PROJECT REPORT ON

WASTE CHILL RECOVERY HEAT EXCHANGER

Submitted towards fulfillment of the requirements
For the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
In
Mechanical Engineering
Under
Biju Pattnaik University of Technology
Submitted By:

SAMBIT SWARUP SATPATHY

ABHIJIT MISHRA
ARUN KUMAR
PUNIT KAR
RAKESH MISHRA
ABINASH MAHANTA
ASHIS NAIK
VIVEK KUMAR UPADHYAYA
ANIL KUMAR SAMAL
ABHISHEK KHANDELWAL

REGD. NO.0701287220
REGD. NO. 0701287097
REGD. NO. 0701287218
REGD. NO. 0701287207
REGD. NO. 0701287209
REGD. NO .0701287303
REGD. NO. 0701287099
REGD. NO. 0701287424
REGD. NO. 0701287103
REGD. NO. 0701287185

Under the Guidance of Er.B.P Pattnaik

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

GANDHI INSTITUTE FOR TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT
BHUBANESWAR-752054

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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that project entitled

WASTE CHILL RECOVERY SYSTEM HEAT EXCHANGER

Submitted by:-

Sambit Swarup Satpathy, Arun Kumar, Abhijit Mishra, Punit Kar, Rakesh
Mishra, Anil Kumar Samal, Vivek Kumar Upadhyaya, Ashis Kumar Naik,
Abinash Mahanta,Abhishek Khandelwal
In fulfillment of requirement of Biju Pattnaik University of
Technology for awarding

Bachelors Degree
In
Mechanical Engineering
is a bonafide presentation of the work done by them under the supervision and
guidance during the session 2010-2011.
Approved by:-

DR.KULAMANI SAHOO
HOD (ME dept.)

Guided by:-

Er.B.P Pattnaik
(Supervisor)

GANDHI INSTITUTE FOR TECHNOLOGICAL

ADVANCEMENT, BHUBANESWAR

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Acknowledgement
We would like to take this opportunity to express our profound sense of gratitude and
respect to all those who helped us throughout the duration of this project. The GITA
PORTAL in particular has been the source of inspiration for us. We acknowledge the effort
of those who have contributed significantly to our project. We express our sincere gratitude
and thankfulness towards our H.O.D.

dr. k sahoo for his valuable time and

guidance throughout this course.

We feel privileged to offer our sincere thanks and deep sense of gratitude to Er.B.P
Pattnaik and all the M.E

DEPT. faculties for expressing their confidence in us by

letting us work on a project of this magnitude and using the latest technologies and providing
their support, help & encouragement in implementing this Project.
We would like to express our sincere gratitude towards all our teachers, for their
skillful Teaching, precious suggestions and encouragements. We regret any inadvertent
omissions.

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ABSTRACT
The amateur work of us tries to bring a joint unit of air and water
cooler under one roof which can effectively reduce the cost of
manufacturing and can increase the efficiency considerably . Waste Chill
Recovery Heat Exchanger as the name proclaims itself the chill which
would have otherwise been wasted is recovered and used up in cooling the
air using a radiator . So this unit provides us with both cold water and air
simultaneously as per the requirement of user .

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INTRODUCTION
Faster, mightier & smaller is still the keyword for every invention and
development. In day-to-day world we concentrate on the compactness and efficiency
of every product. Keeping this in our thought we have designed and fabricated an
economical and reliable unit known as Water Cum Room Cooler.

Human comfort is that condition of mind, which expresses itself with the
thermal environment. In our project two rival properties of cool water and cool air
are obtained. This system can be used continuously.

By using our system there is no need of going for a separate air conditioner or
air cooler and water cooler. As both purposes are served by a single system, the cost
is also lowered to a considerable level.

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LITERATURE SURVEY

The human body works best at certain temperatures like other machines, but it
cannot tolerate with range of variations. The human body maintains its thermal
equilibrium by three modes of heat transfer i.e. evaporation, radiation and convection.

A human body feels comfortable when the heat produced by metabolism of

human body is equal to the sum of heat dissipated to the surroundings.

The normal temperature of the human body is 37 degree centigrade or 98.6

degree Fahrenheit. But, if this level goes below 36.5 degree centigrade or 98 degree
Fahrenheit and exceeds 40.5 degree centigrade or 105 degree Fahrenheit, the
conditions become dangerous for human existence.

