IOSR Journal of Mathematics (IOSR-JM)

e-ISSN: 2278-5728, p-ISSN: 2319-765X. Volume 11, Issue 1 Ver. VI (Jan - Feb. 2015), PP 19-34
www.iosrjournals.org

On Least Square, Minimum Norm Generalized Inverses of

Bimatrices
G.Ramesh*, P.Maduranthaki**
*Associate Professor of Mathematics, Govt. Arts College(Autonomous), Kumbakonam.
**Assistant Professor of Mathematics, Arasu Engineering College, Kumbakonam.

Abstract: The characterization of g-inverses, minimum norm g-inverses and least square g-inverses of
bimatrices are derived as a generalization of the generalized inverses of matrices.
Keywords: g-inverse, minimum norm g-inverse, least square g-inverse.
AMS Classification: 15A09, 15A15, 15A57.

I. Introduction

Let Cnn be the space of

n n complex matrices of order n. A matrix AB A1 A2 is called a bimatrix if

A1 and A2 are matrices of same (or) different orders [7,8] and a bimatrix is called unitary if
AB AB* AB* AB I B [8]. For A1 , A2 Cnn , AB A1 A2 and let AB* , r AB and AB denote

the

conjugate transpose, rank and generalized inverse of the bimatrix AB where A is the solution of the equation

AB X B AB AB [1,4,6]. In general, the generalized inverse AB of AB is not uniquely determined. Since AB

is not unique, the set of generalized inverses of AB is some times denoted as AB .

In this paper we analyze the characterization of g-inverse, minimum norm g-inverse and least square
g-inverses of bimatrices as a generalization of the g-inverses of matrices [2,3,5] .

II. Generalized Inverses of Bimatrices

In this section some of the properties of generalized inverses of matrices found in [1,2,3,5] are extended
to generalized inverses of bimatrices .
Theorem: 2.1

Let H B AB AB and FB AB AB . Then the following relations hold :

(i) H B H B and FB FB .
2

(ii) r (H B ) r (FB ) r ( AB )

(iv) r A A A r A .
(iii) r AB r AB

Proof of (i)
2
Now H B H B .H B

AB AB AB AB

A A A A A A A A

A A A
1

A2

A A A
1

A1 A1 A2 A2 A1 A1 A2 A2

A2

A1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 A2

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 A1 A2

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On Least Square, Minimum Norm Generalized Inverses of Bimatrices

A1 A2 A1 A2 A1 A2 A1 A2

A1 A2 A1 A2

AB AB AB AB

A1 A2 A1 A2

AB AB

HB.
Hence , H B H B .
2

Now FB FB .FB
2

AB AB AB AB

A2 A1 A2

A2 A1 A2

A1 A1 A2 A2 A1 A1 A2 A2

A1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 A2

A1 A2 A1 A2 A1 A2 A1 A2

AB AB AB AB
AB AB
= FB .
Hence, FB FB .
Proof of (ii)
2

Now r AB r AB AB

r AB r H B
Also

(1)

r AB r AB AB AB

A A A A A A
r A A A A A A
r A A A A A A
r A A A A A A
r A A A
r

1 1

1 1

r H B AB
r AB r H B

(2)

From (1) and (2), we get

r AB r H B

Now r AB r AB AB

(3)

r AB r FB

(4)

r A A A

Also r AB r AB AB AB

DOI: 10.9790/5728-11161934

A2 A1 A2

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On Least Square, Minimum Norm Generalized Inverses of Bimatrices

r A A A A A A
r A A A A A A
r A A A
r A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2
1

r AB FB
r AB r FB

(5)

From (4) and (5), we get

r AB r FB

From (3) and (6) we get

r AB r H B r FB

Proof of (iii)

(6)
(7)

r A A A A A A
rA A A A A A
rA A A A
rA A
rA
Hence, r A r A .
Now r AB r AB AB AB

1 1

1 1

Proof of (iv)

Also we have r A A A r A A A A
r A A A A A A A A
r A A A A A A A A
r A A A A A A A A
r A A A A A A A A

r A A A A
rA A

Now r AB AB AB r AB AB

1 1 1

1 1

r HB

r AB

( by (7) )

Hence, r AB AB AB r AB .

