Ramsay and Sayce Analyze Pamphylian Inscriptions

On Some Pamphylian Inscriptions
Author(s): W. M. Ramsay and A. H. Sayce

Source: The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 1 (1880), pp. 242-259
Published by: The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies
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242
ON SOME PAMPHYLIAN INSCRIPTIONS.

IN an interesting paper which appeared in the Zeitschrift fiar
Numismatik, 1877, Dr. Friedldinderhas brought together some
remarkable inscriptions on coins of some Pamphylian cities; but
it cannot be said that he has added anything to their elucidation
beyond what had been already done by the late J. Siegismund
in Curtius' Studien, vol. ix. p. 87. During the last few weeks
before I left England, my attention was drawn to these and to
the long inscription from Assarkeui, the ancient Sillyon, which
is given very inaccurately in B6okh, C. I. G.,1and more correctly
by Hirschfeld in the Monatsber.d. Berl. Ak. 1874, p. 714 ; and
the following notes are the result of the conversations and correspondence which I had with Professor Sayce on the subject.
Throughout the paper, Professor Sayce's name will often recur,
but it must be distinctly understood that even where his name
is not mentioned, and where he might not agree with the views
expressed, his suggestions have been used, and the whole might
have been more justly, as it would doubtless have been better,
written by him.
I put forth the paper with -much diffidence, as I have been
obliged to write it without access to a good library, and am
therefore obliged to trust to memory for a great many facts, and
to want the additional light which good authorities would
supply. Hence throughout the paper few references are given,
and these usually in general terms. Several times Ahrens's
articles in Philologus, xxxv. xxxvi., on the Cyprian Dialect are
quoted as Ahrens, Cypr., no clearer reference being possible.
1 iii. 1160 sq. See also Bailie,
Fasciculus Inscriptionum, ii. 229,
Kirchhoff, Studiec &c. p. 44 sq. (3rd
Ed.), and Lebas, Voyage archdologique,

iii. 1377 (and p. 335).

243
I. I begin with the inscription found on certain coins

XEAYVAIYI. These coins are thus described'(1) Obv. Head of bearded warrior r.
Rev. Male figure standing. Inscription.
(2) Obv. Head of Apollo r. laureate.
Rev. Zeus Aetophoros seated. Inscription.
(3) Obv. Same.
Rev. Thunderbolt. Inscription.
They belong to about the third century B.C. According to
Friedlainder(1. c.), they were at one time attributed to the town
of Selge in Pisidia, and M. Waddington first rightly assigned
them to Sillyon. The coins of this city from a little before the
Christian era generally bear the legend
but the
ZIAAYE.QN;
in
varied
much
ancient
have
as
we
the
times,
spelling
very
forms 1Xovov, BVXXtov,
In
the
and
6kXXov,
,6Xatov.
.vXeCov,
find the same
Sillyon inscription, line 3 (and
probably line 1), we
as
on
the
in
coins
form
the
IEAY~
adjective
IIOX. A third
form, IEAYV I IYI, must have been used, though I do not know
that any instance of it has been preserved. Of the legend, the
latter part, IIYX, is found on the coins of Aspendus treated by
Siegismund (1.c.), EITF EAl IYVI,and has been rightly explained
by Friedlander following him. The second I represents the Y
sound developed after t before a vowel. In Lycian also after E,
which denotes the Greek I, t is inserted before a vowel. The
original O of the termination sometimes becomes Y as in the
Latin Second IDeclension,and thus I IVY has been evolved from
the regular Greek ending toq.
There remains now only the \f to be explained. This
symbol also occurs several times in the Sillyon inscription; and
its value has not as yet, so far as I know, been determined. It
seemed to me at first that it must be a sound like the English
n or w; but Professor Sayce suggested more accurately that it
had in many cases a syllabic value, which is, I think, quite
certain. In the case before us it can represent only the w sound
evolved after v before a vowel. The termination -to- has to be
added to the stem YeXov or XeXv, and in the pronunciation of
1 For the descriptionof these and Gardner,onwhoseauthorityalso I give
othercoins I am indebtedto Mr.Percy the periodto whichthey belong.
It

jl~
244
ON SOMEPAMPHYLIANINSCRIPTIONS.
the country two parasitic sounds were developed after the it

and after the t. One might expect that the parasitic sound
should be indicated by F, which symbol also occurs in the
Pamphylian inscription, and on this account Friedlander remarks
that V\ cannot have the value here assigned to it. But it is not
so unusual to find more than one symbol in one single alphabet
to indicate the w sound in different situations. Thus we find
in Lycian also that, besides the F, there is another symbol,
) (, to which, when doubled, M. Schmidt assigns with undoubted correctness the value uw. If it be argued that
Schmidt considers F in Lycian to be a surd, like the English I,
and that therefore another symbol was needed for the sonant in
question, we may reply that Savelsberg (Beitr. z. Entzifferung
der Lyk. Sprach-Denknm.
p. 17) advances some strong arguments
to show that F was in Lycian a sonant letter, and that there
were three distinct symbols in Lycian to represent the English
v or w, viz.: F, )(, which represents it only after itself in the
combination uv, and Y, which represents it only in the combinations A , EYA, OY A, AYO, vcta,iva, uac, and avi. This
is not the place to inquire whether Schmidt or Savelsberg is
right; but on either supposition we have sufficient confirmation
of the double symbol in Pamphylian.
I shall try to show that in the Sillyon inscription a rule is
followed in the use of 1A.
(1) We have the use already indicated, between v and
a following vowel; the word leXvV\AYov probably occurs twice,
lines 1 and 3.
(2) It is often found before o ; in lines 14 and 17 it is used
probably in the word FoK0ov,Pamphylian Votucv. The close
relationship of o and U makes this very natural. L. Meyer
has shown that in Homer the digamma is preserved much more
completely before o than before any other letter, which shows
that in this situation it had a different and more decided value
than in the other cases. It also occurs before o in H E&OTAIX
(lines 7 and 9), Volc... (line 3).
(3) It occurs in the combination ALVTY (line 15); where,
if the reading is correct, it must have a syllabic value.
(4) It occurs in the words aV\Arao-l (lines 7 and perhaps 26)
and Vrr'Av4 rpa[t?af] (line 21). There is abundant evidence

