Basic

Evaluation of
Networks

Units and
Parameters
Link Metrics
Metrics
Periodic
Transmissions

Basic Evaluation of Networks

Delay Charts
Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay
Processing Delay
Typical Charts
Pipelining

Jose L. Muoz, Juanjo Alins, Oscar Esparza, Jorge Mata

Telematics Engineering
Universitat Politcnica de Catalunya (UPC)

1/42

Basic
Evaluation of
Networks

Outline

Units and
Parameters
Link Metrics

1 Units and Parameters

Metrics
Periodic
Transmissions

Delay Charts
Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay
Processing Delay
Typical Charts

2 Link Metrics

Metrics
Periodic Transmissions

Pipelining

3 Delay Charts

Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay
Processing Delay
Typical Charts
Pipelining

2/42

Basic
Evaluation of
Networks

Transmission and storage units

Units and
Parameters
Link Metrics
Metrics
Periodic
Transmissions

Delay Charts
Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay
Processing Delay
Typical Charts
Pipelining

Transmission rate units:

Power of 10 (in bits).
Kilo=103 Mega=106 Giga=109 Tera=1012 , etc.
Example 1 Mbps.
Storage units:
Power of 2 (in bytes).
Kilo=210 (1024), Mega=220 (1024 1024),
Giga=230 ,Tera=240 ,etc.
Example: 1 MB=23 220 bits.

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Basic
Evaluation of
Networks

Units and
Parameters
Link Metrics
Metrics
Periodic
Transmissions

Delay Charts
Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay
Processing Delay
Typical Charts

Evaluation Parameters I
L [bits]. Message length (bits or bytes).
Ttot [s]. Total time of a message transmission (seconds).
P [bits]. Packet (or frame) size (bits or bytes).
H [bits]. Packet (or frame) header size (overhead) (bits

or bytes).
B [bps]. Link or network transmission rate (bps).

Pipelining

Tx [s]. Packet (or frame) transmission time (seconds).

Th [s]. Packet (or frame) header transmission time

(seconds).
Td [s]. Packet (or frame) data transmission time

(seconds).
d [m]. Link distance (meters).
D [s]. Propagation delay (seconds).
V [m/s]. Propagation speed (m/s).
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Basic
Evaluation of
Networks

Units and
Parameters
Link Metrics
Metrics
Periodic
Transmissions

Delay Charts
Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay
Processing Delay
Typical Charts
Pipelining

Evaluation Parameters II
Tp [s]. Packet (or frame) processing time (seconds).
Tc [s]. Cadence Time. In a periodic transmission, time

between packets or frames (seconds).

RTT [s]. Round Trip Time, time since the sender sends

data and receives data from the other end (seconds).

ST [s]. Slot Time.
p [pps]. Cadence in packets (frames) per second (pps).
b [bps]. Cadence in bits per second (bps).
[bps]. Goodput or user information bit rate in bits per

second (bps).
S [s]. Virtual or real circuit establishing and releasing

time (seconds).

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Basic
Evaluation of
Networks

Units and
Parameters
Link Metrics
Metrics
Periodic
Transmissions

Delay Charts
Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay
Processing Delay
Typical Charts
Pipelining

Evaluation Parameters III

N [adimensional]. Number of links between origin and

destination.
U [ %]. Link or network utilization( %).
link [ %]. Link efficiency ( %).
proto [ %]. Protocol efficiency ( %).
cs. Acronym: circuit switching.
ps. Acronym: packet switching.
dt. Acronym: datagram.
vc. Acronym: virtual circuit.

