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Tables and Formulae

W.R. Flook
CONTENTS

Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
Table 4
Table 5
Table 6
Table 7
Table 8
Table 9
Table 10
Table 11
Table 12
Table 13
Table 14
Table 15
Table 16
Table 17
Table 18
Table 19
Table 20

Note on conversion tables .............................. .


Conversion table: length ................................ .
Conversion table: area ................................... .
Conversion table: volume ............................... .
Conversion table: velocity .............................. .
Conversion table: rate of flow ........................ .
Conversion table: mass .................................. .
Conversion table: pressure .............................. .
Conversion table: energy ................................ .
Conversion table: power ................................ .
Conversion table: density ............................... .
Some fundamental constants ........................... .
Moisture content, density, etc. of pulps ........... ,.
Formulae .................................................... .
Base units of the International System .............. .
Derived units of the International System .......... .
S I prefixes .................................................. .
Critical speed of mills .................................... .
Testing-sieve series ........................................ .
The periodic table ......................................... .
The Greek alphabet ....................................... .

Page
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1058
1059
1060
1060
1061
1061
1062
1062
1064
1067
1067
1068
1068
1069
1071
1072

1053

TABLES AND FORMVLAE

Conversion tables - explanatory notes


In each of the conversion tables which follows, quantities in each horizontal
line are equal when they are expressed in the unit defined at the top of their
respective vertical columns. To convert from units of "x" to any other, the
horizontal line containing unity in column "x" should be used. All values
of other units in that line will be equal to 1 unit of "x".
In each tabulation where the number of units is equal to "n", the number
of primary conversion factors required to calculate the remainder is equal
to n-1. These primary or basic factors are in italics and marked with an
asterisk and are, where possible, exact conversions, definitions of the unit
or derived from two or more of these.
A list of the source conversion factors follows. The more obvious and
well known, such as 12 inches = 1 Imperial foot, 1000 g = 1 kg, etc. are
excluded.
1 Acre
4840 square yards
1 Atmosphere
101,3250 kilopascals
1 Atmosphere
760 ton (mm Hg)
1 Bar
100 kilopascals
1 Barrel (oil)
42 V.S. gallons
1 British thermal unit
251,9958 calories
1 Calorie
4,1868 joules
1 Carat
0,2 grams
1 Foot (Cape)
1,033 Imperial feet
1 Gallon (Imperial)
4,54609 litres
1 Gallon (Imperial)
160 Imperial fluid ounces
1 Gallon (V.S.)
128 V.S. fluid ounces
1 Gallon (V.S.)
231 cubic inches
1 Hectare
10 000 square metres
1 Horsepower (Imperial)
550 foot-pounds per second
1 Horsepower (metric)
75 kilogram-metres per second
1 Inch
2,54 centimetres
1 Kilogram per centimetre squared
0,980665 bars
1 Kilowatt-hour
3,6 x 1()6 joules
1 Kilowatt-hour
1,341022 horsepower
1 Mile (nautical)
6080 Imperial feet
1 Mile (statute)
1760 yards
1 Mining Claim (S.A.)
60000 Cape square feet
1 Morgen
86400 Cape square feet
1 Ounce (troy)
20 pennyweights (dwt.)
1 Pennyweight (dwt.)
24 grains
1 Pound (avoirdupois)
0,45359237 kilograms
1 Pound (avoirdupois)
16 ounces (Av.)
1 Pound (avoirdupois)
7000 grains
1 Pound (troy)
12 ounces (Tr.)
1 Ton (Long Imperial)
2240 pounds (Av.)
1 Ton (short)
2000 pounds (Av.)
1 Ton (metric)
1000 kilograms
1054

TABLES AND FORMULAE


An Imperial gallon is defined as 10 lbs of water and the accepted conversion
into the metric system is 4,54609 litres. These conditions are only
simultaneously possible at 22,17e at which temperature the relative density of water is 0,997 763 7. Since this temperature is reasonably close to that
of average plant solutions, it is assumed for both water and mercury in the
pressure table. The relative density of mercury at this temperature is
13,540492. However, torr is defined as 1 mm of mercury at ooe (relative
density 13,5951) and under standard gravitational force.

Table 1. Conversion table: length.


Miles

Feet

Centimetres

Statute

Kilometres

Metres

Yards

Cape

English

Inches

1,15152

1,85318

1853,18

2026,67

5885,77

6080

72 960

1,60934

1609,34

1760

5111,33

5280

63360

1000

1093,61

3176,03

3280,84

39370,1

100000

1,09361

3,17603

3,28084

39,3701

100

2,90416

36

91,44

1,033

12,396

31,4858

12

30,48

Nautical

0,868421
0,539612 0,621371
5,39612
x 10- 4

6,21371
X 1(}-4

0,001

4,93421
x 10- 4

5,68182
x 10- 4

1,69901
x 10- 4

1,95644
x 10- 4

1,64474
x 10- 4

1,89394
x 10- 4

1,37061
x 10- 5

1,57828
x 10- 5

xlO- S

0,0254

2,77778
X 10- 2

8,06712
x 10- 2

8,33333
X 10- 2

5,39612
x 10- 6

6,21371
x 10- 6

0,00001

0,01

1,09361
X 10- 2

3,17603
X 10- 2

3,28084
X 10- 2

Original data

9,144
10- 4

3,14858
X 10- 4
3,048
10- 4
2,54

0,9144
0,314858 0,344333
0,3048

0,333 333 0,968054

1,85318
5
X 10
1,60934
5
x 10

2,54
0,393 701

Calculated data

1""'"
VJJ

>-l

Table 2. Conversion table: area.

c'
Vl

>-to

Cl'I

Square feet
Square
Miles

Square
Kilometres

Hectares

2,58999

258,999

Morgen

Mining
claims

302,380

435,428

Acres

Square
Metres
(centare)

