OBJECTIVES
2/12/15
SOME APPLICATIONS OF
MATERIAL (& ENERGY)
BALANCES
Process & Equipment Design
Process Monitoring
Process Troubleshooting
Process Improvement & Development
2/12/15
Unit
Dimension
110
mg
mass
litre
volume
metre
length
Conversion of Units
To convert
terms
of one unit
to
2
Convert
23 Ibamquantity
.ft/min2 toinits
equivalent
in kg.cm/s
an equivalent in new units
1. Convert one unit to an equivalent new unit
Multiply by a conversion factor (a ratio of
2.
Multiply quantities)
by a conversion factor
equivalent
4. Units & values
raised
3.2808
ft to same power
1m
3. Old units cancel
out
1 min
23 Old
Ibm .ft
0.454
kg out
units
cancel
min2
1 Ibm
60 s
30.48 cm
1 ft
0.088 kg.cm
s2
2/12/15
Systems of Units
SI (Systeme Internationale d Unites)
cgs
Engineering (American, English, fps)
Systems Base units
SI
cgs
Eng.
Multiples
same as SI
Derived
N,Pa,J,W
dyne, erg
Weight
Units of force:
kg.m/s2 = Newton(N)
g.cm/s2 = 1 dyne
The force exerted on the
2 by
Ibobject
m.ft/s = 1 Ibf
gravitational attraction,g
mg
gc
2
2
lb .ft/s2
gc = a constant = 1 kg.m/s = 1 g.cm/s = 32.174 mlb
N
dyne
f
W=
g = acceleration of gravity
= 9.8066 m/s2 = 980.66 cm/s2 = 32.174 ft/s2
2/12/15
Process
Any operation or series of operations that
causes a physical or chemical change in a
substance or mixture of substances
CO2
Glycol
product
C2H4
Diglycol
O2 & N2
2/12/15
Process Unit
An apparatus in which one of the operation
that constitute a process is carried out. Each
process unit has a set of input and output
process stream
Input or
feed
Output or
product
Process Variables
Properties and conditions of the materials
that enter and leave each process unit
Examples:
Mass, volume and density
Flow rate
Chemical composition
Concentration
Pressure
Temperature
2/12/15
Flow Rate
rate at which material is transported
through a process line
Mass flow rate = mass (kg)
time (s)
Volumetric flow rate = volume (m3)
time (s)
2/12/15
Composition
Composition fractions :
Mass fraction, xA = mass of A (kg A)
total mass (kg total)
Mole fraction, yA = moles of A (moles A)
total moles (moles total)
x
= y
all
components
=1
all
components
2/12/15
16%
4.0%
17%
63%
2/12/15
Solution:
Basis : 100 g of the mixture
For O2, amount of moles, nO2 =
100 g total 0.16 g O2 1 mol O2
g total
32 g O2
= 0.5 mol O2
nO2 = 0.5 mol
O2
CO
nCO =
(100)(0.04)
= 0.143 mol
28
CO2
nCO2 =
(100)(0.17)
= 0.386 mol
44
N2
nN2 =
(100)(0.63)
= 2.250 mol
28
Total moles = 3.279 mol
Step
Step 421 & 3
Molar fraction
Assume
Amount
of
a moles
basis of
calculation
each
components
component in
100g of the mixture
mol O2
=
mol total
mol CO
=
yCO =
mol total
mol CO2
=
yCO2 =
mol total
mol N2
=
yN2 =
mol total
yO2 =
0.5
= 0.15
3.279
0.143
= 0.044
3.279
0.386
= 0.12
3.279
2.25
= 0.69
3.279
Check : yi = 1.00
10
2/12/15
Solution:
Given :
Mole fraction:
yN2 = 0.79, yO2 = 0.21
Mass fraction: xN2 = 0.767, xO2 = 0.233
1. M = yN2MN2 + yO2MO2
=
= 29 kg / kmol
0.767 g N2 mol N2
0.233 g O2 mol O2
+
g
28 g N2
g
32 g O2
= 0.035 mol / g
11
2/12/15
Concentration