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FACTORS AFFECTING HUMAN COMFORT

The important factors while designing any system of comfort are

Effective Temperature
Heat production & regulation in human body
Heat and moisture losses from body
Moisture content of air
Quality and quantity of air
Air motion
Air stratification

Physiological hazards resulting from heat and extreme cold are

Heat exhaustion
Heat cramp
Heat stroke
Frost bites
Hypothermia
Hyperthermis

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USUAL CONDITIONS ACCORDING TO THE

METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT ARE

S.No. CONTENTS BHUBANESWAR

PURI

1.

DBT

34.7^C

36.3^C

2.

WBT

27.5^C

28.5^C

3.

RH

58%

72%

4.

ET

30^C

32^C

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VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLE

The low pressure vapour in dry state is drawn from the evaporator during the suction stroke of
the compressor. During compression stroke the pressure and temperature increases until the
vapour temperature is greater than the temperature of condenser cooling medium
VAPOUR COMPRESSION CYCLE

EVAPORATOR COIL

EXPANSION
VALVE

CO
MP
RES
SER

CONDENSER

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CONDENSATION

When the high pressure refrigerant vapour enters the condenser heat flows from
condense to cooling medium thus allowing vaporized refrigerant to return to liquid state.

EXPANSION
After condenser the liquid refrigerant is stored in the liquid receives until
needed. From the receiver it passes through an expansion value where the pressure is
reduced sufficiently to allow the vaporization of liquid at a low temperature of about
10 degree centigrade.

EVAPORATION
The low pressure refrigerant vapour after expansion in the expansion valve
enters the evaporator on refrigerated space where a considerable amount of heat is
absorbed by it and refrigeration is furnished.

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DESCRIPTION OF THE EQUIPMENT

WATER COOLER

Water cooler is a device which is used to cool the water. It consists of four
components. They are as follows

Compressor
Condenser
Expansion Valve
Evaporator
Blower
Pump
Silicon Filter

The water cooler works under vapour compression cycle. The vapour compression
cycle is explained below.

In this system the same old principle the liquid when evaporates absorbs heat is
employed. The only specialty of this method is that same refrigerant is used again and

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again in a cycle. The refrigerant continues changing from liquid to vapour state, when
absorbing heat and from vapour to liquid state, when giving out heat.

The refrigerant picks up heat from the space to be cooled and takes it to a distant
point and rejects it there. In other words in this care heat is transferred from a lower
temperature to a higher temperature. According to second law of thermodynamics this
can only be accomplished by the expenditure of energy from some external source.

Vapour compression refrigeration system was refrigeration sealed in an airtight and

leak proof mechanism. The refrigerant is circulated through the system and it undergoes
a number of changes in its state while passing through various components of the system.
Each such change in the state of vapour is called a process. The system repeats over and
over again this process. The process of repetition of a similar order of operation is called
cycle.

The compression cycle is given this name because it is the compression of the
refrigerant by the compressor which permits transfer of heat energy. The refrigerant
absorbs heat from one place and releases it to another place.

In other words the

compressor is used to put the heat latent refrigerant vapour in such a condition that it may
dissipate the heat it absorbed at low pressure from the refrigerated space, to an easily
available cooling medium.

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4.1 CONDENSOR

The function of the radiator is to reject coolant heat to the outside air. The name
radiator is a misnomer because the heat transfer from coolant to the air is by conduction
and forced convection instead of by radiation. But in our project the heat is rejected from
the atmospheric air to the water in the radiator tubes.

The cooling effect in a radiator is achieved by dispersing the heated coolant into
fine streams through the radiator matrix so that relatively small quantities of coolant are
brought in contact with large metal surface areas which in turn are cooled by a stream of
air.

It should be noted that it is easier to transfer heat from water to the metal surfaces
than from metal surfaces to air. For the same metal exposure surface, the heat transfer
from coolant to fins is as much as sever times faster than the heat transfer from fins to air.
Due to its high specific heat water allows a given amount of heat transfer a higher mean
temperature differential compared to that of air. This means that the air will require a
larger surface area of metal than that needed for the water. This additional surface area is
provided by fins. Not only that, the additional or secondary heat transfer surfaces are so
arranged that some turbulence is generated in air passages which further assists the heat
transfer process.

