Titanium

This article is about the chemical element. For other 1.1 Physical properties
uses, see Titanium (disambiguation).
A metallic element, titanium is recognized for its high
[7]
Titanium is a chemical element with symbol Ti and strength-to-weight ratio. It is a strong metal with low
quite ductile (especially in an oxygen-free
atomic number 22. It is a lustrous transition metal with a density that is [2]
lustrous, and metallic-white in color.[9]
environment),
silver color, low density and high strength. It is highly resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia and chlorine. The relatively high melting point (more than 1,650 C
or 3,000 F) makes it useful as a refractory metal. It
Titanium was discovered in Cornwall, Great Britain, by is paramagnetic and has fairly low electrical and thermal
William Gregor in 1791 and named by Martin Heinrich conductivity.[2]
Klaproth for the Titans of Greek mythology. The element occurs within a number of mineral deposits, princi- Commercial (99.2% pure) grades of titanium have
pally rutile and ilmenite, which are widely distributed in ultimate tensile strength of about 434 MPa (63,000 psi),
Earths crust and lithosphere, and it is found in almost all equal to that of common, low-grade steel alloys, but are
dense than aluminium,
living things, rocks, water bodies, and soils.[2] The metal less dense. Titanium is 60% more
[6]
but
more
than
twice
as
strong
as
the most commonly
is extracted from its principal mineral ores via the Kroll
used
6061-T6
aluminium
alloy.
Certain
titanium alloys
[3]
process or the Hunter process. Its most common com(e.g.,
Beta
C)
achieve
tensile
strengths
of
over
1400 MPa
pound, titanium dioxide, is a popular photocatalyst and is
[10]
(200000
psi).
However,
titanium
loses
strength
when
[4]
used in the manufacture of white pigments. Other com[11]
heated
above
430
C
(806
F).
pounds include titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4 ), a component of smoke screens and catalysts; and titanium trichlo- Titanium is fairly hard (although not as hard as some
ride (TiCl3 ), which is used as a catalyst in the production grades of heat-treated steel), non-magnetic and a poor
of polypropylene.[2]
conductor of heat and electricity. Machining requires
Titanium can be alloyed with iron, aluminium, vanadium, precautions, as the material will soften and gall if sharp
and molybdenum, among other elements, to pro- tools and proper cooling methods are not used. Like those
limit
duce strong, lightweight alloys for aerospace (jet en- made from steel, titanium structures have a fatigue
[9]
which
guarantees
longevity
in
some
applications.
Titagines, missiles, and spacecraft), military, industrial
process (chemicals and petro-chemicals, desalination nium alloys have lower specic stinesses than in many
plants, pulp, and paper), automotive, agri-food, medi- other structural materials such as aluminium alloys and
cal prostheses, orthopedic implants, dental and endodon- carbon ber.
tic instruments and les, dental implants, sporting goods, The metal is a dimorphic allotrope whose hexagonal alpha
jewelry, mobile phones, and other applications.[2]
form changes into a body-centered cubic (lattice) form
[11]
The specic heat of the alpha
The two most useful properties of the metal are corrosion at 882 C (1,620 F).
form
increases
dramatically
as it is heated to this tranresistance and the highest strength-to-density ratio of any
sition
temperature
but
then
falls
and remains fairly conmetallic element.[5] In its unalloyed condition, titanium is
stant
for
the

form
regardless
of
temperature.[11] Simias strong as some steels, but less dense.[6] There are two
lar
to
zirconium
and
hafnium,
an
additional
omega phase
allotropic forms[7] and ve naturally occurring isotopes
exists,
which
is
thermodynamically
stable
at
high presof this element, 46 Ti through 50 Ti, with 48 Ti being the
sures,
but
is
metastable
at
ambient
pressures.
This
phase
most abundant (73.8%).[8] Although they have the same
is
usually
hexagonal
(ideal)
or
trigonal
(distorted)
and
can
number of valence electrons and are in the same group in
be
viewed
as
being
due
to
a
soft
longitudinal
acoustic
the periodic table, titanium and zirconium dier in many
phonon of the phase causing collapse of (111) planes
chemical and physical properties.
of atoms.[12]

1.2 Chemical properties

Like aluminium and magnesium metal surfaces, titanium

metal and its alloys oxidize immediately upon exposure to
air. Nitrogen acts similarly to give a coating of the nitride.

