Computer Notes 1

By
Kumar Sanket
NSB

Computer Fundamental

Computer System

Hardware
Input
output

Software
Application
System

Liveware
Administrator
Enduser

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Central Processing Unit is also called as the Brain of the Computer
or Main Processor which controls all the systems inner functions.
It is very easy to replace because it is inserted into the socket and
is not soldered onto the motherboard
A computer may contain more than one CPU which is nothing but
MULTIPROCESSING
Two main parts of CPU are
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Control Unit (CU).
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): ALU is also called as basic building blocks
of Central Processing Unit, which performs all arithmetic and logical
operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division
Control Unit (CU): Control Unit controls the entire processing. It helps in
the communication between Memory and ALU

Notes@NSBSJ

Types of operating systems

Graphical User Interface (GUI)
GUI is an interface, which allows us to interact
with electronic devices like mobiles, gaming
devices and Mp3 players using some graphical
icons
Ex:Windows 98, Windows CE, System 7.X
Multi-user operating system
Application software which allows multiple users
to access the computer with time sharing system
Ex: Linux, UNIX, Windows 2000
Multiprocessor operating system
An operating system which supports the
utilization of two or more processors on single
computer Ex: Linux, UNIX, Windows 2000
Multi-Tasking
An operating system which supports multiple
processes at the time Ex: Unix, Windows 2000
Computer Knowledge
Multithreading
This operating system will allows the software to
perform some parts of program to run
concurrently
Ex: Linux, UNIX, Windows 2000

Input:
Ouput:

Keyboard ,Mouse , Joystick

Monitor ,Printer

Software : System: Those software that are

very important to run computer
without which computer will not run
Like :Operating system
Application software: software without
which computer can work but they are
Important for different task
Liveware : We the user are know as liveware
Memory

Memory is an essential element of a computer. Without its memory, a computer is of hardly any use.
Memory plays an important role in saving and retrieving data. The performance of the computer system
depends upon the size of the memory. Memory is of following types:

1. Primary Memory / Volatile Memory.

2. Secondary Memory / Non Volatile Memory.

1. Primary Memory / Volatile Memory: Primary Memory is internal memory of the computer. RAM
AND ROM both form part of primary memory. The primary memory provides main working space to the
computer.The following terms comes under primary memory of a computer are discussed below:

Random Access Memory (RAM): The primary storage is referred to as random access memory
(RAM) because it is possible to randomly select and use any location of the memory directly
store and retrieve data. It takes same time to any address of the memory as the first add ress. It
is also called read/write memory. The storage of data and instructions inside the primary
storage is temporary. It disappears from RAM as soon as the power to the computer is switched
off. The memories, which lose their content on failure of power supply, are known as volatile
memories .So now we can say that RAM is volatile memory.

Read Only Memory (ROM): There is another memory in computer, which is called Read Only
Memory (ROM). Again it is the ICs inside the PC that form the ROM. The storage of program and
data in the ROM is permanent. The ROM stores some standard processing programs supplied by

the manufacturers to operate the personal computer. The ROM can only be read by the CPU but
it cannot be changed. The basic input/output program is stored in the ROM that examines and
initializes various equipment attached to the PC when the power switch is ON. The memories,
which do not lose their content on failure of power supply, are known as non-volatile memories.
ROM is non-volatile memory.

PROM: There is another type of primary memory in computer, which is called Programmable
Read Only Memory (PROM). You know that it is not possible to modify or erase programs stored
in ROM, but it is possible for you to store your program in PROM chip. Once the programmers
are written it cannot be changed and remain intact even if power is switched off. Therefore
programs or instructions written in PROM or ROM cannot be erased or changed.

EPROM: This stands for Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory, which overcome the
problem of PROM & ROM. EPROM chip can be programmed time and again by erasing the
information stored earlier in it. Information stored in EPROM exposing the chip for some time
ultraviolet light and it erases chip is reprogrammed using a special programming facility. When
the EPROM is in use information can only be read.

Cache Memory: The speed of CPU is extremely high compared to the access time of main
memory. Therefore the performance of CPU decreases due to the slow speed of main memory.
To decrease the mismatch in operating speed, a small memory chip is attached between CPU
and Main memory whose access time is very close to the processing speed of CPU. It is called
CACHE memory. CACHE memories are accessed much faster than conventional RAM. It is used
to store programs or data currently being executed or temporary data frequently used by the
CPU. So each memory makes main memory to be faster and larger than it really is. It is also very
expensive to have bigger size of cache memory and its size is normally kept small.

Registers: The CPU processes data and instructions with high speed; there is also movement of
data between various units of computer. It is necessary to transfer the processed data with high
speed. So the computer uses a number of special memory units called registers. They are not
part of the main memory but they store data or information temporarily and pass it on as
directed by the control unit.

