Guia Ingles Basico II 2014-I

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DEPARTAMENTO ACADMICO DE CIENCIAS BSICAS
FACULTAD DE MEDICINA HUMANA
Gua de Ingls Bsico II
Lic. Geraldina Vallejos

Lic. Marita Quispe
Lic. Vivian Morales
La Molina - 2014
Lic. Vallejos/Lic.Quispe/Lic.Morales
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SESSION 1
BEHIND GENETIC ENGINEERING
(Extract taken from an interview with Brian Tokar)
By Mark Oshinskie
The Edmonds Institute is an organization that studies the social and environmental
effects of technology, particularly genetic technologies. One of his board members is
Brian Tokar, who has written a book on genetic engineering called Redesigning Life?
and two prior books The Green Alternative and Earth for Sale. He is a long-time
environmental and social activist and has degrees in biology and biophysics. Tokar
lives in rural Vermont, where he teaches at the Institute for Social Ecology and
Goddard College, and keeps an organic garden.
MARK OSHINSKIE: Many people know of genetic engineering but dont know how its
done. Can you briefly explain this?
BRIAN TOKAR: Genetic engineering involves the artificial transfer of genetic material,
or DNA, usually between unrelated species of plants, animals, bacteria, viruses, and
humans. The two most common methods for gene transfer are biological and
electromechanical. Early experiments all involved changing DNA using bacterial
vectors. Many bacteria have part of their genome located on plasmids, which are
small loops of DNA outside their main chromosomes. These plasmids were first used
as means of transferring DNA. Later, to get foreign genes into plant cells, scientists
started using bacteria that infect plant cells. In mammalian cells, they often used
genetically engineered viruses; in some of the most publicized experiments, modified
cold viruses are used. More recently, the move has been away from biological
vectors, which place some constraints on gene transfer, and toward the use of
a gene gun which shoots high speed projectiles of gold or tungsten that are coated
with the DNA fragments of choice. By their very character, these technologies create
inherent uncertainties. These uncertainties are at the heart of the wide range of health
and environmental problems that have been discovered. When you use these
technologies, you have no idea where the foreign DNA is going to land if its taken up
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by the DNA of the recipient cells. You also have no idea how it will interact with
regulatory genes, as well as the genes that code for various proteins.
The success rate for all application of genetic engineering is vanishingly small. Thats
why they use antibiotic resistance genes as markers to see if the intended transfer
occurred. So, along with genes they seek to insert, theyre injecting genes for
antibiotic resistance. Those cells that didnt take up the foreign DNA wont survive
antibiotic treatment. Additionally, theyre injecting promoter sequences, usually from
viruses, that facilitate the disabling of genetic regulation in the host organism and,
therefore, facilitate the invasion of the host cells DNA by foreign DNA.
Why isnt opposition to genetically engineered foods in the U.S. as vigorous as in
other countries?
Thomas Schweiger, who worked for Greenpeace in Europe, has a chapter in the book
where he addresses this question. He outlines eight or nine reasons why Europeans
are more concerned than people in the U.S.
First, the industry has succeeded in keeping this issue out of the media here. In the
summer of 1999, only one-third of the people surveyed in U.S. supermarkets knew
that there were genetically engineered products currently in our food supply. People
just dont know whats going on. It has to do with corporate control of the media. Food
and science writers have been intensely lobbied to keep genetic engineering out of
the public eye. There are also significant differences in attitudes about food in general
here in the U.S. Americans have become used to the idea of food as an industrial
product. Food is an area where new products come along that have new and
interesting properties that people are interested in and want to check out. So, in a
manner of speaking, peoples resistance is down.
Besides, in Europe, mad cow disease, dioxin contaminated chicken feed, and other
scandals have made it clear to people that those who regulate the food system cant
be trusted to ensure a safe food supply. We have had many such cases here, but
people seem to have a short memory. Yet, despite all this, the U.S. perspective on
genetically engineered foods is beginning to change.
http://www.zmag.org/ZNET.htm
I. COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING DIALOGUES IN THE PRESENT TENSE:
* USE auxiliar DO, DOES or verbs IS , ARE
* USE personal pronouns when necessary
1. A: What type of degrees _____ Tokar hold?
B: He______ a degree in biology and biophysics (hold)
2. A: What kind of activities _______Mr. Tokar carry out?
B: He _____ a social activist.
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3. A: ______ he _______ any hobbies? (have)
B: Yes, he _______. He _______ an organic garden. (keep)
4. A: What ________ genetic engineering involve?
B: It __________ changing DNA.
5. A: What ______ the methods for gene transfer?
B: Scientists _____ biological and electromechanical methods. (use)
6. A: What _______ plasmids?
B: They _______ small loops of DNA outside their main chromosomes.
7. A: What ______ scientists use to get foreign genes into mammalian cells?
B: _____ ______ genetically engineered viruses.
8. A: The gene gun _______ high speed projectiles of gold or tungsten that are
coated
with DNA. (shoot).
B: _______ it?
9. A: This new technology definitively _______ uncertainties in different manners.
(bring)
B: Yes, _____ ______.
10. A: How _______ Europeans ______ to avoid genetically engineered foods? (do)
B: The media _______ most of the work.
II. PUT THE WORDS IN THE CORRECT ORDER

1. food / genetically / is / modified / unnatural / (GM).
____________________________________________________________________
2. created for / The GM term / human or animal consumption / crop plants / with / the
latest / molecular biology techniques / refers to
____________________________________________________________________
3. GM foods / are /some / of / the / what / of / advantages?
____________________________________________________________________
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4. Cell / a / proteins / the / basic building materials / are / of.
____________________________________________________________________
5. limited number of genes / PLASMIDS / with / are / small / rings / DNA / of / a.
____________________________________________________________________
6. or/ genetic engineering, / are / genetic modification / equivalent /three/ genetic
manipulation / terms.
____________________________________________________________________
7. fat / some / or / cells / sugars / store.
____________________________________________________________________
8. chromosomes /23 /cells /of / possess /two sets of /different / humans.
____________________________________________________________________
9. product / food / Americans / have / an / idea / of / as / industrial / the.
____________________________________________________________________
10. genetically engineered / moratorium / release / suggested / a / he / on / the / of /
organisms.
____________________________________________________________________
III. COMPLETE WITH THE CORRECT RELATIVE PRONOUNS
* USE WHICH, WHO, WHERE, WHOSE
1. Tokar is the person ______ has written a book on genetic engineering
called Redesigning Life?
2. The Edmonds Institute is an organization ________ Tokar is one of his board
members.
3. Those _______ regulate the media to cover the cons of genetic engineering are not
trustful.
4. GE uses artificially constructed parasitic genetic elements ______ include viruses.
5. Tokar,
_______ book has helped us to deeply understand the future problems of GE
has continued to influence theorists and activists.
6. Human cloning _______ is a type of genetic engineering, it is not the same as true
genetic manipulation.
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7. The U.S. is the country ______ there is more consumption of genetically
engineered foods.
IV. MAKE ONE SENTENCE USING WHO, WHICH, WHERE, WHOSE