Characteristics

CHARACTERISTICS

metal. It is present in most igneous rocks and in sediments

derived from them (as well as in living things and natural bodies of water).[2][3] Of the 801 types of igneous
rocks analyzed by the United States Geological Survey,
784 contained titanium. Its proportion in soils is approximately 0.5 to 1.5%.[18]

The Pourbaix diagram for titanium in pure water, perchloric acid

or sodium hydroxide[13]

Titanium readily reacts with oxygen at 1,200 C (2,190

F) in air, and at 610 C (1,130 F) in pure oxygen, forming titanium dioxide.[7] It is, however, slow to react with
water and air, as it forms a passive and oxide coating that
protects the bulk metal from further oxidation.[2] When it
rst forms, this protective layer is only 12 nm thick but
continues to slowly grow; reaching a thickness of 25 nm
in four years.[14]
Related to its tendency to form a passivating layer, titanium exhibits excellent resistance to corrosion. It is almost as resistant as platinum, capable of withstanding attack by dilute sulfuric and hydrochloric acids as well as
chloride solutions, and most organic acids.[3] However, it
is attacked by concentrated acids.[15] As indicated by its
negative redox potential, titanium is thermodynamically
a very reactive metal. One indication is that the metal
burns before its melting point is reached. Melting is only
possible in an inert atmosphere or in a vacuum. At 550
C (1,022 F), it combines with chlorine.[3] It also reacts
with the other halogens and absorbs hydrogen.[4]
Titanium is one of the few elements that burns in pure nitrogen gas, reacting at 800 C (1,470 F) to form titanium
nitride, which causes embrittlement.[16] Because of its
high reactivity toward oxygen, nitrogen and some other
gases, titanium laments are applied in titanium sublimation pumps as scavengers for these gases. Such pumps inexpensively and reliably produce extremely low pressures
in ultra-high vacuum systems.

1.3

Occurrence

It is widely distributed and occurs primarily in the

minerals anatase, brookite, ilmenite, perovskite, rutile
and titanite (sphene).[14] Of these minerals, only rutile
and ilmenite have economic importance, yet even they
are dicult to nd in high concentrations. About 6.0
and 0.7 million tonnes of these minerals have been mined
in 2011, respectively.[17] Signicant titanium-bearing
ilmenite deposits exist in western Australia, Canada,
China, India, Mozambique, New Zealand, Norway,
Ukraine and South Africa.[14] About 186,000 tonnes of
titanium metal sponge were produced in 2011, mostly
in China (60,000 t), Japan (56,000 t), Russia (40,000 t),
United States (32,000 t) and Kazakhstan (20,700 t). Total
reserves of titanium are estimated to exceed 600 million
tonnes.[17]
The concentration of Ti is about 4 picomolar in the ocean.
At 100 C, the concentration of titanium in water is estimated to be less than 107 M at pH 7. The identity of titanium species in aqueous solution remains unknown because of its low solubility and the lack of sensitive spectroscopic methods, although only the 4+ oxidation state
is stable in air. No evidence exists for a biological role
for titanium, although rare organisms are known to accumulate high concentrations.[19]
Titanium is contained in meteorites and has been detected in the Sun and in M-type stars,[3] which are the
coolest type of star, with a surface temperature of 3,200
C (5,790 F).[20] Rocks brought back from the Moon
during the Apollo 17 mission are composed of 12.1%
TiO2 .[3] It is also found in coal ash, plants, and even the
human body.

1.4 Isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of titanium
Naturally occurring titanium is composed of 5 stable
isotopes: 46 Ti, 47 Ti, 48 Ti, 49 Ti, and 50 Ti, with 48 Ti being
the most abundant (73.8% natural abundance). Eleven
radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being 44 Ti with a half-life of 63 years, 45 Ti with a
half-life of 184.8 minutes, 51 Ti with a half-life of 5.76
minutes, and 52 Ti with a half-life of 1.7 minutes. All
of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that
are less than 33 seconds and the majority of these have
half-lives that are less than half a second.[8]

Titanium is always bonded to other elements in na- The isotopes of titanium range in atomic weight from
ture. It is the ninth-most abundant element in Earth's 39.99 u (40 Ti) to 57.966 u (58 Ti). The primary decay
crust (0.63% by mass)[18] and the seventh-most abundant mode before the most abundant stable isotope, 48 Ti, is