Concentrations are based on volume
Mass concentration = mass kg
volume m3
Molar concentration = moles kmol
volume m3
Molarity - concentration calculated in terms of mol/liter
Pressure
Atmospheric
Pressure =pressure,
force,
Patm.F
N
the hydrostatic
areapressure
the forceon
acts,
theAsurface
m2
of the earth at sea level = 1 atm =
Po (N/m
14.696
psi2) = 760mm Hg = 101.325 kPa
A (m2)
P (N/m2)
(kg/m3)
12
2/12/15
Temperature
Absolute
The degree
temperature
of hotnessscales
or coldness
is scalesofthat
a
substance
began
at absolute
measured
zero
on some definite scale
Conversion between temperature
units
Fahrenheit
Kelvin
(K)
(oF)
0K
= -273.15oCo
0oC = 273.15 K
Most
common
T(K)
=
T(
C)
+
273.15
temperature
scales o
o
oF = 459.67oR
o
o
0 RT(
= -459.67
F F) +0459.67
Rankine
Celsius ((ooC)
R)
R) = T(
Process Classification
Process Classification
Batch Process
13
2/12/15
Batch Process
Feed is charged into the system at the begining of
the process and product is removed all at once at
sometime later
Continuous Process
Input and outputs flow continuously throughout
the duration of the process
Semibatch Process
Any process that is neither batch nor continuous
14
2/12/15
Material Balances
Law of Conservation of Mass :
Mass can neither be created nor destroyed
(except in nuclear reactions)
General balance equation:
Input + Generation Output Consumption = Accumulation
enter thru
system
boundaries
Produced
within
system
leaves thru
system
boundaries
consumed
within
system
Buildup
within
system
15
2/12/15
2. Label
allO2unknowns
0.21 mol
/mol
3.
4.
5.
16
2/12/15
17
2/12/15
Solution :
Step 31
L a b e l chart
Flow
u n k n with
own
known values
variables
450 kg B/h
1000 kg/hr of mixture
contains 50% benzene
q1 kg T/h
1000 kg/h
0.5 kg B/kg
0.5 kg T/kg
475 kg T/h
q2 kg B/h
Step 542
Basis of
Material
Solve
unknowns
Calculation
Balance
450 kg B/h
q1 kg T/h
Benzene balance:
0.5(1000) kg B/h = 450 kg B/h + q2
q2 = 50kg B/h
1000 kg/h
0.500 kg B/kg
0.500 kg T/kg
Toluene balance:
475 kg T/h
q2 kg B/h
18
2/12/15
Multiple-unit Processes
Material
Most
processes
balances
consists
(boundaries)
of a number
can be written
of interconnected
around
any
unit subsystem
processes. of the plant. Material balances can also be
written for mixing points or splitters.
Feed 2
C
D
Feed 1
Product 3
Unit 2
Unit 1
B
E
Product 1 Product 2 Feed 3
A Entire process
C Process unit 1
B mixing point
D Splitter point
E Process unit 2
Unit 1
30 kg/h
0.600 kg A/kg
0.400 kg B/kg
30 kg/h
Unit 2
0.300 kg A/kg
0.700 kg B/kg
19
2/12/15
Solution:
40 kg/h
0.900 kg A/kg
0.100 kg B/kg
100 kg/h
0.5 kg A/kg
0.5 kg B/kg
Unit 1
1 Q1(kg/h)
x1(kg A/kg)
1x1(kg B/kg)
30 kg/h
30 kg/h
0.600 kg A/kg
0.400 kg B/kg
2 Q2(kg/h)
x2(kg A/kg)
1x2(kg B/kg)
Unit 2
3 Q3(kg/h)
x3(kg A/kg)
1x3(kg B/kg)
0.300 kg A/kg
0.700 kg B/kg
40 kg/h
0.900 kg A/kg
0.100 kg B/kg
100 kg/h
0.5 kg A/kg
0.5 kg B/kg
Unit 1
30 kg/h
0.600 kg A/kg
0.400 kg B/kg
Q1(kg/h)
Q2(kg/h)
x1(kg A/kg)
1x1(kg B/kg)
x2(kg A/kg)
1x2(kg B/kg)
30 kg/h
Entire process
Input = Output