2. Secondary Memory / Non-Volatile Memory: Secondary memory is external and permanent in

nature. The secondary memory is concerned with magnetic memory. Secondary memory can be stored

on storage media like floppy disks, magnetic disks, magnetic tapes, This memory can also be stored
optically on Optical disks - CD-ROM. The following terms comes under secondary memory of a computer
are discussed below:

Magnetic Tape: Magnetic tapes are used for large computers like mainframe computers where
large volume of data is stored for a longer time. In PC also you can use tapes in the form of
cassettes. The cost of storing data in tapes is inexpensive. Tapes consist of magnetic materials
that store data permanently. It can be 12.5 mm to 25 mm wide plastic film -type and 500 meter
to 1200 meter long which is coated with magnetic material. The deck is connected to the central
processor and information is fed into or read from the tape through the processor. Its similar to
cassette tape recorder.

Magnetic Disk: You might have seen the gramophone record, which is circular like a disk and
coated with magnetic material. Magnetic disks used in computer are made on the same
principle. It rotates with very high speed inside the computer drive. Data is stored on both the
surface of the disk. Magnetic disks are most popular for direct access storage device. Each disk
consists of a number of invisible concentric circles called tracks. Information is recorded on
tracks of a disk surface in the form of tiny magnetic spots. The presence of a magnetic spot
represents one bit and its absence represents zero bit. The information stored in a disk can be
read many times without affecting the stored data. So the reading operation is non -destructive.
But if you want to write a new data, then the existing data is erased from the disk and new data
is recorded. For Example-Floppy Disk.

Optical Disk: With every new application and software there is greater demand for memory
capacity. It is the necessity to store large volume of data th at has led to the development of
optical disk storage medium. Optical disks can be divided into the following categories:
1. Compact Disk/ Read Only Memory (CD-ROM
2. Write Once, Read Many (WORM)
3. Erasable Optical Disk
NOTES@NSBSJ

History and founders

Founder of Apple Computers Steve Jobs
Founder of Artificial Intelligence John McCarthy
Founder of Bluetooth Ericsson
Father of Computer Charles Babbage
Father of 'C' Language Dennis Ritchie
Father of 'C++' language Bjarne Stroustrup
Founder of Email Shiva Ayyadurai
Founder of Google Larry Page and Sergey Brin
Founder of Internet Vint Cerf
Father of 'Java'- James Gosling
Father of JQuery John Resig
Founder of Keyboard Christoper Latham Sholes
Founder of Linux Linus Torvalds
Founder of Microsoft Bill Gates and Paul Allen
Founder of Mobile Phones Martin Cooper
Founder of Mouse Douglas Engelbart
Founders of Oracle Ed Oates, Larry Ellison, Bob Miner
Founder of Php Rasmus Lerdorf
Founder of USB Ajay V.Bhatt
Founder of WWW Tim Berners-Lee
Founder of Yahoo Jurry Yang and David Filo

First Modern Computer in the World- ENIAC

First Commercial Computer Univac
First Programmable Digital Computer
SEAC (Standards Eastern Automatic Computer)
ENIAC was developed by
John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert
Inventor of Punch Cards in Computer Hollerith
First Computer Programming LanguagesFORTRAN, LISP and COBOL
Computer Graphics was developed by
William Fetter
ARPANET was developed by DARPA
First Compiler was developed by
Dr. Grace Murray Hopper
Father of Computer Animations- John Whitney
First movie to use Digital Image ProcessingWest World in 1973
Computer Mouse was invented byDouglas Engel Bart

BIOS Stand for

Basic Input output system
Binary Input/output
Both
None

Brain of Computer is
CPU
RAM
Moniter
Keyboard

First generation of computers had?

Magnetic Tape and Transistors
Integrated Circuits
Vaccum Tubes and Magnetic Drum
None of these
Operating System is a common type of _______ software
communication
System
Word-processing
Application
Ram is built from
Vaccum Tubes
super-conductors
Semi-conductors
Transistors

Cpu and Memory are located on the

Mother Board
Expansion Board
Storage Device
Output Device
In which form data is stored in the computer
Decimal
Binary
Octal
HexaDecimal
ALU stands for _______
Anscii Logic Unit
Arithmetic Least Unit
Arithmetic Loss Unit
Arithmetic Logic Unit
GUI stands for ______
Graphical user interface
Graphical user Instrument
Graphical unified interface
Graphical unified instrument
Operating system developed by Apple is _____
Windows
Linux
Mac OS
Dos

Operating system files are stored in ______

Hard disk
Ram
Cache
None of these

Redhat Linux is an _____

Operating System
Malware
Application Program
Virus

Father of computer is _______

Steve Jobs
Charles Babbage
Vint Cerf
Martin Cooper
RAM is _____ type of storage device?
off-line
Secondary
Primary
None of these
_______ is used for loading the operating system?
RAM
Hard-Disk Drive
ROM
None of these
Rom is _______ in nature?
Non-Volatile
Volatile
Hard Disk is _____ in nature
Volatile
Non-Volatile

Information regarding Date, System Configuration, and time will be stored in ______
Cache Memory
CMOS
None of these
CPU
Which type of operations are performed by RAM?
Only Read
Read and Write
Only Write
None of these
Which component helps for communication between Application Program and Computer Hardware?
CMOS
BIOS
RAM
ROM
BIOS is stored in _______
Hard Disk
ROM
RAM
None of these
Data stored in Ram is ?
Permanent
Temporary

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

1) Database:

Collection of data with some inherent meaning which represents some real
world entity.