Square
Yards

640

2589988

3097600

l'
trl

en.
Cape

English

2,61257
x 107

2,78784
7
X 10

>-Z

0,386 102

100

116,750

168,120

247,105

1000000

1 195990

1,00872
7
X 10

1,07639
7
X 10

1,16750

1,68120

2,47105

10000

11959,9

100872

107639

1,44

2,11654

8565,33

10244,1

86400

92 196,5

1,46982

5948,15

7113,93

60000

64025,3

4046,86

4840

40821,3

43560

1,19599

10,0872

10,7639

8,43416

3,86102
X 10- 3

0,01

3,30709
X 10- 3

8,56533
X 10- 3

0,856533

2,29659
X 10- 3

5,94815
X 10- 3

0,594815

0,694444

1,5625
X 10- 3

4,04686
X 10- 3

0,404686

0,472 469

0,680356

3,86102
X 10- 7

0,000001

0,0001

1,16750
X 10- 4

1,68120
X 10- 4

2,47105
X 10- 4

3,22831
X 10- 7

8,36127
X 10- 7

8,36127
X 10- 5

9,76176
X 10- 5

1,40569
X 10- 4

2,06612
X 10- 4

0,836127

3,82766
X 10- 8

9,91358
X 10- 8

9,91358
X 10- 6

1,15741
X 10- 5

1,66667
X 10- 5

2,44970
x10- 5

9,91358
X 10- 2

0,118565

3,58701
X 10- 8

9,29030
X 10- 8

9,29030
X 10- 6

1,08464
X 10- 5

1,56188
X 10- 5

2,29568
X 10- 5

9,29030
X 10- 2

0,111 111

Original data

1,06709
0,937 129
Calculated data

'Tj

:;0

el '
>-trl

Table 3. Conversion table: volume.

Megalitres

Cubic
feet

Imperial

V.S.

Litres

V.S.

Imperial

1000

6289,81

35314,7

219969

264172

1000000

3,38140
X 107

3,51951
7
X 10

10

6,28981

35,3147

219,969

264,172

1000

33814,0

35195,1

1000000

5,61458

34,9723

42

158,987

5376

5595,57

158 987

6,22884

7,48052

28,3168

957,506

996,614

28316,8

1,20095

4,54609

153,722

160

4546,09

3,78541

128

133,228

3785,41

33,8140

35,1951

1000

1,04084

29,5735

1,58987
x 10- 4

0,158987

2,83168
x 10- 5

2,83168
x 10- 2

0,178 108

4,54609
x 10- 6

4,54609
X 10- 3

2,85940
X 10- 2

0,160544

3,78541
x 10- 6

3,78541
x 10- 3

2,38095
X 10- 2

0,133 681

0,832674

0,000001

0,001

6,28981
x 10- 3

3,53147
X 10- 2

0,219 969

0,264172

2,95735
x 10- 8

2,95735
xlO- 5

1,86012
X 10- 4

1,04438
X 10- 3

6,50527
X 10- 3

7,8125
X 10- 3

2,95735
X 10- 2

2,84131
x 10- 8

2,84131
X 10- 5

1,78713
X 10- 4

1,00340
xlO- 3

0,00625

7,50594
X 10- 3

2,84131
X 10- 2

0,960760

0,000001

6,28981
x 10- 6

3,53147
X 10- 5

2,19969
X 10- 4

2,64172
X 10- 4

0,001

3,38140
X 10- 2

10.~

(.Jl

'-1

Fluid ounces

Barrels
(oil)

0,001

Gallons

Cubic
metres

Original data

Millilitres
9

28,4131

1:0
t""'
tr1

IJ)

S
'"Ij

3,51951
xlO- 2

I':i
~

Calculated data

c::::
t""'

tr1

TABLES AND FORMULAE


Table 4. Conversion table: velocity.
Metres
per
second

Kilometres
per hour

Metres
per
minute

Feet
per
minute

Knots

Miles
per
hour

Feet
per
second

1,94260

2,23694

3,28084

3,6

60

196,850

1,15152

1,68889

1,85318

30,8864

101,333

1,46667

1,60934

26,8224

88

1,09728

18,288

60

16,6667

54,6807

0,514773
0,44704

0,868421

0,3048

0,592 105

0,681 818

0,277 778

0,539612

0,621371

0,911 344

1,66667
x 10- 2

3,23767
x 10- 2

3,72823
xlO- 2

5,46807
X 10- 2

0,06

0,00508

9,86842
xlO- 3

1,13636
x 10- 2

1,66667
X 10- 2

0,018288

Original data

3,28084
0,3048

Calculated data

Table 5. Conversion table: fate of flow.


Megalitres/
min

Cubic
metres/
sec
16,6667

0,06

Megalitres/
hour

Gallons/min

Cubic
Feet/sec

Metres/min

Litres/
second

60

588,578

1000

16666,7

219969

264 172

3,6

35,3147

60

1000

13 198,2

15 850,3

9,80963

16,6667

277,778

3666,15

4402,87

1,69901

28,3168

373,730

448,831

16,6667

219,969

264,172

13,1982

15,8503

1,66667
x 10- 2

0,277778

1,69901
x 10- 3

2,83168
x 10- 2

0,101 941

0,001

1,66667
x 10- 2

0,06

0,588 578

0,00006

0,001

0,0036

3,53147
x 10- 2

0,06

4,54609
x 10- 6

7,57682
x 10- 5

2,72765
X 10- 4

2,67573
X 10- 3

4,54609
X 10- 3

7,57682

3,78541
x 10- 6

6,30902
xlO- 5

2,27125
4
X 10-

2,22801
x10- 3

3,78541
xlO- 3

6,30902
2
X 10-

Imperial

1,20095

x10- 2

Original data

D.S.

0,832674

Calculated data
For mining and metallurgical purposes
W

1 (),Q

...lv..)u

Table 6. Conversion table: mass.


