LusakaManifesto

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TheLusakaManifesto(originallytheManifestoonSouthernAfrica)isadocumentcreatedbytheFifthSummitConferenceofEastandCentral
AfricanStateswhichtookplacebetween14and16April1969inLusaka,thecapitalofZambia.ProducedatatimewhentheRepublicofSouthAfrica
anditsaffiliatedwhiteruledregimesinMozambique,Rhodesia,andAngolawererelativelystrongbutpoliticallyisolated,theManifestocalledupon
themtorelinquishwhitesupremacyandminorityruleandsingledoutapartheidSouthAfricaforviolationofhumanrights.IntheManifesto,whichwas
subsequentlyadoptedbothbytheOrganisationofAfricanUnityandtheUnitedNations,thirteenHeadsofStateoffereddialoguewiththerulersofthese
SouthernAfricanstatesundertheconditionthattheyacceptbasicprinciplesofhumanrightsandhumanliberties.Theyalsothreatenedtosupportthe
variousliberationwarsifnegotiationsfailed.
TheLusakaManifestorepresentedoneoftwostrategiestodealwithwhiteminorityruleinSouthernAfrica:Totrytocontainviolence,preservethe
statusquo,andimprovethehumanitariansituationlittlebylittlethroughdiplomaticmeans,smallreforms,andcompromises.Theotherstrategy,to
wageindependencewars,wouldeventuallyprevail.

Contents
1Background
2Content
3Significance
4Reception
5Aftermath
6References
6.1Notes
6.2Literature
6.3Furtherreading

Background

Inthelate1960sSouthAfrica'sapartheidregimebecameincreasinglypoliticallyisolated,bothinternationallyandcontinental.UnderPrimeMinister
B.J.Vorsteritdevelopedthesocalled"outwardlookingpolicy",anefforttobindsouthernAfricancountrieseconomically,andinthiswayto
discouragethemfromopenlycriticisingitsrepressiveinternalpolitics.ThispolicyfirstwasopenlyopposedonlybyTanzaniaunderpresidentJulius
NyerereandZambiaunderKennethKaunda,buttheirlobbyingmadetheUnitedNationsGeneralAssembly(OAU)rejectanyfurtherdialoguewith
SouthAfrica.[1]
AtthattimeindependencemovementshadbeenformedinallwhiteruledterritoriesofSouthernAfrica,eitherwithanexplicitcommitmenttoguerrilla
warfareandsabotageorrecentlyhavingscaledtheiractivitiesfrompassiveresistance,petitioning,andlobbyingtoanopenlyarmedstruggle.The
AfricanNationalCongress(ANC)inSouthAfricahadlauncheditsmilitarywingUmkhontoweSizwe(MK)in1961.Itimmediatelyexecutedseveral
sabotageactsagainstthecountry'sinfrastructure.[2]InSouthWestAfricaSWAPO'sparamilitarywing,thePeople'sLiberationArmyofNamibia
(PLAN)wasfoundedin1962,[3]itsfirstmilitaryactionoccurredinOmugulugwombashein1966.
YetSouthAfricawaspoliticallystrongatthetimeofthedeclarationagreeduponinLusaka.ItsborderstatesexceptBotswanawereallruledbywhite
minorities.IntheUnitedStates,NationalSecurityStudyMemorandumnumber39,issuedbypresidentRichardNixonandSecretaryofStateHenry
Kissinger,hadjustreiteratedthat"theWhitesinsouthernAfrica[are]theretostay".[4]Memorandum39,nicknamedTarbabymemorandumforits
reluctantacceptanceofapartheidandminorityruleinordertogainanticommunistalliesinSouthernAfrica,strengthenedSouthAfrica'sposition
internationally.[5]
PrimeMinisterVorsterhadhadasecretconversationwithKaundaforsometimesince1968,eventuallyleadingtotheManifesto.[5]Athreattoreveal
existenceandcontentofthisconversationwasissuedbyVorstertoinfluenceKaunda'spublicpresentationofSouthAfricanpolitics.WhenKaundadid
notreact,Vorsterpublishedthecompleteexchange[6]andlaterin1970confirmeditintheSouthAfricanparliament.[7]

