CE201 Statics Chap4 PDF

2/1/2012
STATICS: CE201
Chapter 4
Force System Resultants
Notes are prepared based on: Engineering Mechanics, Statics by R. C. Hibbeler, 12E Pearson
Dr M. Touahmia & Dr M. Boukendakdji

Civil Engineering Department, University of Hail
(Fall 2010)
4.
Force System Resultants
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Main Goals:
1.
2.
3.
Determine the moment of a force.

Define the moment of a couple.
Determine the resultants of force systems.
Contents:
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
Moment of a Force Scalar Formulation

Cross Product
Moment of a Force Vector Formulation
Principle of Moments
Moment of a Force about a Specified Axis
Moment of a Couple
Simplification of a Force and Couple System
4.8
Further Simplification of a Force and Couple System
4.9
Reduction of a Simple Distributed Loading

Chapter 4 - Force System Resultant
Chapter 4 - Force System Resultants
2/1/2012
4.1
When a force is applied to a body it will produce a

tendency for the body to rotate about a point or axis that
is not on the line of action of the force.
This tendency to rotate is called moment of a force or

simply the moment.
4.1
For example, consider a wrench used to unscrew the bolt

in the figure. If a force is applied to the handle of the
wrench it will tend to turn the bolt about point O (or the
z axis).
The magnitude of the moment is directly proportional to

the magnitude of F and the perpendicular distance or
moment arm d.
2/1/2012
4.1
The larger the force or the longer the moment arm, the
greater the moment or turning effect.
NOTE: If force F is applied at an angle 90 then it

will be more difficult to turn the bolt since the moment
arm d d sin will be smaller than d. If F is applied
along the wrench, its moment arm will be zero and as a
result, the moment of F about O will be zero also.
4.1
The moment M O of a force F about a point O is defined

as the vector product of F and d, where d is the
perpendicular distance from O to the line of action of the
force F.
Clearly the moment is a vector and has both: magnitude

and direction.
Magnitude: The magnitude of the moment

determined from:
M O is
M O Fd
Units: N.m; kN.m; N.mm

2/1/2012
4.1
Direction: The right-hand rule is used

to establish the sense of direction of the
moment M O .
The moment of a force will be positive

if it is directed along the +z axis and
will be negative if it is directed along
the z axis.
4.1
Resultant Moment: The Resultant Moment M R O

about point O (the z axis) can be determined by finding
the algebraic sum of the moments caused by all the
forces in the system:
M R O Fd
As a convention, we will generally consider positive

moments (+) as counterclockwise and negative moments
(-) as clockwise.
M R O Fd F1d1 F2 d 2 F3 d 3
2/1/2012
Example 1
For each case below, determine the moment of the force

about point O.
Answer
M O Fd
M O 100 N2 m 200 N.m
Answer
M O 50 N0.75 m 37.5 N.m
Example 1
Answer
M O 40 kN 4m 2 cos 30 o m 229 kN.m
Answer
M O 60 kN 1sin 45 o m 229 kN.m
10
2/1/2012
Example 2
Determine the resultant moment of the four forces acting

on the rod about point O.
11
Solution 2
Assuming that positive moments (+) are in the

counterclockwise:
M R O Fd
M RO 50 N 2 m 60 N 0 20 N 3 sin 30o m
40 N 4 m 3 cos 30o m 334 N.m
12
2/1/2012
4.2
Cross Product
The cross product of two vectors A and B yields the

vector C written: C A B
Magnitude: The magnitude of C is defined as the

product of the magnitudes of A and B and the sine of the
angle between their tails: C AB sin
Direction: Vector C has a direction perpendicular to the

plane containing A and B and is specified
by the right-hand rule:
C A B AB sin uC
u C defines the direction of C
13
Laws of Operation:
Commutative law: The commutative law is not valid

AB B A
A B B A C
If the cross product is multiplied by a scalar a, it obeys

the associative law: aA B aA B A aB A Ba
The vector cross product also obeys the distributive law

of addition:
A B D A B A D
14
2/1/2012
Cross products of unit vectors (i, j, k):
The direction is determined using the right hand rule.
As shown in the diagram, for this case the direction is k

and the Magnitude is:
| i j |=(1)(1)(sin90) = (1)(1)(1)=1
so: i j = (1) k = k
and:
ij=k
i k = -j
ii=0
jk=i
j i = -k
jj=0
ki=j
k j = -i
kk=0
Alphabetical order +
15
Cartesian Vector Formulation
The cross product of two vectors A and B expressed in

