Anda di halaman 1dari 8

Human Development

Study of physical,
emotional, motor,
cognitive and social
changes experienced by
an individual
Stages
o Prenatal
o Infancy
o Childhood
o Adolescence
o Adulthood
Longitudinal design
o Involves examining
the developmental
changes in relation
to age
o Group of people are
monitored over a
period of time
Cross Sectional design
o Observing diff.
groups with different
developmental
stages
Heredity
o Inherited
physiological,
emotional,
intellectual and
social characteristics
that make up the
individual
Environment
o External force that
influences the
individual
Prenatal Development
Begins with fertilization
3 stages
o Germinal first 2
weeks

o Embryonic 2 to 8
weeks, major parts
of the body are
developed and the
sex can be
determined
o Fetal stage 7
months and vital
organs are
developed
Infancy and Childhood
Development
Infancy covers the first 2
years of life
Rooting reflex
Sucking reflex
Grasping reflex
Moro reflex
Motor Development
Cephalocaudal Principle
o Motor skills are
developed from the
head downward
Proximodistal
o Motor skills are
developed from
inside to the outside
Cognitive Development
Involves the examination
of information processing
of an individual
Jean Piagets Cognitive
Stages of Development
Children have the ability
to organize what they
have learned from their
experiences as a result of
their interaction w/ the
environment
Accommodation modify
or change his existing
schema to have room for
new information

Stages
1. Sensimotor
Birth 2 yrs
Involves exploration
of the infants world
using their senses
and motor abilities
Infants develop
object permanence
and symbolic
thinking

2. Preoperational
Children use
language to interact
Develop
Egocentricism
Egocentricism is the
tendency to
perceive events and
experiences based
on ones own
perspective
Preoperational
children have no
concept of
conservation
Children tend to
focus only at one
part of the object
3. Concrete operational
stage
Learn to use simple
logical thoughts of
operations that
involve tangible or
concrete objects and
events
4. Formal Operational
stage
Logical operation on
both concrete and
abstract concepts

Personality Development
o Sigmund Freud proposed
that personality
development is during the
first 5 years of life
Sigmund Freuds
Psychosexual stages
o Based on the psychic
energy or libido
o The driving force or
motivating factor behind
the individuals behavior
Stages
1. Oral
o Birth 18 months
Mouth, lips,
tongue
o Pleasurable act
use of mouth
o Feeding problems
may result to oral
fixation
o Strong need for
oral satisfaction
2. Anal
o 18 months to 3
years
o anus
o Pleasurable
expulsion of
feces
o Anal fixation
o Control issues,
problems of
letting go
3. Phallic
o 3 6 years
o Penis or Clitoris
o Oedipus Complex
sexual desire
for his mom
o Girls consider
their clitoris

inferior to the
male genitals,
resulting to penis
envy
o Electra Complex
the girl will blame
her mom for lack
of male genitals
thus the
daughter will
have to identify
with her mom
and assume
feminine roles
4. Latency Stage
o 6 years before
puberty
o Libidal energies
will subside
o Boys and girls will
interact with the
same sex
5. Genital Stage
o Healthy
relationship w/
the opposite sex
Social Development
Infants first interaction is
his mom or his primary
caregiver
Erik Ericksons Psychosocial
theory of development
Personality development
persists throughout the
individuals lifetime
Stages
1. Trust VS Mistrust
o Infancy
o Develop sense of
basic trust
o Perceive their
world as loving

2. Autonomy VS Shame
and Doubt
o Toddler
o Learn to be
independent and
confident if they are
able to explore
o If they are not
allowed to make
choices, they
become unsure of
themselves
3. Initiative and Guilt
o Early childhood
o If they learn to plan,
they develop a
sense of
responsibility
o If they fail, they
develop a feeling of
guilt
4. Industry VS Inferiority
o Elementary school
age
o If they complete a
task, they develop
industry
o If they fail to
produce a product,
they feel inferior
5. Identity VS Role
Confusion
o Adolescence
6. Intimacy VS Isolation
o Young adulthood
o Intimate relationship
will make them grow
emotionally
o If they fail, they will
have emotional
isolation and self
absorbed
7. Generativity VS
Stagnation
o Middle Adulthood

o Guiding the future


generation
o Find satisfaction
with the degree of
influence
o If they fail, they will
feel stagnation or
feel that they did
not contribute
8. Integrity VS. Despair
o Late adulthood
o Acceptance and
satisfaction
Integrity
o If they fail, they
perceive their lives
as empty
Adolescence Development
o Transitional stage
Physical Development
o Primary and secondary
sex characteristics
Cognitive Development
o Ability to solve problems,
be analytical in confusing
situations
Social Development
o Search for identity
o Main psychological crisis is
Identity VS Role Confusion
Moral Development
o Application of cognitive
abilities to moral issues
o Lawrence Kohlbergs
moral stages
1. Pre Conventional
o Lowest level
o Differentiate
good and bad
2. Conventional
o Goodness or
badness is a part

of convention or
something that
has been agreed
upon
o The personal acts
what is expected
of him by the
society
3. Post Conventional
o Reason becomes
the guiding
principle which
the individual
defends as
something right
or wrong
Adulthood Development
Changeable and
unpredictable
Physical Development
Sensory sharpness,
muscle strength and
reaction time
Development of athletic
abilities
Middle adulthood
gradual decline and time
of visual deterioration
Cognitive Development
Decline
Memory functioning
Social Development
Influenced by social and
cultural expectation