2) DBMS:

Collection of programs for organising the database.

3) RDBMS:

It has the same functionality of DBMS except that it also provides referential
integrity.
4) SQL: (Structured Query Language)

Data in a database can be accessed and manipulated using SQL.

5) Types of keys in SQL:

Primary key-> (Uniquely identifies a record in a table)

Foreign key-> (Field in a table that is primary key in another table)

Super key-> (Primary key, Alternate Key and Unique Key are subset of Super
Keys)
Candidate key-> (Set of one or more fields/columns that can identify a record
uniquely in table. It can serve as primary key)
Alternate key-> (a candidate key that currently is not primary key)
Unique key-> (It is same as that of primary key but it can accept only null
value and it cannot have duplicate values)
Composite or compound key-> (Combination of one or more fields or
columns of one or more fields or columns of a table. It can be a candidate key
or primary key)
6) Integrity rules:

Entity integrity: Primary key cannot accept a null value

Referential integrity: Foreign key should be either null or primary key of
another table.

7) Types of SQL statements:

DDL(Data definition language)-> (e.g.: create, drop, truncate, alter, rename)

DML(Data manipulation language)-> (e.g.: select, delete, insert, update)
TCL(Transaction control language)-> ( e.g.: commit, roll back)
DCL(Data control language)-> ( e.g.: grant, revoke)

8) Data mining:

Process of extracting information from the existing data.

9) Data warehousing:

Collection of database used to store and retrieve data

10) Normalization:

Relational schema are analysed based on primary key and functional

dependencies to minimize redundancy and to minimize deviations in insert,
delete and update operations.

11) Denormalization:

Process of adding or grouping redundant data to increase the performance and

readability of the database.

12) Functional dependency:

The value of component A of a tuple determines the value of component B.

If t1 [A] = t2 [A] then t1 [B] = t2 [B]

13) Normal forms:

1NF: Attribute must include only simple indivisible values.

2NF: It should be 1NF and every nonprime attribute is fully functionally
dependent on primary key.
3NF: It should be 2NF and if every nonprime attribute is non-transitively
dependent on primary key.
4NF: If for every Multivalued dependency X Y that holds over R, if X=R or
XY=R or if X is a super key.
5NF: If for every join dependency that holds R, if Ri = R or join dependency is
implied by the set of functional dependency over R in which the left side is
key of R.
BCNF: If it is 3NF and for every functional dependency X A, X must be a
candidate key.
14) Indexing:

Technique for searching data in the database

Types:
* B tree
* Binary search
* Table indexing
* Inverted list indexing

* Memory resident table.

15) Query:

User can access the data in the database using a set of commands called
queries
Sub query:
Combination of one or more queries.

16) Joints:

Explains how tables are related.

Types:
Outer:
1) Left outer: selects all records from the first table
2) Right outer: selects all records from the second table

Inner:
Displays values that are common to both the tables.
Cross join:
Combines the rows of two tables

17) ODBC:

Allows application programs to access SQL databases using a special

interface.

18) SQL built-in functions:

Min
Max
Sum
Count

Avg

19) Binary relationships:

1:n
1:1
M:n

20) ACID property:

Atomicity: one transaction at a time.

Consistent: transaction cannot be modified.
Isolated: transactions occurring concurrently are unaware of each other.
Durable: DB changes are permanent even during system crash.
21) Views:

Virtual tables that are derived from the parent table.

22) System catalog:

RDBMS contains the description of all the data, their relationship and index
that are stored in the database.

23) Aggregate functions:

Takes number of values but gives single value as output.

E.g.: count, avg, max, min.

24) Scalar functions:

Takes one value as input and give single value for output.
E.g.: len, ucase, lcase.

25) ER diagram: (Entity relationship)

Depicts the relationship between various tables in a DB

26) EER diagram: (Enhanced entity relationship)

It is same as that of ER but also includes subclass ans super class concepts.

27) Levels of data abstraction:

Physical level: Describes how data are stored.

Logical level: Describes the data are stored in a database and relationship among
those data.
View level: Describes a part of entire database.
28) Data independence:
Modification of schema in one level should not affect the schema in the next
level.
Types:
1) Logical data independence
2) Physical data independence

29) DML compiler:

Translates DML statements into low level instruction that the query
evaluation engine can understand.

30) DDL interpreter:

It Interprets DDL statements and records them in a data dictionary.

Shortcut keys help provide an easier and usually quicker method

of navigating and using computer software programs. Shortcut
keys are commonly accessed by using the Alt (on IBM compatible
computers), command key (on Apple computers), Ctrl, or Shift in
conjunction with a single letter. The de facto standard for listing a
shortcut is listing the modifier key, a plus symbol, and the
single character. In other words, "ALT+S" is telling you to press
the Alt key and while continuing to hold the Alt key, press the S
key to perform the shortcut.