1. Genetic engineering refers to a set of technologies. They are being used to
change the genetic makeup of cells.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
2. Genes are the chemical blueprints. They determine an organism traits.
__________________________________________________________________
3. Genetic engineering has the power to change us. It can change ourselves.
__________________________________________________________________
4. The oldest complete human body was found in the Alp. Its internal organs, skin
and eyes were preserved in the ice.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________.
5. A cardiologist is a doctor. He deals with the functioning of the heart.
__________________________________________________________________
6. Tokar lives in rural Vermont. There, he teaches at the Institute for Social Ecology
and Goddard.
_________________________________________________________________
7. We still can find non-GM food. Some countries in the world, for example Peru.
__________________________________________________________________
V. COMPLETE THE SENTENCES USING TOO FOLLOWING THE PATTERN OF
THE EXAMPLE
* James was sick. Ann was TOO.
* Peter had a stroke. I did TOO.
* The student understands the integumentary system very well. I do TOO.
1. Petra knows that genetically engineered products are in the supermarkets. I
________ _______.
2. Im going to a conference. I_______________________________ .
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3. The General Practitioner was upset by his behavior. The Directors
________________ .
4. Caroline and I have a complete checkup once a year. My family
_________________.
5. I need a Yellow Fever Vaccination. We ________________________.
6. The nurse worked in the X-ray department last year. He
_______________________.
7. People seem to have a short memory. I _____________________________.
8. I only trust those who always say the truth. She _______________________.
9. In Peru, doctors only prescribe medicines. In Colombia, ____________________.
10. The Junior Doctor is staying for the surgery. The Senior Doctor
_________________.
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SESSION 2
Essay On The Benefits of Medical Science
MANISH RAJKOOMAR
Researches in medical science have benefited mankind immensely. Medical science
provides remedies, cures and safeguards man against various diseases. Different
countries have different systems of medicine. Ayurveda, Homeopathy, Acupuncture,
Acupressure etc. are becoming popular today.
Diseases like cholera, polio, malaria, pox etc. have almost been eradicated. Once
considered incurable, diseases like cancer and tuberculosis, can be cured today.
Organ transplants, brain surgeries, use of artificial limbs and organs, genetic
engineering and cloning can be done easily. Medical science also lays emphasis on
cleanliness and a balanced diet. It has its negative sides also but those can be taken
care of. In fact, medical science has made life healthier, happier and longer than
before.
Man always wishes to remain healthy. The saying, 'Health is wealth' is absolutely true.
Medical science has been of great help to man against various diseases. Medical
science has helped in the proper working of the human machine.
Man has been suffering from various diseases since time immemorial. He has done
intensive research to find cures and remedies for those diseases. This gave birth to
different systems of medicine in different parts of the world. These are the Egyptian
system, the Chinese system, the Indian system (Ayurveda), the German system
(Homeopathy) and the Western system (Allopathy). Homeopathy is based on the
principle 'like cures like'. Allopathy is based on the principle 'opposite cures opposite'.
Acupuncture, the method of pricking skin or tissues with needles for treatment of
various diseases was developed by the Chinese. Ayurveda, Homeopathy and
Acupuncture are becoming popular today.
In the last few decades, medical science has made rapid progress. Medicinal and
surgical treatments have developed very fast. Diseases such as small pox,
chickenpox, polio, plague, malaria etc. have now almost been eradicated. Many other
diseases have been controlled through immunization. Open heart surgeries, organ
transplants, brain surgeries, treatment of deadly diseases like, cancer, tuberculosis
etc. have all become possible. Internal tumors and stones which were considered
incurable a few years back can now be cured.
Hidden diseases in the body can be diagnosed easily with the help of X-rays. Gamma
radiations are used for the treatment of cancer. Eye disorders can be corrected with
lenses and spectacles. By surgical operations, eyesight can now be given back to a
visually challenged person and power of hearing to a hearing impaired person. In a
medical breakthrough, in 2007, doctors at All India Institute of Medical Science
(AIIMS), New Delhi used one cornea to provide sight to three patients.
Blood transfusions can give new life to those who are dying of wounds, or suffering
from any other ailment caused by blood loss. The year 2007 witnessed an another
important breakthrough in medical science. It can make all humans universal donors.
Danish scientists have converted A, B and AB blood types into O. O is the universal
donor blood group which can be given to anyone in need of a blood transfusion. This
breakthrough could potentially mean the end of blood shortages.
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Giving artificial limbs and organs are now increasingly becoming common. Painless
and even bloodless operations are carried out without difficulty. Laser surgery enables
surgeons to operate without ripping open the body. Scientists Laser surgery enables
cloning animals.
The first test tube baby was born in August 1978 in America. Blood banks and sperm
banks have been established. The application of genetic engineering works wonders.
Many incurable genetic and other diseases can be cured by the process of genetic
engineering. Advances in medical science have resulted in increase of life span and
use of contraceptives is responsible for decline in birth rate.
AIDS is still an incurable disease. Medical scientists are trying to find out a cure
against this dreaded disease. Studies have been made on molecular level to control
the disease. Tests like ELISA kit, Particle Agglutination Test (PAT) are used to detect
AIDS. Nowadays, ready-to-use diagnostic kits are available for detecting diseases like
malaria, hepatitis etc. These kits help one to detect diseases at the early stages of
infection. Such kits are also available for pregnancy detection, for checking the
sensitive allergens and for measuring blood levels of various substances.
Forensic science deals with the application of medical science to tackle legal issues. It
helps in identifying the cause of death by autopsy. Technique of DNA fingerprinting is
frequently used for tracing and identifying criminals. This branch of medical science is
helpful in solving crimes and murder mysteries. Researches in medical science have
brought forth the necessity and importance of a balanced diet. A diet is balanced if it
contains nutrients like carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, proteins and minerals in the right
proportion. A balanced diet helps one to remain healthy and free from diseases.
Sometimes a person's regular diet may be deficient in some important nutrient.
Multivitamin pills, tablets etc. are available to help overcome such deficiencies.
In earlier times, a general physician treated diseases afflicting any part of the body.
Today specialists and super-specialists are available for treatment of different
diseases. They are dentists. The specialists have a better knowledge about the
organs they deal with.
Progress in medical science has led to certain social evils too. The sex-determination
test is being misused for female feticide. Cloning and euthanasia have created a
serious moral dilemma. But these can be taken care of by man himself. Excessive and
indiscriminate use of medicines for simple diseases like fever, headache etc. should
be avoided.
Medical science has thus proved a boon to mankind. It has lengthened life. It has
helped man to fight diseases. It has made life healthier and happier.
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
I) FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE CORRECT FORM OF THE PRESENT
PERFECT:
* USE ADVERBS WHEN NECESSARY
1. The different medical investigations _______________________ to eradicate
many
mortal diseases (help, definitively).
2. Because of poverty, tuberculosis ___________________ (reappear, lately).
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3. Doctors ___________________ a lot of research to find the drugs to cure
polio, chickenpox, small pox, etc. (do).
4. In the last few decades, Medicine ___________________ very fast (develop,
greatly).
5. The intensive medical research to find cures and remedies
____________________
birth to different systems of medicine in different parts of the world (give).
6. Brain and heart surgery as well as transplantation of orthopaedic
limbs___________
____________ possible today (become, all).
7. Patients ______________________ the power of hearing by using tiny devices
(recover).
8. An important breakthrough in Medicine is that scientists _____________________
A, B and AB blood types into O (universal donors) (convert).
9. Donation of organs _____________________ the life of many people (save).
10. Laser surgery ___________________ a patient to go home a few hours after
the operation (enable, even).
FOR SINCE
1. He ______________________ blood from his parents __________ he was a
little child (receive).
2. Life expectancy ______________________ the discovery of penicillin and
many other drugs (increase).
3. The Earth ____________________the devastation of its population ___________
the beginning of humanity (suffer).
4. The patient __________________ the TB ____________ several years (have).
5. Doctors ______________ the cure against AIDS _________ years without any
good results (look for).
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6. _________ 1978, scientists ___________________unfertile mothers to have
their own babies (enable).
7. It is true that Euthanasia ___________________ a serious moral dilemma
______
the last century(create).
8. Medical discoveries _______________ life span _____ almost a century
(lengthen).
9. Medical Specialists __________________________ World War II (appear)
10.Eye specialists in India ________________sight to patients_______ 2007
(provide).
SESSION 3
ADVANCES IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY: WHAT DOES THE FUTURE HOLD?
June 16, 2009 Major challenges and opportunities will arise in the health sector in
the future. Research in technology that can be applied to this sector is being carried
out by several UPC teams.
Although sophisticated medical technology is already available in health systems in
developed countries, further advances are constantly being made. As a result of the
addition of medical nanotechnology to existing knowledge of molecular and cellular
biology, it seems likely that new, more personalized, more accurate and more rapid
diagnostic techniques will be devised in the future, as well as new treatments that are
also more personalized and promote regeneration of the organism.
Clearly, as areas of research such as biomaterials or tissue engineering are
developed for use in regenerative medicine, the range of opportunities will increase
dramatically. Josep Anton Planell, the director of the Institute for Bioengineering of
Catalonia (IBEC), which was formed by the UB, the UPC and the Generalitat
(Government of Catalonia) and has its headquarters in Barcelona Science Park,
considers that in the future, it will be possible to design intelligent biomaterials that,
when placed where damaged tissue needs to be regenerated, will be able to stimulate
the stem cells to do what we want them to do. However, more knowledge is needed
to perfect the process. He states, We are beginning to understand which biochemical,
biophysical or mechanical signals activate cells to regenerate tissue. To be able to
intervene, therefore, we first need to be able to quantify and assess the signals that
generate the cell response and form a language.
These processes occur at the molecular level or involve very low intensity stimuli.
However, nanotechnology is contributing to the emergence of the tools needed to
study them. Such technology includes lasers to identify the proteins expressed in the
cell membrane, nanosensors that determine whether the cell is uptaking or excreting
an ion such as potassium or calcium, biosensors to detect cancer markers, and
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atomic force microscopes that enable material to be handled on nanometre and
nanonewton scales. In short, a wide range of diagnostic systems have been designed
that can more accurately detect the physiology and localization of a specific disease.
Basic Future Tenses

WILL
GOING TO
USAGE:
USAGE:
To speak about the future at the
It is often used when the speaker
moment of speaking.
wishes to draw a connection
between
present
events,
When we want to talk about
situations, or intentions and
future facts or things we believe
expected future events or
to be true.
situations.
If we are not so certain about the
To Make a future prediction based

future, we use 'will' with
on evidence in the present
expressions such as 'probably',
situation.
'possibly', 'I think', 'I hope'
STRUCTURE: Subject + will + verb
STRUCTURE:
Subject + to be + going to + verb
EXAMPLE: The boy will get better soon.
EXAMPLE: I am going to attend the

patient.
NOTE: At the moment of making a decision, use 'will'. Once you have made the
decision, talk about it using 'going to'.Examples: I'll call Dr. Klopp to let her know.
Sarah, I need Dr. Klopp's number. I'm going to call him about the surgery.
CHOOSE BETWEEN WILL OR GOING TO STRUCTURE.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
In accordance with the Health Ministry plan, this sector ________________

(face) major challenges and opportunities.
This technology _____________(identify) the proteins expressed in the cell
membrane.
Anton Planell considers that is future it______________(be ) possible to
design intelligent biomaterials.
These diagnostic systems __________________(detect) the physiology and
localization of a specific disease.
Biomaterials and tissue engineering _________________(work) on
regenerative medicine.
WRITE YOUR PLANS FOR THE FUTURE (ONLY ONE SENTENCE FOR EACH IDEA).
ORGANIZE YOUR IDEAS AND USE THE FUTURE TENSE IN THE CORRECT WAY .
You can use the following ideas:
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1.Once I finish the second year.

