Jiang 1

Annotated Bibliography
Secondary Sources
"All Empires: Online History Community." All Empires: Online History Community. N.p., n.d.
Web. 01 Feb. 2015.
This site gave me a picture of the civil service exams.
"Archaeology News on Human Origins, Ancient Places and Mysterious Phenomena." Ancient
Origins. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Feb. 2015.
Gave me a picture of the power of both of these ancient armies as they duel with each
other.
An artists rendering of what a Xiongnu army would look like was found from this site.
Chun Chang et al. Han Dynasty. gallery.sjsu.edu/. n.p. n.d. Web. 22 October 2014.
This website gave me a quick summary of what happened during the Han Dynasty, from
the Records of the Grand Historian to the eventual downfall of the Han rulers.
"CNS News." CNS News. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Feb. 2015.
Picture of the Preamble to the Constitution.
Dowling, Mike. "The Silk Road ". www.mrdowling.com. n.p. 4 August 2014. Web. 11 November
2014.
This webpage gave me information about the Silk Road and its history, including how
Han Wudi began the establishment of this web of routes.

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Dull, Jack L. Han Wudi. Britannica.com. Britannica, 20 February 2014. Web. 16 September
2014.
This secondary article gave me background information on Han Wudi and what he did for
the Chinese.
Emperor Wu: Confucian Sage or Legalist Tyrant? http://bhoffert.faculty.noctrl.edu: n.d. n.p.
Web. 15 October 15, 2014.
This website showed what Emperor Wu did to the schools of ancient China, like Daoism
and Legalism.
"Fanpop - Fan Clubs for Everything. What Are You a Fan Of?" Fanpop - Fan Clubs for
Everything. What Are You a Fan Of? N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Feb. 2015.
Picture of Yin (shade) and Yang (light). Confucianism placed more value in Yang than in
Yin.
"Goodreads." Goodreads. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Feb. 2015.
This site gave the cover of the book Records of the Grand Historian of China.
Graff, David A. "Han Wu-ti." The Reader's Companion to Military History. Ed. Robert Cowley
and Geoffrey Parker. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1996. General OneFile. Web. 5 Nov.
2014.
This quick and brief article sums up what Han Wudi did to the warring tribes to the north
of China.
"Hello Infoi." La Salle University. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Feb. 2015.

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This site gave me a picture of a scene from the battles between the Han army and the
Xiongnu nomads.
Han Dynasty Background. chinatownconnection.com. n.p. n.d. Web. 22 October 2014.
This site gave me an overview of the Han Dynasty in general and set some context for
my topic.
Han Wudi. hsmse.org. n.p. n.d. Web. 22 October 2014.
This document was actually meant to be a worksheet for students at a university.
However, the information it provided was valuable and useful. It gave me information on
why Han Wudi restored Confucianism to the Chinese government. It also gave me a
summary on the military attacks he made against the Xiangnu.
"Han Wudi, Emperor Wu of The Han Dynasty." Historic World Leaders. Gale, 1994. Gale
Biography In Context. Web. 5 Nov. 2014.
This is a long book source that went deep into the details of when Han Wudi was alive,
from what he did in power, to who he nominated for his successor.
"Han Wu-ti (157 B.C.-87 B.C.)." Encyclopedia of World Biography. Detroit: Gale, 1998. General
OneFile. Web. 5 Nov. 2014.
This source is a essay written for an assignment, an interpretation of an interpretation if
you will. Nonetheless, it gave me rich information on the rule of Wudi, under which he
expanded the borders.
"History.com." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 01 Feb. 2015.

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A picture of the Great Wall of China; photo was likely taken standing on the actual wall.
"Home." Mr. Freebird's History Village. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Feb. 2015.
This site gave me a picture of the ancient Chinese word for the Confucianism.
"Interactive Bulletin Boards." Interactive Bulletin Boards. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2015
This site gave me a picture of China and Mongolia, highlighted for extra clarity, which is
a neat addition to my website.
La domination chinoise. redtag.org: n.d. n.p. Web. 14 October 2014.
This translated French source gave me a unique view of Han Wudi and the Han dynasty.
The article is written with the Vietnamese in mind, giving me a new perspective.
Moonan, Wendy. Antiques: The Chinese Devotion To What Comes Next[New York] 25 Feb.
2005: E38. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 5 Nov. 2014.
This newspaper article provided me with some insight on Han Art, and how they honored
the dead with them. This is important because it shows the culture of the Chinese during
the time period.
Nlyan, Michael. Qin and Han empires and their Legacies. orias.berkeley.edu. n.p. n.d. Web. 22
October 2014.
This source was very reliable, created by a college professor. He summarizes the rule of
the Han, particularly Han Wudis rule.
"Pakistan Defence." Pakistan Defence. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Feb. 2015.

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The website gave me a picture of an army dueling with the Han.