In addition to the shortcuts listed on

this page, users can find the shortcut keys to their most
popular program by looking forunderlined letters in their
menus. For example, the picture to the right has an
underline on the "F" in File which means you can press
the Alt key and F to access the File menu.
Note: Some programs require the user press and hold
Alt to see the underlined characters. Finally, as can also
be seen some of the common features such as Open
(Ctrl+O) and Save (Ctrl+S) have shortcut keys assigned
to them.
As you begin to memorize shortcut keys, you'll notice
that many applications share the same shortcut keys. We
have the most commonly shared shortcut keys in the
belowbasic PC shortcut keys section.
Tip: Users outside the United States or users using a
foreign copy of a Microsoft Windows or Microsoft

application may not be able to get all the below shortcut

keys to perform the function listed below.
Basic PC shortcut keys
The below basic shortcut keys are a listing of shortcut keys that will
work with almost all IBM compatible computers and software
programs. It is highly recommended that all users keep a good
reference of the below shortcut keys or try to memorize the below
keys. Doing so will dramatically increase your productivity.

Shortcut Keys

Description

Alt + F

File menu options in current program.

Alt + E

Edit options in current program

F1

Universal Help in almost every Windows program.

Ctrl + A

Select all text.

Ctrl + F

Open find window for current document or window

Ctrl + S

Savecurrent document file.

Ctrl + X

Cut selected item.

Shift + Del

Cut selected item.

Ctrl + C

Copy selected item.

Ctrl + Ins

Copy selected item

Ctrl + V

Paste

Shift + Ins

Paste

Ctrl + P

Print the current page or document.

Home

Goes to beginning of current line.

Ctrl + Home

Goes to beginning of document.

End

Goes to end of current line.

Ctrl + End

Goes to end of document.

Shift + Home

Highlights from current position to beginning of line.

Shift + End

Highlights from current position to end of line.

Ctrl + Left arrow

Moves one word to the left at a time.

Ctrl + Right arrow

Moves one word to the right at a time.

What are the F1 through F12 keys?

Commonly known as function keys, F1 through F12 may have a
variety of different uses or no use at all. Depending on the installed

operating system and the software program currently open will change
how each of these keys operate. A program is capable of not only
using each of the function keys, but also combining the function keys
with the ALT or CTRL key, for example, Microsoft Windows users can
press ALT + F4 to close the program currently active.

Below is a short-listing of some of the common functions of

the functions keys. As mentioned above not all programs
support function keys and may perform different tasks then
those mentioned below. If you are looking for more specific
shortcut keys and function key examples we suggest seeing
our shortcut key page.
F1
Almost always used as the help key, almost every program opens a help
screen when this key is pressed.
Enter CMOS Setup
.
Windows Key+ F1 would open the Microsoft Windows help and
support center.
Open theTask Pane
.

F2
In Windows renames a highlighted
icon, file, or folder in all versions of
Windows.
Alt + Ctrl + F2 opens document window Microsoft
in
Word.
Ctrl + F2 displays the print preview window in Microsoft Word.
Quickly renamea selected file or folder.
Enter CMOS Setup
.

F3
Often opens a search feature for many programs including Microsoft
Windows when at theWindows Desktop
..

In MS-DOS or Windows command line F3 will repeat the last

command.
Shift + F3 will change the text in Microsoft Word from upper to lower
case or a capital letter at the beginning of every word.
Windows Key+ F3 opens the Advanced find window in Microsoft
Outlook.
OpenMission Controlon an Apple computer running Mac OS X.

F4
Open find window in Windows 95 to XP.
Open theaddress barin Windows Explorerand Internet Explorer
.
Repeat the last action performed (Word 2000+)
Alt + F4 closes the program window currently active in Microsoft
Windows.
Ctrl + F4 closes the open window within the current active window in
Microsoft Windows.

F5
In all modernInternet browserspressing F5 willrefreshor reload the
page or document window.
Open the find, replace, and go to window in Microsoft Word.
Starts a slides
how in PowerPoint.

F6
Move the cursor to the
Address barin Internet Explorer
, Mozilla
Firefox, and most other Internet browsers.
Ctrl + Shift + F6 opens to another open Microsoft Word document.

F7
Commonly used tospell checkand grammar checka document in
Microsoft programs such as Microsoft Word, Outlook, etc.
Shift + F7 runs a Thesaurus check on the word highlighted.
Turns on Caret browsing in Mozilla Firefox.

F8
Function key used to enter the Windows startup menu, commonly used
to access Windows
Safe Mode.

F9
Refreshdocument inMicrosoft Word.
Send and receive-mail
e in Microsoft Outlook.
Opens the Measurements toolbar in Quark 5.0.
With Mac OS 10.3 or later shows all open Windows.
Using theFn keyand F9 at the same time opens
Mission Controlon an
Apple computer running Mac OS X.

