Power Generation & System Planning (EN 302/642)

2014-15

Santanu Bandyopadhyay

Power Generation & System Planning (EN 302/642)

2014-15

Santanu Bandyopadhyay

Outline
Lecture 2
Topics

Understanding Electrical Load

Load curve and load duration curve

Power system planning

Power Generation & System Planning (EN 302/642)

2014-15

Santanu Bandyopadhyay

System Load

Number of
lectures
(approx)
2 (8, 12 Jan)

Power Generation & System Planning (EN 302/642)

2014-15

Santanu Bandyopadhyay

Load Curve
Graphical representation of electrical load
(i.e., power) as a function of time
Area under the curve represents energy
requirement
20
Important for plant 15
operation
10
5
(preparation,
take-off, shut down 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
coordination, etc.)
Time (hour of the day)

Time intervals
daily, weekly, seasonal, annual, etc.

Usage

Demand (kW)

Residential, industrial, commercial,

agricultural, etc.

End-usage
Lighting, air conditioning, pumping, etc.

Power Generation & System Planning (EN 302/642)

2014-15

Santanu Bandyopadhyay

Power Generation & System Planning (EN 302/642)

Annual Load Curve

2014-15

Santanu Bandyopadhyay

Typical Load Curves

Industrial plant with single shift

Commercial shops

Urban load curve

Street lighting

Power Generation & System Planning (EN 302/642)

2014-15

Santanu Bandyopadhyay

Power Generation & System Planning (EN 302/642)

Understand Load Curves

2014-15

Santanu Bandyopadhyay

Load curve of a typical day MSEB

(8/11/2000 source: WREB annual report-2001)

Partial
peak

Off-peak

Off-peak

Morning
peak

Evening
peak

Demand, MW

11000

10260 MW
9892 MW

10000
9000
8000

morning
peak

Evening
peak

7000
6000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Time hours

Power Generation & System Planning (EN 302/642)

2014-15

Santanu Bandyopadhyay

Load Duration Curve

Power Generation & System Planning (EN 302/642)

2014-15

Santanu Bandyopadhyay

Few Definitions-1

Graphical representation of electrical load

as a duration of time
Area under the curve represents energy
requirement
20
Important for
15
10
system designing
5
and planning

Peak load

Demand (kW)

maximum demand
Growth of peak load
capacity addition
Capital cost investment

Average load

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Time (hour)

total energy/time duration

Operating cost, as it is related to energy

Power Generation & System Planning (EN 302/642)

2014-15

Santanu Bandyopadhyay

Few Definitions-2

10

Power Generation & System Planning (EN 302/642)

2014-15

Santanu Bandyopadhyay

Few Definitions-3

Load factor (System load factor)

Capacity factor (Plant load factor, PLF)

Defined as: average load/peak load

Pertaining to the demand
Represents the variation in the demand

average load/plant capacity

Total energy produced/maximum energy
production possible
Pertaining to the generating plant
Represents the part load operation
Efficient utilization of the plant
Recovery potential of invested capital
11

12

Power Generation & System Planning (EN 302/642)

2014-15

Santanu Bandyopadhyay

Power Generation & System Planning (EN 302/642)

Few Definitions-4

2014-15

Load & Capacity Factors-1

Plant use factor

Energy generated/(capacity operating hour)
Always higher than PLF
For uninterrupted operation, same as PLF.
Actual part load operation of the plant
Operating cost

Load factor and capacity factor 1

Inadequate utilization of installed capacity
Part load operation of the plant
Reduction in efficiency (as part load
efficiency is poor) implying more fuel
consumption (and higher operating cost)
Rapid rate of increase of load may cause
system instability

13

Power Generation & System Planning (EN 302/642)

2014-15

Santanu Bandyopadhyay

Santanu Bandyopadhyay

Load & Capacity Factors-2

14

Power Generation & System Planning (EN 302/642)

2014-15

Santanu Bandyopadhyay

Few Definitions-5

Load curve and load duration curve,

normalized with respect to the peak load
and total duration, represent load factor
when integrated
Load curve and load duration curve,
normalized with respect to the plant
capacity and total duration, represent
capacity factor when integrated

Utilization factor
Peak load/plant capacity
Extent up to which plant capacity is utilized to
satisfy the peak demand
Related to the reliability of the power system
Helps in planning capacity addition

Reserve factor
Load factor/capacity factor
Inverse of utilization factor
15

16

Power Generation & System Planning (EN 302/642)

2014-15

Santanu Bandyopadhyay

Power Generation & System Planning (EN 302/642)

Few Definitions-6

2014-15

Santanu Bandyopadhyay

Diverse Load Curves

Connected Load
sum of the continuous (or nameplate) ratings
of equipment.

