NATURAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND EARTHQUAKE

RESISTANTDESIGN
PRESENTED BY

Department. of Civil Engineering

Swarnandhra College of Engineering and Technology,
Narspur

NATURAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND EARTHQUAKE

RESISTANT DESIGN
ABSTRACT:- Natural disasters are inevitable, and it is almost impossible to fully recoup the
damage Caused by the disasters. But it is possible to minimize the potential risk by developing
disaster early warning strategies, preparing and implementing developmental plans to provide
resilience to such disasters, and helping in rehabilitation and retrofitting of structures. Space
technology plays a crucial role in efficient mitigation and management of disasters. Out the all
the natural diasters earthquake is a severe one, which causes huge damage in a short time. This
paper describes the basic idea about natural disasters and the intuitively design of Earthquake
resistant structures from the civil engineering perspective.
INTRODUCTION:Natural Disasters are inevitable, and Indian subcontinents is prone to all types of Natural
Disaster either it is flood, drought, cyclone, earthquakes and forest fires etc.

Disasters can be classified in several ways. A possible sub-division of disasters is:

1. Natural Disasters
2. Human Made disasters.
3. Human induced disasters.
The main controlling factor leading to disaster may be
1. Meteorologically
2. Geomorphologic/geological
3. Ecological
4. Technological
5. Global environmental
6. Extra terrestrial.
Duration of impact and time of forewarning:
1. Strikes within short period, devastating outcome
2. Slow onset period, equally/serious repercussions.

IDENTIFICATION OF DAMAGE:Geographical Information System is a computer based information system that enables
capturing, modeling, manipulation, retrieval, analysis, and presentation of geographically
referenced data, It is a facility for preparing, presenting, and interpreting facts that pertain to the
surface of the earth.GIS based Decision Support System (DSS) provides an advanced modeling
system for environmentalists so that they can reliably generate and simulate more information
about environmental parameters. One of the key components in spatial DSS is the Data
Warehousingand analysis.

GIS operates as a front end with disaster management database, providing it flexibility to
respond to user queries regarding specific details of availability of infrastructure.GIS allows the
combination of different kinds of spatial data with non-spatial data, attribute data and use them
as useful information in the various stages of disaster management. Remote sensing and GIS in
disaster management Mitigation of natural disaster management can be successful only when
detailed knowledge is obtained about the expected frequency, character, and magnitude of the
hazards events in an area.
Remote sensing and GIS provides a database from which the evidence left behind by disasters
that have occurred before can be interpreted, and combined with the other information to arrive
at hazard maps, indicating which area is potentially dangerous. Using remote sensing data, such
as satellite imageries and Ariel photos, allows us to map the variabilities of terrain properties,
such as water, vegetation, geology, forest etc.

INTRODUCTION TO EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

Earthquake Engineering can be defined as the branch of engineering devoted to mitigating
earthquake hazards . In this broad sense, earthquake engineering covers the investigation and
solution of the problems created by damaging earthquakes, and consequently the work involved
in the practical application of these solutions, i.e. in planning, designing, constructing and
managing earthquake-resistant structures and facilities.
General Goals in Earthquake-Resistant Design and Construction
The philosophy of earthquake design for structures other than essential facilities has been
well established and proposed as follows:
a. To prevent non-structural damage in frequent minor ground shaking
b. To prevent structural damage and minimize non-structural damage in occasional
moderate ground shaking
c. To avoid collapse or serious damage in rare major ground shaking
This philosophy is in complete accord with the concept of comprehensive design.

DESIGN OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDINGS:

1.Building (superstructure and non-structural components) should be light and avoid
unnecessary masses.:- It is of utmost importance that in seismic-resistant design the designer
recognizes from the beginning that the dynamic forces in a structure can be controlled by
proper selection of its structural system and by the amount and distribution of its reactive
masses (masses that will react to the shaking of the building foundation). The smaller the
reactive masses, the smaller the earthquake forces (inertia forces).

The use of

unnecessary masses should be avoided

Transamerica Pyramid in San Francisco, built to withstand earthquakes, swayed more than 1
foot but was not damaged in the 1989 Loma Prieta, California, earthquake

2. Building and its superstructure should be simple, symmetric, and regular in plan and
elevation to prevent significant tensional forces, avoiding large height-width ratio and
large plan area:-Field inspections of earthquake performance of buildings demonstrate that
the simpler the building the better the behavior. Symmetry and regularity in plan and elevation
are desirable for much the same reasons. Symmetry is important in both directions of a plan.
Lack of symmetry (in mass distribution and/or in stiffness, strength and ductility) leads to
tensional effects which are difficult to assess properly and which can be very destructive.

Symmetrical structure unsymmetrical structure

3. Building and its superstructure should have a uniform and continuous distribution of
mass, stiffness, strength and ductility, avoiding formation of soft stories:-In shaking a
building, an earthquake ground motion will search for every structural weakness. These
weaknesses are usually created by sharp changes in stiffness, strength and/or ductility, and the
effects of these weaknesses are accentuated by poor distribution of reactive masses.

Hotel Macuto Sheraton, Caraballeda, Venezuela. Overall view of the front facade (entrance) of
the 10-story main building after the 1967 Caracas Earthquake.

4. The non-structural components should either be well separated so that they will not
interact with the rest of the structure, or they should be integrated with the structure:Some building components (architectural, mechanical, and electrical) can become very
responsive during the earthquake shaking of the building foundation. The effects of the
interaction can be grouped into two categories: first, the effect of the response of the
structural system on the non-structural components; and second, the effect of the nonstructural components on the response of the structural system. The more flexible the basic
structural system.
The effect of the non-structural components on the response of the structural system is in
analysis of building performance during earthquakes has shown that numerous building
failures result from the fact that basic structural systems are designed neglecting the structural
modifications introduced by the non-structural components, particularly by the addition of
infills (partitions and walls)

Structure after the 1983 Coalinga Earthquake. While the light metal roof was intact, most of the
corrugated asbestos cement siding suffered significant damage, emphasizing the need for proper
attachment of non-structural components to the structural system.
Design of Foundation:In order to obtain good performance of structures during severe seismic ground shaking it is
necessary to analyze thoroughly the dynamic characteristics of the real three-dimensional soilfoundation (substructure)-superstructure system. Except for the cases where base isolation
techniques and/or energy dissipation devices are used, the basic rule for earthquake-resistant
design is to achieve integral action of each of the main parts of the system and between these
main parts, that is, the whole substructure and superstructure should be tied together.

Conclusions:In conclusion, due to the need for displaying and analyzing a huge volume of the spatial as well
as non-spatial environmental hazards and exposure data in a fast and accurate way, and also due
to the progressive increase in the g-Readiness of the users, GIS based software applications
would continue to serve as powerful tools for effective environmental risk assessment and
management.
Avoiding serious damage is the main goal of earthquake-resistant construction. The seismicresistant design provisions of most codes are concerned only with assuring an effective design
and construction of structures against damage that might be induced by the vibratory response of
the structure to the shaking introduced at their foundation by the ground.
Integrated field inspection and post-earthquake analyses of structural damage that result from
earthquake shaking is one of the most effective means of gaining knowledge on seismic response
and improving the state of the art and of the practice in seismic-resistant design and
construction. Such integrated inspection and analyses have revealed that besides the soil
conditions, the seismic performance (degree of damage) of a structure is very sensitive to the
following aspects (or parameters): type of foundation; configuration of the structure; structural
material; and design and construction detailing.

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