SCIENCE CONCEPTS FOR SECOND GRADING PERIOD

CORAL REEFS
Corals -

Are tiny sea animals that live in colonies or groups.

They secrete stony materials that become their outer skeletons.
They have soft bodies but they have hard shell-like materials around their bodies.
They are made of calcium carbonates secreted by tiny polyps.

Coral reefs - Are made up when corals die and their stony skeletons remains are come together.
They come in different sizes, shapes and colors.
Importance of coral reefs:
1. They serve as homes to different marine animals like fishes, crabs, snails, starfish, sea urchins and
algae.
2. Rich sources of marine food.
3. They also provide medicinal products and other resources.
4. They can be used as jewelry and home and aquarium decorations.
5. Serve as tourist attractions.
6. White sand beaches are due to the fragments of coral sands.
Four Types of Coral Reefs:
1. Fringing reefs grow along border of islands and continents.
2. Barrier reefs grow between a landmass and an ocean.
3. Platform reefs grow in patches behind barrier reefs.
4. Atolls ring-shaped reefs that grow around the rims of a dead underwater volcano.
Destruction of coral reefs:
1. Muro-ami fishing
2. Use of dynamite and cyanide in fishing
3. Other illegal fishing
4. Collecting corals
5. Urban development
6. Industrial development
7. Dumping of waste by factories
Some ways to preserve the Coral Reefs:
1. Making of artificial reefs. Artificial reefs may be built by using old tires, bamboos and concrete
materials. These act as reefs top attract corals and other marine animals.
2. Help reduce pollution on land and in water by not throwing garbage in the seas.
3. Rally against illegal fishing and oil spills in our bodies of water.
4. Tell others about the importance of corals reefs and its preservation for future generations.
5. Support the programs and projects of the government to protect our coral reefs.
PLANTS
Tropism plant responses
a. Phototropism response to light
b. Hydrotropism response to water
c. Chemotropism response to chemical substances
d. Thigmotropism response to touch
e. Geotropism response to gravity
Chlorophyll green pigment in plants. It is the only substance in the world that can capture sunlight,
absorbing the blue and red light to form an energy rich substance called ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate).
Cuticle transparent skin of a leaf
Chloroplast small green packages found inside the cells.
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Xylem are veins and venules which are made up of bundles of microscopic tubes
Phloem another bundle of microscopic tubes distributed to all the cells of the plant
Stomata tiny openings found on leaves
Photosynthesis
carbon

is the process of manufacturing food in green plants. It involves the synthesis of

dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight.

Raw materials needed in food making process are:

a. chlorophyll
b. carbon dioxide

c. water

d. sunlight

The end product of photosynthesis is a form of simple sugar.

The by-product of photosynthesis is oxygen.

Leaves are considered the food factory of plants.

Green plants can manufacture their own food because of chlorophyll.
Plants need air, water and sunlight in order to grow.
TENDRILS help support the climbing plants.
Other Uses of Plants
a. Wood bulk of which a tree is made of, is the basic material of all carpentry work.
b. Paper comes from trees. Most of our paper is made from cellulose found in wood, called pulp.
c. Rubber also comes from trees. Latex, the raw material of rubber, is the milky liquid or sap of a
rubber tree.
d. Cloth, ropes and most kinds of thread come from the parts of plants called fibers.
Food from Plants
Plants are the producers ; Animals are the consumers
a. Many plants have edible leaves, and flowers.
Ex. Cabbage, lettuce, cauliflower, brocolli
b. Some plants store food in their roots and stems.
Ex. Carrot, cassava, asparagus, bamboo shoot
c. Plants store food in their fruits.
Ex. apples, mangoes, guavas, squash, cucumber
d. Cereals are also fruits of some members of the grass family.
Ex. Wheat, corn, oats
e. Some plants are not eaten as basic food but as flavors to give food a pleasant taste and/or smell.
Ex. Ginger, oregano, pepper
f. Not all parts of a plant are edible.
Ex. Cherry (fruit is edible but its leaves can harm you)
Plants as Medicine
a. Alagaw use to cure cough, gas pain and headache
b. Duhat cures diarrhea & wounds
c. Avocado leaves used to cure rheumatism
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d. Garlic cures arthritis, rheumatism & insect bites

e. Sambong for chest pain, cough, & headache
f. Ikmo leaves gas pains & cough
Protective Structures of Plants
a. Thorns/Spines Ex. Rose, cactus and bamboo
b. Hard Slippery Shell Covering Ex. Atis, chico and tamarind
c. Foul odor Ex. Alugbati and durian
d. Bright color
e. Poisonous Ex. Some species of mushrooms, death cap, amanita, mold, rosary pea, poison ivy
Adaptations for Propagation of Species
a. Flowers and seeds are the reproductive organs of plants.
b. Most flowers contain both male (stamen) and female (pistil) reproductive structures. Bees are
natures most important agents of cross-pollination.
c. Insects like moths, butterflies and bees are natures most important agents of cross-pollination
Butterflies & bees pollinates bright colors and fragrant flowers
Moths pollinates white and yellow flowers with sweet scents
Bats pollinates scented flowers
Flies pollinates flowers with unpleasant smells
d. Flowers that are wind-pollinated have a great deal of very light pollen grains and produce a sticky
pistil.
PHOTOPHYLIC plants that adapt to intense light.
Ex. Sunflower, legumes, grass
PHOTOPHOBIC plants that grow in shady areas.
Ex. Mosses, liverworts
PARASITES non-green plants that survive because they get their food from other living things.
SAPROPHYTES plants that live on the body of a once living thing.
Plants Growing in a Specific Environment
a. TERRESTRIAL OR MESOPHYTES plants that live on land. Ex. Coconut, bamboo
b. AERIAL OR EPIPHYTES plants that live in air. Ex. orchids
c. AQUATIC OR HYDROPHYTES plants which live in water. Ex. Water lily