Theorem: 2.2

Let AB be a bimatrix, then the following relations hold for a generalized inverse AB of AB .
(i)

A A

B

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On Least Square, Minimum Norm Generalized Inverses of Bimatrices

(ii) AB AB AB

(iii) AB AB AB

AB AB AB

A A A A
*

AB*

*
B

*
B

Proof of (i)

Let AB AB AB AB

AB AB AB AB

A1 A2

A A A
1

A2 A1 A2

A1* A2* A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2
*

A1* A1 A1* A2* A2 A2*

*

A A

A1* A2* A1* A2* A1 A2

*

*
1

*
2

AB* AB* AB AB*

*

Thus

A A
*
B

*
B

On the other hand, AB AB

(8)

A
A A
A A
A

*
*
B

AB AB* and so
*
B

Proof of (ii)

Let GB AB I B AB AB

*
B

*
B

*
B

From (8) and (9), we get

AB AB

(9)

AB AB AB AB AB AB

A1 A2 A1 A2 A1 A2 A1 A2

GB

GB

A A A A
A A A A A A A A A A A A
A A A A A A A A A A A A

1 1

1 1

DOI: 10.9790/5728-11161934

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

A2 A1 A2

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A A A A A A A A A A A A

A A A A A A A A A A A A

A A A A A A A A A A A A
A1 A2 A1 A2 A1 A2 A1 A2

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On Least Square, Minimum Norm Generalized Inverses of Bimatrices

A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2

A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2

A1 A2 A1 A2 A1 A2 A1 A2 A1 A2

A A

A A A A
I I A A A A A A A A A A

GB A1 A2 A1 A2 A1 A2 A1 A2

GB GB

A A A A A A A A A A A A
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1

GB GB I1 I 2 A1 A2 A1 A2 A1 A2 A1 A2

A A
2 A1 A2 A1 A2 A1 A2 A1 A2
1

A A A A A A A A
A A A A A A A A A A A A

GB GB I B AB AB AB AB
GB GB

A A A A A A

Let BB A AB .

GB GB I B BB BB BB BB BB BB
I B BB BB BB BB

0
Hence, GB 0

That is, AB I B AB AB

AB AB 0

AB AB AB AB AB AB 0

Hence, AB AB AB

AB AB AB .

Proof of (iii)

Let GB denote a generalized inverse of AB AB .Then GB is also a generalized inverse of AB AB and

SB

GB GB

is a symmetric generalized inverse of AB AB .

2

Let H B AB S B AB AB AB AB

AB

H B A1 A2 S1 S2 A1 A2 A1 A2 A1 A2 A1 A2 A1 A2

H B A1 A2 S1 S2 A1 A2 A1 A2 A1 A2

A1 A2

A1 A2

H A1 A2 S1 S2 A1 A2 A1 A2 A1 A2 A1 A2

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A A

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On Least Square, Minimum Norm Generalized Inverses of Bimatrices

A S A A A A A A S A A A A A

A S A A A A A A S A A A A A

A S A A A A A A S A A A A A

A S A A A A A A S A A A A A
AS A A S A A A A A A A A A

A1S1 A1 A2 S2 A2 A1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 A2

1 1 1

1 1 1

1 1

1 1 1

1 1 1

1 1

*
1

1 1

*
2

*
2

*
1

1 1

1 1

1 1 1

*
*

A1 A2 S1 S2 A1 A2 A1 A2 A1 A2 A1 A2 A1 A2

H B A1 A2 S1 S2 A1 A2 A1 A2 A1 A2 A1* A2*

A A

H B H B A1 A2 S1 S2 A1 A2 A1 A2 A1* A2* A1 A2

A A S S A A A A A A A* A*
2
2
1
2 1
2
1
2 1
2 1
1

A A

A1 A2 S1 S2 A1 A2 A1 A2 A1* A2*

A A A A S S A A A A A A A A A* A*

2
2
1
2
1
2 1
2 1
2
1
2 1
2 1
1

A A

AB S B AB AB AB* AB* AB S B AB* AB* AB AB AB* AB*

H B* H B AB S B AB AB* AB AB* AB S B AB* AB* AB AB* AB AB*

A S A S A A S

Let S B AB AB
*

H B* H B

*
B

AB* AB* AB SB AB*

H B* H B 0 .
Hence , H B 0 .