ON SOME PAMPHYLIAN
INSCRIPTIONS.
245
that some peculiarity in the pronunciation of the two diphthongs,

av and ev, was common in the south-western parts of Asia Minor.'
We have in the Lycian bilingual inscription of Lewdisii aorJ
and
on a coin of Cnidus, E0flXko for E',oViXov; in the
Jaorovv;
from
inscription
Mycale (C. I. G. No. 2909), a3roi; in that from
Priene (C. I. G. No. 2907), Xe6Kot9; in that from Samos (see G.
Curtius, Wesel.Program. 1873), ebovoav, Tao~a, aordo,
ao'rcr,
ab&7ot, a3roTi5; in the Carian inscription published by Mr..
Newton in the appendix to his Essays on Art and Archaeology,
aoTo; and many cases might be quoted from Erythrae and
Chios.2 In this pronunciation the number of syllables remained
the same, for in the Priene inscription XEdKOL'is a spondee.
The Ionic form COVTr9,usual in Herodotus, is probably closely
akin, as I shall try to show. Savelsberg, who gives most of
these instances, considers that the v (which must therefore, he
argues, have retained its ancient value u, and not suffered the
modification common in Greek) has passed into the closely akin
sound o; but long before I imagined that the intermediate step
was aFo, CFo,and I think that the Pamphylian forms confirm
this view. These must, according to the ideas here advanced,
represent the English value awittos, .ewu-pra... ; and in the
Ionic, Lycian, and Carian forms a very slight change resulting
from the tendency to dissimilation produced aFo, eFo,like the
Latin voltus, &c., and finally do, do; while in Herodotus aF
became by an easy and common transition co.
This parasitic W sound has a tendency to come in quite as
much before as after the v to separate it from another vowel:
and similarly the parasitic Y is found both before and after
an original t. Thus in modern Greek we have b'rytofor olos,
where of course 7yis pronounced Y. No one will think it difficult that aFo, eFo should make only a single syllable in pronunciation, if he looks at the way in which modern Greek runs
together several vowels and semivowels into one syllable.
While in Sillyon the two symbols seem to have been used
side by side according to definite rules, we need not be surprised
to find /\ employed in other parts of the country instead of
in cases where the rules observed in the Sillyon inscription
F,
i.e.. lead us to
would
expect F. This seems to be the case on
1 The forms alluded to occur in other
parts of Greece,e.g., Amphipolis, Crete,
&c., but not so frequently.

2 Aninstance from
Delos, supra, p. 59.

246
II. The coins of Perga. On silver and copper coins struck

after the time of Alexander we find a remarkable legend,
VAANAL+'AIR PEIIAX. The silver coins, which are larger
and much clearer, bear on the obverse a sphinx seated,
and on the reverse Artemis standing, holding wreath and
sceptre. They belong to the second century B.c. Friedliinder
(1.c.) showed that the first letter of the legend is not M
as it was formerly read, but N retrograde. The legend
is obviously the name or a title of the goddess in the
genitive case, just as we have on later coins of the city
APTEMIAOQ nEPrAIAX.
The second part, nPEIIAX,
1 In the case of roots containing

a double aspirate, the consonants are
liable to great alterations: see Kuhn
on TEcAX[and on KCv'rcavposin Zft.f.
vgl. Spr. vol. i.p.173, and Grassmann

in vol. xii. Fick (Vgl. Wortb. vol. ii.
p. 421) compares7ri0os,7r0dicvn, ptadKv
7rv'va for qJv',a,
d.
,vOIv,
BvOe
is certainly the genitive singular feminine of the adjective.

The name of the city, Perga, is an adjectival form, which
is also found with the superlative termination -ma-, as the
name of a city or citadel: it is derived from the root bhargh,
in Sanskrit brih, to raise or cause to grow great.' Hence the
present participle is bharghant, in Sanskrit brihant, strong,
high, thick. A shorter form of this is bhargha, which was at
a very early time differentiated into the two forms preserved
in modern German berg and burg. Corresponding to these we
have in Greek rE'pra,re'pyaFa,and 7r'pryo: the sense of high
or strong place remaining throughout. When the word 7repya
became a proper name, the adjective was formed from it by the
suffix (ya, or) ia, the latter of which Benfey (G&'tt.Abhandl.
1870) has shown to be the more ancient; the Greek form of
the suffix is -to-; and thus we should have the word repryto.
In the local pronunciation ep became pe, a change which was
l i in Orient und
first discussed by Benfey, Ueber ri, ri,
ii,, in Indog. VokaOccident,vol. ii., and afterwards by J. Schmidt
lismus. In modern Greek the change is frequent; alongside of
and
as common epithets
we find wrptwc6
-puioXaJpov'Ta and
tpo6?,
of the Angel of Death; d&eXds6,
dc6epco,
d8pedo', all
occur. So in ancient Greek 'A po8~'T and 'A op8tia. Then
the 7 between the two vowels was softened to y, a change
which has become almost the rule in modern Greek. Thus we
have the form 7rpeY~o, on the coin in the genitive singular

