement of solid matter
in the sewer. Self-Cleansing Velocity is the minimum velocity that ensures non settlement of
suspended matter in the sewer.

The following minimum velocities are generally employed

Sanitary sewer = 0.6 m/sec

Storm sewer = 1.0 m/sec
Partially combined sewer = 0.7 m/sec

ii) Maximum velocity:

The maximum velocities in the sewer pipes should not exceed more than 2.4 m/sec. This max
velocity in the sewer should not exceed this limit of 2.4 m/sec. It is to avoid the excessive sewer
abrasion and also to avoid steep slopes.

3.6) Sewer Sizes & Materials:

i) Minimum Sewer Size:
225mm is taken as the minimum sewer size. The reason being that, the choking does not take
place even with the bigger size particles, which are usually thrown into the sewer through
manholes.

ii) Minimum Cover of Sewer:

1m is taken as the minimum cover over the sewers to avoid damage from live loads coming on
the sewer.

iii) Spacing of Manhole (WASA, Criteria):

For (Sewer Size)

225mm to 380mm

spacing not more than 100m

For (Sewer Size)

460mm to 760mm

spacing not more than 120m

For (Sewer Size)

greater than 760mm

spacing not more than 150m

iv) Direction of Sewer Line:

Sewer should flow, as for as possible the Natural Slope.

3.7) Infiltration:
It is amount of water that enters into the sewers through poor joints, cracked pipes, walls and
covers of manholes. It is nonexistent during dry weather but increases during rainy season.
Water and Sanitation Agency (WASA) Lahore uses the following infiltration rates for the design
of sewer system.

Sewer Diameter
225 mm to 600 mm
> 600 mm

Infiltration
5 % of Avg. Sewage Flow
10 % of Avg. Sewage Flow

3.8) Invert Level:

The lowest inside level at any cross-section of a sewer pipe is known as Invert Level at that
Cross-section.

i) Invert level calculations:

Invert Level = NGSL/RL Depth of Sewer Thickness of Sewer Dia. of Sewer

ii) For Single Sewer:

U/S Invert Level = NGSL/RL Depth of Sewer Thickness of Sewer Dia. of Sewer
D/S Invert Level = U/S Invert Level Drop (Length x slope)

iii) For two or more sewer of same sizes:

When equal diameter sewers discharge in a manhole and the same diameter sewers receives the
total discharge, LOWEST D/S I.L. among the discharging sewers will be carried as U/S I.L. for
the receiving sewer.

iv) Sewers of different sizes:

When receiving sewer diameter is greater than the discharging sewer;
Keep the crowns at the same level
Drop the U/S I.L. of the receiving sewer by the difference in the diameter of
the two sewers.

v) Sewer pipes and Connection:

Different types of pipes that are used in the sewer system are

PCC pipes (100mm-600mm diameter)

RCC pipes (225mm-4500mm diameter)

PVC pipes
AC pipes
C.I pipes
CLAY

We use the concrete pipes with Bell and Spigot Joints in our scheme and different sketches for
these pipes are given below

vi) Joints in Sewer Pipes:

Two types of joints in PCC pipes (up to 300mm) and RCC pipes (>300mm) are used.

a) Bell and Spigot Joints:

Employed for sewer from 225mm to 600mm
Bell

1:2

Cement Sand Mortar

Flow
Spigot

Rubber Ring

Jute

Dipped in Cement Slurry

b) Tongue and Groove Joints:

Employed for sizes > 600mm
Jute Dipped in Cement Slurry

Flow

1:2 Cement Sand Mortar

4) Results & Calculations:

1)
2)
3)
4)

The map is attached with proper highlights of sub-main, main or trunk sewer.
Calculation table prepared on excel is attached with the report.
Longitudinal profiles of sewer are also attached with the report.
For a single sewer line the calculations are shown as;

Calculations for Sewer Line M1 to M2

Design Flow:
Roll No. = 100
Total Plot = 30
Population per Flat = 7
Total Population = 30 x 7 = 210 Persons
Per capita sewage flow = ((350+Roll No.)*0.85)/1000 = 0.3825 m3/c/d
Average Sewage Flow = 0.3825 x Population =0.2264 x 210 = 80.325m3/d
Infiltration = 0.1 x Avg. Daily Sewage Flow = 8.0325 m3/d
Peak Flow = Peak Factor x Avg. Daily Sewage Flow = 4.14024 x 80.325 = 332.564 m3/d
Storm Sewage Flow = Peak Sewage Flow = 332.564 m3/d
Design Flow = PF +SF + Inf. = 332.564 +332.564 +8.0325 = 673.162 m3/d
673.162
Design Flow=
=0.007791228 m3 /sec
246060

Diameter:

2
Q= AV = D V
4

D=

4Q
40.007791228
=
1000=119.0745 mm
V
0.7

Commercial Available Diameter = 310 mm

Slope:
Using Mannings Equation:

1
V = R 3 S 2
n

S=(

Vn

) =0.002504054
2

R3

Invert Level:
Upper Invert Level = Ground Level Earth cover Thickness - Diameter
Upper Invert Level = 100.7 1 0.05 0.310 = 99.34 m
Fall = Slope x Length = 0.002504054 x 105 = 0.262925 m
Lower Invert Levels = Upper Invert Level fall = 99.34 0.262925 = 99.0770 m

Velocity Computation:

Qfull =AV = D 2V full

4

2
3
Qfull =AV = 0 .310 0.7=0.0527394 m /sec
4
Qa 0.007791228
=
=0.147730
Q full
0.0527394
d
=0.3( theGraph)
D

Va
=0.6(the Graph)
V full

V a=0.6V full=0.60.699=0.419 m/sec

5) Cost Analysis:
The cost analysis is not the exact one. This cost analysis is performed just to give idea or
concept.
Total Cost = Cost of excavation + Cost of the piping (laying, jointing) + Cost of manholes
Work
Earthwork Cost
Manholes Cost
Pipes Cost
Total Cost

6) Comments & Recommendations:

Cost(Rs.)
238551.4238
165000
1067400
1470951.424

Minimum diameter is taken as 310 mm and other diameters are considered according to
WASA standard (locally available).
Minimum clear cover of 1-m is provided above the sewer in order to avoid from impact
of live loading.
We use the concrete pipes with Bell and Spigot Joints in our sewer system.
Minimum self-cleansing velocity was not maintained in most of the pipes so it is
recommended to make a provision of septic tank for every house.
Used Concrete pipes in the sewerage system design which is most economical.
Considering the economy, design is done for the partially combined sewerage system.
Manholes should be cleaned after the passage of time.
Bedding of the sewers should be selected according the criteria by calculating the Load
Factor.
3-edge bearing test should be carried on the sewer pipes to know the strength of the
sewers.

7) References:

Class Lectures by Sir Haroon Rashid

All the Pictures are taken from Internet
Book of WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE By E.W. Steel and T.J. McGhee 6th
Edition