That is , AB S B AB AB AB AB
*

AB* 0 .

A A A A A A A A 0
A A A A A A A A
B

*
B

*
B

DOI: 10.9790/5728-11161934

*
B

*
B

*
B

*
B

*
B

*
B

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On Least Square, Minimum Norm Generalized Inverses of Bimatrices

III.

Minimum norm generalized inverses of bimatrices

In this section some of the characteristics of minimum norm g-inverses of matrices found in [2,3] are
extended to minimum norm g-inverses of bimatrices.
Definition: 3.1

A generalized inverse AB that satisfies both AB AB AB AB and

A A

AB AB is called a

minimum norm g-inverse of AB and is denoted by AB m .

Theorem: 3.2
Let AB be a bimatrix, then the following three conditions are equivalent:
(i)

AB m AB

AB m AB and AB AB m AB AB

(ii) AB m AB AB AB

(iii) AB m AB AB AB AB

AB

Proof of (i) (ii)

From (i), AB AB AB m AB

AB* AB AB m AB

A1 A2 A1 A2 m A1 A2

A1 A2 A1 m A2 m

A A
1

A1 A1 m A1 A2 A2 m A2

A1 A1 m A1 A2 A2 m A2

A A A A A

A A A A ( A A )

A A A

A A A
*

A1*

1 m

*
1

*
1

*
2

*
B m

B m

2 m

*
1 m

*
2

*
B

*
2

*
2 m

*
1

*
2

*
B

*
B

AB m AB AB*

Hence,
Proof of (ii) (iii)

AB m AB AB* AB* .

From (ii), AB AB m AB AB

Postmultiply by AB AB

AB on both sides

AB* AB AB* AB AB m AB AB* AB AB* AB

A A A A A A A A A A A A
A A A A A A A A A A A A

1 m

1 m

DOI: 10.9790/5728-11161934

2 m

*
1 1

2 m

*
1

*
2

*
1 1

*
2

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*
1

*
2

*
2

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On Least Square, Minimum Norm Generalized Inverses of Bimatrices

A A A A A A A A A A A A
A A A A A A A A A A A A
A A A A A A A A A A A A
A A A A A A A A A A A A
A A A A A A A A A A A A

1 m

*
1 1

2 m

*
2

*
1 1

1 m

*
1 1

2 m

*
2

*
1

1 m

2 m

*
1

*
2

*
1

1 m

2 m

*
1

1 m

*
1

*
2

A2 m A1 A2 AB AB

1 m

2 m

AB m AB AB AB AB AB

*
2

*
2

*
2

*
2
*

A A A A

AB m AB AB AB

( by definition 3.1)

( AB )m AB

( by definition 3.1)

*
B

Hence, AB m AB AB AB A

Proof of (iii) (i)

AB .

From (ii) of theorem (2.2), AB AB AB AB

*

AB* AB

Replace AB by AB we get

AB* AB*

AB* AB*

A A

*
B

*
B

AB* AB* AB AB* AB AB*

AB* A1* A2* A1 A2 A1* A2*

A1* A2* A1* A2*

A1 A2 A1* A2*

A1 A2 A1 A2 A1* A2*

A A A A A A
A A A A A A A A A A
A A A A A A A A A A
A A A A A A A A A A

A1* A2* A1* A2*

*
1

*
1

*
1 1

*
1

*
1

*
2

*
2

*
2

*
1 1

*
2

*
1

*
2

*
2

*
2

*
1

*
2

*
1

*
1

*
2

*
2

AB* AB AB* AB AB*

AB* AB m AB AB*

( by (iii))

A A A
A A A A A A A

A A A A A A

*
B

B m

*
B

1 m

2 m

1 m

DOI: 10.9790/5728-11161934

*
1 1

*
1

2 m

*
2

*
2

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On Least Square, Minimum Norm Generalized Inverses of Bimatrices

A A A A A A
A A A A A A
A A A A A A

A A A A

1 m

*
1 m

*
1 1

Premultiply by AB AB AB

*
2

*
2 m

*
2

1 m

*
2

2 m

*
B m

*
B

on both sides

AB* AB AB* AB AB* AB AB* AB AB*

2 m

*
1

*
1 1

*
B m

AB m AB AB m AB A*B AB m

A
A A
Hence, A A
*
B m

AB*

( by(ii))

B m

B m

AB m AB .