Cartesian vector form is:
A B Ax i Ay j Az k B x i B y j B z k
Ax B x i i Ax B y i j Ax B z i k
Ay B x j i Ay B y j j Ay B z j k
Az B x k i Az B y k j Az B z k k
A B Ay Bz Az B y i Ax Bz Az Bx j Ax B y Ay Bx k
16
2/1/2012
Cartesian Vector Formulation
This equation may also be

written in a more compact
determinant form as :
The three minors can be generated with the following

scheme:
Adding the results yields the expanded form of A B :
A B Ay Bz Az B y i Ax Bz Az Bx j Ax B y Ay Bx k
17
4.3 Moment of a Force Vector Formulation
The moment of a force F about point O, or about an axis

passing through O and perpendicular to the plane
containing O can be expressed using the vector cross
product:
MO r F
where r is the position vector from O to any point on the

line of action of F.
18
2/1/2012
Magnitude: M O rF sin F r sin Fd
Direction: The direction of Mo follows the right-hand

rule as it applies to the cross product, r cross F.
19
Principle of Transmissibility: We can use any position

vector r measured from point O to any point on the line
of action of the force F:
M O r1 F r2 F r3 F
20
10
2/1/2012
Resultant Moment of a System of Forces: If a body is

subjected to a system of forces, the resultant moment of
all the forces about point O is equal to the vector
addition of the moment of each force:
n
M RO ri Fi
i 1
21
Example 3
Determine the moment MO produced by the force F

about point O. Express the result as a Cartesian vector.
22
11
2/1/2012
Solution 3
As shown in the figure, either rA or rB can be used to

determine the moment about O:
rA 12 k m
rB 4 i 12 j m
F expressed as Cartesian vector:

F Fu AB
The direction of the unit vector uAB

can be determined from the position
Vector rAB which extends from A to B.
rAB 4 i 12 j-12 k m
23
Solution 3
The magnitude of rAB which represents the length of AB

is:
2
2
2
rAB 4 m 12 m 12 m
Forming the unit vector that defines

The direction of both rAB and F, we
have:
u AB
rAB
rAB
4i 12 j 12k
4 m 12 m2 12 m2
2
4i 12 j 12k
F Fu AB 2 kN
2
4 m 12 m 2 12 m 2
0.4588 i 1.376 j 1.376 k kN
24
12
2/1/2012
Solution 3
The moment about O: M O rA F
or
M O rB F
rA 12 k m, rB 4 i 12 j m , F 0.5488 i 1.376 j 1.376 k kN
OR
25
Example 4
Two forces act on the rod shown below. Determine the

resultant moment they create about the flange at O.
Express the results as a Cartesian vector.
26
13
2/1/2012
Solution 4
Position vectors rA and rB are directed from point O to

each force:
rA 5 j m
rB 4 i 5 j 2 k m
The resultant moment about O is:

n
M RO ri Fi rA F1 rB F2
i 1
M RO rA F1 rB F2
i
j k
i
j
k
0
5 0 4 5 2
60 40 20 80 40 30
27
Solution 4
The resultant moment about O is:
The coordinate direction

angles were determined
from the unit vector for M R
The two forces tend to cause the rod to rotate about the
moment axis in the manner shown by the curl indicate
on the moment vector.
28
14
2/1/2012
4.3 Principle of Moments
Varignons Theorem: The moment of a force about a

point is equal to the sum of the moments of the
components of the force about the point.
For example, consider the moment of the force F which

has two components F1 and F2, therefore:
F F1 F2
Then, the moment of F about O is:

M O r F r F1 F2 r F1 r F2
29
4.3 Principle of Moments
For two-dimensional problems (2D), we can use the

principle of moments by resolving the force into its
rectangular components and then determine the moment
using a scalar analysis:
M F y F x
O
This method is generally easier than finding the same

moment using:
M O Fd
30
15
2/1/2012
Example 3
Determine the moment of the force about point O.
31
Example 3-(I)
The moment arm d can be found from trigonometry:

d 3 msin 75 2.898 m
M O Fd 5 kN2.898 m 14.5 kN.m
The force tends to rotate clockwise about O, the moment

is directed into the page .
32
16
2/1/2012
Solution 3-(II)
We can apply the principle of moments by resolving the

force into its rectangular components and then determine
the moment using a scalar analysis:
M O Fx d y Fy d x
M O 5 cos 45 kN 3 sin 30 m 5 sin 45 kN 3 cos 30 m
14.5 kN.m
14.5 kN.m
33
Solution 3-(III)
The x and y axes can be set parallel and perpendicular to

the rods axis. Fx produces no moment about point O
since its line of action passes through this point:
M O Fy d x
M O 5 sin 75 kN 3 m
14.5 kN.m
M O 14.5 kN.m
34
17
2/1/2012
Example 4
The force F acts at the end of the angle bracket.

Determine the moment of F about point O.
35
Solution 4-(I) Scalar Analysis
F can be resolved into its x and y components:

Fx 400 sin 30
Fy 400 cos 30
M O Fx y Fy x
M O 400 sin 30 N 0.2 m 400 cos 30 N 0.4 m

98.6 N.m 98.6 N.m
36
18
2/1/2012
Solution 4-(II) Vector Analysis
Using a Cartesian vector analysis, the force F and the

position vector r can be written as:
F 400 sin 30 i 400 cos 30 j N

200.0 i 346.4 j N
r 0.4 i 0.2 j m
i
M O r F 0.4
j
0.2
k
0
200.0 346.4 0
M O 0 i 0 j 0.4 346.4 0.2200.0 k

98.6 k N.m
4.6
37
Moment of a Couple
A couple is defined as two parallel forces that have the

same magnitude, but opposite directions, and are
separated by a perpendicular distance d.
Since the resultant force is zero, the only effect of a

couple is to produce a rotation or tendency of rotation in
a specified direction.
38
19
2/1/2012
4.6
Moment of a Couple
The moment produced by a couple is called a couple

moment. We can determine its value by finding the sum
of the moments of both couple force about any arbitrary
point.
The position vectors rA and rB are directed from point O

to points A and B lying on the line of action F and F.
The couple moment M about O is therefore:
M (r F) (r F) r r F
B
However, rB rA r
Therefore:
or
r rB rA
M rF
4.6
39
Moment of a Couple
Scalar Formulation: The moment of a couple, M, is

defined as having a magnitude of:
M Fd
Vector Formulation: The moment of a couple can also be

expressed by the vector cross product using:
M rF
where r is directed from any point on the line of action of

one of the forces to any point on the line of action of the
other force F.
40
20
2/1/2012
4.6
Moment of a Couple
Equivalent Couples: If two couples produce a moment

with the same magnitude and direction, then these two
couples are equivalent.
M 30 N0.4 m 12 N.m
M 40 N0.3 m 12 N.m
The two couple moments shown in the figure are

equivalent because each couple moment has a magnitude
of 12 N.m and each is directed into the plane of the page.
4.6
41
Moment of a Couple
Resultant Couple Moment: It is simply the vector sum of

all the couple moments of the system.
M R r F
For example, consider the couple moments M1 and M2

acting on the pipe. We can join their tails at any arbitrary
point and find the resultant couple moment.
M R M1 M 2
42
21
2/1/2012
Example 5
Determine the resultant couple moment of the three

couples acting on the plate.
43
Solution 5
Considering counterclockwise couple moments as

positive (+), we have:
M R M F1 d1 F2 d 2 F3 d 3
M R 200 N 0.4 m 450 N 0.3 m 300 N 0.5 m

95 N.m 95 N.m
44
22
2/1/2012
Example 6
Determine the magnitude and direction of the couple

moment acting on the gear.
45
Solution 6
Resolving each force into its components. The couple

moment can be determined by summing the moments of
these force components about any point (For example
the center O or point A):
M MO
600 cos 30 0.2 600 sin 30 0.2

43.9 N.m
OR
M MA
600 cos 30 0.2 600 sin 30 0.2

43.9 N.m
46
23
2/1/2012
Solution 6
The same result can also be obtained using:
M Fd
where d is the perpendicular distance between the lines
of action of the couple forces. However, the computation
for d is more involved.
47
4.7 Simplification of a Force and Couple System

