Abstract
This paper presents a physically consistent approach to modify
black-oil PVT tables for (1) eliminating, in some cases, socalled negative compressibilities, (2) extrapolating saturated
and undersaturated properties to conditions beyond the limits
of original PVT tables, and (3) guaranteeing physical
consistency of gas and oil properties as a critical condition is
approached.
For a number of reasons a black-oil PVT table may contain
inconsistencies that result in non-physical behavior in
reservoir simulators, sometimes leading to slow run times and,
sometimes,
premature
run
termination.
Physical
inconsistencies can even arise when the black-oil PVT table is
created by a physically-consistent EOS model. Black-oil
behavior can also be inconsistent as a result of the method
used to create the tables e.g. correlations, conversion of
laboratory data, or using EOS models where gas and oil
phases are not in thermodynamic equilibrium.
Three main methods are developed in the paper. First, an
analysis of negative compressibilities is given and an approach
to eliminate the problem is proposed. Negative
compressibilities can arise because derivatives are held
constant from one pressure table point to the next, inconsistent
with the pressure-dependent evaluation of properties
themselves.
The second contribution of our paper is a method to
extrapolate an existing black-oil table to higher saturation
pressures than found in the original table. Extrapolation is
possible to any higher pressure including a critical
(convergence) pressure where phase properties become
identical. The proposed method uses a piecewise-linear loglog relationship between black-oil (surface gas and surface oil)
K-values and pressure.
Our final contribution is a consistent method to calculate
saturated and undersaturated black-oil PVT properties at
interior and extrapolated pressures to those in the original
table. A cubic EOS and the LBC viscosity correlation methods
1.
SPE 109596
2.
3.
g < o
Rs < 1/rs
Bo < Bgd/rs
Bgd < Bo/Rs
g < o
g = o
Rs = 1/rs
Bo = Bgd/rs
Bgd = Bo/Rs
g = o
( Bo Rs Bgd ) drs dB gd
>
(1 rs Rs )
dp
dp
( B r B ) dR
dB
o + gd s o s ....................... (1)
dp
(1 rs Rs )
dp
co =
1
Bo
cg =
1
Bgd
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
gd + o
dp
(1 rs Rs )
dp
SPE 109596
Ko s =
K gs =
where
Rs + Co
........................................................ (3)
1 / rs + Co
1 Rs + Co
.............................................. (4)
Rs rs 1 / rs + Co
p
K o = K o s
ps
mo =
mo
log( K o s )
....................................................(6)
log( ps / pk )
p
K g = K gs
ps
mg =
......................................................(5)
mg
......................................................(7)
log( K gs )
....................................................(8)
log( ps / pk )
ps saturation pressure
pk convergence pressure
K o is equilibrium constant of surface oil and
K g is
Rs = Co
rs =
1 Ko
..........................................................(9)
Kg 1
K o ( K g 1)
................................................(10)
Co K g (1 K o )
SPE 109596
o =
osc + gsc Rs
Bo
..................................................(11)
xo =
Co
............................................................(12)
Co + Rs
xg =
Rs
...........................................................(13)
Co + Rs
Co =
o RTsc
M o psc
.........................................................(14)
M o = M o xo + M g x g ........................................(17)
Molar volume of the reservoir oil
vo = M o / o .............................................................(18)
Reservoir gas at pressure p, solution oil-gas ratio rs, and gas
FVF Bgd.