Pounds

Tons

Long

\0

Troy

Avoirdupois

Pennyweights
(Troy)

Grams

Carats

Grains

Metric

Short

Kilograms

1,01605

1,12

1016,05

2240

2722,22

32666,7

35840

653333

1 016047

5080234

1,568
xl0'

1,10231

1000

2204,62

2679,23

32150,8

35274,0

643015

1000000

5000000

1,54324
x 10'

907,185

2000

2430,56

29166,7

32000

583333

907 185

4535923

1,4 x 10'

2,20462

2,67923

32,1508

35,2740

643,015

1000

5000

15432,4

1,21528

14,5833

16

291,667

453,592

2267,96

7000

12

13,1657

240

373,242

1866,21

5760

1,09714

20

31,1035

155,517

480

18,2292

28,3495

141,748

437,5

0,984207

.v,

Ounces

Avoirdupois

Troy

0,892 857

0,907185

9,84207
X 10-4

0,001

1,10231
x 10- 3

4,46429
x 10-4

4,53592
X 10-4

0,0005

0,453592

3,67347
x 10-4

3,73242
x 10-4

4,11429
X 10-4

0,373242

0,822857

3,06122
x 10- 5

3,11035
x 10- 5

3,42857
X 10- 5

3,11035
X 10- 2

6,85714
X 10- 2

8,33333
X 10- 2

2,79018
x 10- 5

2,83495
X 10- 5

3,125
X 10- 5

2,83495
X 10- 2

0,0625

7,59549
X 10- 2

0,911 458

1,55517
X 10- 6

1,71429
X 10- 6

1,55517
X 10- 3

3,42857
X 10- 3

4,16667
X 10- 3

0,05

5,48571
X 10- 2

9,84207
x 10-'

0,000001

1,10231
X 10- 6

0,001

2,20462
X 10- 3

2,67923
x 10- 3

3,21508
X 10- 2

3,5'2740
X 10- 2

0,643015

2 x 10-'

2,20462
X 10-'

0,0002

4,40925
X 10-4

5,35846
x 10-4

6,43015
X 10- 3

7,05479
X 10- 3

0,128603

6,37755
x 10- 8

Original data

6,47989
X 10- 8

7,14286
X 10- 8

6,47989
'x 10- 5

1,42857
X 10-4

1,73611
X 10-4

2,08333
X 10- 3

2,28571
X 10- 3

For mining and metallurgical purposes

L'
tn

C/J

1,53061
x 10- 6

1,96841
x 10-'

I:C

1,55517

7,77587

24

>
Z

15,4324

'Tj

tl

0
0,2

3,08647

C
4,16667
X 10- 2

6,47989
X 10- 2

L'

>
tn

0,323994
Calculated data

TABLES AND FORMULAE


Table 7. Conversion table: pressure.

Bars

Kilograms!
sq cm

Metres
of
water'

Pounds!
Inches
square
of
inch
mercury'

Feet
of
water'

Kilopascals

mm of
mercury
(torr)t

1,01325

1,03323

10,3095

14,6960

33,8237

101,325

760

Atmospheres

0,986923

10,1746

14,5038

29,4123

33,3814

100

750,062

9,97792

14,2233

28,8436

32,7360

98,0665

735,559

1,42548

2,89074

3,28084

9,82835

73,7187

2,02790

2,30156

6,89476

51,7149

1,13495

3,39994

25,5017

2,99568

22,4695

1,01972

0,967841 0,980665

29,8020

9,69983
x 10- 2

9,82835
X 10- 2

0,100221

6,80460
x 10- 2

6,89476
X 10- 2

7,03069
X 10- 2

0,701517

3,35548
x 10- 2

3,39994
X 10- 2

3,46698
X 10- 2

0,345932 0,493 120

2,95651
x 10- 2

2,99568
x 10- 2

3,05475
xlO- 2

9,86923
x 10- 3

0,01

1,01972
x 10- 2

1,31579
x 10- 3

1,33322
XIO- 3

1,35951
3
X 10-

Original data

*at22C

0,3048

0,434487 0,881 097

7,50062

0,101 746 0,145038 0,294123 0,333 814


1,35651
2
X 10-

1,93368
2
X 10-

3,92131
2
X 10-

tat density of 13,5951 & g

4,45048
X 10- 2

980,665 cm s

0,133322
-2

Calculated data

Table 8. Conversion table: energy


Horse
powerdays

Kilowatthours

Horse
powerhours

British
thermal
units

Kilogrammetres

17,8968

24

61066,4

1,34102

5,58759
X 10- 2

Calories'

Footpounds

Joules

6569874

1,53885
xl0'

4,752
x 10'

6,44285
x 10'

3412,14

367098

859845

2655224

3600000

2544,43

273745

641 186

1980000

2684519

107,586

251,996

778,170

1055,06

2,34228

7,23302

9,80665

3,08803

4,1868

4,16667
x 10- 2

0,745700

1,63756
x 10- 5

2,93071
X 10- 4

3,93015
X 10- 4

1,52210
x 10-'

2,72407
x 10- 6

3,65304
X 10- 6

9,29491
X 10- 3

6,49837
x 10- 8

1,163
x 10- 6

1,55961
6
X 10-

3,96832
xlO- 3

0,426935

2,10438
x 10- 8

3,76616
x 10-'

5,05051
xlO-'

1,28507
xlO- 3

0,138255

0,323831

1,55211
x 10- 8

2,77778
x 10-'

3,72506
XIO-'

9,47817
X 10- 4

0,101 972

0,238846

Original data

1060

'International table

1,35582
0,737562
Calculated data

TABLES AND FORMULAE


Table 9. Conversion table: power.
Horsepower
Kilowatts

British
1,34102

0,745700

Metric

B.T.V.

per
min

kg
metres/
sec

Foot
pounds/
sec

Joules/
sec
(watts)

1,35962

56,8690

101,972

737,562

1000

1,01387

42,4072

76,0402

550

745,700

41,8271

75

542,476

735,499

1,79310

12,9695

17,5843

7,23302

9,80665

0,735499

0,986320

1,75843
x 10- 2

2,35809
x 10- 2

2,39079
X 10- 2

9,80665
x 10- 3

1,31509
x 10- 2

1,33333
xlO- 2

0,557695

1,35582
x 10- 3

1,81818
x 10- 3

1,84340
X 10- 3

7,71040
X 10- 2

0,138255

0,001

1,34102
xlO- 3

1,35962
xlO- 3

5,68690
xlO- 2

0,101972

Original data

1,35582
0,737562
Calculated data

For mining and metallurgical purposes

Table 10. Conversion table: density


Pounds/
cubic
inch

Short
tons/
cubic yard

Grams/
cubic
cm

V.S.