2.Investigate more about.
3.Travel to
4.Finish this semester
5.After my sixth year
6.Do (sth) with my family
7.My job
8. Postgraduate course
9. Specialization
10. Have a recess
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SESSION 4
THE HISTORY OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
Medical terminology has an extensive and rich history in Latin and Greek languages.
When the Romans conquered Greece, around 400, the knowledge and language of
both cultures merged, resulting in new medical concepts regarding disease treatment
and containment. Medical records were chronicled by hand, creating medical terms
and
books.
History
Much of the medical terminology we use today is attributed to Hippocrates, who is

considered the "father of medicine," and Claudius Galen, one of the most legendary
doctors in the Roman Empire.
Function
Medical terminology was created to identify the various anatomical structures,

diagnoses, instruments, procedures, protocols and medications.
Features
Medical terms and their roots correspond to their Greek and Latin etymology; for
example, the word "aural" is derived from the Latin word "auris" (of or pertaining to the
ear) and the word "auto" is derived from the Greek word "aut-o" (self).
Identification
Medical terminology is structured into three primary parts: the word root, the prefix and
the suffix. The word root is generally located in the middle of the word and signifies
the basic meaning. The prefix comes before the word root and identifies the meaning
of the word by revealing further information about location and area of the body. The
suffix, at the end of a word, works as an inflectional ending that conveys definite
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features, including the circumstances, development and protocol regarding the
condition.
Considerations
Medical terminology, also uses Greek and Latin adjectives or compounds to connect
nouns, verbs or combining forms. The combining form "o" is mostly found after the
prefix: take Greek prefix my/mys (muscle) and add the combining "o" form; leaving us
with "myo." If we add the Greek root word "cardio" (heart), and the suffix "itis"
(inflammation), we have formed "myocarditis," a muscle layer of the heart that is
inflamed.
Expert Insight
Recognizing the Greek and Latin word origins is key to understanding medical
terminology. Many resources online provide free access to medical terms/terminology;
however, a lot of them withhold the origin of the terms. The "Chambers Classical
Roots for Medics" is a clear-cut guide to medical terminology and includes the
structural breakdown and language etymology.
Read more: The History of Medical Terminology |
eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/facts_5142299_history-medical-terminology.html#ixzz0bLcg5Ejw
PREFIXES SUFFIXES
I. IDENTIFY THE PREFIXES (P), ROOTS (R) AND SUFFIXES (S).
* Write in the parenthesis P, R or S to identify the prefix, root or suffix
respectively.
* Write the correct meaning.
MEANING
1. Cardi/o
( )
EXAMPLES
______________ endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis

(inflammation of the lining, the muscle layer,
the outer layer of the heart)
2. Brady/tachy ( )
______________ Bradycardia (rate<60) tachycardia (rate>100)
3. Angi/o
______________ Angiography, angiogram (X-ray of artery)
( )
4. Veno/phlebo ( )
_____________ Venogram (X-ray of veins), phlebitis

(inflammation of veins)
5. Hem/o, hemato ( ) _____________ hemoglobin

6. Micro
( )
____________ microstomia (abnormally small mouth)
7. mega
( )
_____________ megacolon (abnormally large colon)
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8. Chol/e
( )
9. Gastr/o
( )
___________Cholecystitis, cholecystectomy (inflammation of,

removal of gallbladder)
____________Gastritis, Gastrectomy
10. Hepat/o
( )
____________Hepatitis (inflammation of), hepatoma (tumor of)
11. stasis
( )
____________Homeostasis (to stop bleeding)
12. cyte
( )
____________Erythrocytes, leucocytes (red, white blood cells)
13. rrhea
( )
____________Diarrhea
14. pathy
( )
____________Encephalopathy, neuropathy
15. plasia
( )
____________Aplasia, Hyperplasia
II. CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF
THE PREFIXES
through stop - without - below - outside
Prefix
1. ecto2. trans3. sub4. an5. anti-
Example
ectopic pregnancy
transurethral
subclavian
anencephalic
antiemetic
Meaning
__________ the uterus.
__________ the urinary exit duct.
__________ the clavicle.
__________ brain.
__________ vomiting
III. CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF
THE SUFFIXES
headache - opening protrusion - spitting - removal - abnormal condition -smash
Suffix
Example
1. osis
blue.
2. -ostomy
3. algia
4. cele
cord.
5. otomy
6. tripsy
7. ptysis
cyanosis
____________________ by which skin turns
colostomy
cephalgia
meningomyelocele
to make a permanent ______________ in colon.

a ________________.
_________________ of membranes and spinal
cholelithotomy
Cholelithotripsy
Hemoptysis
_________________ of gall stones.

_______________ gall stones with sound waves.
_______________ blood from the lungs.
Meaning
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IV. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
1. The effect of an emetic drug is
a) Stop bleeding b) Induce vomiting c) Stop vomiting
d) Stop diarrhea e) Kill bacteria
2. Introduction of a fiberoptic instrument through the abdominal wall for
diagnostic purposes is called
a) sigmoidoscopy b) colonoscopy c) laparoscopy
d) endoscopy e) colposcopy
3. Surgical removal of an inflamed gallbladder containing stones is termed
a) cholelithiasis b) cholelithotomy c) cholelithotripsy
d) cholecystectomy d) cholecystitis
4. Cirrhosis is a condition involving
a) abnormal outpocketing of the large intestine b) inflammation of the small
intestine
c) constriction of the esophagus with a tumor d) difficulty swallowing
d) degeneration of the liver
5. The guaiac test is used to determine the presence of
a) Gallstones
b) blood in the stool c) twisting of the small intestine
d) appendicitis
e) blood in vomit
6. You read in a medical report that a patient had a proctoscopic examination.
You conclude that the physician will be looking for, among other
possibilities, a tumor in the
a)mouth b) colon c) rectum d) stomach e) gallbladder
7. Dysphagia is a term describing difficult, painful or abnormal
a) passing of stool b) emptying of the stomach c) swallowing
d) passing gas (flatulence) e) chewing of food
8. A patient from a car accident has a swollen belly and the surgeon suspects
bleeding into the abdomen. He/she will puncture the belly and drain any fluid
looking for blood. This procedure is termed
a)laparotomy b) endoscopy c) thoracocentesis d) abdominocentesis e)
colectomy
9. The following question has multiple word parts. Take it apart piece by piece.
Cholangioenterostomy describes a procedure that
a) examines the interior of the gallbladder with a lighted fiberoptic instrument.
b) surgically creates an opening between the intestines and the abdominal wall.
c) surgically creates a passageway between the gallbladder duct to the intestine.
d) Involves X-rays showing the gallbladder draining into the intestine.
e) surgically removes gallstones through an opening in the abdomen.
10. Pericarditis is a term describing inflammation of
a) the inside lining of heart chambers
b) the tough sac surrounding the heart
c) the muscular layer of the heart
d) a coronary artery
e) a heart valve
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11. A physician who specializes in diagnosis of diseases of the heart is called

a)Haematologist b) serologist c) pathologist d) cardiologist e) cardiovascular surgeon
12.A recording of the electrical activity of the heart is termed
a) echocardiogram
b) cardiac scan
c) electrocardiogram
d) cardiac catheterization
e) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
13.Bradycardia is a term describing an
a) abnormally fast heart rate
b) inflammation of heart muscle
c) enlarged heart
d) abnormally slow heart rate
e) abnormally small heart
14. Which of the following cells gives the red colour to the blood?
a) leucocytes
b) erythrocytes
c) melanocytes
d) cenocytes
e) phagocytes
15. Inflammation of veins is termed.
a) lymphangitis
b) hemangioma
c) phlebitis
d) arteritis
e) angina
16. Permanent damage to heart muscle due to a blocked artery is termed.
a) angina pectoris
b) myocardial infarct
c) cardiomyopathy
d) cardiomegaly
e) myocarditis
17. The medical technician who draws blood from a vein for laboratory tests is
called a
a) cardiologist
b) hematologist
c) phlebotomist
d) radiologist
e) serologist
18. A physician determines that the heart murmur (abnormal heart sound) in a
patient is caused by narrowing of a heart valve passageway. The term for
this condition is
a) ischemia
b) prolapse
c) regurgitation
d) stenosis
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e) angina
19. CHALLENGE QUESTION: You will have to recall three different word parts
and then identify a term you have never been presented. A hemangioma
means
a) blood found in spinal cord fluid
b) blood found between the heart and the pericardial sac
c) a tumor of heart muscle
d) a tumor of blood vessels
e) blood found between the skull and the brain
SESSION 5
Medscape Medical News
SECOND-GENERATION CT REDUCES ANGIOGRAPHY RADIATION

