Communication task: -Interfacing,-,mainSignal generally relatively ofpoor 2. Range: 7.

Why are repeaters In casewhich of short hasdistance

Layer6Presentation:Translate conversion data transfer1.3connection discount-route discount
The typical
802.11g rangewith
network astandard
common sometimes necessary in transmission,
propagation delay, sliding low
window
generation,-synchronization(tell u when to to common format. release bw\resource pro=bandwitch guaranted equipment is on the order of tens communication
What is systems? would not be necessary because
of meters
Access solution
points Access
(APs) points
are network.
base it takes
packet very
and short
wait for time to
acknowledge transmit
start1/stop),-Error detection& correction,-Flow Layer7 Application: Process to process long application. stations for the wireless the advantages
over analog of digital systems back.
They transmit
frequencies forand receive
wireless radio
enabled repeaters aresystems when 16. Explain major differences
devices to communicate between
amplifier?a repeater and an
control(speed matching),-Framing,message communication. Why subnet?1easy to manage2.easy to do
with.Clients Wireless clients can necessary?
Error Detection:1.Parity bit: try to count no. be mobile devices
IP phones, or fixedsuch as laptop
devices. In long distancetransmitted
formatting routing3.different administrator4.performance transmission An amplifier can not
signal fall off,the so it requests discriminate
signal and between
noise; itfed intended
amplifies
5component of data communication: 1.Sender odd bit to even no. 2.Cyclic redundancy 5.improve reliability 6.improve security repeater to regenerate the original equally
repeater everything
does not amplify into it. A
the
transmitted
can be used only in signal. Repeater signal: it a regenerates it. When it
2.Receiver 3.Message 4.Medium 5.Protocol check(CRC):use local area network,only detect NAT network address translation b/w one MAC Addressunique
: physical address receives
signal, weakened
it creates or corrupted
a cop bit for bit,
that
data globally
link in
layer defined by digitalsystem
systems because in noise
analog at the original strength.
Point-to-point connection: could be not correct setoff private ip address insidenetwok and set machine the tonetwork.
identify each
increased there is white
in signal. Homework 3 Chapter 12:
Compare TCP & UDP 8. Under what circumstances is
wireline/wireless Error correction:1.Stop& wait: transmitter must public ip address outside the net work use the performance Problem 1: List 3 categories of
TCP : error&flow
loss-sensitive, control, long-live,
delay-insensitive(non-real
time application), 100% correct
between stop-anddifferences multiple
discussed access
? protocols
Multipoint connection: mainframe, wait for ACK before send additional message. on internet guarantee wait size=7)
and sliding small? window (window The access
three categories of
cable,computers. 2.Sliding window: Transmitter may transmit WHY nat 1. limit ip address 2.save cost UDP : no loss-insensitive,
sensitive, control, short live,
for delay- multiple
discussed in thisprotocols
chapter are
interactive/real time Application. Whenthan
larger a value
1 such is much random access, controlled access,
Catagories of topology : several message before waiting respond 3.easy to mange\ flexibility 4. security-hiding Virtual Circuit vs. Datagram he line utilization ofasboth 1000, and channelization.
Virtual circuit:reliable
usuallydelivery,
provides sliding window and stop-and-wait Problem
collision 5 :
is an issueExplain why
in ainrandom
Fully connected Mesh topology: link connect Go-Back-N ARQ: Receive every frame after private address and structure from outside guaranteed, protocols
because the are largeclose to zero access protocol but not
sequencing of
of packets, controlled
the error frame then retransmit, Frame world (default oatway router that connect to suppression
for long transaction,duplicates,call good is
set-up propagation delay so it takes long protocols? access or channelizing
to each other. Advantage: fast transfer, fault
incurred. However, routing time
back.to acknowledgement In random access methods,
decisions doCan not provide
have to made there is
tolerance( helps in link failure or node received in order less buffer space receiver. the internet) per packet.
sequencing and error control 9. What are of advantages and there
methods)is no
inand access
controlled
there
control
is access
no
(as
services disadvantages sliding window
failure). DisAdv:very expensive, many Selective repeat ARQ: Only repeat/ transmit Routing-finding a path through the network 1. variation. and smaller delay flow control over predefined
channelization). channels (as
Each station in can
Datagram: theattempt
network stop-and-wait? transmit when it desires.
collision.This
alternative way error frame, Lager buffer must do sequencing centralized Routing-topology routing algorithum “best
packets. effort”
No guarantees to makes
deliver
for
the
the Sliding window uses the
liberty may create
delivery, packet may be lost or channel the capacity more CH13:Problem
advantages 4:What are the
Star topology:-Hub(device to send/ receive data frame, Good for both LAN& WAN. can: overhead for large network updating duplicated,
order or
– the service may arrive out
relies onthe of
the
efficiently
Moreover, than stop-and
it faster than wait;
stop-and- LAN with a dividing bridge? an Ethernet
user application to callenhance wait too.