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In the down flow type, water flows from top to bottom. The radiator has a supply
or header tank at the top and a collector tank at the bottom of the main radiator core or
matrix. The header tank receives hot coolant from the engine, accommodates expansion
of water, and also acts as a water reserve against coolant loss. A submerged horizontal
baffle is provided to reduce mixing of the incoming coolant with air so that aeration,
which impairs the radiator heat transfer efficiency, is avoided. Some modern designs use
a separate header tank for this purpose.

In the cross flow type of radiator the hot coolant is supplied to the top of the supply
tank, it flows across the radiator and is taken out from the bottom of the collector tank. A
separate header tank is usually provided at the upper end of the collector tank to prevent
aeration and also to provide a coolant reserve. Availability of space generally dictates the
choice of the radiator both cross flow and down flow types being equally efficient.

HEAT EXCHANGER MATRIX OR CORE

The heat exchanger core is divided into two separate and complicated parts-one
acts as a water passage and the other as an air passage.

Earliest radiator used a

honeycomb block which was made by using a large number of circular tubes upset at
each end to hexagonal shape. The hexagons were packed in contact and bonded the
shoulder.

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This provided a continuous water passage between the circular parts of the tube.
The cooling air was passed through the circular tubes. This type of radiator matrix is
now obsolete because the absence of any secondary heat transfer surface and air
turbulence makes its heat transfer efficiency quite poor.

Ribbon-cellular matrix consists of a pair of thin metal ribbons soldered together

along their edges so as to form a waterway running from header tank to the collector
tank. Between two waterways is a zigzag copper ribbon forming air passages. The
copper ribbon acts as air fins. Water flows from top to bottom and gives up its heat to the
fins across which air flows from top to bottom and gives up its heat to the fins across
which air flows from front to back and ultimately takes away their heat. Due to the
zigzag ribbon the metal surface area is significantly increased the turbulence is also
created. The shape of the fins is such that a smooth layer of air flow that would insulate
their surface is not allowed to form and the turbulence generated in breaking the pattern
creates turbulence which further increases the heat transfer.

In the tube and fin type of matrix a series of long tubes extending from top to
bottom of the radiator are surrounded by straight metallic fins which form the secondary
heat transfer surfaces. Coolant passes through the tubes and the air passes between the
fins around the tubes. An advantage of this type of matrix is its greater structural strength
compared to the film type matrix.

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An improvement over the tube and fin type of matrix is tube and corrugated fin
type matrix. The water tubes are made of flattened oval shaped section and Zigzag
copper ribbons are used to provide secondary heat transfer areas and air turbulence. The
tube and corrugated type of matrix combines the good heat transfer of film type matrix
and the structural strength of the tube and fin type matrix.

The material used for radiators must have good corrosion resistance in addition to
good thermal conductivity. They must also possess the required strength and be easily
formable. Yellow brass and copper meet all these requirements and are widely used.
These materials can also be radiators where weight is very critical. Radiators headers are
also made of copper while the supporting sides are usually made of steel.

The heat dissipated by radiator depends on

Relative air velocity

Air density @ humidity
Water @ air temperature
Surface provided
Ratio of tube depth to diameter

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The thermal conductivity of

Aluminium 754 KJ/m-hr-k
Cast iron 214 KJ/m-hr-k
Steel 251 KJ/m-hr-k

FAN
It continuously moves the mass of air at a desired velocity by the action of its
rotor.

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COMPRESSOR

INTRODUCTION

The vapour compression machine consists of the compressor, condenser,

expansion device, and evaporator. Out of all these components of the system the
compressor is the only moving part in the system and its functions is to raise the pressure
of the vapour refrigerant coming form the evaporator, high enough so that the
temperature of the leaving gas is higher than that of the condensing medium. Hence, the
same refrigerant can be liquefied back and expanded to the evaporator suction conditions
in a cycle.

The compressors are classified as follows.

1.

According to method of operation

1.

Reciprocating compressor

2.

Rotary compressor

3.

Centrifugal compressor

4.

Screw compressor

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2.

According to drive employed

1.

Open type (belt drive)

2.

Semi-hermetic or Semi-sealed (direct drive, motor and compressor in

separate housings)

3.