Sometimes it is convenient to reduce a system of forces and
couple moments acting on a body to a simpler form by
replacing it with an equivalent system.
Example:
48
24
2/1/2012
System of Forces and Couple Moments:
A system of several forces and couple moments acting

on a body can be reduced to an equivalent single
resultant force acting at a point O and a resultant couple
moment.
49

Example: In the figure, point O is not on the line of action
of F1 and so this force can be moved to point O provided a
couple moment M1 r1 F1 is added to the body.
Similarly, the couple moment M 2 r2 F2 should be added
to the body when we move F2 to point O.
Finally, since the couple moment M is a free vector, it can
just be moved to point O.
50
25
2/1/2012
If we sum the forces and couple moments, we obtain the

resultant force and the resultant couple moment:
M R O M M1 M 2
FR F1 F2
51
We can generalize this method of reducing a force and

couple system to an equivalent resultant forces FR acting
at point O and a resultant couple moment (MR)O by
using the following equations:
FR F
M R O M O M
If the force system lies in the x-y plane and any couple
moments are perpendicular to this plan, then the above
equations reduce to the three scalar equations:
FR x Fx
FR y Fy
M R O M O M
52
26
2/1/2012
Example 7
Replace the force and couple system by an equivalent

resultant force and couple moment acting at point O.
53
Solution 7
Force Summation: The 3 kN and 5 kN forces are resolved
into their x and y components as shown below. We have:
FR x Fx 3 kN cos 30 3 5 kN 5.598 kN
5
FR y Fy 3 kN sin 30
FR
FRx 2 FRy 2
4
5 kN 4 kN 6.50 kN
5
5.5982 6.502
8.58 kN
FR y
6.50
o
tan 1
49.3
5.598
FR x
tan 1
54
27
2/1/2012
Solution 7
Moment Summation: The moments of 3 kN and 5 kN
about point O will be determined using their x and y
components. We have:
M R O M O 3 kN sin 30 0.2 m 3 kN cos 30 0.1 m

3
4
5 kN 0.1 m 5 kN 0.5 m
5

5
4 kN 0.2 m 2.46 kN.m 2.46 kN
55
Example 8
Replace the force and couple system acting on the

member by an equivalent resultant force and couple
moment acting at point O.
56
28
2/1/2012
Solution 8
Force Summation: Since the couple forces of 200 N are

equal but opposite, they produce zero resultant force.
The 500 N force is resolved into its x and y components:
FR x Fx
F
R
FR
3
500 kN 300 N
5
4
F 500 N 750 350 N
5
y
FR x 2 FR 2 y
300 N2 350 N2
462 N
FR y
350 N
tan 1
49.4
F
300 N
R x
tan 1
57
Solution 8
Moment Summation: Since the couple moment is a free

vector, it can act at any point on the member, then:
M R O M O M c 500 N 4 2.5 N 500 N 3 1 m

5
5

750 N 1.25 m 200 N 1 m
37.5 N.m 37.5 N.m
58
29
2/1/2012
4.8 Reduction of a Simple Distributed Loading
Sometimes, a body may be subjected to a loading that is

distributed over its surface.
For example:
The pressure of the wind on the face of a sign.
The pressure of water within a tank.
The weight of sand on the floor of a storage container.
The pressure exerted at each point on the surface

indicates the intensity of the loading. It is measured
using Pascals Pa (N/m2).
59
Uniform Loadings Along a Single Axis:

The most common type of distributed
loading encountered in engineering practice
is generally uniform along a single axis.
Example: The beam (or plate) that has a
constant width and is subjected to a pressure
loading that varies only along the x axis.
This loading can be described by the
2
function: p p(x) N/m
We can replace this coplanar parallel force
system with a single equivalent resultant
force FR acting at a specific location on the
beam.
60
30
2/1/2012
Magnitude of Resultant Force:

The magnitude of FR is equivalent to the
sum of all the forces in the system: FR F
Integration must be used since there is an

infinite number of parallel forces dF acting
on the beam.
Since dF is acting on an element of

length dx, and w(x) is a force per unit
length, Then:
dF wx dx dA
FR wx dx dA A
L
Therefore, the magnitude of the

resultant force is equal to the total area A
under the loading diagram.
61
Location of Resultant Force:

The location x of the line of action of FR
can be determined by equating the moments
of the force resultant and the parallel force
distribution about point O.
dF produces a moment of: xdF xwx dx
Then for the entire length: M R O M O
xFR xwx dx
L
xwx dx xdA
wx dx dA
L
62
31
2/1/2012
Example 9
Determine the magnitude and location of the equivalent

resultant force acting on the shaft.
63
Solution 9
Since w = w(x) is given, this problem will be solved by

integration.
The differential element has an area: dA wdx 60x 2 dx
FR dA
A
x3
2
60x
dx
60
0
3
2m
xdA x60 x dx
2m
dA
160 N
2m
23 0
60 160 N
0
3 3
x4 2 m
24 04
60
60
4
4 0
4
160 N
160 N
1.5 m
64
32
2/1/2012
Example 10
The granular material exerts the distributed loading on

the beam. Determine the magnitude and location of the
equivalent resultant of this load.
65
Solution 10
The area of the loading diagram is a trapezoid. It can be

divided into a rectangular and triangular loading.
F1
1
9 m50 kN/m 225 kN
2
F2 9 m50 kN/m 450 kN

x1
1
9 m 3 m
3
x2
1
9 m 4.5 m
2
66
33
2/1/2012
Solution 10
The two parallel forces F1 and F2 can be reduced to a

single resultant force FR.
The magnitude of FR is:
FR F
FR 225 450 675 kN
We can find the location of F with reference to point A:
M R A M A
x675 3225 4.5450
x 4m
67
34

CE201 Statics Chap4 PDF

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

CE201 Statics Chap4 PDF

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

2/1/2012

Dr M. Touahmia & Dr M. Boukendakdji

Force System Resultants

Determine the moment of a force.

Moment of a Force Scalar Formulation

Further Simplification of a Force and Couple System

Reduction of a Simple Distributed Loading

Chapter 4 - Force System Resultants

Moment of a Force Scalar Formulation

When a force is applied to a body it will produce a

This tendency to rotate is called moment of a force or

Chapter 4 - Force System Resultant

Moment of a Force Scalar Formulation

For example, consider a wrench used to unscrew the bolt

The magnitude of the moment is directly proportional to

Chapter 4 - Force System Resultants

Moment of a Force Scalar Formulation

NOTE: If force F is applied at an angle 90 then it

Moment of a Force Scalar Formulation

The moment M O of a force F about a point O is defined

Clearly the moment is a vector and has both: magnitude

Magnitude: The magnitude of the moment

Units: N.m; kN.m; N.mm

Chapter 4 - Force System Resultants

Moment of a Force Scalar Formulation

Direction: The right-hand rule is used

The moment of a force will be positive

Chapter 4 - Force System Resultant

Moment of a Force Scalar Formulation

Resultant Moment: The Resultant Moment M R O

As a convention, we will generally consider positive

Chapter 4 - Force System Resultant

Chapter 4 - Force System Resultants

For each case below, determine the moment of the force

Chapter 4 - Force System Resultant

M O 40 kN 4m 2 cos 30 o m 229 kN.m

M O 60 kN 1sin 45 o m 229 kN.m

Chapter 4 - Force System Resultant

Chapter 4 - Force System Resultants

Determine the resultant moment of the four forces acting

Chapter 4 - Force System Resultant

Assuming that positive moments (+) are in the

40 N 4 m 3 cos 30o m 334 N.m

Chapter 4 - Force System Resultant

Chapter 4 - Force System Resultants

The cross product of two vectors A and B yields the

Magnitude: The magnitude of C is defined as the

Direction: Vector C has a direction perpendicular to the

Commutative law: The commutative law is not valid

If the cross product is multiplied by a scalar a, it obeys

The vector cross product also obeys the distributive law

Chapter 4 - Force System Resultant

Chapter 4 - Force System Resultants

Cross products of unit vectors (i, j, k):

The direction is determined using the right hand rule.

As shown in the diagram, for this case the direction is k

Cartesian Vector Formulation

The cross product of two vectors A and B expressed in

Chapter 4 - Force System Resultant

Chapter 4 - Force System Resultants

Cartesian Vector Formulation

This equation may also be

The three minors can be generated with the following