increase But
traffic sliding
in the networkwill
window and A bridge can raise the
LAN access method structure: Fixed-Divide topology information –show to adapt \ change basic services, no set-up, bandwidth
may cause congestion. domains. and separate collision
info), -Has center hub. Adv:cheap. good
with for short transaction,
ease to changes in the adapts
network, 10. Under which circumstances
failures. such as congestion
whole bandwidth , Low utilization, Wasteful if in topology-single point failuse
DisAdv:delay at hub, single point of failure would forward error correction Problem5
relationship Whata is
btw the and
switch
technique be appropriate? bridge?
hub. someone are Idle 2.Dencentralized \distribution –each router Extra: and
ARQ 1. CompareError and contrast Long distance transmission
Ethernet LANs: CSMA/CD: bus topology, builds its own router table Pro: no single Correction Forward
technique? (Satellite Links) bridgeA layer-2 switch is an N-port
with additional
Bus topology: Has 1 link, share medium In ARQ, transmitter 11. Why are packet switched sophistication that allows faster
Station are independent, Every station hav to point failure- fast to react to change in message
acknowledgement and wait from forsends
an a networks
transmission betterthanforcircuit
data handling of packets.
might be delay, Tap will tap the signal. switching? (Compare) Problem7:
rates Compare
for standard the data
Ethernet, Fast
receive. If an error
receive sentis NACK occur, and Packet switching increase Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet and
then thewill
listen to network, Wait until network is Idle, topology +cost con: overhead broadcast
line efficiency Ten-Gigabit Ethernet ?
transmitter The greater than circuit
Adv:very cheap,1 link share bus
switching.
multiple messages, link is shared
while circuit by The rates are as follows:10
DisAdv:Delay( wait for channel), single point transmit frame& monitor the network frame is routing information. retransmits
contrast, theFEC(Forward
message. InError switching takes all parts of the Standard Ethernet:
Connection) builds the transmission after establish the Mbps
being transmitted, Stop transmitting.High TRANSPORT LAYER PROTOCOL UDP (use connection.
facilities. It may waste
Moreover, priorities thecan line Fast Ethernet:
of failure bus, connection channel (fight for redundancy
message, checking
so bits into the
retransmission be used in packet switching. 100 Mbps
Idle channel). speed LAN: Fast Ethernet: separate collision diagrame protocol) a connection less transport is not necessary. Circuit Switch: 1. Dedicated Gigabit
bandwidth, Ethernet: 1 Gbps
layer protocol standard uses by TCP to send 2. Describes
error controlhowtechnique
the Go-back-N up(fixed up),2. 3.connection
No per packet set
overload,
network. 4. no buffer inside GbpsTen-Gigabit
domain, Intra segment traffic, keep traffic
Ring topology: Adv: cheap can survive some works? Ethernet: 10
local. Switched Ethernet: Full-duplex, star to short massage such as DNG request. If one
damage, frame is lost or Packet Switch: 1. Shared
all frames,transmitter
after the resends
failure. DisAdv: delay, maintainance cost&
NACK Bandwidth,
connection 2. Virtual
set up circuit
“fixedcircuit –
topology, No collision, Frame lost at server TCP1. connect oriented 2.flow error control 3.
received or connectionless –route”
noroute”
sincefrom the receiver, again
operation Exp., operation is complex.
error. connection set up “no fixed 14.
using What
a is the network
backbone advantage to of
congestion. Wireless LAN: sending all full duplex datagram,
4. buffer inside 3. perthe packet overload, interconnect LAN’s (using bridges)
Layer Architecture: 3. Why are sliding
protocols more window efficient over network”store&forward”. instead of connecting LAN’s
4.segmentatuing5.resequencing6.delete long transmission channels together in series
bridges without or parallel using
a backbone?
Layer1 Phisical: don’t hav frame, transmission direction, Radio signal attenuates(Decrease 12. Why usually
networks are circuit better switched
for video?
the
dupliente 7. multiplexing long live connection than stop-and-wait protocols? transmission of voice and It in
carries less load than
signal strength), Wireless LAN network share Using sliding (30) connect series or parallel alsoto
the window
medium understanding only ‘0’,’1’
protocols, link can carry offer
changehigher
to speed. Ethernet(Higher
gigabits And it easy
by other device, Coverage depend on many
gurrantee error. several frames at once. So creates Circuit
atransmit switching
temporary network
dedicated Speed Ethernet) because it has to
Layer2 Data link layer: “FRAME” Point to the links to data.and So,video,
the is change only backbone LAN.