Unit 2
Q3(kg/h)
x3(kg A/kg)
1x3(kg B/kg)
0.300 kg A/kg
0.700 kg B/kg
Overall Balance on A :
0.5(100) + 0.3(30) = 0.9(40) + 0.6(30) + x3(60)
x3 = 0.0833 kg A/kg
20
2/12/15
30 kg/h
0.600 kg A/kg
0.400 kg B/kg
40 kg/h
0.900 kg A/kg
0.100 kg B/kg
100 kg/h
Unit 1
0.5 kg A/kg
0.5 kg B/kg
Q1(kg/h)
Q2(kg/h)
x1(kg A/kg)
1x1(kg B/kg)
x2(kg A/kg)
1x2(kg B/kg)
30 kg/h
60 kg/h
Unit 2
0.0833 kg A/kg
0.9167 kg B/kg
0.300 kg A/kg
0.700 kg B/kg
Unit 1
Mass Balance on A :
0.5(100) = 0.9(40) + x1(60)
x1 = 0.233 kg A/kg
40 kg/h
0.900 kg A/kg
0.100 kg B/kg
100 kg/h
0.5 kg A/kg
0.5 kg B/kg
Q2 (kg/h)
60 kg/h
Unit 1
0.233 kg A/kg
0.767 kg B/kg
30 kg/h
30 kg/h
0.600 kg A/kg
0.400 kg B/kg
x2 (kg A/kg)
1x2(kg B/kg)
60 kg/h
Unit 2
0.0833 kg A/kg
1x3(kg B/kg)
0.300 kg A/kg
0.700 kg B/kg
Mass Balance on A :
0.233(60) + 0.3(30) = x2(90)
x2 = 0.255 kg A/kg
21
2/12/15
Feed
Mixer
Process
Divider
Separator
Purge
Product
Bypass
A stream that skips one or more stages of the
process and goes directly to another
downstream stage. Here a fraction of the feed to
a process unit is diverted around the unit and
combined with the output stream from the unit.
Feed
Product
Process Unit
Bypass stream
22
2/12/15
Solution:
Basis : 10,000 kg/h of feed
D
0.95 kg B/kg
0.05 kg T/kg
V = 8000 kg/h
0.95 kg B/kg
0.05 kg T/kg
R
F = 10000 kg/h
0.5 kg B/kg
0.5 kg T/kg
0.95 kg B/kg
0.05 kg T/kg
W
0.04 kg B/kg
0.96 kg T/kg
23
2/12/15
V = 8000 kg/h
0.95 kg B/kg
0.05 kg T/kg
F = 10000 kg/h
0.95 kg B/kg
0.05 kg T/kg
0.5 kg B/kg
0.5 kg T/kg
Entire process
W
0.04 kg B/kg
0.96 kg T/kg
Solving simultaneously,
D = 5050 kg/h
W = 4950 kg/h
D = 5050 kg/h
0.95 kg B/kg
0.05 kg T/kg
V = 8000 kg/h
0.95 kg B/kg
0.05 kg T/kg
F = 10000 kg/h
0.5 kg B/kg
0.5 kg T/kg
Condenser
R
0.95 kg B/kg
0.05 kg T/kg
W = 4950 kg/h
0.04 kg B/kg
0.96 kg T/kg
24
2/12/15
Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry is the theory of the proportions in
which chemical species combine with one another
Stoichiometry Equation:
2 SO2 + 1 O2 2 SO3
Stoichiometric coefficients
Stoichiometric Ratio
2 mol SO3 produced
2 mole SO3 produced
1600 kg SO3 produced
1 kmol O2 or
reacted
1 kmol SO3
1 mol O2 reacted 80 kg SO32 mole
SO2SO
reacted
h
2 kmol
3 produced
= ?10 kmol O2
h
25
2/12/15
Limiting Reactant
Reactant that would disappear first if a
reaction proceeded to completion
Reactant that has the lowest ratio of nio/i
nio = moles of reactant i in feed
i = stoichiometric coefficient for reactant i
Excess reactants
reactants present in excess of the
limiting reactant
% excess = 100% non-sns
no = moles feed
ns = moles corresponding to stoichiometric
proportion
Fractional Conversion
Fractional conversion,f = moles reacted
moles fed
f = i / nio
= extent of reaction
Overall conversion
reactant input to process - reactant output from process
reactant input to process
Single-pass conversion
reactant input to reactor - reactant output from reactor
reactant input to reactor
26
2/12/15
Balance Equation
Single reaction:
ni = nio i
Where
ni = mole of reactant i