Total

Demand factor
Peak load/connected load

Diversity factor

Shop
Industry

Sum of individual peak load/actual peak load

Helps in improving load factor and economic
operation
Inverse of diversity factor is coincidence factor

Residential

17

Power Generation & System Planning (EN 302/642)

2014-15

Santanu Bandyopadhyay

18

Power Generation & System Planning (EN 302/642)

Problem

2014-15

Santanu Bandyopadhyay

Answer

A 120 MW power plant supplies following

power to the consumers:

Energy generated

Time (h)

0-6

6-10

10-12

12-16

16-20

20-22

22-24

Load (MW)

30

70

90

60

100

80

60

Draw load curve and load duration curve

Determine:
Average load, load factor, capacity factor, and
utilization factor.
19

30*6+70*4+90*2+60*4+100*4+80*2+60*2 =
1560 MWh

Average load = 1560/24 = 65MW

Load factor = 65/100 = 0.65
Capacity factor = 65/120 = 0.54
Utilization factor = 100/120 = 0.83
20

Power Generation & System Planning (EN 302/642)

2014-15

Santanu Bandyopadhyay

Power Generation & System Planning (EN 302/642)

Peak Load Variation

2014-15

Santanu Bandyopadhyay

LDC Variation
Peak load

week-end, weather, season, festival, etc.

Typically

daily
monthly

Daily peak/monthly peak ~ 0.87

Monthly peak/annual peak ~ 0.83

annual

Annual load factor daily load factor 0.87

0.83

21

Power Generation & System Planning (EN 302/642)

2014-15

Santanu Bandyopadhyay

Power Plants-1

Base load

Therefore,

15%

90%

Power Generation & System Planning (EN 302/642)

2014-15

22

Santanu Bandyopadhyay

Power Plants-2

Peak load power plant

Base load power plant

Plants used for small fraction of time

Operating cost is not very important
Capital investment should be minimum
Low start up time
Response time should be very fast
Gas turbine, small hydro, etc.

Runs almost through out the year

Operating cost should be minimum
Capital investment may be high
Coal plants, nuclear plant, etc.

Intermediate power plant

Both capital and operating costs are important
Combined cycle, cogeneration, etc.
23

24

Power Generation & System Planning (EN 302/642)

2014-15

Santanu Bandyopadhyay

Power Plants-3a

Power Generation & System Planning (EN 302/642)

2014-15

Santanu Bandyopadhyay

Power Plants-3b

Incidental power plant

Incidental power plant

Solar, wind based renewable plants

Production varies with resource variations
high variability (low reliability)
low capacity factor
high capital cost
Do not match with load curves
Storage is an option, cost increases

Low carbon footprints

Ramp up with polluting peak plant
Transmission line construction
Good for distributed generation

25

Power Generation & System Planning (EN 302/642)

2014-15

Santanu Bandyopadhyay

Load Management

26

Power Generation & System Planning (EN 302/642)

2014-15

Santanu Bandyopadhyay

Planning
A scheme, program, or method worked out
beforehand to achieve optimum balance of
needs or demands with the available
resources
The planning process:

Objective is to improve load factor (i.e., to

make load curve flat)

identifies the goals/objectives to be achieved

formulates strategies to achieve them
arranges or creates the means required
implements, directs, and monitors all steps in
their proper sequence.
27

28

Power Generation & System Planning (EN 302/642)

2014-15

Santanu Bandyopadhyay

Power Generation & System Planning (EN 302/642)

Need for Power System Planning

2014-15

Santanu Bandyopadhyay

Power System Planning

Appropriate matching between generation

and demand, as large storage is not
possible
Variable and seasonal loads
Investments for power plant, transmission
line, distribution system
Very high gestation period
29

Power Generation & System Planning (EN 302/642)

2014-15

Santanu Bandyopadhyay

30

Power Generation & System Planning (EN 302/642)

Planning: Short Term

2014-15

Santanu Bandyopadhyay

Planning: Medium Term

Up to 5 years
Short term forecasting
Economics is the most important objective
Existing constraints

31

Up to 5-10 years
Planning for thermal plants
Economics is the preferred objective
Existing constraints
Renewables

32

Power Generation & System Planning (EN 302/642)

2014-15

Santanu Bandyopadhyay

Planning: Long Term

Power Generation & System Planning (EN 302/642)

Parameters

33

Alternatives

Energy Source/Fuel

Fossil fuels
Nuclear
Hydro
Renewables

Generation system

Steam-cycle
Gas turbine
Combined cycle
Hydroelectric
IC engine
others

Plant type

2014-15

Santanu Bandyopadhyay

Major Parameters for New Plant

Up to 10-20 years
Long term forecasting
Renewable energy
Policy development
Understanding risk

Power Generation & System Planning (EN 302/642)

2014-15

Site

Base
Intermediate
Peak
Incidental
Site requirements

34

Santanu Bandyopadhyay

Further Readings

W.D. Marsh, Economics of electric utility power generation,

Clarendon Press, 1980
P.K. Nag, Power Plant Engineering, Tata McGraw-Hill Education,
2002
S Kennedy, Wind power planning: assessing long-term costs and
benefits, Energy Policy 33 (2005) 16611675
The combined load duration curve and its derivation, IEEE
Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-96, no. 3,
May/June 1977
Modeling of the Load Duration Curve Using the Asymmetric
Generalized Gaussian Distribution: Case of the Tunisian Power
System, 2008 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting

35