247
feminine, n PEI IAX, where the Y is represented by the symbol 1,
as in ZEAYAIIO Z.
V\AN Al4AI must therefore be the genitive of the name

or epithet of the goddess. L4I is not unlike the Greek 9, but
to understand it in this value as Friedlander gives a hopeless
word. In the Carian inscriptions the symbol Y occurs, and
Professor Sayce had conjectured that there it has the value o-a.
When I saw this among his notes, it at once occurred to me that
this was the value required on the coins of Perga: and in the
ordinary Greek characters we have then the form Fava'oao-a
Ipeyylav, the 7 being pronounced as it would be in modern
Greek. L'- and N"occur as equivalent forms in the Phoenician
alphabet. I believe that this symbol Y or LfJ was used in the
alphabets of Caria, Lycia, and Pamphylia to denote a sibilant,
which is not recognised in the Greek alphabet, though it was
probably used by them at least in parts of the country. In
Lycian the value of Y has been variously given. It is certainly
near enough to the guttural series to be used in the combination
YZL or 'f II with the value of the Greek 4. It cannot be the
Greek ic, which occurs in Lycian; and Lassen, Sharpe, &c.,were
certainly wrong in taking it as r (see M. Schmidt, Vorstudien
z. Entziferung der Lyk. Spr. and Corpus of Lycian Inscr.).
Schmidt himself assigned it the value kh: but in his Neue
Lykishe Studien he publishes without comment a paper by
Pertsch giving it a value between k and s, viz, the palatal
It is used once to correspond to the
sibilant, Sanskrit 7[.
Greek 4 in the name of Pixodaros, the Carian prince: on the
other hand, the Greeks sometimes spelt this Carian name
and a coin perhaps gives Htac'ca[pov] (see Pertsch,
1a-pe8apog,
1. c. p. 7).1
In the Cyprian dialect Ahrens Uypr.has shown that a similar
sibilant existed. It occurs in the syllabary in conjunction with the
vowels a, e, and u: but though this same symbol Y or LJ occurs
in the syllabary, it is used for the dental sibilant, and other
symbols are employed for the palatal sibilant. Ahrens has
shown that this sibilant is used especially where in Attic a~that he
would occur; and it is in regard to the word
FMvaara
1
It may be some confirmation of
indicated about the Lycian symbol in
Pertsch'sview that, long beforeseeing a letter to Prof. Sayce, and met with
his paper, I expressed the idea here
his complete approval.

248
ON SOME PAMPHYLIAN
INSCRIPTIONS.
first has occasion to speak of it. Now it is a well-known fact

that ao in Greek has usually taken the place of a guttural or
dental surd followed by Y-, OdaEcovfor GarK-cov,rcpeloo~ovfor
Kpe6r-Wov. So with the suffix Ya, or ta, we have avaKYa beNow, it is certain that this combination ic + Y
coming
hvaao'a.
retained more of its guttural character, and so we
sometimes
the Attic
have Goc-Ya becoming 8oca, and 8'ic-Ya for
occur where a
OdhXao-a,becoming 8d&a.' Many other casesd~cK-Ya,
similar variation between ? and a points to the difficulty caused
and Zctbvvv?oboth octo the Greeks by this sibilant.
Atovvwoos
cur; H~1c$8apoqand Htcreapo9 have just been mentioned ; C or
dic has the dialectic forms el or o-o-,&c. In Attic this sibilant
disappeared entirely, and aoo-was there a sharp dental; but in
the south-west countries of Asia Minor, as in Cyprus, it
remained in full power, and when the common Greek alphabet
was adopted by them, they required a special symbol for it.
These facts tell strongly in favour of Professor Sayce's
ingenious conjecture about the value of the Carian symbol, and
constitute a new proof of the common origin of those alphabets
of Asia Minor which were replaced by the Greek.
Another form of the same symbol is T.
It is found in the
from
Mr.
Halicarnassos
Newton, Hist.
published by
inscription
Disc. No. 1, and on coins of Mesembria in the legends M ETA,
In the inscription, a copy of which is
ME'T'AMBPIANflN.
not at hand, the symbol is used only in Carian names such as
'O0aTdTwov,HavvdTroc: and it cannot be tau, which occurs in
the ordinary form. 1Iavv'aooaa, and many other names in -ao-aiv
gen.
are found in the Carian inscription quoted above
from-dora--o;,
Mr. Newton's essays. The T of the one inscription corresponds to ao- of the other. The sibilant in the name of the
Thracian city had the same palatal value: cp. uE'o-ao~and
III. The results hitherto attained help us in some degree with
the long inscription from Sillyon. It is on a stone built into a
church, and Hirschfeld remarks that, though the letters have
1 Ahrens, in the passage referredto,

has traced the history of this remarkatbleEpirote form. It is alluded to below, Sillyou inscription, note on line 7.
Fick, in Bezzenberger'sBeitr. vol. i.,

explains 84ta as the tense stem of the
weak aorist employed as a noun. I
prefer Ahrens' explanation as above.

~
EYA'
I AA
I H I I A P O I : I MA
I At/////A P/////I'
I / o10*.
n A
APP
E A E E AY / . . A
ElIF///!///tVH
A ,: A 114vR
I
o
ob
A
An
E Y Ir'/ll
T P V\o I K//1/I/llL //ll//l/lTYI<M: 83AY

A II0
l A X/lli//ll AL //Il///
\A I IARKEKPAMEIvO
EE EZETEFI-IA Ilno, iA
lvAI//I
lA
r
A
P A I M H !E:
EtAF ET. A 11
I
EERA
I/El
.
O:AKAIT1MAF E An
F OEABATIAP1 IE IvA A1/
AT POnnOI l
HEMAOTA//:
nEPTIPE/V IA\\ TAII
E BoAA. ET YA P I IotVARATAET AElt
IAAETIk A^ I "I'EM OTAI////
PAIFHrAIMIE
SAEMA vETY: KA IMH E' A/////////TY tkA////////
IA
OEF; IloAII
eEAo0
EIr"e
'
Y///////fI v J////EA TTEP EE///
TA I!EIIKAI v II~//l/A F YKA/I/rEFE P I O Y A /1/