nio = mole of reactant i in feed
Single reaction
Acrylonitrile is produced by the reaction of propylene,
ammonia and oxygen
C3H6 + NH3 + 3/2 O2 C3H3N + 3H2O
propylene
ammonia
oxygen
acrylonitrile
water
27
2/12/15
Solution:
C3H6 + NH3 + 3/2 O2 C3H3N + 3H2O
n1 mol C3H6
n2 mol NH3
Q mol = 100 mol
0.10 mol C3H6 / mol
Process
n3 mol O2
n4 mol N2
n5 mol C3H3N
n6 mol H2O
n1 mol C3H6
n2 mol NH3
n3 mol O2
n4 mol N2
n5 mol C3H3N
n6 mol H2O
28
2/12/15
100 mol
10 mol C3H6
12 mol NH3
16.4 mol O2
61.7 mol N2
100 mol
10 mol C3H6 (L)
12 mol NH3
16.4 mol O2
61.7 mol N2
no =moles feed
ns = moles corresponding to stoichiometric proportion
Stoichiometric
10
1.5(10)
10
3(10)
12 - 10
= 20%
(% excess)NH3 = 100%
10
proportion
based
on propylene
29
2/12/15
n1 mol C3H6
n2 mol NH3
n3 mol O2
n4 mol N2
n5 mol C3H3N
n6 mol H2O
Multiple reaction:
ni = nio i
Need to consider each reaction in the process separately
Yield
moles of desired product formed
moles that would have been formed if without side
reaction & reaction proceed to completion
Selectivity
moles of desired product formed
moles of undesired product formed
30
2/12/15
Multiple reactions
C2H6 C2H4 + H2
C2H6 + H2 2CH4
reaction (1)
reaction (2)
The feed contains 85.0 mole% ethane (C2H6) and the balance inerts
(I). The fractional conversion of ethane is 0.501, and the fractional
yield of ethylene is 0.471.
Required: the molar composition of the product gas &
selectivity of C2H4 to CH4.
fC2H6 = 0.501
F
0.85 mol C2H6/mol
0.15 mol I/mol
Process
n1 mol C3H6
n2 mol C2H4
n3 mol H2
n4 mol CH4
n5 mol I
Solution:
fC2H6 = 0.501
F =100 mol
0.85 mol C2H6/mol
0.15 mol I/mol
C2H6 C2H4 + H2
C2H6 + H2 2CH4
n1 mol C3H6
n2 mol C2H4
Process
n3 mol H2
n4 mol CH4
n5 mol I
reaction 1
reaction 2
(1)
31
2/12/15
C2H6 C2H4 + H2
C2H6 + H2 2CH4
reaction 1
reaction 2
F= 100 mol
0.85 mol C2H6/mol
0.15 mol I/mol
Process
1 + 2 = 42.585 mol
(1)
n1 mol C3H6
n2 mol C2H4
n3 mol H2
n4 mol CH4
n5 mol I
C2H6 C2H4 + H2
C2H6 + H2 2CH4
F= 100 mol
0.85 mol C2H6/mol
0.15 mol I/mol
1 + 2 = 42.585 mol
1 = 40 mol
From equation (1),
reaction 1
reaction 2
n1 mol C3H6
n2 mol C2H4
n3 mol H2
n4 mol CH4
n5 mol I
Process
(1)
(2)
40 + 2 = 42.585 mol
2 = 2.585 mol
C2H6
C2H4
Input (mol)
85
H2
-
+1(40) +1(40)
-
CH4
-
I
15
0(40)
32
2/12/15
F = 100 mol
0.85 mol C2H6
0.15 mol I
Process
C2H6
C2H4
H2
CH4
100% x
(42.4/140)
100% x
(40/140)
100% x
(37.4/140)
100% x
(5.2/140)
100% x
(15/140)
= 30.3 %
= 28.6 %
= 26.7 %
= 3.7 %
= 10.7 %
Dehydrogenation of Propane
C3H8 C3H6 + H2
Propane
propylene
The process is to be designed for a 95% overall conversion of
propane. The reaction products are separated into two streams; the
first, which contains H2, C3H6 and 0.555 % of the propane that leaves
the reactor, is taken off as product; the second stream, which
contains the balance of the unreacted propane and 5% of the
propylene in the product stream, is recycled to the reactor.
Required:composition of the product, the ratio (moles recycled)/(moles
fresh feed), and the single-pass conversion.