Hermetic or Sealed compressor (direct drive, motor and compressor in

same housings)

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR

The reciprocating compressor sucks the low pressure and low temperature
refrigerant during its suction stroke and delivers it as high pressure and high temperature.
The reciprocating compressors are built in sizes ranging from a fraction horse power to
several hundred horse power. These are used of refrigerant plant ranging in sizes from
0.25 ton to 1000 tons capacity per unit. The reciprocating compressors are satisfactorily
used with the refrigerant as Dichloro difluro methane (CCl2F2) and most of the freons.
This is preferable for high compression ration and low specific volume refrigerant.

Low capacity compressors are cooled just by providing the fins on the cylinder
head. This type of cooling is more effective and sufficient for low capacity compressor
when F-12 is used as refrigerant because of the low temperature of gas at high pressure.

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SPECIFICATION OF THE COMPRESSOR

1. Number of cylinders

One

2. Working position

Vertical

3. Method of compression

Single acting

4. Number of times of compression of gas

Single stage

5. Cooling system

Air-cooled

6. Capacity

0.5 ton

7. Motor used

Single phase

8. Speed of the motor

1400 rpm

POWER OF THE COMPRESSOR

During the compression process, heat is transferred very quickly form the
refrigerant vapour to the walls of the cylinder initially but as the compression process is
very short and mean effective temperature is almost constant.

It can be safely assumed that the process takes place polytropically with an
exponent of 1.30.

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COMPRESSOR DRIVE

Since we have chosen a twin cylinder single acting reciprocating

compressor for the work, it is usually driven by an electric motor which rotates at a speed
of 1420 rpm.

LUBRICATION

Lubrication system ranges form the simplest splash system to the most elaborate
forced feed system with filters, vents and equalizers. The type of lubrication required
depends largely on bearings. It is conventional to use splash lubrication in reciprocating
compressor in order to get a good performance and excellent service. The splash system
in turn consists of special dippers or slingers fastened to the crank to tank.

The suction pressure on the compressor is 25 - 35 psi.

The delivery pressure on the compressor is 150 180 psi.

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SHELL AND TUBE CONDENSER

INTRODUCTION
The condenser is an important device, used in the high pressure side of a
refrigeration system. Its function is to remove heat of the vapour refrigerant discharged
form the compressor. The hot vapour refrigerant consists of the heat absorbed by the
evaporator and the heat of compression added by the mechanical energy of the
compressor motor. The heat form the hot vapour refrigerant in a condenser is removed
first by transferring it to walls of the condenser tubes and then form the tubes to the
condensing or cooling medium.

CLASSFICATION OF CONDENSERS

The common forms of condensers may be broadly classified on the basis of the
cooling medium as
1. Water cooled condenser
2. Air cooled condenser
3. Evaporative (air and water cooled) condenser
4. In the work Fin and Tube condenser (air cooled) is used.

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REFRIGERANTS

Any substances capable of absorbing heat form another required substances can be
used as refrigerant. Example:-ice, water, air, etc. A mechanical refrigerant which will
absorb the heat form the source (which is at low temperature) and dissipate the same to
the sink (which is at higher temperature than source). Either in the form of sensible heat
(as the case of air refrigerant) or in the form of latent heat (as the case of vapour
refrigerant)

CLASSIFICATION OF REFRIGERANTS

The refrigerants are classified in to two groups:-

1. Primary refrigerants
2. Secondary refrigerants.

Primary refrigerants directly take part in the refrigeration system, where secondary
refrigerants are first cooled with the help of the primary refrigerants and are further used
for cooling purpose.

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SELECTION OF REFRIGERANT

The thermodynamic, physical as well as safe working properties should be taken

in to account before selecting a refrigerant for a particular purpose. There is no single
best refrigerant which can be used for all refrigeration purposes.

The following properties must be taken in to account before selecting the

refrigerant,

1. Working pressure range and pressure ratio

2. Corrosiveness and flame ability
3. Space limitation
4. Temperature required in the evaporator
The refrigerant used in the work is FREON-12 (Di-chloro di-fluro methane).