6/42

Basic
Evaluation of
Networks

Outline

Units and
Parameters
Link Metrics

1 Units and Parameters

Metrics
Periodic
Transmissions

Delay Charts
Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay
Processing Delay
Typical Charts

2 Link Metrics

Metrics
Periodic Transmissions

Pipelining

3 Delay Charts

Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay
Processing Delay
Typical Charts
Pipelining

7/42

Basic
Evaluation of
Networks

Outline

Units and
Parameters
Link Metrics

1 Units and Parameters

Metrics
Periodic
Transmissions

Delay Charts
Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay
Processing Delay
Typical Charts

2 Link Metrics

Metrics
Periodic Transmissions

Pipelining

3 Delay Charts

Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay
Processing Delay
Typical Charts
Pipelining

8/42

Basic
Evaluation of
Networks

Units and
Parameters

Link Metrics
H

Data

Data

Data

Link Metrics
Metrics
Periodic
Transmissions

Tobs

Delay Charts
Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay
Processing Delay
Typical Charts

Link utilization (0 - 1)

Link efficiency (0 - 1)

Pipelining

U=

Tuse
Tobs

Goodput (bps)
=

Data
Tobs

link =

Tdata
Tobs

Protocol efficiency (0 - 1)
prot =

Data
Data+Overhead

Note. At this moment, protocol is the data link layer protocol (layer 2), the
packet or PDU is a frame and data is data encapsualted by some user or
upperlayer in the data field of the frame.

9/42

Basic
Evaluation of
Networks

Outline

Units and
Parameters
Link Metrics

1 Units and Parameters

Metrics
Periodic
Transmissions

Delay Charts
Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay
Processing Delay
Typical Charts

2 Link Metrics

Metrics
Periodic Transmissions

Pipelining

3 Delay Charts

Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay
Processing Delay
Typical Charts
Pipelining

10/42

Basic
Evaluation of
Networks

Periodic Transmissions

Units and
Parameters

Tc

Link Metrics

Tx

Metrics
Periodic
Transmissions

Th

Td

Data

Delay Charts
Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay
Processing Delay
Typical Charts

Data

Pipelining

Time between frames or cadence time: Tc

Cadence rate (c ): c = 1/Tc [frames / sec]
Header Time: Th
Data Time: Td

U=

Th +Td
Tc

Tx
Tc

link =

Td
Tc

Data
Tc

prot =

Td
Tx

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Basic
Evaluation of
Networks

Periodic TX Example I
A is sending a bit flow of 64 kbps to C. For this purpose,

Units and
Parameters

B is used as intermediate node.

Link Metrics
Metrics

From A to B, we use a

Periodic
Transmissions

Delay Charts
Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay
Processing Delay
Typical Charts
Pipelining

C
Circuit Network
BAB=64Kbps

Packet Network
BBC=384Kbps

circuit network that

provides us with a circuit
of 64 kbps.
From B to C, we use a

packet network of a
single link of 384 kbps.
The packet network only uses the data link layer.
B encapsulates the data of the flow into frames (without

losing any bit).

Frames are generated by adding a 5 Bytes header to

the user information (data of the received flow).

A frame is generated every 500 s.
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Basic
Evaluation of
Networks

Units and
Parameters
Link Metrics

Periodic TX Example II
a) Calculate U, link , prot , [bps] of the BC link.

Metrics

Periodic
Transmissions

C
Circuit Network

Delay Charts

BAB=64Kbps

Propagation Delay

Packet Network
BBC=384Kbps

Transmission Delay
Processing Delay

Tc=500s

Typical Charts
Pipelining

Tx
Th

Td

Data

U = 187.5
500 = 0.375(37.5 %)
link = 83.33
500 = 0.166(16.6 %)

Data=64 kbps*500s=32 bits

Td=32 bits/384 kbps= 83.33s
Tx=72 bits/384 kbps= 187.5s
H

Data

32
prot = 72
= 0.444(44.4 %)
32 b
= 500 s = 64 kbps

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Basic
Evaluation of
Networks

Periodic TX Example III

Units and
Parameters
Link Metrics
Metrics
Periodic
Transmissions

b) Recalculate the parameters if we want to encapsulate

the flow using an utilization U=100 % in the packet
network (BC link).