KAOEAYIA I H PIAI EIEKAIYBOAEM Et YE +
YfloAI <E+ ETOKAIVHO KAaE
I\o
AI !o
A V\T YMAAIAtvHALAE~E0HA1 PEKA'
IkA
IETEPE
IK(AIAPLYPOTAIM EEXAL1O k
o kI
An rl P
rAA O AA ETOKA I IAol
'
YnloAl
OTA.
ETEPE:aE
AI
I
A
APLYPOTA
EA
Iv
XK
VE
(
A A IOY
TEPE9E
AMII E Y,
IX
I1
EY.
4.
HAI PEMEEXALOA I 'I///'I
A-LEVOLAI
OAYAMATIPEEM H E//////I///II//I/A I tt V E.A
l PA
E n EP I
TA I KAI I E P
EPA.HI IAPYLE////////IIIIII
FHEKAIMHEIAAEKA Iv I
.AMAAIMO!.AM/
AF E+ETO k AI [lEnA fl/////TA BOF ARkA
nfoAI
I/I/T O A .
:AL.E.A
A
/////////
Y
OPO
//
F
A
O I
E. EIE
I(
P0
/////////l//
//ll /I //////////11ll/l//l iE/II
I 0K0E E A 1nE PAW/
\ A E////Al
AE A
F E EE
El///
E:E. A I FAT EYA lil

o i:
not0
Io OMY~E //A
kAIAfIEAONAnY
///////
'
T ,
AP Y H A //////
//////I4EPOAO I MEI
II/I/E+ CI
_/
//I///
V A + A ///
///Al trlEP//
////////O//
///kAI EL 10
ThisT
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P Idownloaded from 89.34.228.69 on Sun, 8 Feb 2015 11:12:16 AM
i/////A vr A
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249
been partly obliterated, the stone seems complete. I therefore

assume (1) that we have the opening of the inscription in the
first line; (2) that most of the lines are complete on the left
side; (3) that the long line 24 is nearly complete, and as the
addition of two letters makes it run into the following line, .the
number of letters to the line throughout the inscription is about
45. So far as I know, Kirchhoff (Gesch. d. Gr. A1ph.) is the
only person who has published any detailed account of the
inscription, and he has not advanced very far. Of the two
symbols explained above, only one, , occurs in this inscription.
The alphabet used is as follows :-A B L A E or 1 B F H as
the aspirate, once as eta, 9 I K AMNIv X O n PI T Y 4 +
and A. Symbols occurring once and probably imperfect are
X, E and I. b is perhaps the old form of B, as in Lycian.
Of the explanations proposed in the following notes, I am
conscious that many are exceedingly doubtful; but I have
offered many suppositions in the hope that some happier wit
may either be helped by them to reach the truth, or at least
be warned against error.
It is probable that Sillyon was, like Side and Aspendos, a
Greek colony, though we do not know what was the mother
city. In a barbarous country, where the Greek element was
not strong, the speech of the colonists became very corrupt; and
Arrian tells us of the neighbouring city of Side that the dialect
there spoken was unintelligible.
The similarity to the modern Greek is often striking: but, as
my acquaintance with the modern language is slight, I have
refrained from mentioning any such analogy except where it
was necessary to give support to the explanation proposed. It
is interesting to find this advanced post of Hellenic civilisation
in the midst of barbarous surroundings passing so early over
the same path of change in respect of vocalisation that Greece
itself afterwards more slowly traversed. At the same time we
might expect to find in the inscription non-Greek words, and
certainly there are many which I cannot explain; but till the
general character of the inscription is better ascertained, mere
ignorance would not justify one in declaring words to be
non-Greek.
1
Unless ABAin line 3 is a mistakeof engraveror copyist.

250
With regard to the age of the inscription, Kirchhoff remarks

(1. c.) that this can hardly be fixed. The fixed and regular
writing shows that it is not very old. The style of the letters is
almost exactly that of the Ionic alphabet used in the inscriptions at Abu Simbel; hence any influence of the Ionic must have
been exerted not later than the end of the seventh century B.C.
But it is not certain that Sillyon learned the alphabet from
Ionia; it may have got it from Argos, as the neighbouring
Aspendos was an Argive colony.'
Other considerations also, I think, mark the inscription as of
no early date. In the first 'place, though the dialect is clearly
Doric, I fancy that occasionally it shows traces of the influence
of the Attic language and civilisation. And, secondly, the degeneration of the dialect has proceeded so far in the direction in
which modern Greek or Romaic has altered that it is not easy
to assign a very early date to the inscription.
On the other hand, after Greek influence and literature had
completely triumphed in Asia, it is probable that the public
documents of such a city as this would be written in common
Greek, or at least that the ordinary Greek language would have
influenced it much more than is here the case.
In the inscriptions on the coins of Perga the native dialect is
retained till the second century B.C.; but in that century the
common Greek seems to have established itself as the official
language, and begins to be employed on the coins. In the coins
of Sillyon there seems to be a gap between those of the third or
second century B.C., with the legend in the native dialect, and
those with the Greek legend, which begin not long before the
Christian era; so that we are deprived of evidence from this
side as to the period when the provincial dialect gave place to
the cultivated dialect as the language of the educated class and
of public documents. In this inscription the alphabet is
probably in a fluctuating condition. Whether learned from
Ionia, or from Argos, or perhaps from Corinth, the alphabet
used in this state had retained the antique forms long after
these had been modified all over Greece. But when this
inscription was engraved, the usual Greek forms of the letters
1 I have only an early edition of
Kirchhoff, Gr. Alph., in which he
does not mention Pamphylian; and
accordingly I quote from memory

and a few notes made in the British
Museum.

251
were well known, and had in some cases established themselves

almost completely. Thus E and B occur regularly, except in
lines 2 and 3, where the old forms B and b are used. H, on the
other hand, usually denotes the spiritus asper, but in one case at
least it seems to be used as eta. It might therefore be safe to
assert that the inscription dates between 300 and 150 B.C.
As to the drift of the inscription, one or two passages
might very well occur in an honorary decree; but the greater
part does not suit well with such an hypothesis. Professor
Sayce conjectures "that certain individuals, fifteen years after
a plague, have dedicated a statue to Apollo Pythios, who
destroys noxious things, and that the community ratifies the
deed, and settles the rites and ceremonies, processions, and the
like, which have to be connected with the statue."
1. It is probable that the beginning of the inscription is
intact, so that we must look for an invocation. Atel occurs as
dative of Zeus, C. I. G., Nos. 1869, 6832, and on the tomb of
Midas the dative Favaic-et occurs; so perhaps we may readZv(v) AteL A. (or A) Ical Ht>apoio-t. With Zeus A. and the
holy (gods).
or some other epithet.
A. may stand for
'AXin,
Zeus was one of theaytdLo,
chief gods
of Sillyon; for on coins we
sometimes find Zeus Aetophoros.
In our inscription the diphthong et is represented by E simply:
but in the dative of the third declension the e&has a different
character and origin from the ordinary Greek diphthong, and
hence it appears here in a different spelling. AtFt, is also a
possible reading. On the loss of the nasal before A it is sufficient to refer to Deecke, Siegismund, and Ahrens.
Friedlinder suggests that MACE may be the beginning of
the name of Magydos, a city of Pamphylia; but as L is elsewhere the symbol for gamma, probably we should read MIAFE...1
It may possibly begin an accusative case of a proper name, and
the rest of the line might be read
HetXe Ze'Xv'[tY]a [owXld.
2. YflAP, possibly the Attic birep. After it the copy in
Biockh, C. I. G., reads KAI A, &c. Comparing this with
1 Bezzenbergerhas MATE...

