I. NOMENCLATURE
UNFCC: United Nation Framework for Climate Change
CO2e: Equivalent Carbon Dioxide
XM: Provides services for planning and coordinating the
operation of the National Interconnected System.
NEON: An information System of the Energy Market in
Colombia
COP: Conference of the parties. The parties to the convention
have met annually from 1995 in Conferences of the Parties
(COP) to assess progress in dealing with climate change
IEA: International Energy Agency
WEO: World Energy Outlook
TPES: Total Primary Energy Supply
IPCC: International Panel on Climate Change
COP$: Colombian Pesos (money)
II. INTRODUCTION
and transport. The electricity and heat sectors were the most
important worldwide in 2008 with 41% of CO2 emissions.
These sectors depend heavily on coal and it is also the largest
contributor of CO2 emissions from fossil fuels, increasing its
participation in global emissions. [5]
According to the IEA, For 2030, the WEO forecasts that the
demand of electricity will be two times higher than current
demand, associated to the fast population growth, largely due
to the population growth in developing countries, the
continued increasing of the use of electrical appliances in
homes and commercial buildings, and the growth of electrified
industrial processes. [6]. This suggests that the fossil fuel
consumption for electricity and heat generation will increase
and will bring an increase in the greenhouse gasses emissions,
GHGs, for the planet.
B. Carbon Emissions for Electricity Generation in Colombia
a)
Calculation of the total GHG emissions
associated to the fossil fuel consumption for the total
of the National Interconnected System plants: This
data is reported daily by the manager of the energy
market in Colombia, XM Market Experts (Expertos
en Mercados).
Emissions p = Fossil Fuel Consumption p,i FEC i
p: plant
i: fossil fuel
FEC: Fossil fuel Emission Factor
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
97,257
94,600
Diesel
74,869
74,100
Fossil Fuel
80,570
77,400
Natural Gas
55,101
56,100
0.05
01/01/2008
11/01/2008
21/01/2008
31/01/2008
10/02/2008
20/02/2008
01/03/2008
11/03/2008
21/03/2008
31/03/2008
10/04/2008
20/04/2008
30/04/2008
10/05/2008
20/05/2008
30/05/2008
09/06/2008
19/06/2008
29/06/2008
09/07/2008
19/07/2008
29/07/2008
08/08/2008
18/08/2008
28/08/2008
07/09/2008
17/09/2008
27/09/2008
07/10/2008
17/10/2008
27/10/2008
06/11/2008
16/11/2008
26/11/2008
06/12/2008
16/12/2008
26/12/2008
0.00
01/01/2009
11/01/2009
21/01/2009
31/01/2009
10/02/2009
20/02/2009
02/03/2009
12/03/2009
22/03/2009
01/04/2009
11/04/2009
21/04/2009
01/05/2009
11/05/2009
21/05/2009
31/05/2009
10/06/2009
20/06/2009
30/06/2009
10/07/2009
20/07/2009
30/07/2009
09/08/2009
19/08/2009
29/08/2009
08/09/2009
18/09/2009
28/09/2009
08/10/2009
18/10/2009
28/10/2009
07/11/2009
17/11/2009
27/11/2009
07/12/2009
17/12/2009
27/12/2009
b)
Calculation of the net generation for the
thermal plants in Colombia: The net generation is
defined as the electricity that a thermal plant delivers
to the transmission network, and is calculated as the
gross generation minus the used electricity for own
uses in the plant. XM Market Experts, daily reports
the net generation of the plants in the National
Interconnected System in their border points:
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
net generation p
c)
Calculation of GHG emission factor of all
plant: The GHG emission factor of electricity of all
plants is calculated as:
Emission factor = Total Emissions [ton CO2 eq]
Total FEE / Total net generation [MWh]
01/01/2010
11/01/2010
21/01/2010
31/01/2010
10/02/2010
20/02/2010
02/03/2010
12/03/2010
22/03/2010
01/04/2010
11/04/2010
21/04/2010
01/05/2010
11/05/2010
21/05/2010
31/05/2010
10/06/2010
20/06/2010
30/06/2010
10/07/2010
20/07/2010
30/07/2010
09/08/2010
19/08/2010
29/08/2010
08/09/2010
18/09/2010
28/09/2010
08/10/2010
18/10/2010
28/10/2010
07/11/2010
17/11/2010
27/11/2010
07/12/2010
17/12/2010
27/12/2010
0.00
SMART GRIDS
6.