2.2

Nitrides, carbides

electron capture and the primary mode after is beta emis- batteries. Because Ti(IV) is a hard cation, the suldes
sion. The primary decay products before 48 Ti are ele- of titanium are unstable and tend to hydrolyze to the oxide
ment 21 (scandium) isotopes and the primary products with release of hydrogen sulde.
after are element 23 (vanadium) isotopes.[8]
Titanium becomes radioactive upon bombardment with
2.2 Nitrides, carbides
deuterons, emitting mainly positrons and hard gamma
[3]
rays.
Titanium nitride (TiN), having a hardness equivalent to
sapphire and carborundum (9.0 on the Mohs Scale),[26]
is often used to coat cutting tools, such as drill bits.[27]
2 Compounds
It also nds use as a gold-colored decorative nish,
and as a barrier metal in semiconductor fabrication.[28]
[21]
Titanium carbide, which is also very hard, is found in
The +4 oxidation state dominates titanium chemistry,
but compounds in the +3 oxidation state are also high-temperature cutting tools and coatings.
common.[22] Commonly, titanium adopts an octahedral
coordination geometry in its complexes, but tetrahedral
TiCl4 is a notable exception. Because of its high oxida- 2.3 Halides
tion state, titanium(IV) compounds exhibit a high degree
of covalent bonding. Unlike most other transition metals, Titanium tetrachloride (titanium(IV) chloride, TiCl4 [29] )
is a colorless volatile liquid (commercial samples are yelsimple aquo Ti(IV) complexes are unknown.
lowish) that in air hydrolyzes with spectacular emission
of white clouds. Via the Kroll process, TiCl4 is produced
2.1 Oxides, suldes, and alkoxides
in the conversion of titanium ores to titanium dioxide,
e.g., for use in white paint.[30] It is widely used in organic
The most important oxide is TiO2 , which exists in three chemistry as a Lewis acid, for example in the Mukaiyama
important polymorphs; anatase, brookite, and rutile. All aldol condensation.[31] In the van Arkel process, titanium
of these are white diamagnetic solids, although mineral tetraiodide (TiI4 ) is generated in the production of high
samples can appear dark (see rutile). They adopt poly- purity titanium metal.
meric structures in which Ti is surrounded by six oxide
Titanium(III) and titanium(II) also form stable chlorides.
ligands that link to other Ti centers.
A notable example is titanium(III) chloride (TiCl3 ),
Titanates usually refer to titanium(IV) compounds, as which is used as a catalyst for production of polyolens
represented barium titanate (BaTiO3 ). With a perovskite (see Ziegler-Natta catalyst) and a reducing agent in orstructure, this material exhibits piezoelectric properties ganic chemistry.
and is used as a transducer in the interconversion of
sound and electricity.[7] Many minerals are titanates, e.g.
ilmenite (FeTiO3 ). Star sapphires and rubies get their 2.4 Organometallic complexes
asterism (star-forming shine) from the presence of titanium dioxide impurities.[14]
Main article: Organotitanium chemistry
A variety of reduced oxides of titanium are known.
Ti3 O5 , described as a Ti(IV)-Ti(III) species, is a purple
semiconductor produced by reduction of TiO2 with hydrogen at high temperatures,[23] and is used industrially
when surfaces need to be vapour-coated with titanium
dioxide: it evaporates as pure TiO, whereas TiO2 evaporates as a mixture of oxides and deposits coatings with
variable refractive index.[24] Also known is Ti2 O3 , with
the carborundum structure, and TiO, with the rock salt
structure, although often nonstoichiometric.[25]
The alkoxides of titanium(IV), prepared by reacting
TiCl4 with alcohols, are colourless compounds that convert to the dioxide on reaction with water. They are industrially useful for depositing solid TiO2 via the sol-gel
process. Titanium isopropoxide is used in the synthesis of
chiral organic compounds via the Sharpless epoxidation.

Owing to the important role of titanium compounds

as polymerization catalyst, compounds with Ti-C bonds
have been intensively studied.
The most common organotitanium complex is titanocene dichloride
((C5 H5 )2 TiCl2 ). Related compounds include Tebbes
reagent and Petasis reagent. Titanium forms carbonyl
complexes, e.g. (C5 H5 )2 Ti(CO)2 .[32]

3 History

Titanium was discovered included in a mineral in

Cornwall, Great Britain, in 1791 by the clergyman and
amateur geologist William Gregor, then vicar of Creed
parish.[33] He recognized the presence of a new element
Titanium forms a variety of suldes, but only TiS2 has in ilmenite[4] when he found black sand by a stream in the
attracted signicant interest. It adopts a layered structure nearby parish of Manaccan and noticed the sand was atand was used as a cathode in the development of lithium tracted by a magnet.[33] Analysis of the sand determined

4
the presence of two metal oxides; iron oxide (explaining the attraction to the magnet) and 45.25% of a white
metallic oxide he could not identify.[18] Gregor, realizing
that the unidentied oxide contained a metal that did not
match the properties of any known element, reported his
ndings to the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall and
in the German science journal Crells Annalen.[33]

PRODUCTION AND FABRICATION

nium sponge metal was produced in six countries: China,

Japan, Russia, Kazakhstan, USA and Ukraine (in order
of output).[42]