Also, from (iii) of theorem (2.2),

AB AB* AB AB* AB AB* AB AB*

*
B

*
B

Replace AB by A

we get

A A A

AB*

* *
B

( by (iii))

A A A
A A A A A
* *
B

*
B

AB* AB AB*

AB m

*
B

* *
B

*
B

*
B

* *
B

AB A1* A2* A1 A2 A1* A2*

A1* A2* A1 A1* A2 A2*

A1 A2

A1 A2

A A A A A A A A

A A A A A A A A

A A A A A A A A

A A A A A A A A

A A A A A A A A
A1* A2* A1 A1* A2 A2*

*
1

*
1

*
1

*
1

*
1

*
1

*
1

*
1

*
2

*
1

DOI: 10.9790/5728-11161934

*
2

*
2

*
*
1

*
1

*
2

*
2

*
2

*
2

*
2

*
2

A1 A2

*
2

*
*
2

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On Least Square, Minimum Norm Generalized Inverses of Bimatrices

A1* A2* A1 A2
*

A A A A

AB* AB AB AB
*

AB AB AB AB
*

AB AB AB AB

( by definition 3.1)

AB m AB AB AB

( by definition 3.1)

Premultiply by AB on both sides,

AB AB m AB AB AB AB

AB AB m AB AB

( by definition 3.1)

Hence, AB AB m AB AB .

Theorem: 3.3
Let AB be a bimatrix, then the following relations hold for a minimum norm generalized inverse

AB m

of AB :

(i) One choice of AB AB

is

AB m AB m .
*

AB m 1 AB m where is a non- zero scalar.

(iii) One choice of U B ABVB m is VB AB m U B where U B and VB are unitary bimatrices.

(ii) One choice of

(iv) AB AB

AB AB* AB AB m

Proof of (i)

Now AB AB A1 A2 A1 A2
*

A1 A1* A2 A2*

A A A A A A
A A A A
A A A A
A A A A
B

*
B m

*
1 1

*
1 1 m

*
1 m

*
2 m

*
2 m

1 m

*
1 m

*
2 m

*
2 m

2 m

1 m

2 m

*
*

A1 m A2 m A1 A2 m

A A A
A A .
Hence, A A A A

*
2 m

1 m

B m

DOI: 10.9790/5728-11161934

*
B m

B m

B m

B m

B m.

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On Least Square, Minimum Norm Generalized Inverses of Bimatrices

Proof of (ii)
Now

AB m A1 A2 m

A1 A2 m

A1 m A2 m

1 A1 m 1 A2 m

1 A1 m A2 m

1 AB m

AB m 1 AB m .

Hence ,

Proof of (iii)

U B ABVB m U1 U 2 A1 A2 V1 V2 m

U1 AV
1 1 U 2 A2V2 m

U1 AV
1 1 m U 2 A2V2 m

V1 m A1 m U1 m V2 m A2 m U 2 m

*
V1* VV
1 1

A1 m U1* U1U1*

V V V A U U U
A A A A
*
2 2

*
2

B m

since

V1* I1

A1 m U1* I1

*
2

2 m

I 2 A2 m U 2* I 2

*
2

*
2

*
B

*
B

( Since U1 ,U 2 ,V1 & V2 are unitary matrices )

V1* A1 m U1* V2* A2 m U2*

V1* V2* A1 m A2 m U1* U 2*

VB* AB m U B* .

Hence, U B ABVB m VB AB m U B .

Proof of (iv)

A A
B

*
B m

AB AB*

A A A A
1

*
1

A1 A1* A2 A2*

*
2

A1 A2 A1* A2*

A A A A
A A A A A A A A
A A A A A A A A
*
1 1 m

*
1 m

1 m

*
1 1

*
2 m

*
1 1

*
2 m

*
1 1

*
2

*
2

2 m

*
2

A1 m A1 m A1 A1* A2 m A2 m A2 A2*

*
*

A1 m A2 m A1 m A1 A1* A2 m A2 A2*

DOI: 10.9790/5728-11161934

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On Least Square, Minimum Norm Generalized Inverses of Bimatrices

A A
A A
A A

A A

*
*

A1 m A2 m A1 m A2 m

*
B m

B m

*
B m

A A A A
1

*
1

*
2

*
B

*
B

( by (ii) of theorem 3.2)

*
B m

Hence, AB AB

AB AB* AB AB m .