Content
TheManifestostartswithadeclarationonhumanrightsandequality[8]andspecificallyrejectsracialdiscrimination,boththethenexistingWhite
minorityracismagainstBlacksanddiscriminationbyBlacksagainstWhites,awidespreadfearoftheWhiteminoritiesatthattime.[9]Itfurtheroffers
dialoguetotheWhiteregimeinSouthAfrica,statingthatthesignatorieswould"negotiateratherthandestroy,talkratherthankill".[10]
ForNamibia,Mozambique,RhodesiaandAngolatheManifestocalledforselfdeterminationandtheestablishmentofmajorityrule.[11]ForSouthAfrica
itstonewassharper,anditsrecommendationswentmuchfurther,includingthesuggestiontoexpelSouthAfricafromallinternationalpoliticaland
economicbodies.ThisdistinctionbetweenthesuggestedtreatmentofSouthAfricaandtheotherwhiteruledterritoriesalsocontainedan
acknowledgementofSouthAfrica'sstatusasanindependent,sovereignUNmember,whileNamibia,Mozambique,RhodesiaandAngolaweremerely
colonialistoccupiedterritorieswithoutrecognitionasstates.[12]

Significance
ThesignificanceoftheLusakaManifestohasbeencomparedtothatoftheMagnaCartaandtheFreedomCharter.Theliberalismexpressedinitwasin
directoppositiontoSouthAfricanapartheidwhichsawrightsandlibertiesofindividualpeopleastantamounttocommunism,andasirreconcilablewith
itsownnationalistpolicies.[13][14]
TheManifestowaspublishedinBritaininformofanadvertisement,paidbytheZambiangovernment,inTheTimesandTheGuardian.[15]Itwas
endorsedbytheOrganisationofAfricanUnity(OAU)andbythe24thsessionoftheUnitedNationsGeneralAssembly(UNGA).[5][16]
TheOAUissuedseveralotherdocumentsaftertheLusakaManifestothatconcernedthesituationinSouthAfrica,forinstancetheMogadishu
Declarationof1970andtheDaresSalaamDeclarationof1974.Theyweremainlyupdates,withoutarealdiversionfromtheManifesto'
sgeneral
[5]
direction, although,inreactiontoSouthAfrica'scompleterejectionoftheoriginaldocument,theyarewritteninadecisivelytensertoneandstress
muchmorethesupportofarmedliberationmovements.[17]

Reception
NorthAmericaandformercolonialpowersinEuropepositivelyreceivedtheLusakaManifesto,reportedly"becauseAfricaargued,notshouted".[18]
ThemanifestowasadocumentinthemoderatelineofthoughtonhowtoimprovethesituationofBlacksinSouthernAfrica.It
acknowledgedtherightofallthewhiteswhohadsettledinsouthernAfricatostaythere.ItrecognizedSouthAfricaasasovereignand
independentstateandproposednochangesofboundaries.Itadvocatedboycottandisolation,ratherthanarmedinterventionorinternal
revolt,inSouthAfrica.Aboveall,iturgednegotiationandacceptedthatchangecouldnotcomeovernight.[11]
TheLusakaManifestohasbeencriticisedfornotinvolvinganyofthecontemporaryliberationmovementsand,moregenerally,ofentrenching
capitalismontheAfricancontinentratherthansupportingthevarioussocialistmovementsofthattime.[10]
TheWhiteSouthAfricanregimerejectedthedocument.[11]TheANCwaslikewiseopposedtotheLusakaManifestoasintheirviewthedeclaration
legitimisedtheapartheidregime,pronouncingitsstatusasasovereignandindependentUNrecognisedentity.Theyfurthercriticisedthatthecallfora
peacefulresolutioncameatatimeSouthAfricaintervenedmilitarilyinRhodesia,andthattheManifesto'swordingartificiallyseparatedtheliberation
strugglesinSouthAfrica,SouthWestAfrica,andRhodesia.[10]In1971theANCstatedthat:[19]