In 2006, the U.S. Defense Agency awarded $5.7 million to a two-company consortium to develop a new process for making titanium metal powder. Under heat
and pressure, the powder can be used to create strong,
Around the same time, Franz-Joseph Mller von Re- lightweight items ranging from armor plating to compoichenstein produced a similar substance, but could not nents for the aerospace, transport, and chemical processidentify it.[4] The oxide was independently rediscovered ing industries.[43]
in 1795 by Prussian chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth in
rutile from Boinik (German name of unknown place) village of Hungary (Now in Slovakia).[33] Klaproth found 4 Production and fabrication
that it contained a new element and named it for the
Titans of Greek mythology.[20] After hearing about GreThe processing of titanium metal occurs in 4 major
gors earlier discovery, he obtained a sample of manacsteps:[44] reduction of titanium ore into sponge, a
canite and conrmed it contained titanium.
porous form; melting of sponge, or sponge plus a masThe processes required to extract titanium from its var- ter alloy to form an ingot; primary fabrication, where an
ious ores are laborious and costly; it is not possible to ingot is converted into general mill products such as billet,
reduce the ore in the normal manner, by heating in the bar, plate, sheet, strip, and tube; and secondary fabricapresence of carbon, as that produces titanium carbide.[33] tion of nished shapes from mill products.
Pure metallic titanium (99.9%) was rst prepared in 1910
Titanium Sponge is only produced in 7 countries[45] by
by Matthew A. Hunter at Rensselaer Polytechnic Insti19 companies.[46]
tute by heating TiCl4 with sodium at 700800 C in
the Hunter process.[3] Titanium metal was not used out- Because it cannot be readily produced by reduction of
side the laboratory until 1932 when William Justin Kroll its dioxide,[9] titanium metal is obtained by reduction of
proved that it could be produced by reducing titanium TiCl4 with magnesium metal, the Kroll Process. The
tetrachloride (TiCl4 ) with calcium.[34] Eight years later he complexity of this batch process explains the relatively
rened this process by using magnesium and even sodium high market value of titanium.[47] To produce the TiCl4
in what became known as the Kroll process.[34] Although required by the Kroll process, the dioxide is subjected
research continues into more ecient and cheaper pro- to carbothermic reduction in the presence of chlorine. In
cesses (e.g., FFC Cambridge), the Kroll process is still this process, the chlorine gas is passed over a red-hot mixture of rutile or ilmenite in the presence of carbon. After
used for commercial production.[3][4]
extensive purication by fractional distillation, the TiCl4
Titanium of very high purity was made in small quantities
is reduced with 800 C molten magnesium in an argon
when Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer
atmosphere.[7] Titanium metal can be further puried by
discovered the iodide, or crystal bar, process in 1925, by
the van Arkelde Boer process, which involves thermal
reacting with iodine and decomposing the formed vapors
decomposition of titanium tetraiodide.
[35]
over a hot lament to pure metal.
A more recently developed method, the FFC Cambridge
In the 1950s and 1960s the Soviet Union pioneered the
process,[48] converts titanium dioxide powder (a rened
use of titanium in military and submarine applications
form of rutile) as feedstock to make Ti metal, either a
(Alfa Class and Mike Class)[36] as part of programs repowder or sponge. If mixed oxide powders are used, the
lated to the Cold War.[37] Starting in the early 1950s, tiproduct is an alloy.
tanium began to be used extensively for military aviation
purposes, particularly in high-performance jets, starting Common titanium alloys are made by reduction. For
with aircraft such as the F100 Super Sabre and Lockheed example, cuprotitanium (rutile with copper added is reduced), ferrocarbon titanium (ilmenite reduced with coke
A-12.
in an electric furnace), and manganotitanium (rutile with
Recognizing the strategic importance of titanium[38] the
manganese or manganese oxides) are reduced.[49]
U.S. Department of Defense supported early eorts of
commercialization.[39] Throughout the period of the Cold
2 FeTiO3 + 7 Cl2 + 6 C 2 TiCl4 + 2 FeCl3
War, titanium was considered a strategic material by the
+
6 CO (900 C)
U.S. government, and a large stockpile of titanium sponge
was maintained by the Defense National Stockpile CenTiCl4 + 2 Mg 2 MgCl2 + Ti (1100 C)
ter, which was nally depleted in the 2000s.[40] According to 2006 data, the worlds largest producer, RussianAbout 50 grades of titanium and titanium alloys are desigbased VSMPO-Avisma, was estimated to account for
nated and currently used, although only a couple of dozen
about 29% of the world market share.[41] As of 2009, titaare readily available commercially.[50] The ASTM Inter-

5.2

Aerospace and marine

national recognizes 31 Grades of titanium metal and alloys, of which Grades 1 through 4 are commercially pure
(unalloyed). These four are distinguished by their varying degrees of tensile strength, as a function of oxygen
content, with Grade 1 being the most ductile (lowest
tensile strength with an oxygen content of 0.18%), and
Grade 4 the least (highest tensile strength with an oxygen content of 0.40%).[14] The remaining grades are alloys, each designed for specic purposes, be it ductility,
strength, hardness, electrical resistivity, creep resistance,
resistance to corrosion from specic media, or a combination thereof.[51]

5
and a strengthening agent in graphite composite shing
rods and golf clubs.