Reservoir gas densities
g =
gsc + osc rs
Bgd
..................................................(19)
yo =
Co
.........................................................(20)
1 / rs + Co
yg =
1 / rs
.........................................................(21)
1 / rs + Co
SPE 109596
p=
RT
a
....................... (24)
v b v ( v + b ) + b ( v b)
ag = a
R 2 Tc2
..............................................(38)
pc
bg = b
R Tc
.....................................................(39)
pc
s g = 0 ...................................................................(40)
Surface gas critical properties from Standing9 correlation:
If yg < 0.75
Molar volume and EOS constants for oil (and similarly for
gas):
v = vo + ( sb)o = vo + xo so bo + x g s g bg ............... (26)
2
a = ao xo + a g x g + 2 ( ao a g )
0.5
xo x g ............ (27)
b = bo x o + bg x g ..................................................... (28)
If yg 0.75
R 2 Tc2
.............................................. (29)
ao = a
pc
= 1 + m (1 Tr )
R Tc
..................................................... (30)
pc
If 0.49 then
so = 0 .................................................................. (31)
bo = b
= 1 + m (1 Tr )
(33)
] ....................................... (34)
2
If 0.49 then
.............. (32)
] ........................................(45)
..................(36)
+ 0.01667 3
............(47)
RT
p
= 0 ............(49)
v b v ( v + b) + b ( v b)
Regress on
a o bo so a g bg s g
to satisfy above
SPE 109596
xo =
Co
........................................................... (50)
Co + Rs
Rs
xg =
........................................................... (51)
Co + Rs
2
Z 3 (1 B ) Z 2 + ( A 3 B 2 2 B ) Z
( AB B 2 B 3 ) = 0
................... (54)
A=a
p
............................................................ (55)
( RT ) 2
B=b
p
................................................................. (56)
RT
o =
Mo
...................................................................(59)
vo
Bo =
osc + gsc Rs
o
ZRT
.................................................................. (57)
p
[(
)T + 10 4
1/4
2
= A 0 + A1 pr + A 2 pr
+ A 3 3pr + A 4 4pr
v=
.................................................(60)
....(61)
co , cg , To , Tg , oo, go
pr =
pc
..................................................................(62)
SPE 109596
pc = c o xo + c g x g
= x + xg
o
o o
o
g
................................................. (65)
co , ps max and cg , ps max are calculated for the oil and gas
......... (66)
M
= o ................................................................. (67)
Vco
parameters
Vcg =
To , Tg , oo, go
co
Regressed parameters
.............................................. (64)
T = T o xo + T g x g
o
............................................ (63)
Zc R Tpc
........................................................ (68)
p pc
To , Tg , oo, go
calculations.
Oil viscosity at pressure p and solution gas-oil ratio Rs:
The composition of the surface oil and surface gas are
calculated from solution RS. using eqs. 12 and 13.
cg =
Mg
................................................................. (69)
Vcg
oo =
34105 Tr0o.94
To
.................................................. (71)
oo =
To
.................... (72)
=
o
g
34105 Tr0g.94
Tg
.................................................. (74)
go =
Tg
.................... (75)
co , cg , To , Tg , oo, go
T , o
are
SPE 109596
Nomenclature
a
= EOS parameter a
b
= EOS parameter b
= dry-gas FVF, m3/Sm3
Bgd
Bo
= oil FVF, m3/Sm3
cg
= gas isothermal compressibility, 1/bar
co
= oil isothermal compressibility, 1/bar
Co
= conversion from STO to equivalent surface gas
GOR
= gas-oil ratio, Sm3/Sm3
K
= equilibrium K-value
M
= molecular weight
OGR
= oil-gas ratio, Sm3/Sm3
p
= pressure, bara
pb
= bubblepoint pressure, bara
pc
= critical pressure, bara
= dewpoint pressure, bara
pd
pk
= convergence pressure, bara
pR
= reservoir pressure, bara
ps
= saturation pressure, bara
psc
= standard pressure, bara
R
= universal gas constant
= solution gas-oil ratio, Sm3/Sm3
Rs
rs
= solution oil-gas ratio, Sm3/Sm3
sg
= EOS parameter volume shift for surface gas
so
(sb)g
(sb)o
T
Tc
Tr
Tsc
v
xo
xg
yo
yg
c
r
T
g
o
API
Subscript
o
g
o
g
= surface oil
= surface gas
= reservoir oil
= reservoir gas
Acknowledgments
We want to thank the participants of the Black-oil PVT
Project - ConocoPhillips, Ecopetrol, Norsk Agip, Norsk
Hydro, and Statoil - for financial and technical support during
this work.
References
1.
SPE 109596
Appendix
Appendix A - Equilibrium K-values for Surface Oil and
Surface Gas.
For reservoir oil, assuming one Sm3 of oil and Rs Sm3 of
gas at surface conditions.