Ping, Wang. Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty. cctv.com. CCTV. 6 April 2004. Web. 22
October 2014.
This web source gave me information on how Wudi realized why the Qin Dynasty had
collapsed and then made changes to his government to fix those issues. It also discusses
how Han Wudi was the first Han emperor to restore Confucian teachings to China.
"Snipview." Quazoo. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Feb. 2015.
The site gave me a picture of the ancient Chinese word Dao.
Spielvogel, Jackson J. Discovering Our Past: A History of the World. New York: McGraw Hill
Education, 2013. Print.
This book source gave me context and general information on Han Wudi.
The Han Dynasty. tombtreasuresofhanchina.org. n.p. n.d. Web. 22 October 2014
This website provided me with context surrounding the rule of Han Wudi. This article
was on the Han dynasty in general, and gave me some historical context for the rule of
Wudi.
The Han Dynasty of China: A Chinese Golden Age. sgm.pcriot.com. n.p. n.d. Web. 22 October
2014.
This PowerPoint presentation was made to help students get the important information
of the Han dynasty. The one slide about Han Wudi was particularly useful, summarizing
his achievements.

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THE REIGN OF WU-DI, 141-87. www.indiana.edu. Indiana University. n.d. Web. 3

November 2014.
This college level reading and worksheet analyzed and inferred everything there is to
know about Han Wudi. It gave me an in depth look into his rule and what he did to
China.
The Silk Road. www.ess.uci.edu. University of California. n.d. Web. 10 November 2014.
The Silk Road was an important trade route that passed through one of the harshest
places on Earth, the Taklimakan desert. It was built when Han Wudi sent an ambassador
to the west to look for allies.
"The Xenophile Historian, General World History Pages." The Xenophile Historian, General
World History Pages. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Feb. 2015.
Gave me a map of Han China, in a sort of 3D (pop-up).
Theobald, Ulrich. Persons in Chinese History Han Wudi Liu Che. chinaknowledge.de. n.p. 8
March 2011. Web. 16 September 2014.
This article helped me get more deeply into Han Wudis life then the broad and general
Britannica source. It also covered what he did when he was emperor, such as
monopolizing salt and iron.
"Professor Hoffert ~ Home." Professor Hoffert ~ Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Feb. 2015.
This is a major picture in my website.

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Trn Phm Quang Phc. YouTube - Emperor Wudi of Han Dynasty 1_4. Online Video Clip.
YouTube. YouTube. 11 Feb. 2015. Web. 15 Jan. 2011.
A historical documentary in Chinese. Dont worry, the subtitles are in English, so the
video can be understood.
"What Edward Luttwak Doesn't Know About Ancient China (Or a Short History of Han-Xiongnu
Relations), Pt. 2 ." What Edward Luttwak Doesn't Know About Ancient China (Or a
Short History of Han-Xiongnu Relations), Pt. 2. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2015.
Picture of the ancient Xiongnu amry as it might have once looked.
Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 31 Jan. 2015.
Many of my pictures were found using Wiki Images, including a portrait of Han Wudi, a
portrait of Sima Qian, and a map of ancient Han China.
Wu, Annie. Wudi Emperor of the Han Dynasty. chinahighlights.com. n.p. 22 August 2014.
Web. 22 October 2014.
This article goes in depth of Han Wudis life. It is very clear and easy to understand, and
helped me better comprehend what Han Wudis legacy was.
"Wudi." Bio.com: A&E Television Networks, 2014. Web. 15 Oct. 2014.
This quick summary of Han Wudis rule allowed me to easily understand the area he
conquered.

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"Wu Ti." Ancient Civilizations Reference Library. Ed. Judson Knight and Stacy A. McConnell.
Vol. 3: Biographies. Detroit: UXL, 2000. 196-201. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web.
5 Nov. 2014.
This article was about Wudis government reforms, and how he finally wrestled the kings
of other lands into submission and increased the central power of his government.
"Wu-ti." Encyclopedia of World Biography. Detroit: Gale, 1998. Gale Biography In Context.
Web. 5 Nov. 2014.
This source was about all of Han Wudis life, from his birth to his reign to his death. It
provided me with useful details on his earlier years.
"Wu-ti." Science and Its Times. Ed. Neil Schlager and Josh Lauer. Vol. 1: 2,000 B.C. to A.D.
699. Detroit: Gale, 2001. 414. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 5 Nov. 2014.
This short summary gave me a quick analysis into the results of Han Wudis rule.
"Wu-ti (156 B.C.-c. 87 B.C.)." Encyclopedia of World Biography. Detroit: Gale, 1998. General
OneFile. Web. 5 Nov. 2014.
Han Wudi is remembered for two things. This article goes in depth over one, his military
achievements. It covers how he conquered the Xiongnu and pushed the empires borders
into Korea, Vietnam, and to the west.
" - ."
- . N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Feb. 2015.