F10
In Microsoft Windows activates the
menu barof an open application.
Shift + F10 is the same as
right-clicking on a highlighted icon, file, or
Internet link.
Access thehidden recovery partition
on HP and Sony computers.
Enter CMOS Setup
.
With Mac OS 10.3 or later shows all open Windows for active program.

F11
Enter and exitfull screenmode inall modernInternet browsers
.
Ctrl + F11 as computer is starting to accesshidden
the
recovery
partition on many Dell comput
ers.
Access thehidden recovery partition
on eMachines, Gateway, and
Lenovo computers.
With Mac OS 10.4 or later hides all open windows and shows
the Desktop.

F12
Open the Save as window Microsoft
in
Word.
Ctrl + F12 opens a document In Word.
Shift + F12 saves the Microsoft Word document (like Ctrl + S).
Ctrl + Shift + F12 prints a document in Microsoft Word.
Preview a page in Microsoft Expression Web.
OpenFirebug.
With an Apple running Mac OS 10.4 or later F12 shows or hides
the Dashboard
.
F13 - F24

Early IBM computers also had keyboards with F13

through F24 keys. However, because these keyboards
are no longer used they are not listed on this page.

Using keyboard shortcuts can greatly increase your productivity,

reduce repetitive strain, and help keep you focused. For example,
highlighting text with the keyboard and pressing Ctrl + C is much
faster than taking your hand from the keyboard, highlightin g the text
using the mouse, clicking copy from the file menu, and then putting
your hand back in place on the keyboard. Below are our top 10
keyboard shortcuts we recommend everyone memorize and use.

Ctrl + C or Ctrl + Insert

Both Ctrl + C and Ctrl
+ Insert will copy the highlighted text or selected item.
Ctrl + V or Shift + Insert
Both the Ctrl + V and Shift + Insert will paste the text
or object that's in theclipboard.
Ctrl + Z and Ctrl + Y
Undo any change. For example, if you cut text, pressing
this will undo it. This can also often be pressed multiple
times to undo multiple changes. Pressing Ctrl + Y
wouldredo the undo.
Ctrl + F
Pressing Ctrl + F opens the Find in any program. This
includes your Internet browser to find text on the current
page.
Alt + Tab or Ctrl + Tab

Quickly switch between open programs moving forward.

Tip: Press Ctrl + Tab to switch between tabs in a
program.
Tip: Adding the Shift key to Alt + Tab or Ctrl + Tab will
move backwards. For example, if you are pressing Alt +
Tab and pass the program you want to switch to,
press Alt + Shift + Tab to move backwards to that
program.
Tip: Windows Vista and 7 users can also press
the Windows Key + Tab to switch through open
programs in a full screenshot of the Window.
Ctrl + Back space and Ctrl + Left or Right arrow
Pressing Ctrl + Backspace will delete a full word at a
time instead of a single character.
Holding down the Ctrl key while pressing the left or
right arrow will move the cursor one word at a time
instead of one character at a time. If you wanted to
highlight one word at a time you can hold down Ctrl +
Shift and then press the left or right arrowkey to move
one word at a time in that direction while highlighting
each word.
Ctrl + S
While working on a document or other file in almost
every program pressing Ctrl + Ssaves that file. This
shortcut key should be used frequently anytime you're
working on anything important.
Ctrl + Home or Ctrl + End
Ctrl + Home will move the cursor to the beginning of
the document and Ctrl + End will move the cursor to the
end of a document.

Ctrl + P
Open a print preview of the current page or document
being viewed. For example, press Ctrl + P now to view a
print preview of this page.
Page Up, Space bar, and Page Down
Pressing either the page up or page down key will
move that page one page at a time in that direction.
When browsing the Internet pressing the space bar also
moves the page down one page at a time.
Tip: If you are using the space bar to go down one page
at a time press the Shift keyand space bar to go up
one page at a time.

General Windows keyboard shortcuts

Alt + Tab
Switch between open applications in all versions of
Windows. Reverse the direction by pressing Alt + Shift
+ Tab at the same time.
Ctrl + Tab
Switches between program groups, tabs, or document
windows in applications that support this feature.
Reverse the direction by pressing Ctrl + Shift + Tab at
the same time.
Alt + double-click
Display the properties of the object you double-click on in
Windows 95 and later. For example, doing this on a file
would display its properties.
Alt + Print Screen

Create a screen shot only for the active program window

in all versions of Windows. For example, if you opened
the calculator and did this only the calculator window
would be created as a screen shot. If just the Print
Screen key is pressed the whole screen will be made
into a screen shot.
Ctrl + Alt + Del
Open the Windows option screen for locking computer,
switching user, Task Manager, etc. in later versions of
Windows. Pressing Ctrl+Alt+Del multiple times
will reboot the computer.
Ctrl + Shift + Esc
Immediately bring up the Windows Task Manager in
Windows 2000 and later.
Ctrl + Esc
Open the Windows Start menu in most versions of
Windows. In Windows 8 this opens the Start screen and
in Windows 3.x this would bring up the Task Manager.
Alt + Esc
Switch between open applications on Taskbar in Windows
95 and later.
Alt + Space bar
Drops down the window control menu for the currently
open Windows program in Windows 95 and later.
Alt + Enter
Opens properties window of selected icon or program in
Windows 95 and later.
Shift + Del
Will delete any file or other object without throwing it
into the Recycle Bin in Windows 95 and later.
Hold down the Shift key