Delay Charts
Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay
Processing Delay
Typical Charts

U = 1 Tc = Tx

Pipelining

Tx =

40bits+Data
384Kbps

Data = Tc 64Kbps

Data = 8bits
Tc = Tx = 125s

U = 125
125 = 1(100 %)
8
prot = 48
= 0.166(16.6 %)

link = 20.83
125 = 0.166(16.6 %)
8bits
= 125s = 64Kbps

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Basic
Evaluation of
Networks

Outline

Units and
Parameters
Link Metrics

1 Units and Parameters

Metrics
Periodic
Transmissions

Delay Charts
Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay
Processing Delay
Typical Charts

2 Link Metrics

Metrics
Periodic Transmissions

Pipelining

3 Delay Charts

Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay
Processing Delay
Typical Charts
Pipelining

15/42

Basic
Evaluation of
Networks

Delay charts

Units and
Parameters
Link Metrics
Periodic
Transmissions

Delay Charts
Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay
Processing Delay
Typical Charts
Pipelining

Link1

Delay-charts are a basic

evaluation tool for

deterministic data
transmissions.

Fr
am

Link2

e1

Deterministic means that

everything is known.
These charts represent:
The time on the vertical

Time

Metrics

Fr
am

e2

Fram
e1

axis.
The nodes and links in

the horizontal axis.

Fram
e2

16/42

Basic
Evaluation of
Networks

Outline

Units and
Parameters
Link Metrics

1 Units and Parameters

Metrics
Periodic
Transmissions

Delay Charts
Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay
Processing Delay
Typical Charts

2 Link Metrics

Metrics
Periodic Transmissions

Pipelining

3 Delay Charts

Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay
Processing Delay
Typical Charts
Pipelining

17/42

Basic
Evaluation of
Networks

Propagation delay

Units and
Parameters
Link Metrics
Metrics
Periodic
Transmissions

Delay Charts
Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay
Processing Delay
Typical Charts
Pipelining

The propagation Delay

(D) is the amount of

D
Fram
time that it takes for the
e
head of the signal to
travel from the sender to
the receiver through a
certain medium.
D is the sum of two magnitudes D = D1 + D2 .
D1 is calculated as a ratio between the link length d

(meters or kilometers) and the propagation speed of the

medium V : D1 = Vd .
D2 : Its the delay introduced by physical repeaters.

18/42

Basic
Evaluation of
Networks

Outline

Units and
Parameters
Link Metrics

1 Units and Parameters

Metrics
Periodic
Transmissions

Delay Charts
Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay
Processing Delay
Typical Charts

2 Link Metrics

Metrics
Periodic Transmissions

Pipelining

3 Delay Charts

Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay
Processing Delay
Typical Charts
Pipelining

19/42

Basic
Evaluation of
Networks

Transmission time

Units and
Parameters
Link Metrics
Metrics
Periodic
Transmissions

Delay Charts
Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay
Processing Delay
Typical Charts
Pipelining

The transmission time

(Tx ) is the amount of

Fram
time required to push all
e
Tx
the bits of information
that we want to transmit
into the transmission
medium.
Tx is calculated as the ratio between the length of the
information L (in bits) to transmit and the transmission
rate of the link B (in bits per second or bps): Tx = BL .

20/42

Basic
Evaluation of
Networks

Outline

Units and
Parameters
Link Metrics

1 Units and Parameters

Metrics
Periodic
Transmissions

Delay Charts
Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay
Processing Delay
Typical Charts

2 Link Metrics

Metrics
Periodic Transmissions

Pipelining

3 Delay Charts

Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay
Processing Delay
Typical Charts
Pipelining

21/42

Basic
Evaluation of
Networks

Units and
Parameters
Link Metrics

Processing delay I
The processing delay (Tp ) is the amount of time that a

node needs to process the overhead.

Metrics
Periodic
Transmissions

Demux
link-1

Delay Charts

link-1

Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay

Typical Charts
Pipelining

link-4

Mux
link-1

If-0
link-2

Processing Delay

Typical model

link-3

OS

Demux
link-n

Mux
link-n

If-1

Typically, processing the overhead is partly done by the

network card (network interface) and partly by the OS.

