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General Comments:

1) Plot the 'mission profile' that describes your mission and translate some or all of your
requirements into the performance requirements on various flight segments of this mission profile.
2) Make 'trend plots' using the data of similar aircraft (as Prof. Jayasimha demonstrated in the class
using data collected by Group 1) and see where your proposed aircraft falls on those plots.
3) Read comments on all the groups as comments made earlier will not be repeated but will be
relevant to you too.

Group 1:
Requirements specified:
Range
Endurance
Payload
Maximum T/O Weight
Empty Weight
Fuel Weight
Engine Type
T/O and Landing distance
Cruise Speed
Geometry
Overall length
Overall height
Wingspan
Aspect ratio

5000km
5.9 hours
30,000kg
200,000kg
80,000kg
90,000kg
Turbofan
<1000m
0.8M
60m
15m
55m
9-10

Comments:
1) You said you require range to be 5000 km so that you can cover from one end of the country to
other. If the aircraft is to be used for relief operations, the typical operational strategy would be to
operate from a base which most probably would be somewhere in the central region. In that case,
your range requirement would be just half. If case of large cargo transport, what is the harm in
halting in between for a refuel? Justify your range requirement.
2) What do you mean by endurance? Recall that endurance is not range/cruise speed. The speeds at
which an aircraft has to fly to get maximum range and maximum endurance are different. So, why
do you think that your aircraft require an endurance of 5.9 hours?
3) Why do you have a requirement of maximum take-off weight? If make sense for a small UAV
which is indented to be hand-launched to have a cap on maximum take-off weight (if you cannot lift
it, you cannot throw it!). Similarly, the empty and fuel weights too. This is probably the way you
should look at it: You have other requirements like range, payload capability, take-off and landing
run limitations, etc. These requirements (numbers) through the design process will take form a
shape (that may look like an aircraft) which has a weight due to its structure (empty weight). Based
on other requirements like range, you will be able to compute the amount of fuel that your aircraft
needs to carry to successfully complete its specified mission (fuel weight). And, when you add up
all these weights and the payload weight (and weight of crew), you get your maximum take-off
weight. Therefore, unless there is a dire necessity, weights should outcome of the design rather than
requirement!
4) Justify the choice of engine type, and the altitude chosen for cruise.
5) Check the seemingly unrealistic take-off/landing length requirement.
6) Similar to the above comment on weight, the shape of the aircraft (wingspan, aspect ration, etc.)
should be outcome of design rather than requirement. The dimension that can be part of the
requirement is the size of the cargo that you are required to carry the airplane designed to carry a
military tank cannot have a width smaller than the width of the tank itself!

Group 2:
Requirements specified:
Service ceiling : 25,000 m
Payload weight : 2000 kg
Range : 10,000 km
Endurance : 7 hr
Maximum speed : Mach 4
Crew : 2
Comments:
1) Most of the requirements look very ambitious. So, make 'trend plots' using data collected about
similar aircraft and project your requirement on to it to make sure that you are not being unrealistic.
2) Any other requirements like stealth?

Group3:
Requirements specified:
Range: 2700 km
Altitude: 15 km
Payload: 4000 kg
Max speed: Mach 1.5
Armaments: Gunpoints: 1
Hardpoints:4
Comments:
1) Understand the difference between payload and warload.
2) Distinguish between armaments and hardpoints (hardpoints are structurally strengthened
locations on the wing/fuselage where one can carry bombs, additional fuel tanks, ). Give a clear
requirement on the weight of weapons and other stores the aircraft is expected to carry.
3) Decide whether you want to go for VTOL or STOVL (take-off strategy and the baseline
configuration can be totally different depending on what you choose).
4) Any other requirements like stealth, internal weapon bay, ?

Group 4:
Requirements specified:
Payload: 16,000 kg (110 passengers + 10 crew)
Cruise speed: Mach 2
Range: 8000 km
Service ceiling: 17 km
Endurance: 5 hours
Comments:
1) Show how 100 passengers + 10 crew translate to 16000 kg.
2) Justify the range requirement of 8000 km. Identify potential operational routes.
3) Justify the choice of service ceiling.
4) Endurance?
5) How do you plan to deal with high noise levels created near airport?

Group 5:
Requirements specified:
Range: 18000 km
Capacity: 500 passengers in a 3-class configuration
Cruise Speed: 1000 km/h
Wing span: < 70m
Fuel efficiency: 2.5 liters per seat per 100km for a 11000 km flight
Comments:
1) For the specified range, identify the possible routes and potential airline customers to whom you
can sell your aircraft.
2) Having specified the cruise speed in km/h, you also have to specify the cruise altitude which
determines the cruise Mach number. Justify the choice of 1000 km/h as cruise speed.
3) Regarding wingspan limitation, which airports are you targeting? Such airports may also have
shorter runways? Additional requirements need to be added?
4) Comment on how do you plan to achieve the specified fuel efficiency?

Group 6:
Requirements specified:
Cruise Altitude : 50 meters
Payload weight : 300 grams
Endurance : 20 min
Range : 6 kilometers
Comments:
1) Quantitatively justify why cruise altitude should be 50 m for your mission.
2) If you are not on a 'let my aircraft be lost' attitude, then for your mission, the range is that
distance the aircraft can go, perform surveillance for specified time, and come back and land before
the battery drains out. Drawing the right mission profile for your mission will make this clear.
Flying until the battery lasts is what hobby fliers do! In design, given how long the vehicle is
expected to fly, we calculate the size/number of batteries to be carried that will give this endurance
(like the fuel weight calculation for large aircraft).