FREON-12
This is most widely used and most popular refrigerant of halocarbon group. It
condenses at moderate pressures under normal atmospheric conditions. This property
makes this refrigerant suitable for all purposes and it can be used with all three types of
compressors (Reciprocating, Centrifugal or Rotary). This can be used with all types of
condensing units (water cooled, air cooled and evaporative type)

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Properties
Explosive tendency

Non-stable

Toxic nature

Non-toxic

Flammable

Non-flammable

Odour

No objectionable odour

Corrosiveness

Corrosive to rubber

Oil solubility

completely miscible

Chemical stability to working temperature

good

Electrical insulation

Excellent

Co-efficient of performance

4.7

Critical temperature

112.1 0 C

Critical pressure (bar)

40.6

Boling point at atmospheric pressure

-29.8 0 C

Applications

Most widely used refrigerant of Freon group is used in air-conditioning plants,

refrigerators, frozen foods and ice cream cabinets, water coolers, window air
conditioners, automobile air conditioners etc.

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LEAK DETECTING DEVICES

The leaks occur commonly is every refrigeration system. The leaks should be
detected and rectified. Leaks in refrigeration system are usually very tiny. Therefore
detecting devices must be very sensitive. Most commonly used are soap bubbles, the
halide torch detector and electronic detector.

Soap Bubbles

The soap bubble method of leak detection uses a water soap solution. This solution
is brushed over an area suspected of leaking. Any gas will cause bubbles. Pan tinted
solutions may be used instead of soap. These provide a stronger, longer-lasting bubble
film than the soap solution.

Halide Torch Leak Detector

Propane, acetylene and most other torches burn with an almost colorless flame. If
a strip of copper is placed in this flame, the flame will continue to be almost colorless.
However, if even the tiniest quantity of halogen refrigerant is brought in to contact with
this heated copper, the flame will immediately take on a light green colour. This principle
is used in halide torches to detect leaks in refrigerant systems.

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Electronic Leak Detector

The most sensitive leak detector of all is the electronic type. Three type have been
used;

1. Ion source detector

2. Thermistor type (based on change of temperature)
3. Dielectric type (measures a balance in surrounding air and then responds only to
halogen gas)

The principle of operation is based on the dielectric difference of gases. In

operation, the gun is turned on and ADJUSTED IN A NORMAL ATMSPHERE. The
leak-detecting probe is then passed over the surface suspected of leaking. If there is a
leak, no matter of how tiny, the halogenated refrigerant is drawn into the probe. The leak
gun will then give out a piercing sound, or a light will flash, or both, because the new gas
changes the resistance in the circuit.

This is probably the most sensitive of any of the leak detecting devices. It uses
transistorized circuitry. Flash light batteries supply the energy. The plastic tig guard
should be used only in situations that may be potentially contaminating to the sensing tip.

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CHARGING OF REFRIGERANT (FREON 12)

The following procedures are adopted for charging the refrigerant in the vapour
compression system.

Evacuation and Dehydration

The moisture, air and other non-condensable are very bad for the refrigeration
system. Moisture forms as ice at low temperature in the pipelines of the refrigeration
system. For a refrigerator the outlet from expansion valve is in a low temperature, the
moisture will freeze at this point, and restricts or even completely blocks the flow of
liquid refrigerant to evaporator. A minute droplet of water in the system can completely
block orifice.

Also moisture can form hydro-chloric and hydro-fluoric acid with Freon-12(with
all Freon groups).

These acids are corrosive and will spoil the components of the system. The
windings in the sealed units get directly exposed to these acids and get damaged. Valve
reeds and seats get corroded. Lubrication oil gets contaminated and sludge is formed.

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The lubricating properties of oil are thus adversely affected shortening the life of
bearing and journals. The pressure of air and non-condensable increases the high side
pressure of the system, over-loading the compressor and reducing the refrigeration
capacity. Thus before a system can be charged with refrigerant, it should be properly
evacuated and dehydrated by drawing a high vacuum.

Charging

Even though there are various methods of charging of refrigerant in the system,
the charging through the suction valve gauge port is applied.

