Passive Voice

1. Present Simple Passive:

People chop down a lot of trees every year.

A lot of trees are chopped every year.

2. Past Simple Passive
The ancient Greeks built the Acropolis.

The Acropolis was built by the ancient Greeks.

3. Present Continuous Passive
An expert is restoring the antique car.

The antique car is being restored by an expert.

4. Past Continuous Passive
Hijackers were holding the plane passengers hostage.

The plane passengers were being held hostage by hijackers.

5. Present Perfect Simple Passive
The government has increased the tax on cigarettes.

The tax on cigarettes has been increased by the government.

6. Past Perfect Simple Passive
People had seen the little boy playing in the park.

The little boy had been seen playing in the park.

7. Future Simple Passive
A number of reporters will meet the professor at the airport.

The professor will be met at the airport by a number of reporters.

8. Passive of modal verbs (can/could/may/might/should/must/ought to)
Bad weather may delay your flight.

Your flight may be delayed by bad weather.

Passive Voice
1. Present Simple Passive:
am/is/are + -ed/3 col.
People chop down a lot of trees every year.
A lot of trees are chopped every year.
2. Past Simple Passive

was/were + -ed/3 col.

The ancient Greeks built the Acropolis.
The Acropolis was built by the ancient Greeks.

3. Present Continuous Passive

am/is/are + being + -ed/3 col.
An expert is restoring the antique car.
The antique car is being restored by an expert.

4. Past Continuous Passive

was/were + being + -ed/3 col.
Hijackers were holding the plane passengers hostage.
The plane passengers were being held hostage by hijackers.
5. Present Perfect Simple Passive

have/has + been + -ed/3 col.

The government has increased the tax on cigarettes.
The tax on cigarettes has been increased by the government.
6. Past Perfect Simple Passive

had + been + -ed/3 col.

People had seen the little boy playing in the park.
The little boy had been seen playing in the park.
7. Future Simple Passive

will + be + -ed/3 col.

A number of reporters will meet the professor at the airport.
The professor will be met at the airport by a number of reporters.
8. Passive of modal verbs (can/could/may/might/should/must/ought to)

can/could/may/might/should/must/ought to -ed/3 col.

Bad weather may delay your flight.
Your flight may be delayed by bad weather.

Impersonal and personal passive constructions

Present Simple to infinitive
eg. People say that she has millions in the bank.
- It is said that she has millions in the bank.
- She is said to have millions in the bank.

Present Perfect / Past Perfect perfect infinitive

eg. Everyone knows that he has been in prison.
- It is known that he has been in prison.
- He is known to have been in prison.
They claimed that he had been there at the time of murder.
- It was claimed that he had been there at the time of murder.
- He was claimed to have been there at the time of murder.

Past Simple perfect infinitive

eg. People thought he inherited a fortune.
- It was thought that he inherited a fortune.
- He was thought to have inherited a fortune.

Present Continuous / Past Continuous progressive infinitive

eg. Many people believe that the climate is changing.
- It is believed that the climate is changing.
- The climate is believed to be changing.
Everyone thought that they were lying.
- It was thought that they were lying.
- They were thought to be lying.

Journalists have reported that this festival is the largest in the world.
- It has been reported that the festival is the largest in the world.
- This festival has been reported to be the largest in the world.

Conditionals
Type O (Zero Conditional) is used to express a general truth or a scientific fact
If-clause
If you mix red and yellow,
present simple

main clause
you get orange.
present simple

Type I is used to express real or very probable situations in the present or future
If-clause
main clause
If he gets paid today, he will treat me to a meal tonight.
present simple
future simple
Type II is used to express unreal, hypothetical, imaginary situations which are unlikely
to happen in the present or future
If-clause
If I won the lottery,
past simple
If-clause
If Mike were the manager,
was / were

main clause
I would buy a luxurious flat.
would + verb
main clause
he would make lots of changes.
would + verb

Type III is used to express imaginary situations which were not realized in the past
If-clause
If Lewis had gone to the party,
past perfect simple

main clause
he would have seen Jane.
would have + past
participle

- supposing / suppose
eg. Supposing it rains, will you still go for a picnic with him?
- providing / provided that
eg. Ill pick your clothes up from the dry cleaners provided that I finish work before
three oclock.
- on condition that
- so long as / as long as
eg. As long as he is on time, we wont be late for the meeting.
eg. Unless it stops snowing, the plane wont take off.
(If it doesnt stop snowing, the plane wont take off.)

If you should need my advice, you can call me.

Should you need my advice, you can call me.
If she were more efficient, she would get a promotion.
Were she more efficient, she would get a promotion.
If he had arrived on time, he wouldnt have missed the bus.
Had he arrived on time, he wouldnt have missed the bus.
WISHES
- to say that you would like something to be different in the present
wish / regret about a present situation we want to be different
I wish
+ past simple
If only
I wish I were a millionaire.
(but Im not)
If only you worked more efficiently. (but you dont work more efficiently)
- to express regret about something which happened or didnt happen in the past
regret that something happened or didnt happen in the past (regret about the
past)
I wish
+ past perfect simple
If only
I wish I had taken their advice.
If only I had gone to Anns party last night.

(but I didnt take their advice)

(but I didnt go to her party)