When putting in an audio CD or other CD that

uses Autoplay, holding down the Shift key will prevent
that CD from playing.
Windows function key shortcuts
Below is a listing of keyboard shortcuts that use
the keyboard function keys. See ourwhat are F1 through
F12 keys page for a full listing of what function keys do
with all other programs.
F1
Activates help for current open application. If you're at
the Windows Desktop, this will activate the help for
Windows.
F2
Renames a highlighted icon, file, or folder in all versions
of Windows.
F3
Starts find or search when at the Windows Desktop in all
versions of Windows.
F4
In Windows 95 and later this opens the drive selection or
address bar when browsing files in Windows Explorer.
PressingAlt + F4 closes the current open program window without a
prompt in all versions of Windows.
PressingCtrl + F4 closes the open window within the current active
window in Microsoft Windows. This only works in programs that
support multiple windows or tabs in the same program window.
F6
While in Windows Explorer, this will move the cursor to
different Windows Explorer pane or in Windows 7 browse
available drives.
F8

Pressing F8 over and over as the computer is booting will

start the computer in Safe Mode.
F10
Activates the File menu bar in all versions of Windows.
Simulates aright-click on selected item. This is useful if right
-click is
difficult or impossible using the mouse.
Windows keyboard key shortcuts
Below is a listing of Windows keys that can be used on
computers running a Microsoft Windows 95 or later and
using a keyboard with a Windows key. In the below list of
shortcuts, the Windows key is represented by "WINKEY"
and because not all these shortcuts will work in all
versions of Windows we've mentioned what versions of
Windows support each Windows key shortcut key.
All versions of Windows
WINKEY
Pressing the Windows key alone opens or hides the
Windows Start menu. In Windows 8, this opens or hides
the Start screen.
WINKEY + F1
Open the Microsoft Windows help and support center.
WINKEY + Pause / Break key
Open the System Properties window.
WINKEY + D
Opens the Desktop to the top of all other windows.
WINKEY + E
Open Microsoft Windows Explorer.
WINKEY + F
Display the Windows Search or Find feature.
WINKEY + Ctrl + F
Display the search for computers window.

WINKEY + L
Lock the computer and switch users if needed (Windows
XP and above only).
WINKEY + M
Minimizes all windows.
WINKEY + Shift + M
Undo the minimize done by WINKEY + M and WINKEY +
D.
WINKEY + R
Open the run window.
WINKEY + U
Open Utility Manager or the Ease of Access Center.
Windows XP only
Windows 7 and 8 only
Windows 8 only
Windows XP only
WINKEY + Tab
Cycle through open programs through the Taskbar.
Windows 7 and 8 only
WINKEY + 1-0
Pressing the Windows key and any of the top row
number keys from 1 to 0 opens the program
corresponding to the number of icon on the Taskbar. For
example, if the first icon on the Taskbar was Internet
Explorer pressing WINKEY + 1 would open that program
or switch to it if already open.
WINKEY + (Plus (+) or Minus (-))
Open Windows Magnifier and zoom in with the plus
symbol (+) and zoom out with the minus symbol (-).
Press theWINK EY + ESC to close the Magnifier
WINKEY + Home

Minimize all windows except the active window.

WINKEY + P
Change between the monitor and projection display types
or how second screen displays computer screen.
WINKEY + T
Set the focus on the Taskbar icons
WINKEY + Left arrow
Shrinks the window to 1/2 screen on the left side for side
by side viewing.
WINKEY + Right arrow
Shrinks the window to 1/2 screen on the right side for
side by side viewing.
WINKEY + Up arrow
When in the side by side viewing mode, this shortcut
takes the screen back to full size.
WINKEY + Down arrow
Minimizes the screen. Also, when in the side by side
viewing mode, this shortcut takes the screen back to a
minimized size.
Windows 8 only
WINKEY + ,
Peek at the Windows Desktop.
WINKEY + .
Snap a Windows App to the sides of the screen. Pressing
it multiple times will switch between the right and lefthand side of the screen or unsnap the app.
WINKEY + Enter
Open Windows Narrator
WINKEY + C
Open the Charms.
WINKEY + G

Cycle through Desktop gadgets.

WINKEY + H
Open Share in Charms.
WINKEY + I
Open the Settings in Charms.
WINKEY + J
Switch between snapped apps.
WINKEY + K
Open Devices in Charms.
WINKEY + O
Lock the screen orientation.
WINKEY + X
Open the power user menu, which gives you access to
many of the features most power users would want to
use such as Device Manager, Control Panel, Event
Viewer, Command Prompt, and much more.