DOSE
Jennifer Garcia
Feb 05, 2013
SECOND GENERATION CT SCANNER
FIRST GENERATION CT SCANNER
A new, second-generation computed tomography (CT) scanner provides excellent

image quality while significantly decreasing radiation exposure for patients undergoing
coronary CT angiography, according to a study led by Marcus Y. Chen, MD, from the
Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory at the National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, Maryland.
The study findings were published online January 22 in Radiology.
Patients older than 18 years referred for coronary CT angiography were consecutively
and prospectively enrolled during a 12-week period from July to October 2012. A total
of 107 consecutive CT examinations were performed using a new second-generation
wide-volume 320detector row CT scanner. The mean heart rate was 57.1 beats per
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minute (range, 34 - 96 beats per minute), enabling singleheart beat scans in 100
(93.4%) of the 107 examinations.
The control group consisted of previous patients (n = 100) who underwent coronary
CT angiography using a first-generation 320detector row CT system between
January and April 2010. Patient demographics were similar between the 2 groups.
Less Radiation, Excellent Image
The researchers found that among those evaluated with the second-generation
scanner, the median radiation dose was 0.93 mSv (interquartile range [IQR], 0.58 1.74 mSv) compared with 2.67 mSv (IQR, 1.68 - 4.00 mSv) with the first-generation
unit (P < .0001). In 23 of the 107 patients (21.5%), the radiation dose was less than
0.5 mSv, and in 58 patients (54.2%) the dose was less than 1 mSv. More than 96% of
patients received a radiation dose lower than 4 mSv.
"The low dose achieved during CT angiography could be used to minimize overall
radiation dose to the patient or to enable additional types of imaging (eg, perfusion
imaging) within reasonable radiation doses," Dr. Chen and colleagues write.
In addition, a tube potential of 100 kV was used in 97 (90.6%), single-volume
acquisition was used in 104 (97.2%), and prospective electrocardiographic gating was
used in 106 (99.1%).
More than two thirds of the patients (66.4%) examined with the second-generation
scanner were overweight, obese, or morbidly obese. The researchers note that
despite the wide range of patient sizes and heart rates, all scans were of diagnostic
quality, with 3 of 4 image-quality indexes appearing significantly better with the
second-generation scanner.
The authors conclude, "[T]he combination of a gantry rotation time of 275 msec, 16cm cranial-caudal wide volume coverage, iterative reconstruction, automated
exposure control, and a larger x-ray power generator in the new second-generation
320detector row CT scanner provided excellent image quality over a wide range of
body sizes and heart rates at lower radiation doses compared with previousgeneration CT scanners."
In a telephone interview with Medscape Medical News, James Brink, MD, chair of the
American College of Radiology Commission on Body Imaging, said: "One of the most
challenging things we do is coronary CT angiography, which may require prolonged
exposure to obtain good images. Increased heart rate and patient size are commonly
problematic."
Dr. Brink notes that innovations such as the high generator capacity, which allows for
the lower tube potential, as well as the rapid tube rotation, which increases resolution
at higher heart rates, allow use of the second-generation scanner across a population
of people. "All of these things converge to make this a very appealing technology
because it combines the things that have been developed by other manufacturers and
[puts] it all into one machine."
It remains unclear, however, how this particular CT scanner compares to others in its
class when used for this application. "This paper is about implementing low-dose
refinements on a wide-coverage, fast-rotation CT scanner. But it remains to be seen
how these results will compare if similar features are implemented on scanners with
different platforms such as a dual-source platform or a high-definition platform,"
concluded Dr. Brink.
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Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health. One of the
study authors has a research agreement with Toshiba. All other authors and the
independent commentator have disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
Radiology. Published online January 22, 2013. Abstract
PASSIVE VOICE
I. IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SENTENCE WHETHER PASSIVE (P) OR ACTIVE (A)
1. Children received all their vaccinations.
2. The doctor writes some long reports.
3. Some x-rays are being studied by Dr. Chen.
4. Staphylococcus aureus was found in blood culture.
5. Doctors have suggested a balanced diet.
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
II. RE-READ THE TEXT CAREFULLY AND FIND SEVEN (7) SENTENCES IN THE
PASSIVE VOICE. WRITE THEM AND UNDERLINE THE PASSIVE VOICE.
1. __________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________________________
6. __________________________________________________________________
7. __________________________________________________________________
III. PRESENT PASSIVE
CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE
1. The Institute of Health develops a study about second-generation CT scanner.
________________________________________________________________
2. Second-Generation CT diminishes angiography radiation dose.
________________________________________________________________
3. Second-Generation CT provides excellent images.
________________________________________________________________
4. A lot of people watch this interesting TV programme.
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________________________________________________________________
5. Researchers always exchange technological information.
________________________________________________________________
IV. PAST PASSIVE
1. The Institute of Health published the study findings.
________________________________________________________________
2. The doctors enrolled for the study patients older than 18 years old.
________________________________________________________________
3. The National Institute of Health provided the funding for the study.
________________________________________________________________
4. Medscape Medical News interviewed with Dr. Brink.
________________________________________________________________
5. The media questioned the medical scientists.
________________________________________________________________
V. PRESENT PERFECT
1. The new second generation CT scanner has used old technology.
_______________________________________________________________
2. Scientists have discovered a new vaccination.
_______________________________________________________________
3. They have elected a new medical Director.
_______________________________________________________________
4. The anaesthesiologist has reduced the dose to prevent any heart failure.
________________________________________________________________
5. The School of Medicine has built a new Laboratory building.
________________________________________________________________
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VI. WILL-FUTURE
1. Patients will receive less radiation.
________________________________________________________________
2. American manufacturers will sell this new equipment.
________________________________________________________________
3. The investors will obtain millions of dollars with this new equipment.
________________________________________________________________
4. Medscape Medical news will always publish the last medical news.
________________________________________________________________
5. The Junior doctor will not operate the patient because of his critical condition.
________________________________________________________________
VII. PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
1. cured / Alzheimers disease / be / cannot.
__________________________________________________
2. blood / is / Plasmapheresis / the (x2) / from / used / remove / to / antibodies.
_________________________________________________________________
3. recommended / a / the / low / diet / fat / by / was / Nutritionist.
_________________________________________________________________
4. also / liver / disorders / disease / can / by / be / inherited / caused
_________________________________________________________________
5. TB / is / the / drug-resistant / extensively / called / second
_________________________________________________________________
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SESSION 6
HOW DID MICROSCOPES GET INVENTED?
More than 400 years ago in Holland, Zacharias Jansenn was in the business of
grinding lenses for eyeglasses.
Some of his lenses made things look bigger. He found that he could put two lenses
together to make things look a LOT bigger.
So, in about 1595, Zacharias built the first microscope. (Micro means small.
Scope means to see).
The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times

larger than they are. This is enough to see the details
of some tiny plants and insects and animals that are
too small to see with just our eyes.If you want to get a
good look at really small things, then you have here,
for example, the dust mite which is hundreds of times
larger than a real dust mite!
(Arent you glad dust mites are so

small you cant see them?)
In the 1600s, another man who lived

in Holland, Anton van Leeuwenhoek (lay-you-wen-hook) began to make
microscopes as a hobby. He was in the business of selling cloth, but he became very
good at making microscopes. His microscopes could magnify an object up to 200
times.
He collected things to look at water and plants and blood and dirt. When he scraped
stuff off of his own teeth, Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to see
bacteria!
People kept finding new way to get bigger and clearer images from microscopes.
Today, a microscope that bends light with lenses can magnify up to 1,500 times!
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But there are microscopes that can do better than that! A microscope that bounces a
beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) of an object can magnify up to
300,000 times! What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than
what we can see with a compound microscope.
And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times!
For example, you can see atoms magnified 45 million times!
For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more
microscopic photographs.
A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE?
There are different types of light microscopes:

1. National model 185. This is the most basic microscope. It has one eyepiece lens
and a single magnification power of 20X. A young person will enjoy ___________
at bugs, sand grains, fabric weaves etc. with this microscope. (look)
2. National model 163. This is an advanced research grade microscope with two
eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a
camera (called a "trinocular head"). (mount)
3. Meiji inverted microscope, model VT-B-2. This is an interesting biological
microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the
stage. Everything seems _________ be upside down! (be)
4. Meiji metallurgical microscope, model ML8000. This microscope has a top light,
for reflected light observations. They are used __________ at opaque samples at
high magnifications. (look)
5. Meiji gemological microscope, model GEMZ-5TR. This stereo uses the same
head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at
gems and minerals. (look)
6. A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________
dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by
___________ the instrument uncovered. (accumulate, leave)
7. Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle
_________ with a clean camelhair brush. (brush)
8. One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong
breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of
saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry. (blow, spray)
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9. While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at
periodic intervals, the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the
instrument. (clean)
10. Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary, as most scratches
and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts
______________ them. (clean)
11. Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the
task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes
damage. (remove)
12. With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily
accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the
front of the microscope. (clean, swing)
13. Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue, without
___________ any solvents. (use, employ)
14. Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be
employed, and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently
__________ contaminated tissues on the objective. (reuse)
15.The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens
should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time. (breath, wipe)
16. Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that
may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas. (apply)
17. Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes. (work)
18. Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned. (be)
19. You should never forget _____________ your microscope. (clean)
20. A first-year medical student cant afford __________ a brand new microscope.
(pay)
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SESSION 7
APPLIED BIONICS
In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation. As a bionic device, it
served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term
treatment.
The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve, a synthetic replacement for
defective heart valves. Today some people have as many as three of these valves.
Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid
the beating of the heart. Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries
need changing.
What is bionics? It a relatively young science, having been defined in about 1960.
Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together, for example,
with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life.
In 1954 a turning point in medical history, resulting from applied bionics was the first
open heart surgery done in Minneapolis, Minnesota, by Dr. C.W,. Lillehei.
Mr. Liliheis techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while
blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor. Today open heart
surgery, using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices, is common in the
United States.
Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have
encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart. Early in 1983, in its first use by a
human patient, a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the
failing heart of Dr. Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump. Clarck, a retired dentist,
was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7.
Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries. The development of tools by
mans ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human
capabilities. Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices
that substitute for, or replace, lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms, legs and
eyes.
Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of
electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices. One interesting research
project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into
light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient.
The future for applied bionics appears to be promising. Existing bionic devices will
become smaller, faster and more effective. The articial heart used for D. Barney
Clarck is only one of experimental replacement devices. It is likely to be joined in the
future by replacements for other internal systems or organs. Bionic livers, stomachs
and lungs are not impossibilities.
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COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE
READING
1.two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the
______________ used to aid the beating of the heart.
2. The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________
3. Dr. Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________
surgery in Menneapolis, Minnesota.
4. In 1983, at the University of _________________ Medical Center , a_______ ___
____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr. Barney Clark.
5. ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or
____________ body parts.
6. An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into
____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient.
TRUE & FALSE
______ The first open heart surgery was done by Dr. barney Clark
______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat
______ Bionics is a relatively new science
______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine
______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams
______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices
______ Dr. Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump.
______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective
______ Today many people have bionic livers, stomachs and lungs.
______ open heart surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934
WORK STUDY
Synonyms
Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A.
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
1. Temporary
a. Hopeful
2. Artificial
b. System
3. Function
c. Explain
4. Solve
d. Power
5. Allow
e. Transient
6. Method
f. Permit
7. Amaze
g. Synthetic
8. Imitate
h. Astonish
9. Promising
i. work
10. capability
j. copy
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FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK
YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE
READING.
Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries. The development
_______ tools _______ mans ancestors is a good example _______- the application
______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities. Modern bionics research is
especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______, or replace,
lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms, legs , and eyes. Recent advances
________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______
electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices. One
interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______
which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________
nerve receptors __________ the patient.
COMPARATIVES
1.
The woman is much __________ her husband. (young)
2.
Its a __________ day _____ yesterday, at the hospital. (warm)
3.
The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the
supermarket. (reliable)
4.
The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Per (expensive)
5.
Geriatrics Program of Dr. Perez is __________ _____ the old one. (long)
6.
Mrs. Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr. Andrews. (good)
7.
His doctors office is __________ _____ Helens. (near)
8.
The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year. (noisy)
9.
Dr. Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have. (busy)
10. Todays exam was _______________ _____ last years exam. (difficult)
11. Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____
drivers in my country. (skilled)
12. Shes __________ _____ her sister. (hard working)
13. Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew. (absent-minded)
14. The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before. (intelligent)
15. Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one. (interesting)
FILL IN THE BLANKS

1. Our hospital ___________ than theirs.
(big)
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2. Im ____________ than my patient.
(strong)
3. Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer.
(frequent)
4. Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in

Britain.
(cheap)
5. Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America.

(expensive)
6. This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday. (tall)
7. This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time. (wet)
8. Your needle is ____________ than Peters. (thin)
9. These paper towels are ___________ than the others. (dark)
10. Melisas stethoscope is ___________ than Leos. (new)
11. The receptionist isnt ____________ than the patient. (short)
12. Keiths wheelchair is __________ than Susannes. (old)
13. Dr. Zambranos cuff is __________ than yours. (cheap)
14. This bandage is __________ than the one he did. (bad)
15. Mr. Zegarra is _____________ than Mr. Daniels. (fat)
MORE COMPARATIVES
1. The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch.
(comfortable)
2. Helens batroom scale is _________________ than Suzans. (accurate)
3. This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)
4. In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)
5. Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)
6. This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)
7. The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department
(clean)
8. Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital
(interesting)
9. Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)
10. Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatis (long)
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SESSION 9
NEONATOLOGY
The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning the first hours after
birth. Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that
treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure. This is
especially true of high risk babies, a term applied to babies that are premature,
underweight, or born with major organic defects . They need immediate, imaginative ,
intensive care and and observation, not only for survival but also to help circumvent
physical problems which may affect the infant for life. Out of this requirement has
developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology, which is concerned with the
first three months of life.
Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn
intensive care units, directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and
techniques devised specifically for tiny patients. One of the greatest aids in these
units is an isolette an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with
portholes for sterile access to the baby. Inside the isolette, sensors placed on the
infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut. The sensor automatically
regulate and record the temperature, humidity, and oxygen in this artificial womb, as
well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant.
In hospital with newborn intensive care units, specialists are ready to use their skills
as the need arises. They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications.
For example, if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of
18 or over the age of 40, is undernourished or obese, has diabetes, heart or kidney
trouble, or Rh negative blood, the neonatologist are advised. The neonatologist often
attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant
into his special care unit. There, within a few minutes, the baby is tested, examined
thoroughly, and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed.
The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity. In some hospital it is not
unusual to find eight or nine preemies (premature infants) in the special care unit at
one time. Dr. David Abramson, pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University
Hospital in Washingtonn, D.C., has treated one preemie that weighted only 0.54
kilos but which survived. Most of his special patients weight between 1.3 and 1.9
kilos.
In addition to the technical advances, the health of the infant depends on an ageless
ingredient-love. Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams. Their job is to
rock, to feed, and fondle the very small patients. In some hospitals there is also the
grandmothers brigade, volunteer women who come into the special care unit to
provide loving care for the tiny patients. Even at this age, doctors find that lack of love
has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies. As the
number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased, the survival rate for
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high risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years
ago to an impressively high 90 percent today. Doctors think that the 90 percent could
be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a
neonatologist.
In some hospital, teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with
portable isolettes which are carried by airplane, helicopter or ambulance. Treatment
is started immediately, much as with adult stroke victims. It is very satisfying to
know, says Dr. Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital, that helping one of
these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years
to healthful, useful life.
Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading
What are high risk babies?
What is the most critical time in the life of a human?
What is neonatology?
What is the importance of isolate in neonatology?
What function do the sensors perform?
What is the most common cause of infant deaths?
Besides technical advances, what else is needed for the health of an infant?
What is the grandmothers brigade? What is their job?
What is the current survival rate for high risk babies? How is it compare with
the rates a few years ago?
10. What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk
babies?
WORD STUDY
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Give the noun form of the following adjectives. Check them up in your dictionary;
some words may have more than one noun form, each with a different meaning:
Examples: humid humidity / Skeletal skeleton
Obese - ______________
Clean - ______________
Critical - _____________
Immediate - __________
Imaginative - _________
TRANSALATE INTO SPANISH

Prematurity - _______________________
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Rough spot- ________________________
TRUE & FALSE
Place + if the sentence is true, O if false, then correct the false sentences to make
them true
____ 1. Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as
small children.
____ 2. The isolette functions as an artificial womb.
____ 3. Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths.
____ 4.High-risk babies need intensive care and observation to help avoid
longlasting physical problems.
____ 5.Preemies is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become
neonatologists.
____ 6. Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed, rock and fondle high-risk
babies.
____ 7. Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible.
____8. The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the U.S.
____ 9. Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and
oxygen supply of an infant.
___10. Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk
babies.
SUPERLATIVES
1. This is __________________ lab coat Ive ever seen. (large)
2. This is ______________ bandage of all the class .(good)
3. These procedures are ____________ of all. (easy)
4. Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all. (soft)
5. This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit. (hard)
6. Your stethoscopes flexible tube is _____________ of the class. (short)
7. This mattress is ________________of the hospital. (heavy)
8. Pauls lab coat is _________________ of the class. (dirty)
9. Your gloves are the _______________ of the group. (clean)
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10. This bunser burner is _______________ of the table. (hot)
11. To operate on a living cell with even the __________, ___________ scalpel would
be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small, sharp).
12. Mr. Zegarra is Dr. Alzamoras _____________ patient. (fat)
13. This is the ________________________ bedpans of all. (brilliant)
14. These residents are __________________________ of the hospital. (intelligent)
15. My auditorium is _________________________ of the city. (comfortable)
16. This test tube is __________________________ of all. (colourful)
17. Dr. Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital. (careful)
18. The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call.
(careless)
19. This is _____________________ wound Ive ever seen. (dangerous)
20. White cells are ___________________ cells in the body. (colourless)
21. In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard
(interesting)
WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES & COMPARATIVES
1.
Dr. Ramos, the ophthalmologist, is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital.
2.
The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class.
3.
This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country.
4.
Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all.
5.
Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents.
6.
Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf.
7.
Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food.
8.
Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones.
9.
This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all.
10. Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand

11. Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones.
12. I wish Id been (adventurous) _____________ than you.
13. Llamass skin is (soft) _______________ than horses.
14. Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are.
http://www.eflnet.com/tutorials/adjcompsup.php
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SESSION 10
ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM
Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that
produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue. Some of these diseases
are infectious and primarily affect younger people. Rheumatic fever, for example, is a
bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers. Rheumatoid arthritis
predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60. However, the most common
rheumatic disease is a noninfectious, noninflammatory degenerative joint disease osteoarthritis. To some degree, it affects nearly all older adults, causing swelling, pain,
and stiffness in joints. Treatment may include heat, exercises, and drugs that reduce
pain and inflammation.
Besides osteoarthritis, many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the
elderly. Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so
that the bones become less dense, more porous, and more brittle) often leads to
fractures, especially of the hipbone. Many conditions conspire to decrease the
sensory perception of the elderly. Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or
a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with
vision. Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age
hearing loss, most severe in the high-pitched tones. The senses of taste and smell
also
deteriorate
in
old
age.
Source: Tiersky, E.M. (1992) The Language of Medicine in English, Englewood Cliffs:
Prentice Hall, pp. 39-44.
Questions
A. Answer True or False to the following statements:
1. Rheumatic fever is a viral infection. ________
2. Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease. __________
3. Elderly people's senses are less acute than when they were younger.________
4. Cataracts are transparent. ________
5. Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense, porous and
brittle.___________
B. Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s):
1. Osteoarthritis is an example of a/an __________________ disease
a) infectious
b) incurable
c) noninfectious
2. A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called
______________
a) rheumatoid arthritis
b) osteoporosis
c) rheumatism
3. As mentioned in this article, sensory perception of the elderly relates to
___________:
a) sight, hearing and touch
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b) taste, smell and hearing
c) hearing, smell, taste and sight
4. ______________ primarily affects younger people, while rheumatoid arthritis
predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60.
a) Rheumatic fever; women
b) Osteoporosis; hearing loss
c) Cataracts; males
DIALOGUE
Feeling Queasy (FIND SYNONYMES FOR QUEASY)
Nurse: Good morning, Mr Adams. How are you doing today?
Patient: Horrible! I can't eat anything! I just feel sick to my stomach. Take the tray
away.
Nurse: That's too bad. I'll just put this over here for now. Have you felt queasy for very
long?
Patient: I woke up during the middle of the night. I couldn't get back to sleep, and now
I feel terrible.
Nurse: Have you been to the toilet? Any diarrhea or vomiting?
Patient: I've been to the toilet twice, but no diarrhea or vomiting. Perhaps, I should
drink something. Can I have a cup of tea?
Nurse: Certainly, I'll get you a cup immediately. Would you like black tea or
peppermint tea?
Patient: Peppermint, please. Do you think I could have another blanket? I'm so cold. I
think I'm getting the chills.
Nurse: Here's an extra blanket. Let me tuck you in.
Patient: You're so sweet. What is your name?
Nurse: My name is Alice. I'll be on shift during the day for the next few days.
Patient: Hello Alice. My name is Jack. Nice to meet you.
Nurse: Let's get you feeling better Jack! Is there anything else I can get for you?
Patient: That's alright. I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help.
Nurse: OK. I'll be back as soon as the tea is ready.
Patient: Thank you.
COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAY/MIGHT CAN/COULD
Paul, John
P: Hey, look at that. What is it?
J: I think its a racing car.
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P: Yeah, it ________ be. Who do you think its by?
J: Mmm, it _________ be a Ferrari, it looks like one. Theres some information there.
What does it say?
P: Err yes, youre right, its by Ferrari.
Dr. Allen, Nurse
Dr. ___________ you help me? (=request)
N:
Of course Dr. What do you need?
Dr. Look! Now Dr. Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today
at evening. You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)
N: _________ I go home now for my clothes, right now? (=permission)
Dr. I'm not sure. You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement.
(=possibility)
EXERCISES: FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY/ MIGHT/ COULD/CAN
1. _________you please pass me the syringe over there?
2. When Dr. Alven was young he___________ operate all night long.
3. __________ speak German?
4. You _________ at least come with us to Anatomys Room, dont you think?
5. He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance.
6. In Vertello clinic, patients___________ now check their personal information by
computer.
7. Nowadays, people ________ travel very easily all over Europe
8. ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon?
9. I dont know yet. but I_________ come with you after all.
10. Children ________ enter with toys to the doctors office.
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH SHOULD OR SHOULDNT
1. You _________ speak English in class as much as possible.
2. Your father __________ smoke in bed, because the smoke stays in the environment when
he falls asleep.
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3. John ____________ buy things he doesnt eat.
4. We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients
5. You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program.
6. You ____________ have an exercise routine.
7. Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier.
8. A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky.
GIVING ADVICE
1. Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood.
2. Your friend wants to stop smoking.
3. In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages.
4. Johny usually suffers from headaches..
5. Lesly cant read well the medicine insert.
6. Mary felt a bump in her right breast.
SHOULD
Match with the correct answer
1. A bad headache
a. Drink some orange juice
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2. a sore throat
b.Take some aspirin
3. a backache
c. get some medicine from the drugstore
4. a cough
d.Take some vitamin C
5. a toothache
e. Dont lift anything heavy
6. a fever
f. See the doctor
7. a burn
g. Go to bed and rest
8. the flu
h. See the dentist

i. Dont exercise
j. Drink lots of liquids
k. Put some lotion on it
l. Dont drink a lot of coffee
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SESSION 11
VITAMINS
Vitamins are organic substances the body needs. It cannot make vitamins, and no
single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs. As a result, the body must
get its vitamins from a variety of foods.
Needed only in a very small amounts, vitamins perform many complex functions.
They help to regulate the body processes, promote growth, and aid in the general
upkeep of the body. When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin, the
condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease.
Vitamins are divided into two major groups. Vitamins A,D, E and K are called the fatsoluble vitamins. These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body.
Vitamins that dissolve in water, called water-soluble, are not stored in the body. As a
result, the body uses only as much of them as it needs, and it excretes the excess in
the urine. The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins, such
as riboflavin.
Each vitamin has specific jobs. If you have low levels of certain vitamins, you may
develop a deficiency disease. For example, if you don't get enough vitamin D, you
could develop rickets. Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems. Vitamin A
prevents night blindness.
The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods.
In some cases, you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health.
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HOMEWORK
1. Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)
2. Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers.
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MUST
Match with the correct answer
1.Hes broken his leg
a. It must be the nurses
2.The Hospital is huge
b. You must be very tired
3.Youve had a long day
c. He must be in terrible pain
4.I cant find my stethoscope
d. It must be worth a fortune
5.Whose is this uniform?
e. It must be here somewhere
6.We mustnt make so much noise
f. I have a lot of other things to do
7.I mustnt wait anymore time on this
g. Its confidential for the moment
8.You mustnt tell him the result
h. Well wake up the patients
9.I have to operate this evening
i. Health and safety regulations
10.Everyone has to wear safety shoes
in
j. So, I cant come with you
here
Fill in the blanks with : should, shouldn't, should have, shouldn't have , don't
have to, doesn't have to, must, mustn't, must have.
1.We _____________ hurry home. I think it would be better and safer.
2. We ___________brought an umbrella. We could have walked in the rain.

3. We ___________ stand under a tree. Its too dangerous.
4. We ___________ pay very much. I think 5 dollars will be enough.
5. He ___________studied a lot today.
6. He ___________ rest a little before supper. It would do him good.
7. He __________ study so hard, he knows his lessons very well
8. You __________ got up so late.
9. You __________take a bus, Ill drive you to school.
10.You __________ go to bed earlier at night. You'd feel more relaxed in the
morning
HAVE TO/MUST (affirmative & negative)

1. If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor
2. In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform
3. You ____________ to work on holidays.
4. We have a lot of work tomorrow. You ___________ be late
5. You ____________ tell anyone what Ive just told you. Its a secret.
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6. During the week, the entrance to the museums is free, you ________ pay to
get in.
7. John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work.
8. I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me.
9. You ________________smoke inside the faculty.
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS
1. If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms, you ________ schedule an
appointment to be examined by your doctor. (advice)
2. Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life
threatening such as respiratory failure. (possibility)
3. Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza
virus, pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)
4. Related abnormalities, including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression,
_________be treated when they cause problems. (advice)
SESSION 12
PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY
Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health
care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has
given specific permission for such release.
Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal
problems, patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private. It is
rare for medical records to remain completely sealed, however. The most benign
breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as
case studies.
When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never
divulged, and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed. If this confidentiality
is breached in any way, patients may have the right to sue.
The greatest threat to medical privacy, however, occurs because most medical bills
are paid by some form of health insurance, either private or public. This makes it
difficult, if not impossible, to keep information truly confidential. Health records are
routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs, but by the employees of
insurance companies, medical laboratories, public health departments, researchers,
and many others. If an employer provides health insurance, the employer and
designated employees may have access to employee files.
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all
professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers.
Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or healthrelated information. Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality.
Similar policies have been in place for some time. This was a requirement of the Joint
Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain
accreditation. All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can
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be released, the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information,
and limit the length of time for which the release is valid.
CONDITIONAL 1
'IF' CLAUSE (CONDITION)
MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present
If it rains
If you don't hurry
Simple future
you will get wet
we will miss the train.
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1.
In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I, we use ________________.
2.
In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I, we use

_________________.
3.
If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos, we ____________the

Director, Dr. Cirato
4.
If the drugstore ____________open, I _____________an aspirin. (be, buy)
5.
If she _____________the bus, she _______________here on time. (mis,get)
6.
If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter, you (have) ______________a

cold.
7.
If she (need) ___________a kidney, her brother (give) ____________her one of

his kidneys.
8.
If we (have / not) _____________time this afternoon, we (meet)

_____________tomorrow.
9.
He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want / not) ____________to

do it.
10.
You (get / not) _____________the certificate if you (study / not)

___________the course.
CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1.
If a kid ________ into the lab, he ________ with all the devices.
A.
gets / will play
B. will get / plays
2.
You ________ better if you buy your new glasses.

