RI

AL

CONTENTS

TE

PREFACE

CHAPTER 1 WATER SUPPLY

T. David Chinn

MA

CONTRIBUTORS

xiii
xv
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Introduction / 1
Groundwater Pollution Hazard / 3
Travel of Pollution through the Ground / 5
Disease Transmission / 10
Water Quantity and Quality / 10
Water Cycle and Geology / 10
Groundwater Flow / 13
Groundwater Classification / 16
Water Quality / 17
Sampling and Quality of Laboratory Data / 26
Sanitary Survey and Water Sampling / 30
Sampling Frequency / 33
Water Analyses / 36
Heterotrophic Plate CountThe Standard Plate Count / 37
Bacterial Examinations / 38
Biological Monitoring / 42
Virus Examination / 42
Protozoa and Helminths Examination / 43
Specific Pathogenic Organisms / 43
Physical Examinations / 44
Microscopic Examination / 46
Chemical Examinations / 48
Drinking Water Additives / 68
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viii

CONTENTS

Water Quantity / 69
Water Conservation / 70
Water Reuse / 75
Source and Protection of Water Supply / 77
General / 77
Groundwater / 88
Dug Well / 88
Bored Well / 89
Driven and Jetted Well / 90
Drilled Well / 91
Well Development / 93
Grouting / 96
Well ContaminationCause and Removal / 99
Spring / 101
Infiltration Gallery / 101
Cistern / 103
Domestic Well-Water SuppliesSpecial Problems / 105
Household Treatment Units (Point-of-Use and
Point-of-Entry) / 108
Desalination / 111
References / 118
Bibliography / 126
CHAPTER 2 WATER TREATMENT
T. David Chinn

Treatment of WaterDesign and Operation Control / 133

Introduction / 133
Surface Water / 134
Treatment Required / 135
Disinfection / 136
Gas Chlorinator / 137
Testing for Residual Chlorine / 138
Chlorine Treatment for Operation and
Microbiological Control / 139
Distribution System Contamination / 145
Plain Sedimentation / 146
Microstraining / 146
Coagulation, Flocculation, and Settling / 147
Filtration / 149

133

CONTENTS

Slow Sand Filter / 149

Rapid Sand (Granular Media) Filter / 151
Direct Filtration / 157
Pressure Sand Filter / 160
Diatomaceous Earth Filter / 160
Package Water Treatment Plant / 161
Water Treatment Plant Wastewater and Sludge / 162
Causes of Tastes and Odors / 162
Control of Microorganisms / 163
Zebra Mussel and Its Control / 169
Aquatic Weed Control / 169
Other Causes of Tastes and Odors / 170
Methods to Remove or Reduce Objectionable Tastes
and Odors / 172
Iron and Manganese Occurrence and Removal / 182
Corrosion Cause and Control / 187
Removal of Inorganic Chemicals / 197
Prevention and Removal of Organic Chemicals / 201
Water System Design Principles / 205
Water Quantity / 205
Design Period / 206
Watershed Runoff and Reservoir Design / 206
Intakes and Screens / 208
Pumping / 209
Distribution Storage Requirements / 210
Peak Demand Estimates / 213
Distribution System Design Standards / 217
Small Distribution Systems / 220
Fire Protection / 220
Cross-Connection Control / 222
Hydropneumatic Systems / 226
Pumps / 231
Displacement Pump / 231
Centrifugal Pump, Also Submersible and Turbine / 233
Jet Pump / 235
Air-Lift Pump / 235
Hydraulic Ram / 236
Pump and Well Protection / 237
Pump Power and Drive / 237

ix

CONTENTS

Automatic Pump Control / 239

Water Hammer / 239
Rural Water Conditions in the United States / 240
Design of a Household Water System / 242
Examples / 242
Design of Small Water Systems / 242
Design of a Camp Water System / 255
Water System Cost Estimates / 255
Cleaning and Disinfection / 257
Wells and Springs / 258
Pipelines / 260
Storage Reservoirs and Tanks / 261
Emergency Water Supply and Treatment / 262
Boiling / 263
Chlorination / 263
Iodine / 266
Filtration in an Emergency / 267
Bottled, Packaged, and Bulk Water / 267
References / 269
Bibliography / 278
CHAPTER 3 WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL
John R. Kiefer

Disease Hazard / 283

Criteria for Proper Wastewater Disposal / 285
Definitions / 285
Small Wastewater Disposal Systems / 288
Wastewater Characteristics / 289
Soil Characteristics / 289
Soil Suitability / 290
Pollutant Travel from Septic Systems / 291
Soil Percolation Test / 291
Sewage Flow Estimates / 293
Septic Tank / 295
Care of Septic Tank and Subsurface Absorption
Systems / 299
Subsurface Soil Absorption Systems / 301
Absorption Field System / 301

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xi

Leaching Pit / 305

Cesspool / 305
Dry Well / 306
Small Wastewater Disposal Systems for Unsuitable
Soils or Sites / 308
General / 308
Modified Septic Tank Soil Absorption System / 308
Example / 309
Capillary Seepage Trench / 309
Raised Bed Absorption-Evapotranspiration System / 310
Septic Tank Sand Filter System / 312
Aerobic Sewage Treatment Unit / 315
Septic Tank Mound System / 315
Example 1 / 317
Electric Osmosis System / 318
Septic Tank Evapotranspiration System / 318
Example 2 / 320
Water Conservation / 321
Sewage Works DesignSmall Treatment Plants / 322
Disinfection / 322
Physical-Chemical Treatment / 326
Sedimentation / 326
Coagulation/Flocculation / 326
Filtration / 327
Activated Carbon Adsorption / 328
Biological Treatment / 328
Wastewater Reuse / 334
Wastewater Aerosol Hazard / 335
Wastewater Disposal by Land Treatment / 336
Advanced Wastewater Treatment / 341
Typical Designs for Small Treatment Plants / 344
Standard-Rate Trickling Filter Plant with Imhoff Tank / 344
High-Rate Trickling Filter Plant with Imhoff Tank / 346
Intermittent Sand Filter Plant with Imhoff Tank or
Septic Tank / 347
Design of Large Treatment Plants / 347
Biosolids Treatment and Disposal / 352
Cost of Sewage Treatment / 357

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CONTENTS

Industrial Wastes / 360

Hazardous and Toxic Liquid Wastes / 360
Pretreatment / 362
References / 363
Bibliography / 367
INDEX

371