Group 7:
Requirements specified:
Range: 1.5 2 km
Vertical take-off
Delta wingspan
Comments:
1) Be specific in stating the range requirement 25% bracket (0.5 km of 2 km) is not acceptable.
2) Reasons given for vertical take-off requirements need to be thought over again: 'Reduction in
weight because landing gear is not there'! What about addition of weight due to the requirement of a
larger engine (with T/W>1 as against T/W~0.3)? Is cost reduced then? Does a small increase in
drag matter for the kind of range and flight time that you have?
3) Look at the disadvantages of delta wings find out why delta wings are not used in low speed
aircraft. Justify why do your mission require your aircraft to have high maneuverability and
experience high angles of attack.
4) Don't you want to have some requirement on glide/descend for the last phase of your mission?
5) What is your trajectory plan for your mission?
6) How do you plan to achieve autonomy? Or, are you assuming that there already exist such
'devices' that can be bought off-the-shelf and put in your aircraft?

Group 8:
Requirements specified:
Platform: Quadrotor
Payload: 500 grams
Total weight: 2 to 2.5 Kg (including payload)
Altitude - 1000 meters (max) - limited by the transmitter range , 300 meters - limited by the camera
transmitter , 150 meters (cap) - Safe visible altitude if camera is not uses
Payload to weight ratio: 0.2 to 0.25 (20% - 25%)
Endurance: 20 minutes
Range: 300 meters
Comments:
1) Why choose a slow platform like quadrotor, which is susceptible to being shot down by the
enemy, for this mission? How is quadrotor's yaw, pitch, and roll being decoupled beneficial for your
mission?
2) Does each grenade weigh only 150 g?
3) Why is there a requirement on the total weight?
4) Altitude requirement should arise from 'safe height to fly', 'optimal height to drop grenade from',

5) Why is there a requirement on 'payload to weight' ratio? Why keeping this at the specified value
is beneficial for your mission?
6) Why do you require an endurance of 20 minutes? Show which flight segment in your mission
profile require this.

Group 9:
Requirements specified:
Altitude: 200 m
Range: 3000 m
Endurance: 30 min
Payload: 500 g
Maximum Velocity: 30 m/sec
Cruise Velocity: 20 m/sec
Launching System: Ground Launch
Comments:
1) Justify the choice of altitude for your mission.
2) Why is there a requirement on cruise velocity? Elaborate on your plan for area coverage what
kind of path will the aircraft take while monitoring the area?
3) If you are planning to monitor a forest-like area, then there may not be enough space and/or
amenable runway for take-off and landing. So, would you like to place some requirements on takeoff and landing distances?

Group 10:
Requirements specified:
Operating Altitude: Upto 100 ft
Payload Weight Nil
Endurance 15 mins
T/O & Landing Mechanism Tricycle, Non-Retractable
T/O Weight - 2 2.5 Kg
Engine Single, Battery Powered, Propeller
Comments:
1) Justify operational altitude
2) Why limit on take-off weight?
3) Why single engine?
4) Designing an aerobatic aircraft, there should be requirements on its maneuver capabilities like
maximum g it can pull or minimum radius of turn. Add any other maneuvers that you expect your
aircraft to perform and the corresponding requirements.

Group 11:
Requirements specified:
Payload (Camera)
- 150-200grams
Altitude
- 50m:
Duration
- 20min
Range
- 400-500m radius
Take off weight
- 3.5-5Kgs
Fuel weight
- Nil
Engine type/size
- Tractor type propeller
Battery
-10 - 12V/1500mAh
Landing gear - Tricycle non-retractable
Endurance
- 15-20min
Take off run - 20-30m
Landing run - 15-20m
Wing Geometry
- Straight wing , Cambered airfoil
Fuselage
-Rectangular
Comments:
1) Rather than specifying a range of values for requirements, specify a particular value (if you are
specifying a range of values, then justify the need for that).
2) Why altitude of 50 m? Justify this quantitatively.
3) Why tractor type?
4) You may want to decide on the battery later?
5) Distinguish between 'duration' and 'endurance'.
6) What do you mean by 'straight wing'? Whatever it is, justify your choice.
7) Why rectangular fuselage? If you are going for a rectangular fuselage, and if your mission or
payload does not necessarily require it to be that way, then you will have to do that additional work
of estimating the drag of rectangular as well as other fuselage shapes to quantitatively justify that
choice later when you are doing the drag estimation.

Group 12:
Requirements specified:
None!
Comments:
1) Do bother to give some requirements so that we can go ahead trying to design something that
will satisfy those requirements!
2) There are certain features that a trainer aircraft should have flying time, speed, stability
requirements, handling qualities, Quantify these requirements!

Group 13:
Requirements specified:
Altitude : 100m
Range : 1000m radius
Endurance: 20 Min approx
Payload Weight : < 100gms
Slow Speed
Landing Gear : Non Retractable Tricycle Type
Single Puller Propeller Type
Conventional Take Off / Landing Type
Straight Wing
Comments:
1) Justify altitude requirements
2) Justify the requirement of payload weighing less than 100 g.
3) Quantify slow speed and justify it.
4) Justifications for deciding on tractor configuration and single engine?

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