TiO
2 powder is chemically inert, resists fading in sunlight,
and is very opaque: this allows it to impart a pure
and brilliant white color to the brown or gray chemicals that form the majority of household plastics.[4] In
nature, this compound is found in the minerals anatase,
brookite, and rutile.[2] Paint made with titanium dioxide does well in severe temperatures, and stands up to
marine environments.[4] Pure titanium dioxide has a very
high index of refraction and an optical dispersion higher
The grades covered by ASTM and other alloys are also than diamond.[3] In addition to being a very important
produced to meet Aerospace and Military specica- pigment, titanium dioxide is also used in sunscreens due
tions (SAE-AMS, MIL-T), ISO standards, and country- to its ability to protect skin by itself.[9]
specic specications, as well as proprietary end-user
specications for aerospace, military, medical, and industrial applications.[52]
In terms of fabrication, all welding of titanium must be
done in an inert atmosphere of argon or helium in order
to shield it from contamination with atmospheric gases
such as oxygen, nitrogen, or hydrogen.[11] Contamination
will cause a variety of conditions, such as embrittlement,
which will reduce the integrity of the assembly welds and
lead to joint failure.
Commercially pure at product (sheet, plate) can be
formed readily, but processing must take into account the
fact that the metal has a memory and tends to spring
back. This is especially true of certain high-strength
alloys.[53][54] Titanium cannot be soldered without rst
pre-plating it in a metal that is solderable.[55] The metal
can be machined using the same equipment and via the
same processes as stainless steel.[11]

Applications

5.2 Aerospace and marine

Due to their high tensile strength to density ratio,[7]
high corrosion resistance,[3] fatigue resistance, high crack
resistance,[58] and ability to withstand moderately high
temperatures without creeping, titanium alloys are used
in aircraft, armor plating, naval ships, spacecraft, and
missiles.[3][4] For these applications titanium alloyed with
aluminium, zirconium, nickel,[59] vanadium, and other
elements is used for a variety of components including
critical structural parts, re walls, landing gear, exhaust
ducts (helicopters), and hydraulic systems. In fact, about
two thirds of all titanium metal produced is used in aircraft engines and frames.[60] The SR-71 Blackbird was
one of the rst aircraft to make extensive use of titanium within its structure, paving the way for its use in
modern military and commercial aircraft. An estimated
59 metric tons (130,000 pounds) are used in the Boeing
777, 45 in the Boeing 747, 18 in the Boeing 737, 32 in
the Airbus A340, 18 in the Airbus A330, and 12 in the
Airbus A320. The Airbus A380 may use 77 metric tons,
including about 11 tons in the engines.[61] In engine applications, titanium is used for rotors, compressor blades,
hydraulic system components, and nacelles. The titanium
6AL-4V alloy accounts for almost 50% of all alloys used
in aircraft applications.[62]

Titanium is used in steel as an alloying element (ferrotitanium) to reduce grain size and as a deoxidizer,
and in stainless steel to reduce carbon content.[2] Titanium is often alloyed with aluminium (to rene grain
size), vanadium, copper (to harden), iron, manganese,
molybdenum, and with other metals.[56] Applications for
titanium mill products (sheet, plate, bar, wire, forgings,
castings) can be found in industrial, aerospace, recreational, and emerging markets. Powdered titanium is
used in pyrotechnics as a source of bright-burning par- Due to its high corrosion resistance to sea water, titanium is used to make propeller shafts and rigging and in
ticles.
the heat exchangers of desalination plants;[3] in heaterchillers for salt water aquariums, shing line and leader,
and for divers knives. Titanium is used to manufacture
5.1 Pigments, additives and coatings
the housings and other components of ocean-deployed
About 95% of titanium ore extracted from the Earth is surveillance and monitoring devices for scientic and mildestined for renement into titanium dioxide (TiO
itary use. The former Soviet Union developed techniques
2), an intensely white permanent pigment used in paints, for making submarines with hulls of titanium alloys.[63]
paper, toothpaste, and plastics.[17] It is also used in Techniques were developed in the Soviet Union to forge
cement, in gemstones, as an optical opacier in paper,[57] titanium in huge vacuum tubes.[59]