F mol
C3H8
Reactor
P1 mol C3H8
P2 mol C3H6
P3 mol H2
Separator
Product
Q1 mol C3H8
Q2 mol C3H6
Q3 mol H2
33
2/12/15
Solution:
C3H8 C3H6+ H2
F mol
C3H8
= 100
Reactor
Separator
P1 mol C3H8
P2 mol C3H6
P3 mol H2
Product
Q1 mol C3H8
Q2 mol C3H6
Q3 mol H2
100 - Q1
100
Q1 = 5 mol C3H8
moles of C3H8 reacted = 1() = 100 - 5 = 95 mol
foverall C3H8
100 mol
C3H8
Reactor
= 0.95 =
C3H8 C3H6+ H2
= 95
P1 mol C3H8
P2 mol C3H6
P3 mol H2
Separator
Product
5 mol C3H8
Q2 mol C3H6
Q3 mol H2
C3H8
100
-1(95)
Q1 = 5
C3H6
+1(95)
Q2 = 95
H2
+1(95)
Q3 =95
34
2/12/15
C3H8 C3H6+ H2
100 mol
C3H8
Reactor
P1 mol C3H8
P2 mol C3H6
P3 mol H2
Separator
195 moles
5 mol C3H8
95 mol C3H6
95 mol H2
C3H8 C3H6+ H2
100 mol
C3H8
Reactor
P1 mol C3H8
P2 mol C3H6
P3 mol H2
Separator
195 moles
5 mol C3H8
95 mol C3H6
95 mol H2
Given:
0.555% of C3H8 leaving the reactor is in the product stream.
0.555P1 = 5 mol C3H8
P1 = 900 mol C3H8
Separation Unit
H2 balance:
P3 = 95 mol H2
35
2/12/15
C3H8 C3H6+ H2
100 mol
C3H8
Reactor
195 moles
5 mol C3H8
95 mol C3H6
95 mol H2
C3H8
100 +Qr1
-1(95)
900
C3H6
4.75
+1(95)
P2 = 99.75
H2
+1(95)
95
C3H8 C3H6+ H2
100 mol
C3H8
Reactor
195 moles
5 mol C3H8
95 mol C3H6
95 mol H2
C3H8
100 +Qr1
-1(95)
900
C3H6
4.75
+1(95)
P2 = 99.75
H2
+1(95)
95
36
2/12/15
C3H8 C3H6+ H2
100 mol
C3H8
Reactor
195 moles
5 mol C3H8
95 mol C3H6
95 mol H2
Ratio of
moles recycled
Q + Qr2 = 895 + 4.75 =9.0
= r1
moles fresh feed
100
100
Combustion
Combustion reactions are one of the most
common and important classes of reactions
used in chemical processing due to the large
amounts of heat released by the reaction :
Heat
Fuel
O2
Flue Gas
37
2/12/15
The fuels are either coal, fuel oil, gaseous fuel (e.g.
natural gas) or liquefied petroleum gas. When
burned, the products are :
Wet Basis
Dry Basis
50 mole CO2
33.3% CO2
50% CO2
50 mole N2
33.3% N2
50% N2
50 mole H2O
33.3% H2O
0% H2O
38
2/12/15
Combustion
Ethane (C2H6) is burned with 50% excess air. The
percentage conversion of the ethane is 90%; of the
ethane burned, 25% reacts to form CO and the
balance to form CO2. Calculate the composition of the
flue gas on a dry basis and the ratio of water to dry
flue gas.