ItisatragedythatnowwhenblackSouthAfricaislaunchinganunflinching,fullscalearmedstruggleagainstVorsterandhishenchmen
AfricanStates[...]haveseenitfittohavea'dialogue'withwhiteSouthAfrica[...]Ifthereshouldbeadialogueitshouldbebetween
Vosterandtherealleadersofthepeople,Mandela,Sisulu,Mbeki,Kathrada,Fischer,Motsoaledi.
ANC'smaindisappointment,though,wasthatitsarmedstruggle,andthatofitslikemindedfreedommovementsFRELIMO,MPLA,SWAPO,ZANU,
andZAPUwasnotdirectlysupportedandratherseenasapossiblefuturelegitimateaction,evenifitalreadywasinfullswing.[20]
InthespiritoftheManifesto,NamibiaconductedtheTurnhalleConstitutionalConferencebetween1975and1977,aneventwidelycriticisedfor
providing"pseudoreforms"[21]entrenchingtheracialsegregationofNamibia'spopulation,andindirectlyreinforcingtheeconomicandpoliticalpower
ofthewhitepopulation.[22]Severalblackdelegates,however,welcomedthestartofinstitutionalisedcommunicationbetweentheparties.[23]
Rhodesia'sIanSmithenteredintoseveralroundoftalkswithZANUandZAPU.Thesewere,however,interspersedwithmilitaryaction,attimes
supportedbySouthAfrica.In1975thetalksfinallybrokedown,andtheFrontlineStatessupportedarmedliberationfrom1976onwards.[24]
AngolaandMozambiquealreadywereinastateoffullscalewarsofindependence,Angolasince1961andMozambiquesince1964.TheManifesto
madenodifferencetothedevelopmentsinthesecountries.Afterasuccessfulcoupd'tatinPortugalon24April1974thePortuguesecolonialpower
collapsed,andPortuguesecolonieswereallowedtoestablishmajorityrulegovernments.Thisdevelopmentencouragedfreedommovementsinother
whiteruledterritoriesaswell.[25]FollowingtheAlvorAgreementinJanuary1975AngolabecameindependentinNovember,endingitswarof
independencebutstartingadevastatingcivilwar.Mozambiquelikewisebecameindependentin1975andsawitsowncivilwarfrom1977to1992.

Aftermath
OnlyafewyearsaftertheLusakaManifestothebufferofwhiteruledcountriesnorthofSouthAfricadisintegratedrapidly,forcingtheapartheidregime
totakeadifferentcourseofpolitics.[26]Mid1976uprisingsinSowetoandGulguletobroughtthecountrytothebrinkofacivilwar.TheSouthern
AfricanDevelopmentCoordinationConference(SADCC),thepredecessoroftoday'sSouthernAfricanDevelopmentCommunity(SADC)wasfounded
in1980inorderto"toreducememberstates'dependence,particularly,butnotonly,onapartheidSouthAfrica".[27]ThewhiterulersofSouthAfrica
eventuallyrelinquishedpowertotheblackmajorityin1994butinsteadofactingonthemoderatesuggestionsoftheManifestofacedindependencewars
inallaffectedcountries.

References
Notes

1. ^Ndlovu2004,p.616.
2. ^"UmkhontoweSizwe(MK)Timeline19611990,entryfor1961"(http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/umkhontowesizwemktimeline19611990).SouthAfrican
HistoryOnline.Retrieved11September2014.
3. ^Reno,William(2011).WarfareinIndependentAfrica(http://books.google.com.na/books?
id=XSDTK95_7UC&pg=PA101&lpg=PA101&dq=SWAPO+PLAN+1962+
wiki&source=bl&ots=xBiwbEwp7H&sig=uOv0qsuoPDzIBNZ6_rPyS6jqhsQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=O4MRVK_nKsTC7AaYnICgCQ&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAjgK#v=one
page&q=SWAPO%20PLAN%201962%20wiki&f=false).NewApproachestoAfricanHistory5.CambridgeUniversityPress.p.101.ISBN9781139498654.
4. ^deSt.Jorre1977,p.64.
5. ^abcdShamuyarira1977,p.247.
6. ^deSt.Jorre1977,p.68.
7. ^Shamuyarira1977,p.252.
8. ^deSt.Jorre1977,p.62.
9. ^Grundy1973,p.115.
10. ^abcNdlovu2004,p.617.
11. ^abcdeSt.Jorre1977,p.63.
12. ^Macmillan2013,p.68.
13. ^deSt.Jorre,John(October1976)."InsidetheLaager:WhitePowerinSouthAfrica"(http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/26616/johndestjorre/insidethe
laagerwhitepowerinsouthafrica).ForeignAffairs(CouncilonForeignRelations).
14. ^Henderson1974,pp.4041.
15. ^Hall,Richard(1970)."TheLusakaManifesto"(http://afraf.oxfordjournals.org/content/69/275/180.extract).AfricanAffairs69(25):180183.
16. ^HisImperialMajestyHaileSelassieattheopeningofthe7thsessionoftheOAUrastaites.com(http://rastaites.com/speeches/africa2.htm),2September1970
17. ^Grundy1973,pp.116117.
18. ^Shamuyarira1977,p.249.
19. ^Ndlovu2004,p.620.
20. ^Plaut,Martin(25June2008)."Africa'snew'FrontlineStates' "(http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7473667.stm).BBCNews.
21. ^Napierala2010,p.16.
22. ^Landis1977,p.21.
23. ^Seiler1982,pp.693694.
24. ^Ramdhani2002,p.7.
25. ^Shamuyarira1977,p.248.
26. ^deSt.Jorre1977.