5.3

5 APPLICATIONS

Industrial

Welded titanium pipe and process equipment (heat exchangers, tanks, process vessels, valves) are used in the
chemical and petrochemical industries primarily for corrosion resistance. Specic alloys are used in downhole and nickel hydrometallurgy applications due to their
high strength (e. g.: titanium Beta C alloy), corrosion resistance, or combination of both. The pulp and
paper industry uses titanium in process equipment exposed to corrosive media such as sodium hypochlorite
or wet chlorine gas (in the bleachery).[64] Other applications include: ultrasonic welding, wave soldering,[65] and
sputtering targets.[66]

bao and the Cerritos Millennium Library were the rst

buildings in Europe and North America, respectively,
to be sheathed in titanium panels.[60] Other construction uses of titanium sheathing include the Frederic C.
Hamilton Building in Denver, Colorado[73] and the 107
m (350 foot) Monument to the Conquerors of Space in
Moscow.[74]

Because of its superior strength and light weight when

compared to other metals traditionally used in rearms
(steel, stainless steel, and aluminium), and advances in
metalworking techniques, the use of titanium has become
more widespread in the manufacture of rearms. Primary
uses include pistol frames and revolver cylinders. For
these same reasons, it is also used in the body of laptop
Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4 ), a colorless liquid, is im- computers (for example, in Apple's PowerBook line).[75]
portant as an intermediate in the process of making TiO2 Some upmarket categories of tools made to be lightweight
and is also used to produce the Ziegler-Natta catalyst. Ti- and corrosion-resistant, such as shovels and ashlights,
tanium tetrachloride is also used to iridize glass and, be- are made of titanium or titanium alloys as well.
cause it fumes strongly in moist air, it is used to make
smoke screens.[9]

5.5 Jewelry
5.4

Consumer and architectural

Because of its durability, titanium has become more popular for designer jewelry (particularly, titanium rings).[71]
Its inertness makes it a good choice for those with allergies or those who will be wearing the jewelry in environments such as swimming pools. Titanium is also alloyed
with gold to produce an alloy that can be marketed as
24-carat gold, as the 1% of alloyed Ti is insucient to
require a lesser mark. The resulting alloy is roughly the
hardness of 14-carat gold and thus is more durable than
a pure 24-carat gold item would be.[76]

Titanium metal is used in automotive applications, particularly in automobile or motorcycle racing, where weight
reduction is critical while maintaining high strength
and rigidity.[67] The metal is generally too expensive
to make it marketable to the general consumer market,
other than high-end products, particularly for the racing/performance market. Some late model Corvettes
have been available with titanium exhausts,[68] and
the new Corvette Z06s LT4 supercharged engine uses
lightweight, solid titanium intake valves for greater Titaniums durability, light weight, dent- and corrosion resistance makes it useful in the production of
strength and resistance to heat.[69]
watch cases.[71] Some artists work with titanium to proTitanium is used in many sporting goods: tennis rackets, duce artworks such as sculptures, decorative objects and
golf clubs, lacrosse stick shafts; cricket, hockey, lacrosse, furniture.[77]
and football helmet grills; and bicycle frames and components. Although not a mainstream material for bicycle The inertness and ability to be attractively colored makes
[78]
production, titanium bikes have been used by race teams titanium a popular metal for use in body piercing. Tiand adventure cyclists.[70] Titanium alloys are also used tanium may be anodized to produce various colors, which
in spectacle frames.[71] This results in a rather expensive, varies the thickness of the surface oxide layer and causes
[79]
but highly durable and long lasting frame which is light in interference fringes.
weight and causes no skin allergies. Many backpackers The Gold Coast Titans, an Australian rugby league team,
use titanium equipment, including cookware, eating uten- award a medal of pure titanium to their player of the
sils, lanterns, and tent stakes.[71] Though slightly more ex- year.[80]
pensive than traditional steel or aluminium alternatives,
these titanium products can be signicantly lighter without compromising strength. Titanium is also favored for 5.6 Medical
use by farriers, because it is lighter and more durable than
steel when formed into horseshoes.[71]
Titanium biocompatibility: Because it is biocompatible
Titanium has occasionally been used in architectural applications: the 40 m (131 foot) memorial to Yuri Gagarin,
the rst man to travel in space, in Moscow (554229.7N
373457.2E / 55.708250N 37.582556E), is made
of titanium for the metals attractive color and association with rocketry.[72] The Guggenheim Museum Bil-

(it is non-toxic and is not rejected by the body), titanium has many medical uses, including surgical implements and implants, such as hip balls and sockets (joint
replacement) that can stay in place for up to 20 years.[33]
The titanium is often alloyed with about 4% aluminium
or 6% Al and 4% vanadium.[81]

7
Titanium has the inherent ability to osseointegrate, enabling use in dental implants that can last for over 30
years. This property is also useful for orthopedic implant applications.[33] These benet from titaniums lower
modulus of elasticity (Youngs modulus) to more closely
match that of the bone that such devices are intended
to repair. As a result, skeletal loads are more evenly
shared between bone and implant, leading to a lower incidence of bone degradation due to stress shielding and
periprosthetic bone fractures, which occur at the boundaries of orthopedic implants. However, titanium alloys
stiness is still more than twice that of bone, so adjacent
bone bears a greatly reduced load and may deteriorate.[82]

plants have about 2 ppm, and horsetail and nettle contain

up to 80 ppm.[20]
As a powder or in the form of metal shavings, titanium
metal poses a signicant re hazard and, when heated in
air, an explosion hazard.[87] Water and carbon dioxide
based methods to extinguish res are ineective on burning titanium; Class D dry powder re ghting agents must
be used instead.[4]