Microsoft Excel shortcut keys

Below is a listing of all the major shortcut keys in Microsoft Excel. See
the computer shortcut page if you are looking for other shortcut keys
used in other programs.

Shortcut

Description

F2

Edit the selected

cell.

F3

After a namehas been created F3 will paste names.

F4

R
co
elpoeraotflatesxttaicntiaonno. tFhoer ece
xall m
pp
reles,sifng
yoFu4cw
haillnged the
change the text in cell to the same color.

F5

Go to a specific cell. For example, C6.

F7

Spell check selected text or document.

F11

Createchart from selected data.

Ctrl + Shift + ;

Enter the current time.

Ctrl + ;

Enter the current date.

Alt + Shift + F1

Insert NewWorksheet.

Alt + Enter

W
nehxitl elintyepainllgow
teixntgin
foar m
ceullltipprleslsinin
egs Alt + Enter will move to
of text in one cell.

Shift + F3

Open the Excelformula window.

Shift + F5

Bring up search box.

Ctrl + 1

Open the Format Cells window.

Ctrl + A

Select all contents of the worksheet.

Ctrl + B

Bold highlighted selection.

Ctrl + I

Italic highlighted selection.

Ctrl + K

Insertlink.

Ctrl + S

Save the open worksheet.

Ctrl + U

Underline highlighted selection.

Ctrl + 1

Change the format of selected cells.

Ctrl + 5

Strikethroughhighlighted selection.

Ctrl + P

Bring up the print dialog box to begin printing.

Ctrl + Z

Undo last action.

Ctrl + F3

Open ExcelName Manager

.

Ctrl + F9

Minimize current window.

Ctrl + F10

Maximize currently selected window.

Ctrl + F6

Switch between open workbooks or windows.

Ctrl + Page up

Move between Excel work sheets in the same Excel document

Ctrl + Page down

Move between Excel work sheets in the same Excel document

Ctrl + Tab

Move between Two or more open Excel files.

Alt + =

Create a formula to sum all of the above cells

Ctrl + '

Insert the value of the above cell into cell currently selected.

Ctrl + Shift + !

Format number in comma format.

Ctrl + Shift + $

Format number in currency format.

Ctrl + Shift + #

Format number in date format.

Ctrl + Shift + %

Format number in percentage format.

Ctrl + Shift + ^

Format number in scientific format.

Ctrl + Shift + @

Format number in time format.

Ctrl + Arrow key

Move to next section of text.

Ctrl + Space

Select entirecolumn.

Shift + Space

Select entirerow.

Ctrl + -

Delete the selected column or row.

Ctrl + Shift + =

Insert a new column or row.

Ctrl + Home

Move to cell A1.

Ctrl + ~

Switch between showing Excel formulas or their values in cells

Microsoft Word shortcut keys

Below is a listing of all the major shortcut keys in Microsoft Word. See
the computer shortcut page if you are looking for other shortcut keys
used in other programs.

Shortcut

Description

Ctrl + 0

Adds or removes 6pts of spacing before a paragraph.

Ctrl + A

Select all contents of the page.

Ctrl + B

Bold highlighted selection.

Ctrl + C

Copy selected text.

Ctrl + D

Open thefont preferences window.

Ctrl + E

Aligns the line or selected text to the center of the screen.

Ctrl + F

Open find box.

Ctrl + I

Italic highlighted selection.

Ctrl + J

Aligns the selected text or line to justify the screen.

Ctrl + K

Insert link.

Ctrl + L

Aligns the line or selected text to the left of the screen.

Ctrl + M

Indent the paragraph.

Ctrl + P

Open the print window.

Ctrl + R

Aligns the line or selected text to the right of the screen.

Ctrl + S

Save the open document. Just like Shift + F12.

Ctrl + T

Create a hanging indent.

Ctrl + U

Underline highlighted selection.

Ctrl + V

Paste.

Ctrl + X

Cut selected text.

Ctrl + Y

Redo the last action performed.

Ctrl + Z

Undo last action.

Ctrl + Shift + L

Quickly create abullet point.

Ctrl + Shift + F

Change the font.

Ctrl + Shift + >

Increase selected font +1pts up to 12pt and then increases font +2pts

Ctrl + ]

Increase selected font +1pts.

Ctrl + Shift + <

Decrease selected font

-1pts if 12pt or lower, if above 12 decreases font by +2pt.

Ctrl + [

Decrease selected font

-1pts.

Ctrl + / + c

Insert a cent sign ().

Ctrl + ' + <char>

Insert a character with an accent (grave) mark, where <char> is the character you want. For exa
if you wanted an accented you wouldCtrl
use + ' + e as your shortcut key. To reverse the accent
mark use the opposite accent mark, often ontilde
the key.

Ctrl + Shift + *

View or hide non printing characters.

Ctrl + <left arrow>

Moves one word to the left.

Ctrl + <right arrow>

Moves one word to the right.