23,328

27,6799
1,18655

4,28669
x 10- 2

Pounds/Gallon
Imperial

Pounds/
cubic
foot

Grams/
litre

231

277,412

1728

27679,9

9,90226

11,8918

74,0741

1186,55

8,34541

10,0221

62,4280

1000

1,20092

7,48052

119,826

6,22901

99,7792

3,61273
x 10- 2

0,842778

4,32900
x 10- 3

0,100987

0,119826

3,60475
x 10- 3

8,40917
xlO- 2

9,97792
X 10- 2

0,832698

5,78704
x 10- 4

0,0135

1,60185
x 10- 2

0,133 681

0,160539

3,61273
x 10- 5

8,42778
x 10- 4

0,001

8,34541
X 10- 3

1,00221
X 10- 2

Original data

16,0185
6,24280
X 10- 2
Calculated data

For mining and metallurgical purposes

1 ()t:"1
.J.vv.!

TABLES AND FORMULAE


Table 11. Some fundamental constants.
Name
Velocity of light
Standard gra vity

Symbol

Value

Unit

2,99792548 X 108
9,80665
273,16

ms-I
m S-2

Absolute temperature
ice point
Pi

7r

Naperian log base


Radian

3,141592654
2,71828182846
degrees

57,2957795131

Table 12. Moisture content, density, etc. of pulps.


Relationship between units of measurement of moisture content of pulps. Specific gravity of
dry solids = 2,7.
Pulp
density

m 3/kg

LIS
by mass

2,700
2,655
2,611
2,569
2,528
2,488
2,450
2,413
2,377
2,342
2,308
2,275
2,243
2,211
2,181
2,151
2,123
2,095
2,067
2,041
2,015
1,990
1,965
1,941
1,918
1,895
1,872
1,851
1,829
1,808
1,788

0,370
0,377
0,383
0,389
0,396
0,402
0,408
0,414
0,421
0,427"
0,433
0,440
0,446
0,452
0,459
0,465
0,471
0,477
0,484
0,490
0,496
0,503
0,509
0,515
0,521
0,528
0,534
0,540
0,547
0,553
0,559

0,000
0,010
0,020
0,031
0,042
0,053
0,064
0,075
0,087
0,099
0,111
0,124
0,136
0,149
0,163
0,176
0,190
0,205
0,220
0,235
0,250
0,266
0,282
0,299
0,316
0,333
0,351
0,370
0,389
0,408
0,429

1062

070 by mass
liquid
solid
0,00
1,00
2,00
3,00
4,00
5,00
6,00
7,00
8,00
9,00
10,00
11,00
12,00
13,00
14,00
15,00
16,00
17,00
18,00
19,00
20,00
21,00
22,00
23,00
24,00
25,00
26,00
27,00
28,00
29,00
30,00

100,00
99,00
98,00
97,00
96,00
95,00
94,00
93,00
92,00
91,00
90,00
89,00
88,00
87,00
86,00
85,00
84,00
83,00
82,00
81,00
80,00
79,00
78,00
77,00
76,00
75,00
74,00
73,00
72,00
71,00
70,00

LIS
by vol.
0,000
0,027
0,055
0,084
0,113
0,142
0,172
0,203
0,235
0,267
0,300
0,334
0,368
0,403
0,440
0,476
0,514
0,553
0,593
0,633
0,675
0,718
0,762
0,806
0,853
0,900
0,949
0,999
1,050
1,103
1,157

070 by volume
liquid
solid
0,00
2,65
5,22
7,71
10,11
12,44
14,70
16,89
19,01
21,08
23,08
25,02
26,91
28,75
30,53
32,27
33,96
35,61
37,21
38,78
40,30
41,78
43,23
44,64
46,02
47,37
48,68
49,97
51,22
52,44
53,64

100,00
97,35
94,78
92,29
89,89
87,56
85,30
83,11
80,99
78,92
76,92
74,98
73,09
71,25
69,47
67,73
66,04
64,39
62,79
61,22
59,70
58,22
56,77
55,36
53,98
52,63
51,32
50,03
48,78
47,56
46,36

TABLES AND FORMULAE


Table 12. Moisture content, density, etc. of Dulps (continued).

LIS

Pulp
density

m 3/kg

by mass

1,768
1,749
1,730
1,711
1,693
1,675
1,657
1,640
1,624
1,607
1,591
1,575
1,560
1,545
1,530
1,515
1,501
1,487
1,473
1,459
1,446
1,433
1,420
1,408
1,395
1,383
1,371
1,360
1,348
1,337
1,325
1,315
1,304
1,293
1,283
1,272
1,262
1,252
1,243
1,233
1,223
1,214
1,205
1,196
1,187
1,178
1,169

0,566
0,572
0,578
0,584
0,591
0,597
0,603
0,610
0,616
0,622
0,629
0,635
0,641
0,647
0,654
0,660
0,666
0,673
0,679
0,685
0,691
0,698
0,704
0,710
0,717
0,723
0,729
0,736
0,742
0,748
0,754
0,761
0,767
0,773
0,780
0,786
0,792
0,799
0,805
0,811
0,817
0,824
0,830
0,836
0,843
0,849
0,855

0,449
0,471
0,493
0,515
0,538
0,563
0,587
0,613
0,639
0,667
0,695
0,724
0,754
0,786
0,818
0,852
0,887
0,923
0,961
1,000
1,041
1,083
1,128
1,174
1,222
1,273
1,326
1,381
1,439
1,500
1,564
1,632
1,703
1,778
1,857
1,941
2,030
2,125
2,226
2,333
2,448
2,571
2,704
2,846
3,000
3,167
3,348