252
Hirschfeld's reading, we find the word icat[o]aptYa9 suggests

itself, which would bring the inscription down to a very late
date. Comparing the end of this line with line 21, we may
readwir ev7rpa[?itaT.
3. e... rv implies such a form as el[Xe]ro. Cp.

line 8.
0oXa*ierTv,
With VAOLK...t3compare VAomc6roXt9, line 14.
The
rest of the line is-
cal 3eXv\AtYo [FlaX...

4 ....
ara
r
icpalpvo3 E'E?7rtlreFtyatI roX vat or 7roX'Lv

ratified or
from
consummated, or
cpalvo,
'[,Yov.
cEtcpatIvolY
perhaps for KereqxpVlvov.d with dative case is known in several
Peloponnesian dialects. ap1aYeSseems to occur, line 19, as
nominative plural; here possibly the genitive occurs.
8Gca
5. SYa 7re'(v)8e KICal
(?
(?) a ....
F&r[g]Y(a) awiv Xq.
A verb from
occurs to our mind,--'has preserved our
ora6co
city for fifteen years from pestilence.' According to Curtius,
XVtAdand Xoi~,po are connected (though this connection is not
favoured by Fick, and another is preferred in Vanigek); and
here perhaps we have such a form in the gender of the one with
the sense of the other. Or it is possible to take Xqtl in the
sense of Xt~1. The v had already acquired the sound that it
has generally in modern Greek; and the word is spelt according
to the sound. The double a is expressed only once, as Siegismund has shown to happen in the shorter Pamphylian inscriptions. The same rule holds sometimes in Lycian; see Schm.
N. L. St. p. 9.
with the parasitic sound. In modern Smyrniote Greek
&'Ya
is
pronounced, as the people of Sillyon evidently pro',7VTre
nounced it, with the T made sonant and with a very faint
sound of v; and in some mouths the v disappears completely.
FA[L]Ya, no doubt F&Eea became FerTa, as in severe Doric
')red becomes i&169, though the general rule in Doric is that
ea in this case is either left unchanged or contracted to q (Ahr.
Dial. Dor. ?? 23 and 30): and then the parasitic sound was
developed. a'rvrfor d"o.
6. 'oa rcKal?TtaFEoa 7rdo-a. It seems probable that 0ra and
seems third plural of the weak
7rboaaare correlative.
7tldFeoa

253
aorist. We should expect the other spirant Y from a verb whose

stem was originally Tt/ta- ya-; but Ahrens has shown in various
places (e.g. on Inscriptions from Olympia, in Philol. vol. xxxviii.)
how F passes into Y and i, and the reverse change is quite as
easy. We find in modern Greek Xplcaraya as first singular imwhich shows to what changes the
perfect of XpwoarTdfor XpoorcQw,
in
in
verbs
was
Professor Sayce suggests
liable.
spirant
-aco
that ?r~aFeqis first person dual.
7. ca(v)0pC'rotat ?'eprTpev I aVAatat He? orat". Original
vr in this inscription is written 8; here for original v0 we have
r. As Siegismund (1. c.) and Kirchhoff both point out, this form
is quite certain. fI EPTIPENI perhaps 7repTl17pEVy
It is in
1v.
that case doubtful if the second E stands for e, 7, or et (Ahrens,
? 37). The 1, was evidently pronounced as in modern Greek,
and the word was spelt according to the sound. 7rep for r~ept
perhaps also in 26. HEVOTA II for the Attic eoprati: the
genesis of this form is doubtful, just as it is hard to say whether
was formed from woprt or from 'rport. Probably the latter
isoror
the case, and there has been no loss of quantity; then with
the intermediate H Apovry we may compare 6po-rt and 'por'
of Hesychius. Similarly, in 8S a, the Epirote form for Odhao-oa,
X or p has been lost. The root is rpaX or Opax, with the
equivalent forms rapx, 'rapaX, Oapa~c,or with X in place of p.
Hence the noun OaXaxc-ta and 8aX/c-ta or 8Xa/c-ta.
Here also
it is impossible to say what was the exact form that preceded

dSdia,whether SXada or 8d"Xqa. Perhaps it might be better to
take the form HeXoCrav. The rough breathing is inorganic, as
in HtYapocat.
8. waXd'rerv
note on 1. 13.)
v(,)8ptY^ova iEararacrcwa[t. (See
8~4Xopatis the usual Doric form for 8oVXoXqat (Ahr. Dial. D.
? 19, 9). av'ptYc^va apparently the Attic
tv8ptadwra.
9. patFHt ial
Kcat. I
HeYaX'rT ical Jo'
,
in
H.V\oTai[9
that
the
first
letters
is
a
concealed
a noun
dative
of
suspect
connected by lca with uHeYaXlrT6:translate 'for his .... and
magnificence both at the public festivals and .....'
PHeYahXrt
and pHeYaXl7, line 23, are evidently forms of LteyaX6r7-rt
and
Professor
q.
who
first
observed
also
this,
Sayce,
quoted
e/yadk
the lengthening of a final short vowel in Homer before pq'ya as
illustrative of the initial uH. In fact, we have here a clear proof