A.
are able to see
B. will be able to see
3.
You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat.

A.
will get
B. get
4.
She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon.

A.
will look
B. looks
5.
If you don't put so much sugar in your coffee, you _______ so much weight!
don't put on
B. won't put on
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SESSION 13
YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN
Poor posture, injuries, arthritis, stress these may take aim at your neck, cause pain
and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy. Your doctor can help you manage
your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits, you can help
improve the health of your neck.
Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems
If you have a neck problem, it may have been caused several ways. You may have
strained your neck during repeated movements. You may have had an injury, such as
a fall. Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely. If
your neck is damaged, you may feel pain, stiffness, or numbness. You may also
experience symptoms, such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders, or pain in
other parts of your body, such as your arms
Treatment can relieve your symptoms
If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life, you may be able to get relief
with the help of your doctor. First, get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck
so you can better understand your neck problem. Second, follow your doctors
recommendations, including physical therapy, to help you heal. Finally, protect your
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neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage
situations that may be contributing to your neck problem.
Your Medical Evaluation
Before treatment can be recommended, your doctor will need to find out more about
your neck problem. Your evaluation will consist of a medical history, a physical exam
and possibly some diagnostic tests. After making a diagnosis, your physician will
decide on the best treatment for you.
A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms.
You may be
asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical
conditions. You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck
problem.
Physical exam
You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the
cause of your symptoms. You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its
range of motion. You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve
damage
Diagnostic tests
Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck, myelograms show areas of pressure on
nerves and the spinal cord. Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft
tissue and bones. EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck.
Working together toward relief
Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and
other symptoms. Your doctor will guide your treatment, but because most of the
treatment involves self-care, youre in charge of how you heal. Your doctor may also
recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct
ways of moving. If nonsurgical care doesnt help, surgery may be necessary.
When you have an unhealthy neck, its often hard to determine how the problem
developed. The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but
sometimes the symptoms, such as muscle tension, may make you more susceptible
to having a neck injury, such as a strain. No matter how your neck became unhealthy,
you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit
your ability to move.
COMMON NECK PROBLEMS
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Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck. The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen), and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident, a sports injury, or a fall. If
so, the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched, causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles.
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough, an injury or misuse of

your neck, The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening, putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve.
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out), causing
arthritis. Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin.
Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae.
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Form a conditional sentence.
1. If doctors _________(sleep) enough, they_____________(have) better performance.
2. If the sun_____________(shine), we__________(walk) to town.
3. If he___________(have) a temperature, he______________(see) the doctor.
4.If my friends __________(come), I ___________(be) very happy.
5. If she____________(earn) a lot of money, she_________(fly) to New York.
6. If we___________(travel) to London, we____________(visit) the museums.
7. If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains, you___________(slip)on the rocks.
8. If Rita___________( forget) her homework, the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark.
9. If they_____________(go) to the disco, they_________(listen)to loud music.
10. If you_____________(wait) a minute, I ____________(ask) my parents.
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Some friends are planning a party. Everybody wants to party, nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party. So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something.
1. If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad, Phil_______________the house.
2. If Sue ____________the onions for the salad, Caroline__________the mushrooms
3. Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture
4. If Bob_____________up the kitchen, Anita __________the toilet.
5. Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles
6. If Alan and Rebeca______________the food, Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches
7. If Bob ___________after the barbecue, Sue_________the guest in
8. Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs
9. Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes.
10. If they all_____________their best, the party______________great
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION)
If I had such a pain in the neck,
MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
I would go to the doctor
1. If I were not a doctor myself, I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably, feel).
2. If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis, varicella,
pertusis, poliomyelitis and tetanus, they ______________ suffer a lot.(vaccinate)
3. If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases, doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become, be)
4. If fracture _________ in good position, the treatment __________ easy. (be, be)
5. Only a cast ________ required if the fracture ______ simple. (be, be)
6. If you _________sick, you ___________ stay in bed (feel, must)
7. If you ___________ too much, you ____________drunk (drink, get)
8. If Helen _________ C section, they ___________ to start saving money.(consider, need)
9. If your heart stopped beating, _______________________________________________
10. If you suffered of incontinence, ______________________________________________
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11. If Doris needed to lose weight, _____________________________________________
12. If Dad drank a lot of water, _______________________________________________
COMBINED CONDITIONALS
13. Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14. Dont eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15. If your cholesterol is high, _________________________________________________
16. Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17. Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18. She mustnt study if _______________________________________________________
19. They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20. Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21. If everyone _______no,no,no, who _______________?(say,decide)
22. If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter, you
can _________ to the pharmacist in a quiet area away from other customers.(feel
negative, speak)
23. If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family, ___________
despair
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SESSION 14
Beverly Hills Plastic Surgery and

the Path of an Unlikely Artist
Over 20 years ago, a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy, impulsive idea from an Ebony
Magazine article he had read. It was a story about Black plastic surgeons. And Griffin, ever the
studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmother's McCall's
sewing kits, reached for his parents' phone.
Far off in California, a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business. Hicks
possesses the thoughtful look of a professional who had
paid his dues by finding his own way in medical school
and later treating gunshot wounds in Compton as an
intern. It was the early 1980's and African Americans
like Hicks were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color. The
problem for Hicks, was that often there was no one else
in his shoes who could offer advice. Ebony Magazine
had come by asking him questions about what it was
like to be one of the few black plastic surgeons. Later,
Hicks saw his name featured in the follow-up article.
Hicks picked up the phone. It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice.
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a career
in plastic surgery. I spoke with the young man and he
asked me plenty of questions about being the only
African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time), recalled Hicks. I took the call
because as a young person, I often wished I had someone to offer me advice.
For his part, 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic surgeon on
the line.
Here I was, a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read about. And
he took my call! marveled Griffin one recent afternoon in his Beverly Hills office.
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call, a teen impulse condensed into idea
that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctors lab coat.
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School, as well as
the streets of Lima, Peru and the African countryside. It would wind through downtown Beverly
Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood studio out to millions of
television viewers around the world.
Doctor Anthony Griffin, plastic surgeon to the stars, medical mission worker, and cast member
of ABC TVs Extreme Makeover, looks back in wonder.
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Reported Speech
If we report what another person has said, we usually do not use the speakers exact words
(direct speech), but reported (indirect) speech. Therefore, you need to learn how to transform
direct speech into reported speech.
We use a 'reporting verb' like 'say' or 'tell'. We just put 'she says' and then the sentence:
Direct speech: I like to work in this Hospital
Reported speech: She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We don't need to change the tense, though probably we do need to change the 'person' from 'I'
to 'she', for example. We also may need to change words like 'my' and 'your'
When transforming statements, check whether you have to change:
pronouns
present tense verbs (3rd person singular)
place and time expressions
tenses (backshift)
Tense
Direct Speech
Reported Speech
present simple
I like ice cream
She said (that) she liked ice cream.
present
continuous
I am living in London
She said she was living in London.
past simple
I bought a car
She said she had bought a car OR She said she

bought a car.
past continuous
I was walking along the

She said she had been walking along the street.
street
present perfect
I havent seen Julie
She said she hadnt seen Julie.
past perfect*
I had taken English

lessons before
She said she had taken English lessons before.
will
Ill see you later
She said she would see me later.
would*
I would help, but..
She said she would help but...
can
I can speak perfect

English
She said she could speak perfect English.
could*
I could swim when I

was four
She said she could swim when she was four.
shall
I shall come later
She said she would come later.
should*
I should call my
mother
She said she should call her mother
might*
"I might be late"
She said she might be late
must
"I must study at the

weekend"
She said she must study at the weekend OR She

said she had to study at the weekend
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* doesnt change
QUESTIONS.
note that you have to:
transform the question into an indirect question
use the interrogative or if / whether
Type
with interrogative
Example
direct speech
Why dont you speak English?
reported speech He asked me why I didnt speak English.

without interrogative direct speech
Do you speak English?
reported speech He asked me whether / if I spoke English.

Exercises:
1. I spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being the only
African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the time), recalled
Hicks.
2. I took the call because as a young person, I often wished I had someone to offer me
advice
3. Here I was, a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about. And he took my call! marveled Griffin
4. Nowadays, I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to America
5. I spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to home, Griffin states.
6. About 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Im booked a year in
advance.
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7. Some of those early months I found myself $50,000 in debt but I never worried about
marketing myself. I only worried about doing the best job I could for each individual I
was treating,
8. Even as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon, Im less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artist, he says.
9. The first child from Kenya, after we were done with him, his mother didnt recognize
him,
10. With a patient in the operating room, its your vision and your eye. I still strive to retain
that artists eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to be able
to tell when the artwork is done.
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a

good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general
conversation; or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself.
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use.
Idioms
1. To be on the mend. (She's out of the hospital and on the mend).
2. Out cold. (I hate injections. Last time I had one I was out cold for ages).
3. To feel on top of the world. (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor).
4. Splitting headache. (Ive got a splitting headache, Im going to go and lie down.
5. A flare up. (That rash on my arm has flared up again).
6. Throw up. (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant).
7. To run some tests. (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong).
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8. To feel under the weather. (I've been feeling under the weather since last Tuesday).
What's the correct definition for each idiom below?
1. To be on the mend.
To vomit
To be getting better
2. Out cold.
Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health
3. To feel on top of the world.
To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well
4. Splitting headache.
To have a terrible headache

To be getting better
5. A flare up.
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

