MW

MVA

131.6
150
154.8235 176.4706

MVA/6

25.80392 29.41176

Ohm Reactance Convertion

Ohm Reactance

12

Ohm

100000

kVA

Base Voltage

150

kV

Base Current

385

Base Ohm

0.225

Ohm

Reactance, X (pu)

0.053

Pu

10000

kW

pf1

0.6

pf2

0.8

Base kVA

Formula ==>> Q=P*(tan(Arc pf1)-tan(Arc pf2))

Kebutuhan Capacitor
dalam kVAR Q =

5834

kVAR

3.4
4
0.666667

P
pf1
pf2

Formula ==>> Q=P*(tan(Arc pf1)-tan(Arc p

Kebutuhan Capacitor dalam
kVAR Q =

Cross Section

25

mm2

2.82

mm

0.28

cm

5.64

mm

0.56

cm

1136.20926011

10000

kW

0.6
0.8

P*(tan(Arc pf1)-tan(Arc pf2))

5834

kVAR

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In the power systems analysis field of electrical engineering, a per-unit system is the expression of
simplified because quantities expressed as per-unit do not change when they are referred from one si
system analysis where large numbers of transformers may be encountered. Moreover, similar types o
expressed as a per-unit fraction of the equipment rating, even if the unit size varies widely. Conversion
base that the per-unit quantities were referenced to.

The main idea of a per unit system is to absorb large difference in absolute values into base relationsh
more uniform.

A per-unit system provides units for; power, voltage, current, impedance, and admittance. Except imp
selected as base values, usually power and voltage. All quantities are specified as multiples of selecte
transformer, or perhaps an arbitrarily selected power which makes power quantities in the system mo
types of quantities are labeled with the same symbol (pu); it should be clear from context whether th

Per-unit being used in power flow, short-circuit and motor starting studies, it is important for all power

Contents

1 Purpose

2 Base quantities

3 Relationship between units

3.1 Single-phase

3.2 Three-phase

4 Example of per-unit

5 Per-unit system formulas

6 References

Purpose

There are several reasons for using a per-unit system:

Similar apparatus (generators, transformers, lines) will have similar per-unit impedances and losse

Manufacturers usually specify the impedance of apparati in per unit values.

Use of the constant

is reduced in three-phase calculations.

Per-unit quantities are the same on either side of a transformer, independent of voltage level

By normalizing quantities to a common base, both hand and automatic calculations are simplified.

It improves numerical stability of automatic calculation methods

The per-unit system was developed to make manual analysis of power systems easier. Although powe

Base quantities

Generally base values of power and voltage are chosen. The base power may be the rating of a single

By convention, we adopt the following two rules for base quantities:

The value of base power is the same for the entire power system of concern.

The ratio of the voltage bases on either side of a transformer is selected to be the same as the rati

With these two rules, a per-unit impedance remains unchanged when referred from one side of a trans

Relationship between units

The relationship between units in a per-unit system depends on whether the system is single-phase o

Single-phase

Assuming that the independent base values are power and voltage, we have:

Alternatively, the base value for power may be given in terms of reactive or apparent power, in which

or

The rest of the units can be derived from power and voltage using the equations

and

(Ohm's law),

being represented by

. We have:

Three-phase

Power and voltage are specified in the same way as single-phase systems. However, due to difference
derived units are different. Specifically, power is given as total (not per-phase) power, and voltage is l

and

also hold. The apparent power S now equals

Example of per-unit

As an example of how per-unit is used, consider a three-phase power transmission system that deals w
kV for transmission. We arbitrarily select

MVA, and use the nominal voltage 138 kV as the base voltage

. We then have:

If, for example, the actual voltage at one of the buses is measured to be 136 kV, we have:

Per-unit system formulas

The following tabulation of per-unit system formulas is adapted from Beeman's Industrial Power Syste

Equation

SOURCE :

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per-unit_sy

em is the expression of system quantities as fractions of a defined base unit quantity. Calculations are
are referred from one side of transformer to the other. This can be a pronounced advantage in power
Moreover, similar types of apparatus will have the impedances lying within a narrow numerical range when
varies widely. Conversion of per-unit quantities to volts, ohms, or amperes requires a knowledge of the

alues into base relationships. Thus, representations of elements in the system with per unit values become

admittance. Except impedance and admittance, any two of these are independent and can be arbitrarily
ed as multiples of selected base values. For example, the base power might be the rated power of a
antities in the system more convenient. The base voltage might be the nominal voltage of a bus. Different
from context whether the quantity is a voltage, current, etc.

s important for all power engineers to be familiar with the concept.

nit impedances and losses expressed on their own rating, regardless of their absolute size. Because of this, per-u

ent of voltage level

lculations are simplified.

ms easier. Although power-system analysis is now done by computer, results are often expressed as per-unit valu

be the rating of a single piece of apparatus such as a motor or generator. If a system is being studied, the base

o be the same as the ratio of the transformer voltage ratings.

d from one side of a transformer to the other. This allows us to eliminate ideal transformer from a transformer m

system is single-phase or three-phase.

pparent power, in which case we have, respectively,

owever, due to differences in what these terms usually represent in three-phase systems, the relationships for th
) power, and voltage is line-to-line voltage. In three-phase systems the equations

ssion system that deals with powers of the order of 500 MW and uses a nominal voltage of 138

kV, we have:

's Industrial Power Systems Handbook.

g/wiki/Per-unit_syste

Calculations are
ntage in power
merical range when
nowledge of the

unit values become

d can be arbitrarily
d power of a
of a bus. Different

ze. Because of this, per-unit data can be checked rapidly for gross errors. A per unit value out of normal range is

xpressed as per-unit values on a convenient system-wide base.

s being studied, the base power is usually chosen as a convenient round number such as 10 MVA or 100 MVA. T

mer from a transformer model.

s, the relationships for the

ue out of normal range is worth looking into for potential errors.

as 10 MVA or 100 MVA. The base voltage is chosen as the nominal rated voltage of the system. All other base qu

system. All other base quantities are derived from these two base quantities. Once the base power and the base

base power and the base voltage are chosen, the base current and the base impedance are determined by the

e are determined by the natural laws of electrical circuits. Note the base value should only be magnitudes, while

nly be magnitudes, while the per-unit values are phasors. The phase angles of complex power, voltage, current

x power, voltage, current, impedance etc. are not affected by the conversion to per unit values.