Sensory System
External Sensation
Process of knowing
material, concrete stimuli
through the senses
Vision, audition, olfaction,
gustation and cutaneous
sensation
Stimulus
Any aspect of the world
that influences our
behavior
Threshold stimulus
minimum amount of
stimulus that is capable of
producing a sensation
Subthreshold applied
repeatedly
Receptor
Any structure on the body
that is excitable to stimuli
Exteroreceptors
external surface of the
body
Proprioceptors located
in the muscles, joins and
tendons. For the
awareness of position and
movement
Interoceptors located
in the visceral organs
Transmissor
Bundle of nerve fibers that
convey sensory messages
fiber tracts
Brain Center
primary sensory area
located in different lobes
primary sensory area is
concerned only with basic
sensory information

Visual Sense
Most valued
Visual Stimulus
o Light waves from
the visible spectrum
the part of the
electromagnetic
spectrum that is
seen by the naked
eye
o ROYGBIV
o Red is the longest
while Violet is the
shortes
Visual Receptor
o Iris color
o Pupil Regulates
light
o Lens Refraction
o Rods and Cones
innermost layer
o Cones are for
daytime and are
sensitive to color
o Rods are for
nighttime and are
not sensitive to color
Visual Transmissors
o Neural Impulses are
transmitted via
Optic Nerve
Brain Center
o Occipital Lobe
Auditory Sense
Auditory Stimulus
o Sound waves

o Physical Element
Sound waves
o Psychial element
sound perceived
o Frequency Rate of
vibration (pitch)
o Intensity density of
air molecules
(loudness)
o Complexity timbre
or tonal quality

Auditory Receptor
o Outer Ear
Canal
Ear drum
o Middle Ear
Tiny bones
(Hammer, Anvil,
Stirrup)
o Inner Ear
Cochlea hair
cells
Vestibular for
equilibrium
Auditory transmissors
o Cochlear nerve
o Crossing of auditory
fibers
Brain Center
o Temporal Lobe

Olfactory and Gustatory


Senses
Sense of taste and smell
have similar stimuli but of
different states
Stimulus
o Chemical substance
o Smell gaseous
state
o Taste liquid state
Receptor

o Nose
o Taste Bud
Transmissor
o Smell Olfactory
Nerve
o Taste Facial Nerve
(anterior 2/3 of the
tongue) and
Glassopharyngeal
nerve (1/3 of the
tongue)
Brain Center
o Primary olfactory
area Temporal
Lobe
o Primary gustatory
Lower portion of the
frontal lobe

Cutaneous Sense
Somotosensation
o Receptors of which
are found in the skin
for body sensation
o Touch, pressure,
pain, temperature,
kinaesthesia
Stereognosis
o The ability to
identify and object
through the sense of
touch
Thermal sensation
o Parietal lobe
Somotosensa Receptor
tion
Touch
Merkels disk
Pressure
Pacinian
Corpuscles
Pain
Free nerve
ending
Cold
Krauses
corpuscles
Warm
Ruffins
endings

Kinaesthesia

Propriocepto
rs

Blindness
Anopsia
Deafness
Anacousia
Loss of
Anosmia
Olfaction
Loss of
Ageusia
Gustation
Failure to
Analgesia
feel pain
Failure to
Asteriogno
identify an sia
object
through
touch
Perception
Minds interpretation of
sensation
Characteristics and Nature
Perception produces and
Justifies subjective reality
It is not constant between
2 people
Gestalt laws of Organization
Gestalt shape
Different rules our mind
follows
1. Figure Ground
the images we
see and focus are
figures while
those blurred are
ground
2. Similarity
Objects are
grouped together
and perceived as
one entity based
on similarity
3. Closure
You tend to see a
whole image

even if it is not
because some
parts are missing
4. Proximity
We group objects
based on
nearness or
proximity
5. Continuity
We see whole,
uninterrupted
figures even if
parts of them are
cut off
Allows us to
perceive 2
objects even
when 1 overlaps
the other
6. Common Fate
Seeing objects
move in the same
direction we
perceive the
group as a whole
We do not pay
attention to the
individual
elements of the
moving visual
stimulus
Perceptual Constancies
1. Size
o an object is
perceived as a
certain constant size
despite its nearness
to you
2. Shape
o Regardless of the
angle, the shape is
constant in your
perception
3. Brightness

o Our tendency to see


brightness as
remaining at the
same intensity even
when illumination is
changing
o The lightness or
darkness of an
object remains the
same regardless of
the intensity of light
4. Color
o The brightness or
darkness of a room
does not change the
perception of
intensity of what we
look at
o Color constancy
Categories of Perception
1. Depth and Distance
o Depth is an
important survival
tool
o Binocular and
monocular cues
o Retinal Disparity
merging of slightly
different images
o Relative size,
texture gradient,
motional parallax,

aerial perspective,
linear perspective,
interposition
2. Motion
o Movement of the
eyes proved the
important clue for
the brain that what
its perceiving is
moving
o Stroboscopic effect
2 different sources
of flight are flashed
in fast succession
Subliminal Perception
Perceptions that do not go
above the absolute
threshold
We make interpretations
even if we are not fully
conscious of their
existence
Extrasensory Perception
Sending or receiving info
beyond normal sensory
channels
Telepathy ability to
communicate using the
mind
Telekinesis- ability to
move objects without
touching it.

Anda mungkin juga menyukai