254
of that rough pronunciation which, as Hartel (Hom. Stud.)

contends, gives length to the syllable preceding. He maintains
that this full and strong sound of c, X, v, p, was older than
Homer, and had so far disappeared in his time as to require the
verse-arsis to help it to lengthen the preceding short. With
/zHeYaXyrt for urLyaXkT-rt, cf. Latin saluti for salvatati, derived
from salva, Sanskrit sarva, Greek
We have here another
XFoq.
instance of the weakness of gamma
in Pamphylian; just as in
modern Greek it tends to pass into Y. [With pat FH ocf.Cypr.
(IV, Lat. rus.]
10.
7ral /Pavervs
Kal
HeYa[X
..
]7.
TV9 ca
.[....
MavUrTvq
is perhaps a proper name: it occurs on coins in the legends
MEN ETYV EAYI'A and EAYIAM EN ETYX, where Kirch-
hoff (as quoted by Friedhinder, 1. c.) takes 'AXvJafor 6'`Xvya,

and understands MENETYI as the name of the artist. In
that case 7raT cannot be the Greek adjective, ' all.' In the
published by the Evangelical School in Smyrna (rwep.
MovaeuZov
6'. page 30) are two short inscriptions found together at Narlikeui. One contains the word MoX7oeov, the genitive of a wellknown Lycian name. The other has the name 'A7rvraq.
11. 7rd0XLErtXlko0vro [. ..] 8[ic]ao~7pe,.
In the last word I
give the form used by Kirchhoff.
12. rao-t Icaivt.. . IcareFTp?ovro

lines 14, 17, and 23: see note on 23.
ca ....
catv& occurs also
13. The last words evidently correspondto the Attic tcal~ povas the form here used.
Kirchhoff considers OwXrj,~vLvv9
/6evo9.
would imply a present indicative corresponding to a
This
supposed Attic form /3ovX6otoat,future 8ovXqjo-otat; cp. Lesb.
iX'wyt, Att. 0kA&o. Perhaps EAY implies -evro, in which case
we might possibly have Ki6eVTroKal dy6avyd'i, with y in iytav
It is
becoming t, i.e. Y, as in nPEIIAAI, and EIE = etyf.
the
to
read
as
since
elf,
diphthong es is
impossible
EIE directly
in this alphabet given by the single symbol e; but it is easy to
understand t as the parasitic Y developed after ec before a
vowel. [Bezzenberger makes icW0&8vthe first word in the
line.]
14. [i]actv(v)
oLKuc
wo'(v)
FeXE'T. -can, see line 23. The

termination -ov becomes -v also in lapv, lines 22, 31.
255
The half
obliteratedsymbolbetween,wbXtand 'x'Twis like the relics of

a 1, but line 24 seems to require the F before X6'rco. At the
same time, it must be remembered that the inscription is

capricious in its spelling. In line 4 7rdoXvoccurs, though perhaps v belongs to the following word, or the v is retained before
a vowel. Translate ' let him have a. calvg, a house, a state,'
which seems to give a good sense. With the other reading
7reX&1must be the nominative to XE'rO,or else VotiucrokXt
must be a compound and stand as the nominative. Kirchhoff
c in which case it is not
understands at the end of the line Ka,
to
see
what can be made of icav; cat is given in C. I. G.
easy
The o in 6 is supported by the analogy of IEAYVIIOZ;
and
we have then, line 13, v, the article with smooth breathing,
and here 6, the neuter relative with rough. On IcaivtLsee
note 1. 23.
15.
cXeo-Oo
a certain reading. aypelOa
= alpelaOo
with Kirchhoff seems
16. ia'aTrpe iXa1 'pyvp&'rat Cta q'cyw(v)(rt. apyvp6rat,

or more probably
(so Kirchhoff), are possibly public
officials like the 4p,'upiprac under the empire at Athens, &c.
&c.
C. I. G. No. 334, a'pyvpo'rat,['a
17. ampcora! ica(r)0avc'
icawvi(v) 'Aoucov 7roxL(v). ica(7)Oav'rw, Kirchhoff, and quite independently Professor Sayce;
here and line 27. In this line and 27 possibly we have
18. icta]7 'peg se8 kala
avctav e[....
third plural analogic aorist ofpyvpia"
dveiav
dh,et.
19. &[1c]aa-ripeq at the end is clear; but several other Greek
forms are certainly hidden in the earlier part, which some
'
happier wit may discover. ~0 Svo-aeXaYo may be preposition
and noun. aptYe9 probably EiS, in which the rough breathing
is not original. OAY perhaps -ovro.
20. Kirchhoff corrects Z to A, and understands
,ryvovrat.
At the end of the lines come the words of line 16, p~/t~
iyeWrtV.
Hence H A IPE must be one word, though alpe, seems unsuitable here and inconsistent with the form in line 15.

256
21. -o(v)ro 7"pLpet

5~7z
IHe.... ... ar' ev7rpa[a].
gila
Professor
five
or
four,
letters,
Trrpee&
Sayce suggests;
perhaps
are lost.
22.
. .]E? rep 'Epa4HtYap~' rye[4ryv]}prat

Kav&Oca.
though ... perhaps 7rep in line 26. HiYapv for iepdv.
possibly a preposition; perhaps Icav in 14 is connected.
irep',
icavt,
23. Kali HeYadX Kicatvte

Al MOI,
&q a 8t'o9, ila.
)00ov,
seems a certain explanation, given by Professor Sayce. We
may perhaps understand, 'let a great cawvet,both people and
... ., be held': about twelve letters are lost at the end, which
might contain the lost noun followed by erCO. In Hesychius
Prof. Sayce discovered the forms IacvirTaq, d0eo? 47S
d8e
i~d,
and Kativa, d&eX'4i. No doubt Katlvt is akin. Now just as
abpropeg,which must originally have meant brothers, came to
denote the members of a (political or) religious brotherhood,
and gave rise to Oparpia as the name of that brotherhood, so
perhaps it may have happened to rtcaots. The rough breathing
ca[lvira implies a lost letter, probably sipngma. We might supto be some sort of religious assembly, the members
pose a KicaMv3
of which were called icda'ut*;and from tcalvtv again may have
come icatvte7r.
24-5. 7dXi
t
lieOXa FEe ccal art[ppw]raqfd0Fa
,
icat . . . . r A74[eX]wYt
xal opoFu /cal.
"yeO6Xais clearly lFeOXa from root vadh, with F becoming ry;
see Curtius, Gr., and compare modern Greek dyovpov,unripe, i.e.