UPP: 1.connection loss 2. none 3.simplex capacity of the link is used data,
better such
to useas circuit
voice switching 15. Why ARP necessary in IP?
point delivery(1hop/link), Physical address, factors, AP normally operate as bridge, place efficiently
and-wait, with moresent thanone stop-
frame because the path is already
4.segmentation 5-7 . none short live dedicated. Other connection will of To obtain
a node whenphysical address
IP address is
Error control, Flow control( speed matching for optimal coverage. over the channel. not
stablebother.
delay.Data may arrive with know.
b/w sender/ receiver), Framing, Access LAN internet working: Repeater/Hub: physical
connection feal time interactive. 4. For what kinds
connection-oriented of traffic are
protocols 13. disadvantages
What are the ofadvantages
more efficient? and
oriented connection-
control share by multiple user. layer. Bridge: layer to interconnection(data link Long transmissions traffic. respect topacket switching
connectionless with
packet 16.
5. From aadvantages
system perspective,
switching? of IP?What are the core functions
Wireless LANlinking
or WLAN is a, what Connection-oriented is good
areand
Layer3 Network Layer: “Packet” Host to host layer),Remove physical LAN design constraint,
which
more is the
computers of two
without or
using disadvantages offered by for
must longset transactions
up a call because
before transmitit used IP by isTCP/IP.
retired mechanism
delivery, Logical address( can be change)ex. Perform addres fittering,DisAd:usually add wires. WLAN utilizes spread- Connectionless protocols? data. Moreover
sequencing of it
packets provides and error 17. Under what circumstances
spectrum
technology or OFDM modulation
based on radiobetween waves control services. It cana guarantee would UDPprotocol?
be a suitable
to enablein communication Connectionless
route service the can for delivery and All have smaller Transport
failed alinks.packet Thearound
Internet. delay,no provision flow control
devices a limited area, also service delay
services variation.
are notHowever, of these
provided in Real-time protocol because
known as
This gives the
usersbasic service
the amobility set.
to connectionless. does notno provide connection step,
Layer4 Transport Layer: “Segment” Process- Switch using van software have diff.land
move around within may transmission
be faster for sessions,short connection-oriented service does reliable, flow control,
coverage
connectedarea to the stillbroad
andnetwork. be does not require and it
call set-up not provide
service. self-faultolerant
If onewillswitching node is congestion control,
bandwidth guarantee. timing and
to-process delivery(End-to-end) ,Segment& flexible > separate base on functionality >
phase. However, it does not broken,
destination. data But, not arrive
connectionless to the
Benefits 1. Convenience: The guarantee 18.
called Describe clearly why IP is
reassembly, Service point address, security > easy to manager>seperatre of wireless
allows nature
users of such network
to nearly
access networks The packetfor may thebe delivery.
lost or provide this
to other ways. service. It will route “Best Effort” protocol?
resources from any duplicated It provides no error
Connection control, Multiplxing of multiple using convenient location environment
within their orders.or may arrive out of 14. Different
model have different layers address.
of the OSI checking.
of It assumes
the underlying unreliability
primary networking Which of delaylayer.
and No
unique addresses
and why? must be globally
2.Mobility: With networks,
the emergence guarantee delivery.
data, Flow control, Port ID can be change. network layer-switch techniques1.circuitswitch public
can wireless
access the internet users of
even
6. Whatbetween is the key
thebelownetworkdifferences
layer 19. Why isin not possible to detect
outside their normal work (and those it) and Physical address or MAC a collision wireless LAN
Layer5 Session Layer: Multiple session the 1.1connection set up route environment the transport layer (and those address
be globally at data
unique. linkItlayerusesshould environment?
Disadvantages 1.Security: above it)? identify foe each machine intotothethe Because
synchronization Determination(fixed)reverse Wireless LAN transceivers are Above the transport layer is network. So, data can send
receiver correctly. differentiate b/wit collision
is different to
2 noises.
designed
throughout toa serve computers
structure with radio responsible for source-to- 20. What is CSMA/CA in
destination (end-to end 15. Why
bw/resource(bps)along endtoend route 1.2data uninterrupted
frequencies.
and cost, the
service
Because
antennas
using
of typically
space deliver, but below network layer protocol
of a sliding be would
implemented stop-and-wait
window protocol? instead 802.11 LAN’s?
present are notdeliver.
end-to-end(node-to- Introduce operate
CSMA/CA to avoid
cards in onthewireless networking
end computers are node) collision.