070 by mass
liquid
solid
31,00
32,00
33,00
34,00
35,00
36,00
37,00
38,00
39,00
40,00
41,00
42,00
43,00
44,00
45,00
46,00
47,00
48,00
49,00
50,00
51,00
52,00
53,00
54,00
55,00
56,00
57,00
58,00
59,00
60,00
61,00
62,00
63,00
64,00
65,00
66,00
67,00
68,00
69,00
70,00
71,00
72,00
73,00
74,00
75,00
76,00
77,00

69,00
68,00
67,00
66,00
65,00
64,00
63,00
62,00
61,00
60,00
59,00
58,00
57,00
56,00
55,00
54,00
53,00
52,00
51,00
50,00
49,00
48,00
47,00
46,00
45,00
44,00
43,00
42,00
41,00
40,00
39,00
38,00
37,00
36,00
35,00
34,00
33,00
32,00
31,00
30,00
29,00
28,00
27,00
26,00
25,00
24,00
23,00

LIS
by vo!.
1,213
1,271
1,330
1,391
1,454
1,519
1,586
1,655
1,726
1,800
1,876
1,955
2,037
2,121
2,209
2,300
2,394
2,492
2,594
2,700
2,810
2,925
3,045
3,170
3,300
3,436
3,579
3,729
3,885
4,050
4,223
4,405
4,597
4,800
5,014
5,241
5,482
5,738
6,010
6,300
6,610
6,943
7,300
7,685
8,100
8,550
9,039

% by volume
liquid
solid

54,81
55,96
57,08
58,17
59,25
60,30
61,33
62,33
63,32
64,29
65,23
66,16
67,07
67,96
68,84
69,70
70,54
71,37
72,18
72,97
73,75
74,52
75,28
76,02
76,74
77,46
78,16
78,85
79,53
80,20
80,85
81,50
82,13
82,76
83,37
83,98
84,57
85,16
85,73
86,30
86,86
87,41
87,95
88,49
89,01
89,53
90,04

45,19
44,04
42,92
41,83
40,75
39,70
38,67
37,67
36,68
35,71
34,77
33,84
32,93
32,04
31,16
30,30
29,46
28,63
27,82
27,03
26,25
25,48
24,72
23,98
23,26
22,54
21,84
21,15
20,47
19,80
19,15
18,50
17,87
17,24
16,63
16,02
15,43
14,84
14',27
13,70
13,14
12,59
12,05
11,51
10,99
10,47
9,96

1063

TABLES AND FORMULAE


Table 12. Moisture content, density, etc. of pulps (continued).
Pulp
density

m 3/kg

LIS
by mass

1,161
1,152
1,144
1,136
1,128
1,120
1,112
1,104
1,097
1,089
1,082
1,074
1,067
1,060
1,053
1,046
1,039
1,033
1,026
1,019
1,013
1,006
1,000

0,861
0,868
0,874
0,880
0,887
0,893
0,899
0,906
0,912
0,918
0,924
0,931
0,937
0,943
0,950
0,956
0,962
0,969
0,975
0,981
0,987
0,994
1,000

3,545
3,762
4,000
4,263
4,556
4,882
5,250
5,667
6,143
6,692
7,333
8,091
9,000
10,111
11,500
13,286
15,667
19,000
>20
>20
>20
>20
>20

0/0 by mass
liquid
solid
78,00
79,00
80,00
81,00
82,00
83,00
84,00
85,00
86,00
87,00
88,00
89,00
90,00
91,00
92,00
93,00
94,00
95,00
96,00
97,00
98,00
99,00
100,00

22,00
21,00
20,00
19,00
18,00
17,00
16,00
15,00
14,00
13,00
12,00
11,00
10,00
9,00
8,00
7,00
6,00
5,00
4,00
3,00
2,00
1,00
0,00

LIS
by vol.
9,573
10,157
10,800
11,511
12,300
13,182
14,175
15,300
16,586
18,069
19,800
21,845
24,300
27,300
31,050
35,871
42,300
51,300
>60
>60
>60
>60
>60

% by volume
liquid
solid

90,54
91,04
91,53
92,01
92,48
92,95
93,41
93,87
94,31
94,76
95,19
95,62
96,05
96,47
96,88
97,29
97,69
98,09
98;48
98,87
99,25
99,63
100,00

9,46
8,96
8,47
7,99
7,52
7,05
6,59
6,13
5,69
5,24
4,81
4,38
3,95
3,53
3,12
2,71
2,31
1,91
1,52
1,13
0,75
0,37
0,00

Table 13. Formulae. The formulae in the following two tabulations can be used to derive any
of five groups of variables defining a pulp or slurry, provided two are known.
These variables are as follows:
1. Solids content
2. Water content
3. Pulp
4. Pulp

Abbreviation
used
Mass (tons)
Volume (m3)
Mass (tons) or volume (m 3)
Mass (tons)
Volume (m3)

S
Vs
W
P
Vp

5. Relative moisture content


Pulp density
Liquid/Solid ratio
Fraction moisture

Pd
Ls
M

The constants in the formulae apply to a mixture of liquid of specific gravily 1 and dry solids
of specific gravity of 2,7.
For dry solids of any other specific gravity equal to D, these constants should be changed
as follows:
D - 1
1
2,7 = D
0,63 =
1,7 = D - 1
0,37 = D
D

1004

TABLES AND FORMULAE


Table 13. Formulae (continued).