IV. Least Square Generalized Inverses of Bimatrices

In this section some of the characteristics of least square g-inverses of matrices found in [2,3,5] are
extended to least square g-inverses of bimatrices .
Definition: 4.1

AB AB AB AB and AB AB AB AB is called a least

*

A generalized inverse AB that satisfies both

square generalized inverse bimatrix of AB and is denoted by AB l .

Theorem: 4.2
Let AB be a bimatrix, then the following three conditions are equivalent:

(i) AB AB l AB AB and AB AB l

(ii) AB AB AB l AB

(iii) AB AB l AB AB AB

AB AB l

AB*

Proof of (i) (ii)

From (i), AB AB AB l AB

AB* AB AB l AB

AB*

A1 A2 A1 l A2 l A1 A2

A1 A1 l A1 A2 A2 l A2

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2

A A A A A

A A A A A A

A A A

A A A

A1*

*
1 l

*
1

B l

*
2

*
1 l

*
2

*
B

*
B

*
1

*
2 l

*
2

*
2 l

*
1

*
2

*
B

*
B l

AB* AB AB l

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On Least Square, Minimum Norm Generalized Inverses of Bimatrices

Hence , AB AB AB l AB .

Proof of (ii) (iii)

From (ii), AB AB AB l AB

Premultiply by AB AB AB

on both sides

AB AB* AB AB* AB AB* AB AB* AB AB l

A1 A2 A1* A2* A1 A2

A A A A A

*
1

*
2

1 l

A2 l

A A A A A A A A
A A A A A A A A A A A A
A A A A A A A A A A A A
( by (i) theorem 2.2)
A A A A A A A A A A A A
A A A A A A A A A A A A
A A A A A A
A A A A A A
A A A A A A
( by definition 4.1)
A A A A
( by definition 4.1)
A1 A2 A1 A2
1

*
1

1 1

1 l

*
1

*
2

*
2

*
2

*
1

*
2

*
1

*
2

*
B

*
1

1 l

*
1 1

*
2

*
1

*
1 1

*
1

1 1

*
2

*
2

*
2

1 l

2 l

1 l

2 l

2 l

*
1

*
2

1 l

2 l

B l

B l

B l

B l

AB AB l

( by definition 4.1)

Hence, AB AB l AB AB AB

Proof of (iii) (i)

From (iii) of theorem (2.2),

AB AB* AB AB* AB AB* AB AB*

AB AB l

AB* .

A1 A2 A1* A2* A1 A2

A1 A2 A1 A2

A1* A2*

A1* A2*

A1* A2*

A1 A2 A1 A2 A1* A2*

A A A A A A A A

A1 A1 A1* A1* A2 A2 A2* A2*

1 1

DOI: 10.9790/5728-11161934

*
1

*
1

*
2

A A
*
1

( by (iii))

*
2

*
2

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On Least Square, Minimum Norm Generalized Inverses of Bimatrices

A1

A1

A A

A1* A2

*
*
A1 A1* A2

*
*
1

*
1

A A

A2*

*
*
A2 A2*

*
*
2

*
2

A
A A A A A A A A
A A A A A A A A
*
1

*
1

1 1

*
1

*
2

*
2

*
2

*
1

*
2

*
1

*
2

AB AB AB AB*

AB AB AB AB

AB AB AB AB

( by definition 4.1)

AB AB l AB AB

( by definition 4.1)

Postmultiply by AB on both sides

AB AB l AB AB AB AB

AB AB l AB AB

( by definition 4.1)

Hence , AB AB l AB AB .