bridge to WAP avoid collision.as a
21. Shortly explain “Hidden sending
a number process
of frames continues to send 8. What is adoes routing table, in and
Node Problem”
environment. How in this
wireless is solved LAN in a
loss.window
Unlike size even specified
Go-Back-N after ARQ, a frame by
the
what are role
Internets? it play
802.11? receiving process will continue to For finding a path of network
Only AP onhear hearother, 2 nodes. accept andanacknowledge
initial error. frames and toan exchange msg to know
to
by Bsendare Request
cannot Toreply Send(RTS) solveA sent after about
node, existence
exchange age ofrouting
the adjust
to dest. Then, dest Clear To trackTheofreceiver
the frame processnumber
sequence keeps of information. Andcoming
pick the shortest
Send(CTS)
Node that ad echo
can hear duration.
either source the earliest it has not path,
that it mapping
should go. interface
or dest will know that they must received,
with every andACK sends
it sends. that number
If anot
wait
frame whilereceived,
transmission. After frame from the sender does 9. Why is the transport layer
back tois sender. ACK is sent reach
continues the receiver,
to send the
subsequent sender necessary?
frames until Because application layer
22. Shortly
Problem” explain
in wireless LAN Exposed Node window.
fill The itreceiver
its receiving
has emptied
window continues its to
with eachthe
need
msg, guaranteed
only one copy deliveryof msg, in order
environment? subsequent frames, replying synchronization
receiver, reliable of sender
which IP and
Expose node time with an ACK containing the networking layer do not provide
in
sendoverlap
msg area toBAP1 if Bproblem.
wants toBisis sequence
missing number
frame. Once of thethe earliest
sender those
have to doneed. So, transport
error checking, layer
retsfor(if
unavailable. maywhile think AP2 thatown Ap1 has
window, sent all the
it re-sends frames in its needed, resequencing), check
is
dx. unavailable and defer its number
then continues given by thethe
where ACKs, frameand
it left off.
duplication,
multiplexing flow
and control,
demultiplexing to
meet those requirements.
23. Why the collision is not The size of the must sending
possible
LAN’s? in switched Ethernet receiving windows be and equal, 10. Demonstrate
encapsulation the concept of
and
number half (assuming
the maximum that sequence
sequence relationship
Ethernet headerb/wbyTCP, illustrating
(It is IP,
not and
collisionIf switching avoidhub
arerecognize because are used, a numbers are numbered from 0 toin necessary to enumerate the fields
n-1) to avoid miscommunication in
to each
mark header or trailer,etc.) simply
switch
And can
route the frame tothethe address.
port all cases of packets being
which dest station is connected, dropped. The sender moves its “TCP Header”,
the restprocess.
of media aremeans not involved window
acknowledged for every packet that is Demonstrate the concept b/w of
in
can thereceive frame This from another switch encapsulating the no relationship
station at the same Sample Question: TCP/IP, Ethernet address (no
the frame to its owntime final todest. route
1. For what kind of protocols traffic aremore
necessary
in each to
headerThe enumerate
simply the
tounitmake fields
24. Why IP cannot cope with connection-oriented TCP
created header).
at application datalayer is
congestion by itself? efficient? called msg. TCP/UDP creates
data unit called segment orof user
does Because
not no keep IPtrackunreliability, long-line application (TCP/IP)
long transaction datagram.
datagram across The movement
Internetprotocol.is
and has
datagram. Once facility they forofarrive
the route
reordering 2. What is truncated exponential responsibility
However, to of TCP/IP
be ablenetworkto moveto
because it is a connectionless back
work, off
andmethod,what ishow does it
its effect on physically from one
service,
circuits IP does
for todelivery. not create isvirtual real-time application? another,
encapsulating the datagram
in a framenetwork must be
in data
call setup
to incoming tx.alert toThere the receiver no
It’s back off a random link
and layer
finally oftx.underlying
As signal along tx
number of about time; slot
time=2(tx.delay)+safety.margin and media.
25.
with flow Describe
controlhow issue? TCP deal slot time defineNth as retransmission
512 bit 11. Why is error correction in
time=572µsec;
attempt is drawn from a uniformly the transport layer the sometimes of
Receiver
advertised window can reduce the distributed random. Integer R, necessary
error despite
connection on all presence
of the links
the
buffertx. memory
Depend on to theslow
available. amount downof 0<=R<=2^k-1.
max no. of transmission Attempt limited(16)
attempts. in a network?