When used in the production or handling of chlorine, care

must be taken to use titanium only in locations where it
will not be exposed to dry chlorine gas which can result
in a titanium/chlorine re.[88] A re hazard exists even
when titanium is used in wet chlorine due to possible unBecause titanium is non-ferromagnetic, patients with ti- expected drying brought about by extreme weather contanium implants can be safely examined with magnetic ditions.
resonance imaging (convenient for long-term implants).
Preparing titanium for implantation in the body involves Titanium can catch re when a fresh, non-oxidized sur[89]
Such sursubjecting it to a high-temperature plasma arc which re- face comes in contact with liquid oxygen.
moves the surface atoms, exposing fresh titanium that is faces can appear when the oxidized surface is struck with
a hard object, or when a mechanical strain causes the
instantly oxidized.[33]
emergence of a crack. This poses the possible limitaTitanium is also used for the surgical instruments used in tion for its use in liquid oxygen systems, such as those
image-guided surgery, as well as wheelchairs, crutches,
found in the aerospace industry. Due to titanium tuband any other products where high strength and low ing manufacturing impurities that could cause res when
weight are desirable.
exposed to oxygen, titanium is prohibited in the construction of gaseous oxygen systems also called aviation
breathing oxygen. Steel tubing is used for high pressure
5.7 Nuclear waste storage
systems (3,000 p.s.i.) and aluminum tubing for low presDue to its extreme corrosion resistance, titanium contain- sure systems.
ers have been studied for the long-term storage of nuclear
waste (containers lasting over 100,000 years are possible
under proper manufacturing conditions to reduce defects
in the process).[83] A titanium drip shield could also be
placed over other types of containers to further contain
the waste.[84]

Bioremediation

The fungal species Marasmius oreades and Hypholoma

capnoides can bio convert titanium in titanium polluted
soils.[85]

8 See also
Titanium in Africa
Titanium alloy
Titanium coating
Titanium Man
Titanium Metals Corporation
Titanium rings
Titanium sublimation pump

Precautions

Titanium is non-toxic even in large doses and does not

play any natural role inside the human body.[20] An estimated quantity of 0.8 milligrams of titanium is ingested
by humans each day, but most passes through without being absorbed.[20] It does, however, have a tendency to bioaccumulate in tissues that contain silica. One study indicates a possible connection between titanium and yellow
nail syndrome.[86] An unknown mechanism in plants may
use titanium to stimulate the production of carbohydrates
and encourage growth. This may explain why most plants
contain about 1 part per million (ppm) of titanium, food

VSMPO-AVISMA
Titanium in zircon geothermometer

9 References
[1] Andersson, N. et al.
(2003).
Emission specJ. Chem.
tra of TiH and TiD near 938 nm.
Phys. 118: 10543. Bibcode:2003JChPh.118.3543A.
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[2] Titanium. Encyclopdia Britannica. 2006. Retrieved
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[3] Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and

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[4] Krebs, Robert E. (2006). The History and Use of Our
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[5] Donachie, Matthew J., Jr. (1988). TITANIUM: A Technical Guide. Metals Park, OH: ASM International. p. 11.
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[6] Barksdale 1968, p. 738
[7] Titanium. Columbia Encyclopedia (6th ed.). New York:
Columbia University Press. 20002006. ISBN 0-78765015-3.
[8] Barbalace, Kenneth L. (2006). Periodic Table of Elements: Ti Titanium. Retrieved 26 December 2006.
[9] Stwertka, Albert (1998). Titanium. Guide to the Elements (Revised ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 8182.
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[10] Matthew J. Donachie, Jr. (1988). Titanium: A Technical
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EXTERNAL LINKS

Emsley, John (2001). Titanium. Natures Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford,
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Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry
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11 External links
Titanium: Our Next Major Metal, Popular Science, October 1950one of rst general public detailed articles on Titanium
Titanium at The Periodic Table of Videos (University
of Nottingham)
International Titanium Association
Metallurgy of Titanium and its Alloys, Cambridge
University
World Production of Titanium Concentrates, by
Country
Metal of the gods

11

Titanium(III) compounds are characteristically violet, illustrated

by this aqueous solution of titanium trichloride.

Martin Heinrich Klaproth named titanium for the Titans of Greek

mythology.