6. Throw up.
To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit
7. To run some tests.
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To feel extremely well
8. To feel under the weather.
To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing
Now lets learn more Idioms.
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle.
black-and-blue
- bruised, showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs.
black out
- to lose consciousness, to faint, to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player.
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech.
breathe one's last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness.
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from working
too hard
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After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out.
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month.
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems.
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES:
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1.
get (something) out of one's system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2.
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3.
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness, to cure someone
4.
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5.
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6.
rub salt in (someone's) wound
- to deliberately make someone's unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
FMH-USMP
7.
out of sorts
- not feeling well, in a bad mood
8.
SUFFIXES
-ac, -al, -ic
-ar, -ial, -ary
-ous, -tic. -eal
-agra
-al
-algia
-apheresis
-ar
-ary
-ase
-asthenia
-ate
-atresia
-blast
-capnia
-cele
-centesis
-cidal
clasia
clasis
-clast
-cle, -cule, -ole
-ola, -ule, -ulum
-ulus
-clysis
-coccus (pl.
cocci)
-crine
-crit
-cyte
-desis
-drome
-dynia
-eal
-ectasis
-ectomy
-ectopia
-ectopic
-emesis
-emia
-emisis
-ent, -er,
pertaining to, related to, located in
excessive pain
pertaining to
Pain (neur-)
removal
Pertaining to
pertaining to
Enzyme: (alkaline phosphat-, reverse transcript-)
weakness
use, subject to
absence of a normal body opening; occlusion; closure
(early stage of a (cytotropho-)
carbon dioxide
hernia; protrusion
Surgical puncture to aspirate fluid: (amnio-, arthro-)
Killing: (sui-)
break
break
Broken: (osteo-)
small
irrigating; washing
berryshaped ( a form of bacterium)
separate; secrete
To separate: (hemato-)
Cell: (oo-, spermato-, hepato-)
surgical fixation; fusion
run; running
pain
Pertaining to
stretching out; dilatation; expansion
Excision or surgical removal: (hyster-, laryng-, maste-)
displacement
displacement
vomiting
Blood condition: (an-, septic-, leuk-)
Vomiting
person or agent
FMH-USMP
-ist, -or
-er
-esis
-esis, -ia, -a
-ism, -ity, -y
-osis, -tion, -sis
-iasis, -sia
-form, -oid
-gen
-genesis
-genic
-glia
-gram
-graph
-graphy
-ia
-iac
-ial
-iasis
-iatry
-ible, -ile
-ic
-ician
-ictal
-ism
-ist, -ologist
-ites, -itis
-itia
-itis
-ium
-ize
l-epsy
-logy
-lysis
-lyte
-lytic
-ma, -mat
malacia
-mania
-megaly
-meter
-metry
-morph
-odia
-odynia
-oid
-ologist
-ology
one who
condition
state or condition, disease
resembling, shaped like

Substances or agent that produces or causes: (patho-, anti)
Origin or cause: (patho-, partheno-, spermato-)
Producing or causing (patho-)
Glue: (neuro-, Basal gan-)
Something written, record; x-ray film: (angio-, audio-,
electrocardio-, mammo-)
instrument used to record
process of recording; xray filming
Condition of diseased or abnormal state: (leukem-,
acrophob-)
person afflicted with
pertaining to
condition
physician; treatment
capable, able
Pertaining to
one who
seizure; attack
State of: (albin-, alcohol-, aut-, embol-)
a specialist in
inflammation
Inflammation (NOT -itis)
Inflammation: (tendon-, gingiv-, conjunctiv-, appendic-)
membrane
use, subject to
seizure
Study of: (physio-)
loosening; dissolution; separating
Dissolvable: (electro-)
Destroy or reduce: (hemo-, toco-)
disease, condition
softening
Madness or insane desire: (Leish-)
Enlargement: (acro-, hepato-)
Instrument used to measure: (thermo-, centi-)
measurement
form; shape
Smell
pain
resembling
One who studies and practices(specialist): (path-,
anesthesi-, hemat-)
study of
FMH-USMP
-oma
-oorhagia
-opia
-opsy
orrhaphy
-orrhea
-orrhexis
-oscopy
-osis
-ostomy
-otomy
-ous
-oxia
-paresis
-pathy
-pena
-penia
-pepsia
-pexy
-phagia
-philia
-phily
-phobia
-phonia
-phoria
-physis
-plasia
-plasm
-plasty
-plegia
-pnea
-poiesis
-porosis
-prandial
-praxia
-ptosis
-ptysis
-rrhage, -rrhagia
-rrhaphy
-rrhea
-rrhexis
-salpinx
-sarcoma
-schisis
-sclerosis
-scope
-scopic
-scopy
Tumor or swelling: (glauc-, carcin-, lymph-, melan-)

rapid flow of blood
Vision(condition): (my-, presby-)
To view: (bi-, aut-, necr-)
suturing; repairing
Flow excessive discharge: (amen-, gon-)
Rupture
Tumor (laparos-)
Abnormal increase in production(means increased when
used with blood cell word roots): (leukocyt-, thromb-,
endometri-)
Creation of an artificial opening: (trache-, coloCut into or incision: (crani-, episi-, phleb-)
pertaining to
Oxygen: (an-, hyp-)
slight paralysis
Disease: (homeo-, myo-)
Rebuilding or restoring (apnea)
abnormal reduction in number
digestion
surgical fixation; suspension
eating; swallowing
love
love
abnormal fear of or aversion to specific objects or
things
sound or voice
feeling
growth
formation; development; a growth
growth; substance; formation
plastic or surgical repair(rhino-)
Paralysis
breathing
formation
passage
meal
in front of; before
dropping; sagging; prolapse
spitting
excessive flow
suturing in place
flow or discharge
rupture
fallopian tube
malignant tumor
split; fissure
Hardening: (arterio-, nephro-, MS)
Instrument used for visual examination: (broncho-,
sigmoido-, oto-)
visual examination
Visual examination: (sigmoido-, broncho-, colono-)
FMH-USMP
-sepsis
-sis
-spasm
-stalsis
-stasis
-stenosis
-thorax
-tocia
-tome
-tomy
-tripsy
-trophy
-tropic
-ule
-uria
Infection: (neonatal -)
state of
Sudden involuntary muscle contraction: (broncho-)
contraction
Control or stop: (hemo-, homeo-)
constriction; narrowing
chest
birth; labor
instrument used to cut
Cutting: (ana-, hysterect-, appendec-)
surgical crushing
nourishment
Influencing: (adrenocortico-)
little
urine; urination (glycos-)

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FMH-USMP

DEPARTAMENTO ACADMICO DE CIENCIAS BSICAS

FACULTAD DE MEDICINA HUMANA

Gua de Ingls Bsico II

Lic. Geraldina Vallejos

II. PUT THE WORDS IN THE CORRECT ORDER

IV. MAKE ONE SENTENCE USING WHO, WHICH, WHERE, WHOSE

Basic Future Tenses

To Make a future prediction based

STRUCTURE: Subject + will + verb

EXAMPLE: The boy will get better soon.

EXAMPLE: I am going to attend the

In accordance with the Health Ministry plan, this sector ________________

You can use the following ideas:

1.Once I finish the second year.

Much of the medical terminology we use today is attributed to Hippocrates, who is

Medical terminology was created to identify the various anatomical structures,

______________ endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis

______________ Bradycardia (rate<60) tachycardia (rate>100)

______________ Angiography, angiogram (X-ray of artery)

_____________ Venogram (X-ray of veins), phlebitis

5. Hem/o, hemato ( ) _____________ hemoglobin

____________ microstomia (abnormally small mouth)

_____________ megacolon (abnormally large colon)

___________Cholecystitis, cholecystectomy (inflammation of,

____________Hepatitis (inflammation of), hepatoma (tumor of)

____________Homeostasis (to stop bleeding)

____________Erythrocytes, leucocytes (red, white blood cells)

____________________ by which skin turns

to make a permanent ______________ in colon.

_________________ of gall stones.

11. A physician who specializes in diagnosis of diseases of the heart is called

Medscape Medical News

SECOND-GENERATION CT REDUCES ANGIOGRAPHY RADIATION

SECOND GENERATION CT SCANNER

FIRST GENERATION CT SCANNER

A new, second-generation computed tomography (CT) scanner provides excellent

The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times

(Arent you glad dust mites are so

In the 1600s, another man who lived

There are different types of light microscopes:

The woman is much __________ her husband. (young)

Its a __________ day _____ yesterday, at the hospital. (warm)

The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Per (expensive)

Mrs. Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr. Andrews. (good)

His doctors office is __________ _____ Helens. (near)

The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year. (noisy)

Dr. Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have. (busy)

FILL IN THE BLANKS

2. Im ____________ than my patient.

3. Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer.

4. Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in

5. Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America.

TRANSALATE INTO SPANISH

Dr. Ramos, the ophthalmologist, is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital.

The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class.

This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country.

Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all.

Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents.

Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf.

Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food.

This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all.

10. Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand

Its a ______ day _ yesterday, at the hospital. (warm)

The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is ______ _ in Per (expensive)

Mrs. Jones is a ______ teacher Mr. Andrews. (good)

His doctors office is ______ _ Helens. (near)

Dr. Lizbeth Schader has a ______ life _ I have. (busy)

If we _ to the new Hospital in Iquitos, we __the

If the drugstore open, I _an aspirin. (be, buy)

If she _the bus, she ___here on time. (mis,get)

If you (eat) _ice-cream in winter, you (have) ____a

If she (need) _a kidney, her brother (give) __her one of

He (talk) to the pediatrician if you (want / not) to