Plants can be classified into:

Nonvascular plants,
Bryophytes or Simple
Plants

Moss Plant

Liverworts

Tracheophytes, Vascular
Plants or Tube Plants

Hornworts

Fern Plants

Seed Plants

Gymnosperms or
Cone-bearing Plants

Angiosperms or
Flowering Plants

Monocot

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Dicot

TRACHEOPHYTES, VASCULAR PLANTS OR TUBE PLANTS

a. ANGIOSPERMS are flowering plants. In this phylum, reproduction takes lace in the flower. The
term angiosperm is derived from the Greek words that mean enclosed seed.
b. GYMNOSPERMS derived from the Greek words that mean naked seed. They are so called
because their seeds are exposed and borne in cones.
c. FERN reproduce spores. They have no seeds but contain groups of round organs on their
underside, called sporangia which contain the spores.
CLASSIFYING BY SEEDS
a. Monocotyledons or Monocot seeds with only one food part.
b. Dicotyledons or Dicot seeds with two food parts.
PARTS OF A PLANT
1. Leaves
2. Seeds (number of
cotyledons)
3. Roots
4. Flowers (petals)
5. Stems

MONOCOT
parallel leaf veins

DICOT
netted leaf veins

one cotyledon

two cotyledon

fibrous
Flower parts in 3s
Scattered vascular bundle
arrangement

taproot
Flower parts in 4s or 5s
Circular arrangement of vascular
bundle

MIXTURES AND SOLUTION

MIXTURES is a material composed of two or more substances which are physically combined without
losing their individuals properties.
Physical combination means that the parts of the mixtures retains their original composition and
properties.
Types of Mixtures:
a. Homogeneous mixture parts cannot be distinguished from one another
b. Heterogeneous mixture components of the mixture are still visible
Methods of Separating Solid from a Solid
a. Flotation when one solid in a mixture is heavier than water and the other is lighter, they can be
separated by stirring the mixture in water, one floats, the other sinks.
b. Solution when one solid in a mixture is soluble in water and the other is not, they can be
separated by stirring the mixture in water; one dissolves and the other remains in suspension.
c. Using magnet/magnetic separation when one solid in a mixture is magnetic and the other is not;
they can be separated by using a magnet; the magnetic material is attached, the other remains.
d. Screening/Sieving when one solid in a mixture is smaller than the other, they can be separated by
screening; the smaller particles pass through the screen, while the bigger ones remain.
e. Manual Separation
Method of Separating a Solid Suspension in a Liquid
a. Sedimentation is the process of allowing the suspended particles of an undisturbed suspension to
settle at the bottom of the container.
b. Coagulation is a process of speeding up sedimentation by the addition of a coagulating agent.
c. Filtration is the process of allowing the liquid part of a suspension to pass through a filter in
order to separate it from the solid part.
d. Centrifuging is a process of spinning a suspension by means of a centrifuge in order to separate
the heavier solid particles from the liquid.
e. Distillation is used even when the solid is dissolved in the liquid, and is the liquid that needs to
be retrieved.

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SOLUTION it forms when the solid substance dissolved and it disappears in the liquid
COMPONENTS OF A SOLUTION:
a. Solvents are substances that dissolves materials or substances. Ex. water, acetone, thinner
Water is considered the UNIVERSAL SOLVENT
b. Solute are solid substances that are soluble in another substance. Ex. salt, sugar
Rate of Solubility of a Solute can be Increase Through the Following Factors:
a. Temperature of the solvent
b. Stirring
c. Size of Solute (Powdering/Pounding/Pulverizing/Grinding)
Suspension its particles have the tendency to settle at the bottom of a container.
Colloid when there is a presence of fine particles that remain in the solvent if left undisturbed and can
be
seen by the aid of the sunlight or a flashlight
POLLUTION
Pollution is often cause by domestic, industrial, commercial and agricultural wastes. Such as
fertilizer, pesticides, insecticides, carbon dioxide, lots of smoke, decayed plants and animals. These things
that cause pollution called pollutants.
Methane gas is usually emitted by decaying materials pollute the air.
CFC(chlorofluorocarbons) is an air pollutant that comes from hair sprays and air condition.
Fuels of cars and some factories produce waste products that go to the atmosphere. Some of these
are SULFUR DIOXIDE and NITROGEN OXIDE. When these combine with moisture in the air, they
become acid and when rain clouds absorb them they will fall as acid rain. This cause death to plants.
Ways of preventing land, water and air pollution.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Make compost for biodegradable materials instead of burning them.

Planting more trees prevent pollution too, because trees absorbed impurities from the air.
Handle & dispose chemical substances properly.
Minimize the use of aerosol products.
Instead of commercial fertilizer, use organic or compost more often.
6. In big cities and communities, there should be sanity landfill where trashes are to be dumped.

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