As load>40%
excessive there will be The data link layer ensure
26. Describe
error control how IP deal with
issue? more likelycollision
Therefore, to back
the
the station
delay off could period.be very
are that
networkpacket are passing
error as free.b/wBut each an
large error is introduce the packet
checking IP provides
and no error
tracking. IP handle traffic.so, not suitable for real-time and processed
routers. This inside
error with one not ofbethe
configured with ICMP, then 3. What are differences b/w and caught
of the next by the data link functions
both control
is sole function and error
is tothem. msg
report but it traditional
gigabit CSMA/CD
Ethernet Ethernet
(or switched functions
no error justlink
have
because
check
beenend to see
introduce
those that
problem not correct Ethernet)? the
link. beginning
The transportand layer ofmustthat b/w
27. Describe how
with error and flow control issue? UDP deal CMA/CD hasuse collision, therefore do itsmake own sure checking
housing network, coaxial end-to-end
Usedetection;
checksum 16 bits field cable.
metro But
network gigabit use hasfibernochannelcollision, packet
the source. has to arrived as that the
intended by
in error
provide anyfunction
sequencing it does ornot physical layer.
reordering no error 4.What problem(s) were repeaters 12.
between What TCP are differences
and UPD, and
checking if there is an error. trying
28. Advantages of Subnet do it)?to solve (and how did they under
each be what circumstances
preferred? would
Performance improvement, while Signal
network that can carry
travel information
a fixed
TCP= “long-time connection” connection-
Administrative
authorities, by different
Security(Network distance before attenuation
Separation), easy to endangers
data. A the
repeater integrity
installed of on the oriented protocol it has flow control,
manage/route/resistant to failure link receives
pattern andonto the the
put original
refreshed bit a
Compare TCP & UDP copy back the link. It
resequence error checking. It suitable for
TCP : error&flow control, long-live, regenerates
weak or acorrupted when it receives a
copy bitA signal. It the
loss-sensitive, delay- delay Insensitive(non-real-time), loss sensitive
insensitive(non-real time creates
original strength. for bit at
repeater
application),
guarantee 100% correct places onof the line before the 100% guarantee. But UDP= “Short live”
legibility
lost stillthe signal becomes
UDP : no control,
delay-sensitive, short live,
loss-insensitive, themcan in the voltages
original and
form. replicate connection ,connectionless protocol, it do not
interactive/real time Application. for 5. What problem(s) were
Error detection – looking only to bridges
did they trying do it)?to solve (and how
provide error checking, flow control like TCP.
see
even if interested
any error inhas theoccurred.
number Not
of
errors. – want to know the exact they Traffic
filter for each
traffic a factsegment, that makes
No error connecting or recovery, assume a
number
and more of bits
importantlythat are their corrupted
location them useful for isolating
controlling
in the message. Forward Error congestion
bridge keeps and the traffic prob.
for each Link reliable network layer. It suitable for the best
correction
guess the the message receiver by try using to segment separate and divide large
redundant bits. network
when frameinto smaller
entire a segment
bridge. It
effort of service and small amount of data,
Automatic checks add of only
dest toand theforward
is
data errorRepeat-reQuest
an transmission control which method uses
(ARQ)
for the
that new packet copy is belong to. segment delay sensitive(real time), interactive, loss
acknowledgments
achieve reliable dataandtransmission.
timeouts to 6. What problem(s) were routers insensitive
An acknowledgment is a message trying
do it)?to solve (and how did they
sent by
transmitter the receiver
to indicate to the
thatframe.it has A
correctly Delay packet among multiple
timeout
time after isreceived
a reasonable
the sender
a data
sends pointthe in interconnected
have address network.
and link same toVectors
2 or
data frame; if the sender does not more
They networks
receive of
packetandthe from one time.
receive
the timeout,an acknowledgment
it usually re-transmits before connected network pass it to
the frame until it receives an second
received network.
packet However,
iswhich
addedrouter to aa is
if
acknowledgment
predefined number or of exceeds
re- a node on network
transmissions. not
to a member,
determine whichthe router
of theits bestcapable
Types of ARQARQ, protocol include connected
next delay network forisshortest
Stop-and-wait
ARQ and Selective Go-Back-N
Repeat ARQ Router maypoint choose the packet. path.
Selective Repeat of ARQ 7. What is the (e.g. difference b/w a
specific instance
Repeat-reQuest (ARQ) the is a
Automatic
Protocol. It
physical
MAC address
address) and an IP Ethernet
may be utilized as a protocol for address?
necessary?What are both
the delivery
message units,andor acknowledge
it may be of
utilized Physical address to identify
delivery as of asubdivided
protocol for the individual
identify thedevices
connection and IP of to a host
message sub-units. to its network.
for the Whendelivery usedofas the protocol
messages, the