S
Pd&S

Pd&Vs

Pd&W

Pd&P

Pd&Vp
Ls&S

Ls&Vs

...,.,

Ul

Ls&W

Ls&P

Ls&Vp

M&S

M&Vs

M&W

M&P

M&Vp

Vs

Vp

1
1
1 S. (1-0,37 .Pd) 1 l,7.S.Pd 1 l,7.S
Pd - 1
1
1 2,7. (Pd-1) 1 2,7. (Pd-l) 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Vs.
(2,
7-Pd)
l,7.Vs
l,7.Vs.Pd
1
1
1
1
Pd - 1
Pd - 1 1 Pd - 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
l,7.W
W. (Pd-l)
1
1 l,7.W.Pd 1
1
2,7
Pd
2,7
Pd
2,7 - Pd
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
P
P. (Pd-l)
1
1
1 P. (2, 7-Pd) 1
Pd
l,7.Pd
1
1 l,7.Pd
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
YE' (Pd-1)
1
1
1 YE' (2, 7-Pd) 1 Vp.Pd
1,7
1,7
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 S. (Ls+1)
1 S. (O,37+Ls) 1
1 S.Ls
O,37.S
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 Vs.(2,7.LS+1)11
1 2,7.Vs.Ls
12,7.Vs.(Ls+1) 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
W
1
1 1
1 W. (1 + 1
1
i:S) 1W. (1+ 2,7. Ls )1
2,7.Ls
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
P
P.Ls
1
1 P.(O,37+Ls) 1
1
2,7.(Ls+1) 1
Ls+l
Ls+1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Vp.Ls
V~.
(Ls+1)
1
VE
1
1
1
1 + 2,7.Ls 1 Ls + 0,37 1 Ls + 0,37 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1S.(l,7.M+1),i
S
1 2..,JL
1
O,37.S
1- M
1
1 1- M
1 2,7.(1-M) 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2,7.Vs
1 Vs.(1+1,7.M)1
1 2,7.Vs.M
1
1- M 1
~
1 1- M
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
W.
(1
M)
W.(1+l,7.M)
W
1
1
1
1
1
2,7.M
2,7.M
M
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 P. (1 - M)
1
1
1 P.(1+l,7.M) 1
P.M
2,7
2,7
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 V~. (l-M)
1 ~
1
1 2,7.V~.M
1
1 l,7.M+1
1 l,7.M+1
1 l,7.M+1
1

1
1
1
1
1
2,7.Vs
1
1
1
W.(Pd - 1) 1
1 - O,37.Pd 1
1
1
2,7. P (Pd-1 ) 1
l,7.Pd
1
1
1
2,7. V~. (Pd-1) 1
1,7
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2,7.Vs
1
1
1
W
1
Ls
1
1
1
P
1
Ls+1
1
1
1
V~
1
0,37 + Ls
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 2,7.Vs
1
1
1

O,37.S

1-----1
1 W.(l - M)

M
1
1
1
1 P. (l-M)
1
1
1
1 2,7'VE(1-M)
1 l,7.M+1
I

1065

VARIABLES TO BE DERIVED

......

0\
0\

S&W

8&P

8&Vp

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

I
I 0,37.8
I
I
I
I 0,37.8
I
I
I 0 37 8
I'
I
I

I
Vs&W

.,en
'~"'

~
;a

I
I

2,7. Vs

I
I
I
I

Vs&Vp

2,7. Vs

W&Vp

P&Vp

I
I

I
I

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

P - 8

v P -0 37 8
,.

I
I

P - 2,7. Vs

I
I

Vp

8+W

0 63 8
p+,

2,7. Vs+W

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

p _ W

I
I
I
I

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I 2,7.(Vp-W)1

P - W
2,7

Vp - W

I
I
I
I
I
I
I

I
I
I
I
I
0,63.8 I
I
I
I
I
I

0,37.8+'01

P -

I
I Vs + W

I
I

I
lP-I, 7. Vs

I
I

I
I

I
I
I
I

I
I

I
I
I
I
12 ,7.Vp-1,1W I

Pd

Ls

1
I
W
I
sW
I
W+8
I
1_ __
I
I
pip
I
8
P _ 0,63.8 I S - 1
I 1 - pI
I
I
1----1
1
0,63.8 I YE _
371 Vp - 0,37.8 I
+
Vp I 8
' I Vp + 0,63.8 I
I
I
I
I.
I
I
I
I 2,7. Vs + WI
W
I
W
I
I
Vs + W I 2,7. Vs
I W+2, 7 .Vs I
I
I
I
I
I
I,
I
I
I
PIP
I
2 7. Vs I
I P _ 1,7. Vs I 2,7. Vs - 111 - ~ I

I
~
2,7. Vs

I
I
I
l,7.W + P I ~
1
_W_
2,7
I 1,7. W+P I P - W
I
I
I
I
1
l,7.wl
W
I 2,7--VP12,7.(Vp_W)

I
I

I
12,7.(P-Vp)
1
1,7
I

1
I

I
I

Vp

2,7.Vp-P 1
1 ,7
1
I

-E

I P - Vp
1
1,7

1
I

Pd =

~
l,7.M+l

_M_
1 - M

- - - _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 _ _ _ _ _-

I
I

I
I Vp - Vs 1
I Vp + 1,7. Vs I
I
I
I
I

I
I

Y!.
P

I
I
I
I
I
I
W
I
12,7.Vp-1,7WI

I
I
I
1 Vp-O,37.P 12,7.Vp - P I
I
P - Vp
I
1 , 7 P
I
I
I
I

I
Ls = 1 _O,37.Pdl Ls =
Pd - 1
I

t""'
tIj
r:n

>

a
"Ij

Pd = ~
Ls +0,37

to

8+W
O,37.8+W

I
I
I
I 1 + 1,7. Vs I
I
Vp
I

I
2 7 V i i V _ V
1 V +1 7 V 1
,. s
I
I pSI
p ,. s I

I
W&P

I
I
I
I
I
I

1
I

I
I

I
I

Vs&P

Vs

M =

2,7 - Pd
l,7.Pd

M =

~
1 + Ls

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

10

'"<>er""'

.."

~j;;'

(1)
~

()

a
'S.
c

$:
C

tIj

TABLES AND FORMULAE


Table 14. Base units of the International System.
Quantity

Name of unit

Unit symbol

Length
Mass
Time
Electric current
Temperature
Luminous intensity
Amount of substance

metre
kilogram
second
ampere
kelvin
candela
mole

m
kg
s
A
K
cd
mol

Table 15. Derived units of the International System.