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Picture of Records of the Grand Historian of China, a primary source that was written by
Sima Qian and his father.
Primary Sources
Cocoon Jar. 206-220 BCE. Sculpture. UF Museum of Art, Gainesville.
A large, oval shaped jar made under the Han. Arts flourished under them, so pieces like
this were common.
Department of Asian Art. Han Dynasty. metmuseum.org. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
October 2000. Web. 22 October 2014.
This source has both an article and some pictures of sculptures made in the time of the
Han. This is important because the arts flourished under the Han. There are actually
seven pictures, so this source counts for seven sources, as listed below.
Department of Asian Art. Female Dancer. Sculpture. metmuseam.org. The Metropolitan
Museum of Art. October 2000. Web. 20 October 2014.
Found on metmuseum.org. Dancing and other arts flourished under the Han.
Department of Asian Art. Covered jar. Sculpture. metmuseum.org. The Metropolitan Museum
of Art. October 2000. Web. 20 October 2014.
Found on metmuseum.org. Most likely found near Luoyang, China. Most likely used to
contain spices.
Department of Asian Art. Liubo board and pieces. Sculpture. metmuseum.org. The
Metropolitan Museum of Art. October 2000. Web. 20 October 2014

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Found on metmuseum.org. Liubo is an old Chinese board game.

Department of Asian Art. Se Player. Sculpture. metmuseum.org. The Metropolitan Museum of
Art. October 2000. Web. 20 October 2014.
Found on metmuseum.org. Se was an art involving meditation.
Department of Asian Art. Animal pen with figures. Sculpture. metmuseum.org. The
Metropolitan Museum of Art. October 2000. Web. 20 October 2014.
Found on metmuseum.org. Innovations such as iron hoes helped farmers in the Han
Dynasty grow more food.
Department of Asian Art. Tomb panel with relief of figures in a pavilion. Sculpture.
metmuseum.org. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. October 2000. Web. 20 October 2014.
Found on metmuseum.org. Found at Shandong, China. It us unknown whose tomb this
piece of art was taken from.
Department of Asian Art. Central watchtower. Sculpture. metmuseum.org. The Metropolitan
Museum of Art. October 2000. Web. 20 October 2014.
Found on metmuseum.org. Watchtowers were common, especially along the Great Wall
to help watch for Xiangnu attacks.
Hsi, Fu. I Ching. Trans. James Legge. sacred-texts.com. n.p. n.d. Web. 22 October 2014.
The Book of Changes was one of the Five Chinese Classics with the others being The
Book of Rites, The Book of Songs, The Book of Changes, and The Spring and Autumn
Annuals.

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Ki, Li et al. The Li Ki The Book of Rites, Part I. Trans. James Legge. sacred-texts.com. n.p.
n.d. Web. 22 October 2014.
The Book of Rites was one of the Five Chinese Classics. It describes Chinese religion
from the eighth century to the fifth. It was a useful primary document, discussing how
religion played a part in the Han empire.
Qian, Sima. Records of the Grand Historian. www2.stetson.edu. n.p. n.d. Web. 16 September
2014.
This book was written by the grand historian Sima Qian, after his father couldnt finish it.
It is unique in the way it presents information. Every chapter covers a topic, instead of a
time period. All history aside, this source helped me to get a first hand view of what life
was like for Confucians at the time of Han Wudi.
Qian, Sima. Records of the Grand Historian of China. trans. Burton Watson, Vol.1-2. New
York, 1961. Print.
This is a translated version of Qians records for China. Written originally by his father,
Sima finished it after he died.
Shu, Shang. The Book of Documents. Trans. James Legge. http://ctext.org. n.p. n.d. Web. 12
November 2014.
This is another one of the Five Chinese Classics. It is a collection of poems, and was
translated by James.
The Book of Songs. Trans. James Legge et al. http://www.bopsecrets.org/ n.p. n.d Web. 12
November 2014.

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The Book of Songs is a collection of poems and songs in Chinese history. It had begun
creation under Han Wudi, so it provided me details on what kind of a person he was.
The Confucian Literati. http://bhoffert.faculty.noctrl.edu. n.p. n.d. Web. 10 November 2014.
This article is a letter on the debate over the salt and iron monopolies in the Han court.
The Imperial Secretary. http://bhoffert.faculty.noctrl.edu. n.p. n.d. Web. 10 November 2014.
This page is the ministers response to the letter above. He refuses to life the two
monopolies, stating that the funds pay for protection of the borders.
Vase. 206-220 BCE. Sculpture. UF Museum of Art, Gainesville.
This is a simple vase made under the Han, most likely used for storing common items.
Vase. 206-220 BCE. Sculpture. UF Museum of Art, Gainesville.
Another vase made under the Han. Most likely used for storing common items, like
spices or tea leaves.

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