Also, from (ii) of theorem (2.4),

AB AB AB* AB AB* AB

AB* AB AB* AB AB* AB

A1 A2 A1* A2* A1 A2

A1 A2 A1 A2

A A A1 A2
*
1

A A A A A A
*
2

*
1

*
1

A1 A2 A1 A2 A1* A2*

*
2

*
2

A A A A
*
1

*
2

*
*

A1 A1 A1* A1* A1 A2 A2 A2* A2* A2

A A A A A A

A A A A A A A A A A
A A A A A A A A A A
A A A A A A A A A A

A1* A1 A1*

*
1

*
1

1 1 1

*
1

*
1

*
1 1

*
1 1

*
1 1

*
1

*
2

*
2

*
1

*
1

*
2

*
2

*
2

*
*
2

*
2

*
2

*
2

A1* A2* A1 A2 A1* A1 A2* A2

A2*

*
2

*
2

*
2

A A
*
1

*
2

A1* A2* AB AB* AB AB*

DOI: 10.9790/5728-11161934

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32 | Page

On Least Square, Minimum Norm Generalized Inverses of Bimatrices

AB* AB* AB AB l

( by (iii))

A A A A
A A A A A A A A
* *
B

* *
2

*
1

*
B

*
B l

*
1

*
2

*
2 l

A1 A2 A1* A2* A1 A2 A1 l A2 l

A A A A A A
A A A A A A
A A A A A A

A A A A

AB A1* A1 A1 l A2* A2 A2 l

*
1 l

*
1 1

*
1 l

*
2

1 l

*
B

Postmultiply by AB AB

*
2

*
1

2 l

*
B l

*
2 l

*
2 l

*
1 1

*
2

AB* on both sides

A A A A A
A A A A A A
A A
A A
Hence, A A = A A .

*
B l

*
B

*
B l

B l

AB AB* AB AB*

*
B

*
B

AB*

B l

*
B

B l

( by (iii) )
( by (ii) )

B l

B l

B l

Theorem: 4.3
Let AB be a bimatrix, then the following relations hold for a least square generalized inverse AB l

of

AB :

AB l 1 AB l where is a non zero scalar.

*
*
(ii) One choice of U B ABVB l VB AB l U B where U B and VB are unitary bimatrices.

(i)

Proof of (i)
Now

AB l

A1 A2 l

A1 A2 l

A1 l A2 l

1 A1 l 1 A2 l

1 l

A2 l

1 AB l

Hence,

AB l 1 AB l .

DOI: 10.9790/5728-11161934

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33 | Page

On Least Square, Minimum Norm Generalized Inverses of Bimatrices

Proof of (ii)
Now

U B ABVB l U1 U 2 A1 A2 V1 V2 l

U1 AV
1 1 U 2 A2V2 l

U1 AV
1 1 l U 2 A2V2 l

V1 l A1 l U1 l V2 l A2 l U 2 l

since A

V1*V1 V1* A1 l U1*U1 U1* V2*V2 V2* A2 l U 2*U 2 U 2*

B l

I V

*
1

A1 l I1

AB* AB AB*

U1* I 2 V2* A2 l I 2 U 2*

(since U1 ,U 2 ,V1 and V2 are unitary bimatrices)

V1* A1 l U1* V2* A2 l U 2*

V1* V2* A1 l A2 l

*
1

U 2*

VB* AB l U B*

Hence, U B ABVB l VB AB l U B .

References
[1].
[2].
[3].
[4].
[5].
[6].
[7].
[8].

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Campbell.S.L and Meyer.C.D, Generalized Inverses of Linear Transformations,Society for Industrial and Applied
Mathematics,Philadelphia, 2009.
Haruo Yanai, Kei Takeuchi, Yashio Takane, Projection Matrices, Geneneralized Inverse Matrices, and Singular Value
Decomposition, Springer, New York, 2011.
Penrose.R, A generalized Inverse for Matrices, Proc. Cambridge Phil. Soc., Vol.51, 1955, (PP 406-413).
Radhakrishna Rao.C, Calculus of Generalized Inverses of Matrices Part-I: General Theory, Sankhya, Series A, Vol.29, No. 3,
September 1967, (PP 317-342).
Radhakrishna Rao.C and Sujit Kumar Mitra, Generalised Inverse of a matrix and its Applications, Wiley, New York, 1971.
Ramesh.G. and Maduranthaki.P, On Unitary Bimatrices, International Journal of Current Research, Vol.6, Issue 09, September
2014, (PP 8395-8407).
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Research, Vol.5, Issue10 , October 2014, ( PP 1936-1940).

DOI: 10.9790/5728-11161934

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34 | Page