The network interface processes the layer 2 overhead

(layer 2 CPU), while the Operating System (central

CPU) processes the upper layers.
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Basic
Evaluation of
Networks

Units and
Parameters
Link Metrics
Metrics
Periodic
Transmissions

Delay Charts
Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay
Processing Delay
Typical Charts
Pipelining

Processing delay II
Store & Forward (S&F):
To process the frame, the
node must receive the
entire frame.
Fram
e
A node cannot process
more than one frame at a
Tp
time.
Fram
While the node is
e
processing a frame, it may
be receiving or transmitting
other frames.
Another mechanism is cut & throught (C&T), in which

the header is processed as soon as it is received and

the frame might be forwarded without waiting to its
complete reception.
Unless otherwise stated, we will always consider S&F.
23/42

Basic
Evaluation of
Networks

Store & Forward

of Messages

Units and
Parameters
Link Metrics

Metrics
Periodic
Transmissions

Delay Charts
Propagation Delay

Transmission Delay
Processing Delay
Typical Charts
Pipelining

The message must be completely received before

being forwarded.
Simple example: indirect communication through 3
links:

With Tp 0 and negligible propagation delay (D 0).

Link B = 1.5 Mbps
Message M length L = 7500000 bits
It takes L/B = 5s to transmit the message on each link.
Total time to transmit the message = 15 s
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Basic
Evaluation of
Networks

Store & Forward

of Frames

Units and
Parameters
Link Metrics
Metrics
Periodic
Transmissions

P5000

...

P1

Delay Charts
Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay

Processing Delay
Typical Charts
Pipelining

Following the previous example:

Message length M size 7500000 bits.
Frame P has a size of 1500 bits.
B = 1.5 Mbps
Avoiding headers size, we have to send 7.5 M / 1.5 K =
5000 frames.
Each frame is transmitted in 1ms.
With S&F,Tp 0 and D 0
The total time to transmit the message = 5.002s
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Basic
Evaluation of
Networks

Outline

Units and
Parameters
Link Metrics

1 Units and Parameters

Metrics
Periodic
Transmissions

Delay Charts
Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay
Processing Delay
Typical Charts

2 Link Metrics

Metrics
Periodic Transmissions

Pipelining

3 Delay Charts

Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay
Processing Delay
Typical Charts
Pipelining

26/42

Basic
Evaluation of
Networks

Circuit switching

Units and
Parameters
Link Metrics
Metrics
Periodic
Transmissions

Delay Charts
Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay
Processing Delay
Typical Charts
Pipelining

27/42

Basic
Evaluation of
Networks

Datagram packet switching

Units and
Parameters
Link Metrics
Metrics
Periodic
Transmissions

Delay Charts
Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay
Processing Delay
Typical Charts
Pipelining

28/42

Basic
Evaluation of
Networks

Virtual circuit packet switching

Units and
Parameters
Link Metrics
Metrics
Periodic
Transmissions

Delay Charts
Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay
Processing Delay
Typical Charts
Pipelining

29/42

Basic
Evaluation of
Networks

Outline

Units and
Parameters
Link Metrics

1 Units and Parameters

Metrics
Periodic
Transmissions

Delay Charts
Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay
Processing Delay
Typical Charts

2 Link Metrics

Metrics
Periodic Transmissions

Pipelining

3 Delay Charts

Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay
Processing Delay
Typical Charts
Pipelining

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Basic
Evaluation of
Networks

Pipelining

Units and
Parameters
Link Metrics
Metrics
Periodic
Transmissions

Delay Charts
Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay
Processing Delay
Typical Charts
Pipelining

Packet networks can be understood as a pipeline.

In general, a pipeline is:
A set of data processing elements connected in series.
The output of one element is the input of the next one.
The elements of a pipeline execute in parallel.
Some amount of buffer storage is often inserted
between elements.
Each element in the pipeline requires a certain amount
of time to process the input and obtain the output.
In the case of networks, inputs and outputs are PDUs.
The processing delay is due to processing the overhead

of the PDU, or to the transmission of the PDU.