Charging through the Suction valve

A small installation, which needs a few kilograms of refrigerant, is usually

charged through suction service valve gauge port. The system is fully evacuated and
charged as follows:

1. The suction valve B is back-seated and valve A is discharged.

2. Charging line is connected to the suction valve gauge port. Attach a gauge to
the discharge valve and open half turn.

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3. The other end of the charging line is connected to a refrigerant cylinder, which
should be standing upright.
4. The Cylinder valve is opened slightly and the flare out is loosened at the
compressor end. This operation removes air from the line. When the sound of
escaping gas is heard, the nut is tightened.
5. Suction valve is turned into close the suction line, thus drawing the gas directly
form the cylinder by the compressor.
6. Compressor is started drawing the requisite quantity of refrigerant. The suction
pressure should not be allowed to exceed 2 bar gauge.
7. The cylinder valve is closed and the compressor is allowed to run sufficient
time in the charging line to 0 bar gauge.
8. Compressor is stopped and the suction valve is back-seated. The charging line is
detached and compound gauge is attached. The valve is turned in one half turn.
The system is thus ready for testing and normal operation.

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REFRIGERATION AND ACCESSORIES

A number of accessory items are used in refrigeration circuit for specific purposes
and their requirement in a particular system depends on the application.
RECEIVERS

It is that part of open type vapour compression system which receives the liquid
refrigerant form condenser and supplies it to evaporator through refrigerant control
device. It is made of cast steel or cast iron. It is usually located just after condenser in
vertical or horizontal positions. It is used for servicing purposes and for taking care of
variations in the amount of liquid refrigerant in the system. Refrigerant is stored in the
receiver when the part of the machine is taken apart for repairing purposes.

Advantages

1. It supplies liquid refrigerant to the evaporator.

2. Slightly excess or short of refrigerant does not alter the working of the machine.
3. Gas can be stored in the liquid receiver when the part of the machine is to be
repaired.
4. Gas is stored in the liquid receiver when there is to be stopped for long period,
so that in may not leak out from the system.

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DRIERS

A refrigeration system is equipped with a drier to remove moisture as well as

minute particles to have its normal functioning.

The moisture is absorbed by the drier due to the water crystallization. The amount
of absorption of water depends upon the type of desiccant and the size of its granules.
The drier consists of a shell containing desiccant granules with a provision for uniform
distribution of condensation over the entire desiccant particles.

The shell containing desiccant is usually called cartridge which can be filled again
and again. At the exit perforated pipe is provided with a view to prevent the flow of
bigger granules. The filter is incorporated to entrap the fine particles. In order to keep the
filter in position, a spring is used. The driers are usually kept in the liquid line.

Types of Driers

There are two types of driers namely,

1. Throw-away type
2. Refill type
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The refill type is employed in this system. In the refill type the desiccant granules
are replaced by fresh charge after removing the flange. The desiccants for common use
are alumina sulphate, silica-gel, zeolite, etc., with the silica-gel being the best and most
common among them.

PROPERTIES OF COPPER

1. Density

8954 kg/m3

2. Thermal diffusivity

0.404 m2/hr

3. Specific heat

0.091 keal/kg 0 c or 0.381 kj/kg k

4. Thermal conductivity

386 w/mk

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BLOCK DIAGRAM
CONDENSER

EXPANSION
VALVE

COMPRESSOR

EVAPORATOR

PUMP

RADIATOR

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LIST OF MATERIALS

Sl.No.

PARTS

Qty.

Material

i.

Compressor

Mild Steel

ii.

Condenser

Aluminium

iii.

Air Conditioner Blower

Aluminium

iv.

Cold Water Tank

Silver

Copper Tube with Joints

Copper

vi

Expansion Valve

Copper

vii

Frame

Mild Steel

Viii

Refrigerant

Freons

ix

Fan

Mild Steel

Water Tap

Plastic

xi

Wires

Copper

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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES

Simple in construction
This system is noiseless in operation
It is portable, so it can be transferred easily from one place to other place
Power consumption is less
Maintenance cost is low

DISADVANTAGES

It does not purify air.

Not effective in high humid air.

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APPLICATIONS

Domestic Application
Office and Bank Application
It is very much useful in College and Schools

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

# AIR CONDITIONING ENGINEERING

W.P. Jones, ELBS (1994)

# REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS

R.S.Khurmi & J.K.G upta, S.Chand & Co (1970)

# REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING

A.S.Sarao, P.S.Gaabi

# TURBO MACHINES
K.Pandian

# AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING
K.R.Govindan

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