26. ^deSt.Jorre1977.
27. ^"Historyandtreaty"(http://www.sadc.int/aboutsadc/overview/historyandtreaty/).SADC.Retrieved30December2014.

Literature
Henderson,Willie(January1974)."IndependentBotswana:AReappraisalofForeignPolicyOptions"(http://www.jstor.org/stable/720979).
AfricanAffairs(OxfordUniversityPress)73(290).
deSt.Jorre,John(Autumn1977)."SouthAfrica:UpAgainsttheWorld"(http://www.jstor.org/stable/1147796).ForeignPolicy(WashingtonPost
NewsweekInteractive)(28):5385.doi:10.2307/1147796(https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1147796).
Landis,Elisabeth(1977)."TheTurnhalleConstitution:AnAnalysis"(http://www.jstor.org/stable/4185704).AfricaToday24(3):1223.
ISSN00019887(https://www.worldcat.org/issn/00019887).Retrieved9September2011.
Macmillan,Hugh(2013).TheLusakaYears:TheANCinexileinZambia,1963to1994(http://books.google.com.na/books?
id=IXMLAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA65&lpg=PA65&dq=%22Lusaka+Manifesto%22+mocambique).JacanaMedia.ISBN9781431408214.
Napierala,Nils(2010).NamibiazuZeitendesKolonialismusundderMandatsherrschaft[NamibiaDuringthePeriodsofColonialismand
ForeignAdministration](http://books.google.com/books?id=8HShmc_3MUoC&pg=PA16&lpg=PA16&dq=%22Turnhallenkonferenz%22)(in
German).GRIN.ISBN3640742842.
Ndlovu,SifisoMxolisi(2004)."12:TheANC'sDiplomacyandInternationalRelations".TheRoadtoDemocracyinSouthAfrica:19701980
(http://books.google.com.na/books?id=JGEXB5QlD8C&pg=PA617&lpg=PA617&dq=%22Lusaka+Manifesto%22+Mozambique).TheRoadto
DemocracyinSouthAfrica2.UnisaPress.ISBN1868884066.
Ramdhani,Narissa(2002)."CompetingfortheheartandsouloftheAmericanNation:RegionalDynamicsanditsimpactontheANCs
relationshipwiththeUnitedStatesofAmerica,19701976"(http://hydra.ucdavis.edu/kobuk/files/vinecology/seminars/Ramdhani2002.pdf).
UniversityofCalifornia,Davis.
Seiler,John(December1982)."SouthAfricainNamibia:Persistence,Misperception,andUltimateFailure"(http://www.jstor.org/stable/160344).
TheJournalofModernAfricanStudies(CambridgeUniversityPress)20(4):689712.ISSN0022278X(https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022
278X).Retrieved14September2011.
Shamuyarira,NM(April1977)."TheLusakaManifestoStrategyofOAUStatesanditsConsequencesfortheFreedomStruggleinSouthern
Africa"(http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Utafiti/vol2no2/aejp002002006.pdf).TheAfricanReview(MichiganState

University)2(2).

Furtherreading
FulltextoftheManifesto:Grundy,KennethW,ed.(1973).ConfrontationandAccommodationinSouthernAfrica:TheLimitsofIndependence
(http://books.google.com.na/books?id=mb7dE6K6gJoC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false).TheCenterofInternationalRace
Relations,UniversityofDenver,andUniversityofCaliforniaPress.pp.315324.ISBN0520022718.
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