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Basic
Evaluation of
Networks

Pipelining Toy Example I

Units and
Parameters
Link Metrics
Metrics
Periodic
Transmissions

A
Tires and
chassis

B
Engine

Delay Charts

C
Body

Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay
Processing Delay
Typical Charts

1 hour

3 hours

2 hours

Pipelining

Some questions may arise:

How much it takes to get the first car from the factory?
How many cars per hour can we produce?
What happens with the queues?
Who has spare time?
How can we optimize this pipeline?
How can we analyze it? We will use a delay chart.

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Basic
Evaluation of
Networks

A
0h

Units and
Parameters

1h

Link Metrics
Metrics
Periodic
Transmissions

Delay Charts
Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay

8h

B
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

out

1h

3h

i
2

j
k

Pipelining

...
m
0h
1h

8
9

...

...

The first car:

7 6 5 4

Cars per hour (cph):

8 7 6 5 4

What happens with the

8 7 6 5

queues? Up to 5 units
in the queue of node B.

1h+3h+2h=6h
0.33 cph

Who has spare time? A

...

n
9

4 3
2h

Processing Delay
Typical Charts

Pipelining Toy Example II

and C.
8

How can we optimize

this pipeline? Lets try to
change the order of B
and C to see what
happens.

...
33/42

Basic
Evaluation of
Networks

A
0h

Units and
Parameters

1h

Link Metrics
Periodic
Transmissions

Delay Charts
Transmission Delay

1
2
3
4
5
6

Metrics

Propagation Delay

8h

7
8

Pipelining Toy Example III

out

1h

2h

The first car:

i
2

3h

3
j

0.33cph
2

8 7 6 5

Pipelining

6
4

...
17h

0h
1h

...

...

Who has spare time? A

8 7 6

and C. Now C also has

his spare time all
together.

How can we optimize

this pipeline? Lets try
with other elements in
the pipeline.

...

What happens with the

queues? Up to 4 units
in the queue of node C
and up to 3 units in the
queue of node B.

Processing Delay
Typical Charts

1h+3h+2h=6h

Cars per hour (cph):

...
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Basic
Evaluation of
Networks

Units and
Parameters

Pipelining Toy Example IV

More elements or more powerful elements?

Link Metrics
Metrics
Periodic
Transmissions

Delay Charts
Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay
Processing Delay

3 hours

1 hour
(a) Equivalent to
serial CPUs

Typical Charts

1Ghz

1 hour

1 hour

1Ghz

1Ghz

1Ghz

1 hour

Pipelining

(b) Equivalent
to a faster CPU

1Ghz

or
1 hour

3Ghz

1 hour

Several serial elements in the pipeline (a) of a power

equivalent to a single element (b) (parallel operations)

provide the same cadence time.
However, (a) introduces more initial delay than (b).

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Basic
Evaluation of
Networks

Pipelining with Frames I

link1
link2
src
int
dst
Units and
Parameters
Link Metrics
Metrics
Periodic
Transmissions

Delay Charts
Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay
Processing Delay
Typical Charts
Pipelining

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

Link 1 has a bit rate

0.122ms

B1 = 100 Mbps.
Link 2 has a bit rate

B2 = 10 Mbps..
1

1.22ms

We transmit frames of size

1526 Bytesa .
Processing delay is not

considered: Tp 0.

Propagation delay is not

considered: D 0.

...

Tx100Mbps = 0.122 ms.

Tx10Mbps = 1.22 ms.

11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3

This is the size of a typical Ethernet fram

1.22ms

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Basic
Evaluation of
Networks

Units and
Parameters
Link Metrics
Metrics
Periodic
Transmissions

Delay Charts
Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay
Processing Delay
Typical Charts
Pipelining

link1
link2
src
int
dst
0

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

...

Pipelining with Frames II

have a bit rate B1 = 100 Mbps.

Tx=X
Tp=2X

Consider that the two links

Propagation delay: D 0.
If Tx = X , we consider a

Tc=Tp=2X

processing delay: Tp = 2 X .
This processing delay affects

the network cadence? YES

because the processing delay
is per frame (packet).