in the sense of dW~Xove,
?.
We may understand E~eOXa
FCpc
games. f80Fa perhaps for Attic poiv. opoFu is an accusative
of the second declension; cf. HIIAPY, lines 22, 31.
26. Professor Sayce suggests oXEZOat: w7repl?
?
at[Ta
.].
27. F E$. Professor Sayce and Kirchhoff both understand
e&,,but IcaOave'& or ~Taave'rCT, which they also suggest, leaves
an E unexplained between the two words. E+EI, Professor
Sayce
eX-I.
29.
rdlst /ouo"??
30. cal 'AirroXwva [tov] ... . . at birep. Kirchhoff takes
the form 'Arr'Xova; but it is hardly justifiable to double the

257
consonant, as Ahrens (Cypr.) has proved in regard to the

Cyprian form of this name, which he takes as 'A:rXovtin the
dative, comparing 'ArXovv,the Thessalian form. rip .2 V5drp,
in line 2 ?
31. rypa]v
at[....
HnYapvlooks like an
32. cepo/ o&spe[v
optative form.
34. xarTXCO(v)T&,
Kirchhoff. [ca-4VXOY7o,
Bezzenberger.]
W. M.
M. RAXSAY.
NOTE.-Since the abdve was in type an article by Dr. A.
Bezzenberger entitled Zur Beurteilung des pamphylischen Dia-.
lekts, has appeared on the same subject, in Bezzenberger's
Beitrage zur Kunde der indogermanischenSprachen, v. 4 (1880).
Bezzenberger, however, adds little to our knowledge of the
inscription; the phonetic value of N is unknown to him as
well as the meaning of M H EIAAH, and he misreads the title of
Artemis on the coins of Perga MANA*AI.
But the following
of
his
are
of
attention.
In line 10 he
suggestions
worthy
to
read
I
believe
MAN
proposes
[ab]Tirvcal 8(a^po).
ETYX to
and
signify 'priest,'
adopting Bezzenberger's proposal would
therefore render the whole line: ' every priest, and the nobility
itself and people.' In line 11 he reads 9EFElFoXtt, and with
the compound AOIKYflOAIX compares lepardhxovin the
Akarnanian inscriptions (Cauer, Delectus,Nos. 98, 99). In line 12
the word trao"'ripaqin the Lokrian inscription of Naupaktos
(Rhein. Mus. 26, 39) seems to settle the doubtful vowel of the
corresponding word in the inscription of Sillyon. Bezzenberger
explains 'rye9Xaas 'instruments for the sacrifice,' comparing
Ov'OhXaand the glosses 6dyov and ydso' in Hesykhios. He
further compares dpoFv (line 25) with
(in Hesykh.)
6pov'a"XopS
and the Umbrian arvia and Latin aru-spex,
though he allows
that opog is also possible. In line 27 he suggests
i1 (=J19)Fi
comparing aveav in line 18, which is certainly a third
edKdOeav,
person plural like the Boeotian avWOtav, rapeiav (Fiihrer: De
Dialecto Boeotico,p. 12). We may further compare the Kyprian
as well as dvdOeavy (Bull. de Corr. hell. ii. 589) and
car'Otyav,
the
vowel of e'xeva and erra. There is little probability in
akin to Skt. samd,
Bezzenberger's proposal to read
d'!art,
H. S.-VOL. I.
S

258
ON SOMEPAMPHYLIAN
INSCRIPTIONS.
English summer, in line 21, and his rule that o does not become
v when no nasal follows is rendered doubtful by the variable
character of the writing to which Mr.- Ramsay has drawn
attention.
To turn to palaeography, I was led to give the value of rcr
to the Karian Y, also written Y, from its identity with the
Kypriote fu or Y on the one side, and the Kilikian P (final ;)
on the other. I do not think that the Pamphylian %Acan be
compared with the Kypriote )1(,since the latter character is a
late simplificationi of ),( or X and has the value of va. On the
other hand, if we examine the different forms of the Kypriote
characters for ki and la, we shall see that an early form of the
character for u (or rather vu) was NA. I may add that I shall
in future speak of the Asianic, rather than of the Kypriote,
syllabary, since, as I have shown in an Appendix to Dr.
Schliemann's Ilios, the Kypriote syllabary was really a branch
of one once used throughout Asia Minor.
BOXqikeVV in line 13 is an interesting form, similar to the
Lesbian icaXqpevvo9,
Arcadian a'd8cjPeVo, Elean
kcaakaX.~evoq,
. Compare, too,
Boeotian dal8ucEi1evor;,
and Delphian
iaXe"pe?o
Od.
807.
4,
dXtrjvevo9,
The resemblances between the dialect of Sillyon and that of

Kypros (such as the change of final -o into -v, the loss of the
nasal before a dental, the use of yod and digamma, and the
employment of 6' with the dative) have a bearing upon the
for av'poT'rv (II. 16,
language of Homer. The Homeric
d1por"
been
857, xxii. 363), has already
conjectured to be a Cyprism,
and we may now couple with it the lengthening of a final
short vowel before pe'yaq and its compounds, noticed above
by Mr. Ramsay. At any rate, the other resemblances between
the Kyprian and Pamphylian dialects make it not improbable
that the same rough pronunciation of the first syllable of pe'yar
characterised the dialect of Kypros as characterised the dialect
of Sillyon.
It will be useful to add here the Pamphylian glosses found
in Hesykhios and elsewhere, which have been collected by
Bezzenberger :(Hesykh.).
a8Xtiv
IeXtaKc6v.ITapob6Xtot
"'ASewvt
(Etym. Mag. 4, 53, made
t;UrbIrepyatcov
'A<bPa"
a Persian word by Hesykh.).