Quantity
Area
Volume
Frequency
Density
Velocity
Angular velocity
Acceleration
Angular acceleration
Volumetric flow rate
Force
Surface tension

Name of unit

Square metre
eu bic metre
Hertz
Kilogram per cubic metre
Metre per second
Radian per second
Metre per second squared
Radian per second squares
Cubic metre per second
Newton
Newton per metre,
joule per square metre
Pressure
Newton per square metre,
pascal
Viscosity, dynamic
Newton-second per square
metre, pascal. second
Viscosity, kinematic
Metre squared per second
Work, torque, energy,
1oule, newton-metre,
quantity of heat
watt-second
Power, heat flux
Watt, joule per second
Heat flux density
Watt per square metre
V olumetric heat release rate Watt per cubic metre

Unit symbol,
where
different from
basic form

U nit expressed
in terms of
base or
supplementary
units

m2
m3
S-I

Hz

kg m- 3
m

S-I

rad
m

S-I
S-2

rad s-<

m3
N

1,N.m,W.s
W,1Is- 1
W m- 2
W m- 3

S-I

kg.m

S-2

kg m 2 S-2
kg m 2 S-3
kg S-3
kg rn-I S-3

1067

TABLES AND FORMULAE


Table 16. SI prefixes.
Factor
1 000 000 000 000 000 000
1 000 000 000 0,00 000
1 000 000 000 000
1 000000000
1000000
1 000
100
10
0,1
0,01
0,001
0,000001
0,000000000001
0,000000000001
0,000000000000001
0,000000000000000001

Factor in words
or
or
or
or

1018
10 15
10 12
109
6
or 10
or 103
or 10'
1
or 10
or 10- 1
or 10-'
of 10- 3
or 10- 6
or 10- 9
or 10- 12
or 10- 15
or 10- 18

trillion
billiard
billion
milliard
million
thousand
hundred
ten
tenth
hundredth
thousandth
millionth
milliardth
billionth
billiardth
trillionth

Table 17. Critical speed of mills.

General formula
Critical speed

9,80665 m S-2
diameter in metres

where g
D

Specific formula
Critical speed

1068

-42,29.D-V' Lp.m.

SI prefix
exapetateragigamegakilohectodecadecicentimillimicronanopicofemtoatto-

SI symbol
E

P
T
G
M
k
h
da
d
c
m
/-'

n
p
f
a

Table 18. Testing-sieve series.


TYLER
Nominal
Aperture
in.

Mesh

series

in.
2,97
2,10
1,48
1,050
0,883
0,742
0,624
0,525
0,441
0,371
0,312
0,263

1Y,
1
7/8
3/4
5/8
112
7/16
3/8
5';16
114
I'm
5660
4760
4000
3360
2830
2380
2000
1680
1410
I 190
1000
840
710
590
500

Aperture

~2

4
6

10
14
20
28

0,221
0,185
0,156
0,131
0,110
0,093
0,078
0,<165
0,055
0,046
0,039
0,0328
0,0276
0,0232
0,0195

mm.

26,67
22,43
18,85
15,85
13,33
11,20
9,423
7,925
6,680
5,613
4,699
3,962
3,327
2,794
2,362
1,981
1,651
1,397
1,168
0,991
0,833
0,701
0,589
0,495

A.S.T.M. STANDARD
Mesh

Wire

~2

diameter,

series

in.

2Y,
3

3V,
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
20
24
28
32

Aperture
Mesh

2,207
0,192
0,162
0,148
0,135
0,135
0,120
0,105
0,105
0,092
0,088
0,070
0,065
0,065
0,044
0,036
0,0378
0,032
0,033
0,035
0,028
0,025
0,0235
0,0172
0,0141
0,0125
0,0118

3Y,
4

S
6
7
10
12
14
16
18
20
25
30
35

in.

mm.

3,00
2,00
1,50
1,00
0,875
0,750
0,625
0,500
0,438
0,375
0,312
0,250

76,2
50,8
38,1
25,4
22,2
19,1
15,9
12,7
11,1
9,52
7,93
6,35

0,223
0,187
0,157
0,132
0,111
0,0937
0,0787
0,0661
0,0555
0,0469
0,0394
0,0331
0,0280
0,0232
0,0197

5,66
4,76
4,00
3,36
2,83
2,38
2,00
1,68
1,41
1,19
1,00
0,84
0,71
0,59
0,50

Wire
diameter,
in.

0,19
0,16
0,145
0,135
0,127
0,122
0,108
0,094
0,088
0,083
0,073
0,063

to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to

0,32
0,245
0,210
0,177
0,166
0,154
0,135
0,122
0,122
0,112
0,093
0,083

0,050
0,045
0,039
0,034
0,031
0,0291
0,0268
0,0244
0,0220
0,0197
0,C1169
0,015
0,013
0,0114
0,0102

to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to

0,075
0,066
0,058
0,052
0,047
0,0433
0,0394
0,0354
0,0315
0:0276
0,0244
0,0217
0,0189
0,0165
0,0146

BRITISH STANDARD
To1erance
% a

Aperture
Mesh

in.

mm.

SABS197
Wire

To1er-

diameter,

ance

in.

% a

Aperture
mm

2
2
2
3

16,00
13,20
11,20
9,50
8,00
6,70

5
5
5

5
6
7
8
10
12
14
16
18
22
25
30

0,132
0,1107
0,0949
0,0810
0,0660
0,0553
0,0474
0,0395
0,0336
0,0275
0,0236
0,0197

3,34
2,81
2,41
2,05
1,67
1,40
1,20
1,00
0,85
0,70
0,60
0,50

0,068
0,056
0,048
0,044
0,034
0,028
0,024
0,023
0,022
0,018
0,0164
0,0136

5,60
4,75
4,00
3,35
2,80
2,36
2,00
1,70
1,40
1,18
1,00
0,85
0,71
0,60
0,50

t:C

L'

trJ

'JJ

a>
"Ij

a::

c:::

L'

>
trJ

>-l

>
to

Table 18. Testing-sieve series (continued).