Solution:
C2H6 + 7/2O2 2CO2 + 3H2O
C2H6 + 5/2O2 2CO + 3H2O
reaction 1
reaction
39
2/12/15
Solution:
C2H6 + 7/2O2 2CO2 + 3H2O
C2H6 + 5/2O2 2CO + 3H2O
50% excess air
Q mol O2
3.76Q mol N2
reaction (1)
reaction (2)
q1 mol C2H6
q2 mol O2
q3 mol N2
q4 mol CO
q5 mol CO2
q6 mol H2O
Process
reaction (1)
reaction (2)
q1 mol C2H6
q2 mol O2
q3 mol N2
q4 mol CO
q5 mol CO2
q6 mol H2O
Process
0.5 =
3.5 mol O2
1 mol C2H6
= 350
Q 350
350
40
2/12/15
reaction (1)
reaction (2)
75% C2H6
25% C2H6
q1 mol C2H6
q2 mol O2
q3 mol N2
q4 mol CO
q5 mol CO2
q6 mol H2O
Process
Process
1 =67.5 mol
2 = 22.5 mol
q1 mol C2H6
q2 mol O2
q3 mol N2
q4 mol CO
q5 mol CO2
q6 mol H2O
C2H6
O2
N2
CO
CO2
H2O
Input (mol)
100
525
1974
-1(67.5)
-3.5(67.5)
0(67.5)
2(67.5)
3(67.5)
-1(22.5)
-2.5(22.5)
0(22.5)
2(22.5)
3(22.5)
q1=10
q2=232.5
q3=1974
q4 = 45 q5=135
q6=270
41
2/12/15
Process
10 mol
C2H6
232.5 mol O2
1974 mol N2
45 mol CO
135 mol CO2
270 mol H2O
42
2/12/15
Ideal Gas
Ideal Gas Law :
PV = nRT
or
= RT
PV
where
P = absolute pressure of gas
V = volume of gas occupied by the gas
n = number of moles of the gas
R = gas constant
T = absolute temperature of gas
Gas Constant
8.314 m3.Pa/mol.K
0.08314 liter.bar/mol.K
0.08206 liter.atm/mol.K
62.36 liter.mm Hg/mol.K
0.7302 ft3.atm/lb-mole.oR
10.73ft3.psia/lb-mole.oR
8.314 J/mol.K
1.987 cal/mol.K
1.987 Btu/ lb-mole.oR
43
2/12/15
Ts
Ps
Vs
ns
SI
273 K
1 atm 0.022415 m3
1 mol
CGS
273 K
1 mol
American
Engineering
492oR
1 atm
359.05 ft3
1 lb-mole
Example:
o
o
10 ftn3 oflb-mole
air at 530
to 1070
air R and 1 atm are heated
n2 lb-mole
air R
1
and compressed to 2.5 atm. What volume does the gas
occupy
itsofinal
T1 =in530
R state
T2 = 1070oR
P1 = 1 atm
P2 = 2.5 atm
V1 = 10 ft3
V = ? ft3
n1RT1
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PA
P
% mol = % vol.
Example:
A natural gas has the following composition :
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
87% mol
12% mol
1% mol
77.5 % wt.
20% wt.
2.5% wt.
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Solution:
ntot =
80 kg kgmol
17.96 kg
= 4.45 kgmol
ntotRT
P
282.15 K 8.314 kPa.m3
60 kPa
kgmol.K
= 174 m3
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Real Gases
PV = znRT
or
= zRT
PV
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2/12/15
Calculation Procedure
1. Look up the critical temperature Tc &
critical pressure Pc
2. Calculate reduced values
temperature,
Tr =to
T / Tc
3.Reduced
Use compressibility
chart
Reduced compressibility
pressure, Pr = P factor,
/ Pc z.
determine
Example
100 mol of N2 are contained in a 5 liters vessel
at 20.6oC. Estimate the pressure in the
cyclinder
100 mol N2
5 liters
-20.6oC
P = ? atm
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Solution:
Step 1: Critical value
Tc = 126.2K
Pc = 33.5 atm
Step 2: Reduced temperature
Tr = T/Tc
= (-20.6 + 273.2) K/ 126.2 K
=2
Reduce volume:
P /RT
Vr = V
c
c
100 mol N2
5 liters
-20.6oC
P = ? atm
Tr = 2.00
Vr = 0.161
z = 1.77
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100 mol N2
5 liters
-20.6oC
z = 1.77
P = zRT/ V
P = ? atm
PV = zmnRT
or
= z RT
PV
m
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Example
A mixture of 75% H2 and 25% N2 (molar
basis) is contained in a tank at P=800 atm and
T=-70oC. Estimate the specific volume of the
mixture in liters/mol.
Solution:
H2:
Tc = 33K
Pc = 12.8 atm
N2:
Tc = 126.2K
Pc = 33.5 atm
Step 21
Pseudocritical
Look
H
Reduced
up T
values
2: Adjusted
c & Pc
values
for
critical values
mixture
= 203 = 3.26
62.3
Pr =
P
Pc
800
= 33.3
24.0
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Step 3
Zm from
compressibility
chart
zm = 1.86
Tr = 3.26
Pr = 33.3
Step 4
Using Kay s rule:
Solve for V
= z RT
PV
m
= zmRT
V
P
(-70+273)K
800 atm
= 0.0387 liter
mol
52