259
&caXoov (H.).
etpetavov7s
y " . . . iv npyp l~petaApr
Uto'o (H.).
(H.).
aypaaco/Aal- b'pY9 TIT V'r70 HIIa.Ukv'X1Y
Xlot(H.).
'Spl
?Hap
'Arj8r W"npl.
'AOryvca
rraph Ilap vXtotv (H.).
4yo0 Evnepy]
1yv
HlepyaZot (H., Et. M. 28, 7).

tj4&oq.rpov bTrbHlepyaiovy (Et. A1. 82, 50).
/et~lvar"
daicp
aplva
~roIHepyaltwv (H.).
ar3eTrorsaleT6";.
*
(H.).
-areXol. Teprya-ot
3ovpcv7rrptO-To.
~ TeTT~
?
(H.).
rapa
Etryapa.
lW,,STatI
ICTLVOV;.
Hepya'ot (H.).
Epcpxvvov. Ilepyaios (H.).
'pvyt. fepyaZot (H.).
xoplcpav"
vq). Jlepyatot (H.).
Sq
d
Xdovyr"
Xda*a ryoyyvXlv. flepyaot (H.).
TOirypOJ (H.).
7rfpta- kA(a)rev&sot v XopaY 70
oapatloVY 7TaS/atyvia; (? tawd8a9). nlepyaiot (H.).
vre'p&. flepyaFot (H.).
ostlXapov
6
lCT0V
xavay*
'Are'Avoto(H.).
rpipjloxov*/ AdrToov.
i =
(sa); though cf. the

ITepyatot (H.)
arpa'rd6.
iLXoyov"
'
Salaminian iD'yeytgo av'XXa3 (H.).
"
(H.). Does this denote
660d`.
fepviov"
-laptvXtot
qtu.~7)
to
the
the great highway from Sardes
Bay of Antioch ?
Z
'Ev 8
obV latt167TvroXedyet 0 abVT0 "HpaiXedir
E'p)
TO
a
r
aT
bvX1'ovg'AXXa Xalpew C 18, 7porTtelaJV
7 7rari TPWCvrj-
2
To7 oi aoaa
i'al
io
ao"
o?
t K
pov'w
Xe'y0ovut,
erTO.
\&
T 86
A\iXtog3RaiXto"
cal
cpot/o3
xal Tb
o
trepto7rrowl.evo
86&pov<^0 (Eustath.TOp
ad Hom. 1654, 20).
'ovo& AmptewvY erLYw< ya p (o1) 'Apeytot Icat
"EOov
&;8
Ial FlapJiLAtot a 'Eperp&Is7
rtot,
"Qpw
'a
Adcoves
70 D0
-jovijee'7rtiEpope'voK4V.8evtav
otoiVprTe, aaZeiavXapd'r'ov
'TO'is
rot&
icat Bovao'a Bov'oda' al,
C'at
ot70 Totat
rr, iTOD
t
(Etym. 2ag.
,overttc CO'tcit
by Mr. Ramsay.
391, 12).
Compare ctaltiv quoted
A. H. SAYcE.
s2


Ramsay and Sayce Analyze Pamphylian Inscriptions

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Ramsay and Sayce Analyze Pamphylian Inscriptions

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On Some Pamphylian Inscriptions

Author(s): W. M. Ramsay and A. H. Sayce

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ON SOME PAMPHYLIAN INSCRIPTIONS.

ON SOME PAMPHYLIAN INSCRIPTIONS.

Ed.), and Lebas, Voyage archdologique,

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ON SOME PAMPHYLIAN INSCRIPTIONS.

I. I begin with the inscription found on certain coins

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the country two parasitic sounds were developed after the it

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that some peculiarity in the pronunciation of the two diphthongs,

&c., but not so frequently.

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ON SOME PAMPHYLIAN INSCRIPTIONS.

II. The coins of Perga. On silver and copper coins struck

The second part, nPEIIAX,

1 In the case of roots containing

vgl. Spr. vol. i.p.173, and Grassmann

is certainly the genitive singular feminine of the adjective.

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feminine, n PEI IAX, where the Y is represented by the symbol 1,

V\AN Al4AI must therefore be the genitive of the name

It may be some confirmation of

indicated about the Lycian symbol in

his complete approval.

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first has occasion to speak of it. Now it is a well-known fact

1 Ahrens, in the passage referredto,

Fick, in Bezzenberger'sBeitr. vol. i.,

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T P V\o I K//1/I/llL //ll//l/lTYI<M: 83AY

TA I!EIIKAI v II~//l/A F YKA/I/rEFE P I O Y A /1/

E:E. A I FAT EYA lil

ON SOME PAMPHYLIAN INSCRIPTIONS.

been partly obliterated, the stone seems complete. I therefore

Unless ABAin line 3 is a mistakeof engraveror copyist.

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With regard to the age of the inscription, Kirchhoff remarks

accordingly I quote from memory

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ON SOME PAMPHYLIAN INSCRIPTIONS.

were well known, and had in some cases established themselves

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ON SOME PAMPHYLIAN INSCRIPTIONS.

Hirschfeld's reading, we find the word icat[o]aptYa9 suggests

3. e... rv implies such a form as el[Xe]ro. Cp.

With VAOLK...t3compare VAomc6roXt9, line 14.

rest of the line is-

cal 3eXv\AtYo [FlaX...

icpalpvo3 E'E?7rtlreFtyatI roX vat or 7roX'Lv

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ON SOME PAMPHYLIAN INSCRIPTIONS.

aorist. We should expect the other spirant Y from a verb whose

it is impossible to say what was the exact form that preceded

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of that rough pronunciation which, as Hartel (Hom. Stud.)

is perhaps a proper name: it occurs on coins in the legends

MEN ETYV EAYI'A and EAYIAM EN ETYX, where Kirch-

hoff (as quoted by Friedhinder, 1. c.) takes 'AXvJafor 6'`Xvya,

In the last word I