Ctrl + <up arrow>

Moves to the beginning of the line or paragraph.

Ctrl + <down arrow>

Moves to the end of the paragraph.

Ctrl + Del

Deletes word to right of cursor.

Ctrl + Backspace

Deletes word to left of cursor.

Ctrl + End

Moves the cursor to the end of the document.

Ctrl + Home

Moves the cursor to the beginning of the document.

Ctrl + Spacebar

Reset highlighted text to the default font.

Ctrl + 1

Single-space lines.

Ctrl + 2

Double-space lines.

Ctrl + 5

1.5-line spacing.

Ctrl + Alt + 1

Changes text to heading 1.

Ctrl + Alt + 2

Changes text to heading 2.

Ctrl + Alt + 3

Changes text to heading 3.

Alt + Ctrl + F2

Open new document.

Ctrl + F1

Open theTask Pane

.

Ctrl + F2

Display theprint preview.

Ctrl + Shift + >

Increases the highlighted text size by one.

Ctrl + Shift + <

Decreases the highlighted text size by one.

Ctrl + Shift + F6

Opens to another open Microsoft Word document.

Ctrl + Shift + F12

Prints the document.

F1

Open Help.

F4

Repeat the last action performed (Word 2000+)

F5

Open the find, replace, and go to window in Microsoft Word.

F7

Spellcheck and grammar check selected text or document.

F12

Save as.

Shift + F3

Change the text in Microsoft Word from

uppercaseto lowercase
or a capital letter at the beginning of
every word.

Shift + F7

Runs a Thesaurus check on the dwor

highlighted.

Shift + F12

Save the open document. Just like Ctrl + S.

Shift + Enter

Create asoft breakinstead of a new paragraph.

Shift + Insert

Paste.

Shift + Alt + D

Insert the current date.

Shift + Alt + T

Insert the current time.

In addition to the above shortcut keys users can also use

their mouse as a method of quickly do something commonly
performed. Below some are examples of mouse shortcuts.
Mouse shortcuts

Description

Click, hold, and drag

Selects text from where you click and hold to the point you drag and let go.

Double-click

If double-click a word, selects the complete word.

Double-click

Double-a
clicgknim
nge o
ntnotfhtehe
letfe
t,xctelenftte,r, or right of a blank line makes the
center, or right aligned.

Double-click

Double-clicking anywhere after text on a line will settab

a stop.

Triple-click

Selects the line or paragraph of the text the mouse -clicked.

triple

Ctrl + Mouse wheel

Zooms in and out of document.

Below is a listing of all the major shortcut keys in Microsoft FrontPage.

See thecomputer shortcut page if you are looking for other shortcut
keys used in other programs.

Shortcut

Description

Ctrl + C

Copy selected text.

Ctrl + X

Cut selected text.

Ctrl + P

Pasteselected text.

Ctrl + K

Create ahyperlink.

Ctrl + B

Bold highlighted selection.

Ctrl + I

Italic highlighted selection.

Ctrl + U

Underline highlighted selection.

Ctrl + L

Left align the text.

Ctrl + R

Right align the text.

Ctrl + E

Center the text.

Ctrl + /

Turn on or off the display of

HTML tags.

Ctrl + S

Save document.

Ctrl + Tab

Switch between open web pages.

Ctrl + Ins

Enter Line break.

Ctrl + Enter

Move cursor above or below a table.

Ctrl + Shift + B

Preview in web browser window.

Ctrl + Shift + <

Decrease font size.

Ctrl + Shift + >

Increase font size.

Ctrl + Del

Deletes word to right of cursor.

Ctrl + Backspace

Deletes word to left of cursor.

Alt + mouse
double-click

g
Vitehw
is tohne aprtoapbelerticeesllowfo
ausldeldeicstpeldayitethm
e. For example, doin
properties for that cell.

Microsoft Outlook shortcut keys

Below is a listing of all the major shortcut keys in Microsoft Outlook.
See the computer shortcut page if you are looking for other shortcut
keys used in other programs.

Shortcut

Description

Alt + S

Send the -mail

e

Ctrl + Enter

Send the -mail

e
you're composing.

Ctrl + C

Copy selected text.

Ctrl + X

Cut selected text.

Ctrl + P

Print selected text.

Ctrl + K

Complete the name or-mail

e being typed in the-mail
e
address bar.

Ctrl + B

Bold highlighted selection

Ctrl + I

Italic highlighted selection

Ctrl + M

Send and receive all

Ctrl + U

Underline highlighted selection

Ctrl + R

Reply to an -email.

Ctrl + F

Forward an -email.

Ctrl + N

Create a new-mail.
e

Ctrl + Y

Go to folder.

Ctrl + Shift + A

Create a new appointment to your calendar.

Ctrl + Shift + O

Open the Outbox.

Ctrl + Shift + I

Open the Inbox.

Ctrl + Shift + K

Add a new task.

Ctrl + Shift + C

Create a new contact.

Ctrl + Shift + J

Create a new journal entry.

Ctrl + Shift + V

Move folder.