3
4

When processing doesnt limit

5

cadence, we can achieve a

100 % link utilization.

...

2X

Devices whose processing

X

doesnt limit cadence are said

to run at wire speed.
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Basic
Evaluation of
Networks

Pipelining with Frames III

Units and
Parameters
Link Metrics

src

link1

int

link2

The two links have a bit

dst

rate B1 = 100 Mbps.

Metrics
Periodic
Transmissions

Delay Charts
Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay
Processing Delay

0
D=2X

1
2
3
4

Tx=X

Tx = X and the

1
2
3

Typical Charts

Tc=Tx=X

Pipelining

...

propagation delay
D = 2 X.
The propagation delay

...

Processing delay: Tp 0.

affects the network

cadence? NO because
propagation introduces a
delay in the reception of
the whole signal, but it is
not a per frame delay.

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Basic
Evaluation of
Networks

Units and
Parameters
Link Metrics
Metrics
Periodic
Transmissions

Delay Charts
Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay
Processing Delay
Typical Charts
Pipelining

In Summary
The path that frames follow through a network can be

viewed as a pipeline.
The elements of the pipeline include:
Overhead processing. Processors do S&F with the
frame (packet) processing its overhead.
Frame transmission. Links with different transmission
rates produce different transmission times for the same
frame (packet).
The maximum frame cadence max
is determined by
c

the slowest operation performed by any element:

The largest transmission time over the slowest link.

The largest processing time in the slowest CPU.

Tcmax is max(Txi , Tpi ), where i is a crossed link.

Then, max
= 1/Tcmax .
p
Propagation delay doesnt affect cadence.
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Basic
Evaluation of
Networks

Streaming Example I

Units and
Parameters

Video streaming can be

analyzed as a pipeline.

Link Metrics
Metrics
Periodic
Transmissions

Delay Charts
Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay
Processing Delay
Typical Charts
Pipelining

Frame for video stream

encapsulation:
50B
950B

A user wants to see a film

of 540 MB and 90 min that

is stored on a server.
To send the movie to the client, the server generates
frames of size 1000 Bytes with 50 Bytes of overhead.
The server needs 6 ms to encapsulate the video data

on each frame.
The network is formed by a link with B1=800 kbps that

connects the server and an intermediate node and by

another link with B2=1 Mbps that connects the
intermediate node with the client.
The intermediate node requires 10 ms of processing.
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Basic
Evaluation of
Networks

Units and
Parameters
Link Metrics
Metrics
Periodic
Transmissions

Delay Charts
Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay
Processing Delay
Typical Charts
Pipelining

Streaming Example II
In the client host, there is a video player that is able to

start playing the movie before it has been completely

received. This is called video streaming.
Lets consider that the player can set the number of
minutes to wait before starting to play the movie.
a) Calculate the film data rate (in Kbps) that the network
can provide.
b) Calculate the time that destination node has to wait to
start the movie in order to play it without cuts, (no
missing information at any time). This is called playout
time.

Note. Consider that frames are transmitted as quick as

possible, and links are dedicated exclusively to our video
streaming transmission.

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Basic
Evaluation of
Networks

Units and
Parameters
Link Metrics

Streaming Example III

a) Film data rate:
To play the movie, a data rate of

Metrics
Periodic
Transmissions

Delay Charts
Propagation Delay
Transmission Delay

Processing Delay
Typical Charts
Pipelining

540 8 220 /(90 60) = 838.86 kbps are needed.

Lets compute the goodput provided by the network.
The server takes 6 ms to generate a frame.
Link1 needs (1000 8)/800 kbps = 10 ms to transmit a
frame.
The intermediate node takes 10 ms to process a frame.
Therefore, the cadence provided by the network is
1 frame/10 ms. In kbps: 950 8/0.01 = 760 kbps.

b) Playout time:
The missing data rate should be covered by

accumulating bytes before playing the film.

Taccum 760 kbps = (838.86 kbps 760 kbps) (90 60 sec).
Taccum = 9.3387 min.

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