TYLER

BRITISH STANDARD

A.S.T.M. STANDARD

SABS 197

l'

tI1

CIl

Nominal
Aperture
in.

Mesh
~2
series

Aperture
in.

mm.

Mesh

Wire

~2

diameter,

series

in.

Aperture
Mesh

in.

Wire
diameter,

mm.

in.

Tolerance
% a

Aperture
Mesh

in.

mm.

Wire

Tolerdiameter,
ance Aperture
in.
% a
mm

>
Z
tI

"rj

420
350
297
250
210
177
149
125
105
88
74
62
53
44
37

35
48
65
100
150
200
270
400

G,0164
0,0138
0,0116
0,0097
0,0082
0,0069
0,0058
0,0049
0,0041
0,0035
0,0029
0,0024
0,0021
0,0017
0,0015

0,417
0,351
0,295
0,246
0,208
0,175
0,147
0,124
0,104
0,088
0,074
0,063
0,053
0,044
0,037

35
42
48
60
65
80
100
115
150
170
200
250
270
325
400

Base = 200 mesh = 0,074 mm ~2

a permissible variations in average openings.

0,0122
0,0100
0,0092
0,0070
0,0072
0,0056
0,0042
0,0038
0,0026
0,0024
0,0021
0,0016
0,0016
0,0014
0,001

40
45
50
60
70
80
100
120
140
170
200
230
270
325
400

0,0165
0,0138
0,0117
0,0098
0,0083
0,0070
0,0059
0,0049
0,0041
0,0035
0,0029
0,0024
0,0021
0,0017
0,0015

0,42
0,35
0,297
0,25
0,21
0,177
0,149
0,125
0,105
0,088
Q,074
0,062
0,053
0,044
0,037

0,0091
0,0079
0,0067
0,0059
0,0051
0,0045
0,0038
0,0031
0,0025
0,0021
0,0018
0,0015
0,0014
0,0012
0,0009

to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to

Base = 18 mesh = 1,0 mm ~2

0,013
0,0114
0,0100
0,0087
0,0074
0,0061
0,0049
0,0041
0,0034
0,0029
0,0024
0,0020
0,0018
0,0016
0,0014

5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7

36
44
52
60
72
85
100
120
150
170
200
240
300

0,0166
0,0139
0,0116
0,0099
0,0083
0,0070
0,0060
0,0049
0,0041
0,0035
0,0030
0,0026
0,0022

0,42
0,35
0,30
0,252
0,211
0,177
0,152
0,125
0,105
0,088
0,076
0,065
0,053

0,0112
0,0088
0,0076
0,0068
0,0056
0,0048
0,004
0,0034
0,0026
0,0024
0,002
0,0016

5
6
6
6
6
6
6

0,425
0,355
0,300
0,250
0,212
0,180
0,150
0,125
0,106
0,090
0,075
0,063
0,053
0,045
0,038

:;0

~
c::::

l'

>
tI1

Table 19. The periodic table.

,--

H
3
6,941

4
9,012

5
10,81

Li Be B
11
22,9"90

12
24,305

13
26,982

6
12,011

7
14,007

8
16,0

9
18,998

3
6,941

Li

Be B

16
32,06

17
35,453

11
22,990

12
13
24,305 26,982

14
28,086

14
15
28,086 30,974

Na Mg AI Si

19
39,102

20
40,08

21
44,956

22
47,90

K Ca Sc Ti

37
85,468

38
87,62

Rb Sr

55
132,91

39
88,906

40
91,22

23
50,941

V
41
92,906

4
9,012

5
10,81

6
12,011

Na Mg AI Si

Cl

24
25
51,996 54,938

26
27
55,847 58,933

28
58,71

29
63,546

30
65,37

31
69,72

42
95,94

44
101,07

46
106,4

47
48
107,87 112,40

49
114,82

32
72,59

7
14,007

15
30,974

33
74,922

H He
8
16,0

0
16
32,06

S
34
78,96

57+
138,91

72
178,49

88
226,03

89'

90
140,12

73
74
180,95 183,85

91
231,04

9
10
18,998 20,179

F Ne

17
18
35,453 39,948

Cl Ar

35
79,904

36
83,80

43
98,906

45
102,91

51
50
118,69 121,75

52
53
127,60 126,91

54
131,30

Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te

56
137,34

75
186,2

76
190,2

77
192,22

78
195,09

79
196,97

80
200,59

81
204,37

Pt Au Hg TB

82
207,2

83
208,98

84

Xe

85

86

Pb Bi Po At Rn

57
138,91

t""'
tI1

r:n

58
59
140,12 140,91

60
144,24

61

62
150,4

90
140,12

92
238,03

93
237,05

94

63
64
151,96 151,25

65
158,93

66
162,50

67
164,93

68
167,26

97

98

99

100

69
71
70
168,93 173,04 174,97

Lanthanides, La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
......

o-..)

.....

89

91
231,04

95

96

101

102

103

Actinides Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No LW'
-

"1::

ttI

92
238,03

Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U
+

2
4,003

Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir
87

1
1,008

The Chemical Elements

1
1,008

"!j

c:

tI1

TABLES AND FORMULAE


Table 20. The Greek alphabet
The letters of the Greek alphabet, frequently used in technical terms, are given hece for purposes of convenient reference.
A
B

(3

)'

d
E

Z
H

e
I
K
A
M

1072

Cl!

I
'1

(){}
K

A
J1-

alpha
beta
gamma
delta
epsIlon
zeta
eta
theta
iota
kappa
lambda
mu

a
b
g
d
e
z
e
th
i
k
I
m

IT
P

71'

1":

(J,

T
T

<I>

<P

X
'l'
fl

x
if!

nu
xi
omicron
pi
rho
sigma
tau
upsIlon
phi
chi
psi
omega

n
x
0

p
rh, r
s
ii

ph
kh
ps
0

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