The procedure for calculating the carbon emissions for noninterconnected zones is as follows, initially estimated diesel
consumption is multiplied by the factor of carbon for diesel.
SECTOR
ESTRATEGY
National Measurement
Systema Phasor
Penetration of Renewable
Energy
ENERGY
Plants Efficiency
Penetration of Distributed
Generation
Network efficiency
Electricity
Sector
Electricity
Sector:
Consumer
Demand Management
Efficient end-use equipment
(energy star)
Electricity penetration in
transit
Transport
Sector
Efficient transport
"Going Solar Is Harder Than It Looks, a Valley Finds" article by Kirk Johnson in The New York Times June 3, 2010.
"Colorado Increases Renewables Requirements" blog by Kate Galbraith on NYTimes.Com March 22, 2010
5
Segunda Comunicacin de Colombia ante UNFCC
6
Segunda Comunicacin de Colombia ante UNFCC, capitulo 3. Pagina 172
Electric
Gasoline
20.000
20.000
Electricity or
fuel/km
0.25 kWh/km
40km/gal
Type
Emission Factor
0.216
kgCO2/kWh
8.8 kgCO2/gal
Emission per km
0.054 kgCO2/km
0.219 kgCO2/km
Anual Emission
1,080 kg
CO2/year
4400
kg CO2/year
300 COP/kWh
8500 COP/gal
1500,000
COP$/year
4250,000
COP$/year
km/yr
Specific Price
Total Price
COP$/year
An electric car during its use can reduce up to 3.3 tons of CO2e
per year and save money up to 3 million COPs per year,
compared with a gasoline-powered car. These findings
indicate that the adoption of electric vehicles can bring
emissions reductions of more than 260 tons of CO2 per year,
increasing progressively with the augmentation of the fleet.
C. Sustainable rehabilitation of buildings
1) Energetic
efficience
in
buildings:
Energy
consumption in Colombia is distributed and the
residential, industrial and commercial possess 52.5%
of total consumption, it is important to note that
doesnt exists information about the amount of
energy consumed in lighting in these sectors.
However UPME in 2008 [25], presents an analysis of
the number of users per sector, the residential sector
has 8420,852 users (91.2%) and commercial sector
has 663,742 (7.2%)
Based on this information, we calculated the potential impact
of replacing bulbs in the residential sector of Colombia.
TABLE 5, shows the composition by technology of the
luminaries in Colombia and lamps average by home.
TABLE 5. LAMPS IN COLOMBIA. COMPOSITION BY TECHNOLOGY
AND LAMPS AVERAGE BY HOME (l/h). [26]
Type
Bogot
Medelln
Barranquilla
Pasto
Incandescent
71.9%
7.6 l/h
21.0%
2.2 l/h
7.1%
0.8 l/h
59.5%
5.1 l/h
28.7%
2.4 l/h
11.8%
1.0 l/h
46.7%
5.0 l/h
44.6%
4.7 l/h
8.7%
0.9 l/h
85.1%
7.8 l/h
11.3%
1.0 l/h
3.6%
0.3 l/h
LFCs
Fluorescents
Incandescents
#
residential
lamps
56,678,827
Power
by
lamp
80
LFCs
20,892,363
Fluorescents
7,007,805
Total
84,578,995
use by
day (h)
Consume by
year
4,965,065,245
20
457,542,750
40
306,941,859
5,729,549,854
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
[10]
UNFCCC.
ACM0002:
Consolidated
baseline
methodology for grid-connected electricity generation from
renewable sources --- Version 12.1.0
Energy
Consumption