oo
no o =
M oo
no o + n g o
Coo =
n go
Rs , pk = Co
p
= Rs sc
RTsc
o o RTsc
M o o psc
p
= sc , no g = rs o g
RTsc
M og
no g + n g g =
Cog =
p sc
(1 + rsCog )
RTsc
o g RTsc
M o g psc
Assuming
o o = o g = osc
and
M o o = M o g = M osc so
Coo = Cog = Co
xo =
ln K o s
ln K gs
p
= sc (Coo + Rs )
RTsc
For reservoir gas, assuming one Sm3 of gas and rs Sm3 of oil at
the surface condition
n gg
no o
Co
=
no o + n go Rs + Co
n go
Rs
xg =
=
no o + n go Rs + Co
no g
rC
Co
= s o =
yo =
no g + ngg 1 + rs Co 1 / rs + Co
yg =
n gg
1
1 / rs
=
=
no g + ngg 1 + rs Co 1 / rs + Co
Ko =
yo
R + Co
R + Co
= rs s
= s
xo
1 + rs Co 1 / rs + Co
Kg =
y g 1 Rs + Co
1 Rs + Co
=
=
x g Rs 1 + rs Co Rs rs 1 / rs + Co
o =
osc + gsc Rs , pk
Bo, pk
xo =
Co
Co + Rs , pk
xg =
Rs , pk
Co + Rs , pk
M g = gsc M air
M o = M o xo + M g x g
vo = M o / o
2
a = ao xo + a g x g + 2 ( ao a g ) 0.5 xo x g
b = bo x o + bg x g
v = vo + ( xo so , ps max bo + x g s g , ps max bg )
pk =
RT
a
v b v ( v + b) + b ( v b)
10
SPE 109596
3.0
0.0016
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0.0014
0.0012
0.001
0.0008
0.0006
0.0004
0.0002
0
100
450
150
200
Pressure, bara
350
400
450
350
400
450
600
6E-03
500
300
400
300
200
100
5E-03
4E-03
3E-03
2E-03
1E-03
0E+00
0
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
-1E-03
100
450
150
200
Pressure, bara
300
0.014
6E-03
0.016
0.012
0.01
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
0
100
250
Pressure, bara
250
Pressure, bara
5E-03
4E-03
3E-03
2E-03
1E-03
0E+00
150
200
250
300
350
Pressure, bara
400
450
-1E-03
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Pressure, bara
SPE 109596
11
7E-03
700
Co at input pressure nodes
6E-03
Co at pressures between input pressure nodes
5E-03
4E-03
3E-03
2E-03
1E-03
0E+00
-1E-03
100
600
Extrapolated Solution GOR of Oil
500
400
Input Solution GOR of Oil
300
200
100
Input Table
Extrapolated, Pk = 420 bara (recommended procedure)
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
100
200
Pressure, bara
300
400
500
600
Pressure, bara
7E-03
3.5
Co at input pressure nodes
Co at pressures between input pressure nodes
Co at pressures between input pressure nodes after extra pressure
3.0
5E-03
6E-03
4E-03
3E-03
2E-03
2.5
2.0
1E-03
Extrapolated, Pk = 420 bara (recommended procedure)
Input Table
1.5
0E+00
-1E-03
100
1.0
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
100
Pressure, bara
200
300
400
500
600
700
1.2E-02
700
1.0E-02
Oil Compressibility
Gas Compressibility
8.0E-03
6.0E-03
4.0E-03
2.0E-03
0.0E+00
-2.0E-03
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Pressure, bara
600
500
400
Input Solution GOR of Oil
300
200
100
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Pressure, bara
12
SPE 109596
600
3.0
Cragoe
Watson factor (K=12)
Standing
Eilerts
500
2.5
2.0
400
300
200
Extrapolated, Pk = 420 bara (recommended procedure)
1.5
100
1.0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
Input Table
Extrapolated, Pk = 420 bara (recommended procedure)
Extrapolated, Pk = 600 bara
3.0
10000
1000
2.5
2.0
1.5
Input Solution GOR of Oil
1.0
100
100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Pressure, bara
Pressure, bara
700
0.014
Input Data
Fill-in Data
0.012
500
600
400
Input Solution GOR of Oil
300
200
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
100
0.002
Input Table
Extrapolated, Pk = 600 bara (K-values method)
Extrapolated, Pk = 600 bara (DGOR method)
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Pressure, bara
0.000
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Pressure, bara
Fig. 18 Input and fill-in saturated gas FVF. The fill-in data are
calculated with EOS model. The convergence pressure is about
420 bara.
SPE 109596
13
0.7
90
0.6
80
Oil Viscosity, cp
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
70
60
50
40
30
20
0.1
0.0
100
10
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Pressure, bara
Gas Viscosity, cp
Fill-in Data
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Pressure, bara
Fig. 20 Input and fill-in saturated gas viscosity. The fill-in data
are calculated with LBC correlation. The convergence pressure is
about 420 bara.
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
500
450
400
350
300
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
0.06
0
500
250
200
150
100