12

Titanium sponge, made by the Kroll process

11

EXTERNAL LINKS

A titanium cylinder, Grade 2 quality

Titanium dioxide is the most commonly used compound of titanium

Titanium (mineral concentrate)

High-purity (99.999%) titanium with visible crystallites

Basic titanium products: plate, tube, rods and powder

13

Nettles contains up to 80 parts per million of titanium.

14

12

12
12.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Titanium Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium?oldid=645296651 Contributors: Vulture, Mav, Bryan Derksen, Stokerm, LA2,
Josh Grosse, Danny, Christian List, Deb, William Avery, Shii, Anthere, Ktsquare, DrBob, Heron, Dwmyers, Patrick, RTC, Fred Bauder, Lotus, Ixfd64, Minesweeper, Looxix, Ahoerstemeier, Cyp, Suisui, Angela, Jebba, Darkwind, Susurrus, EdH, Vargenau, Schneelocke, Arteitle,
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OKBot, Gtadoc, Bcdm, Jacob.jose, Randomblue, Nn123645, Nergaal, Escape Orbit, Into The Fray, Chem-awb, DODODRONTE, AndySnow, EPadmirateur, Atif.t2, Fullmichael, Loren.wilton, Oneforlogic, ClueBot, Phoenix-wiki, Avenged Eightfold, The Thing That Should
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Jusdafax, T hohert, Hello Control, Danno333, Yemal, Abrech, Wilsone9, Robyn Wright, NuclearWarfare, Cenarium, Reillyg, Usbdriver,
Zappa711, Thingg, Aitias, Versus22, Masterofchaos101011, Natir, Vanished User 1004, Qwertyface, Bendy d, Tarheel95, PseudoOne,
Stickee, Duncan, Little Mountain 5, Skarebo, SilvonenBot, Samgreyisgay, Mifter, Willking1979, C6541, Some jerk on the Internet, DOI
bot, Montgomery '39, Ronhjones, Fieldday-sunday, CanadianLinuxUser, Fluernutter, Gtg102r, USchick, Silverbackmarlin, Chamal N,
CarsracBot, PranksterTurtle, Roux, LinkFA-Bot, Thefthamendment, Alchemist-hp, Terrillja, Juice slam, Bwrs, Craigsjones, Tide rolls,
Solid State, Aadieu, Gail, Greyhood, Skippy le Grand Gourou, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Ptbotgourou, Vanished user iuh37uhewtriu5u7hsrfj3,
KamikazeBot, IW.HG, Eric-Wester, Backslash Forwardslash, Starbois, AnomieBOT, AUG, Bingkris, 1exec1, Neptune5000, Piano non
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Sellyme, XZeroBot, Theman149, Budda.babe, Srich32977, S0aasdf2sf, Rcbleeds, Abce2, Call me Bubba, RibotBOT, Brutaldeluxe, Alan-

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Catchpole, N419BH, Duncanogi, TATuFan220, Mineman99, Surv1v4l1st, Dougie39, Mfwitten, Christian75u, Louperibot, HamburgerRadio, Citation bot 1, Chrisbalzer, Lanulos, Redrose64, Manny106, Biker Biker, Pinethicket, I dream of horses, Moonraker, RedBot,
Lars Washington, Utility Monster, Lightlowemon, MusicNewz, Double sharp, TobeBot, PiRSquared17, DixonDBot, DrDanco, Peppoj,
Lotje, Punitbhadoria, Vrenator, Reaper Eternal, Jammyboi007, Jhenderson777, Vera.tetrix, Tbhotch, Metalclaysculptor, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Captianpolice, The Utahraptor, RjwilmsiBot, TjBot, Jackehammond, DASHBot, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Davekv, Smitty1337,
Tommy2010, Wikipelli, StringTheory11, H3llBot, TonyStriker11, SporkBot, AManWithNoPlan, Flabstotalyhot, Wayne Slam, Metallica23, L Kensington, Mountainninja, ChuispastonBot, Jragland7, Jhc37013, Eg-T2g, Tick avenger, DASHBotAV, Ihatewilliam, ClueBot
NG, Astatine211, Jack Greenmaven, Squeezingoutnuggets, Durial12, -sche, Danim, Helpful Pixie Bot, Curb Chain, Calabe1992, Bibcode Bot, Doorknob747, Lowercase sigmabot, Mark Arsten, Vramayrat, SmokyMtnLady, Mejoribus, Zedshort, BattyBot, Cyberbot II,
ChrisGualtieri, JYBot, Thecakeanator, Dexbot, Champion19Alex, Mtlasater, Benprentiss, Jnargus, Jtruxon, Project Osprey, Donfbreed2,
RileyBot, Nodove, JackBrad419, CensoredScribe, Ramendoctor, Stamptrader, Monkbot, Dmelc9 and Anonymous: 1171

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