1/10
The lower the w/c ratio, the higher the concrete strength.
CIVL 1112
2/10
Basic Considerations
Basic Considerations
Basic Considerations
Strength and Durability -- In general, the minimum
compressive strength and a range of w/c ratios are
specified for a given concrete mix.
CIVL 1112
3/10
w/c ratio
cement
coarse aggregate
fine aggregate
moisture adjustment
trial mix
CIVL 1112
4/10
Non-Air-Entrained Concrete
Slump(in)
1 to 2
3 to 4
6 to 7
0.375
350
385
410
0.5
335
365
385
Air Content
3.0%
2.5%
1.5%
1.0%
Approximate mixing water (lb./yd.3) and air content for different slumps
and nominal maximum sizes of aggregates
Air-Entrained Concrete
Slump(in)
1 to 2
3 to 4
6 to 7
Air Content
Mild
Moderate
Extreme
0.375
305
340
365
0.5
295
325
345
4.5%
6.0%
7.5%
4.0%
5.5%
7.0%
3.0%
4.5%
6.0%
2.5%
4.5%
5.5%
2
240
265
280
3
225
250
270
6
180
200
-
2.0%
4.0%
5.0%
1.5%
3.5%
4.5%
1.0%
3.0%
4.0%
2
260
285
300
3
220
245
270
6
190
210
-
0.5%
0.3%
0.2%
CIVL 1112
5/10
weight of cement
weight of water
w c
2.4
0.50
0.59
0.66
0.71
0.75
0.78
0.82
0.87
2.5
0.49
0.58
0.65
0.70
0.74
0.77
0.81
0.86
Fineness Modulus
2.6
2.7
0.48
0.47
0.57
0.56
0.64
0.63
0.69
0.68
0.73
0.72
0.76
0.75
0.80
0.79
0.85
0.84
2.8
0.46
0.55
0.62
0.67
0.71
0.74
0.78
0.83
2.9
0.45
0.54
0.61
0.66
0.70
0.73
0.77
0.82
3
0.44
0.53
0.60
0.65
0.69
0.72
0.76
0.81
CIVL 1112
6/10
27 ft.
yd.3
ft.3
yd.3
ft.3
yd.3
lb.
ft.3
lb.
yd.3
water (ft3)
62.4 ftlb3
Cement (ft3)
Coarse Aggregate (ft3)
(ft3)
air % 27 ydft 3
3
3
27 ft. Volume ft. VolumeFA ft.
3
coarse aggregate lb
cement lb
3.15 62.4 ftlb3
Air
water lb
ft.3
Unit Weight
of Water
FASSD lb.
CIVL 1112
7/10
AC
SM
Moisturecontent (MC ) AC SM
WeightWater WeightOD SM
AdjustedWeightWater WeightWater WeightWater
CIVL 1112
8/10
Slump(in)
1 to 2
3 to 4
6 to 7
Air Content
Mild
Moderate
Extreme
0.375
305
340
365
0.5
295
325
345
4.5%
6.0%
7.5%
4.0%
5.5%
7.0%
3.0%
4.5%
6.0%
2.5%
4.5%
5.5%
2
240
265
280
3
225
250
270
6
180
200
-
2.0%
4.0%
5.0%
1.5%
3.5%
4.5%
1.0%
3.0%
4.0%
AE
weight of cement
0.74
0.59
0.48
0.40
0.32
---
2.4
0.50
0.59
0.66
0.71
0.75
0.78
0.82
0.87
2.5
0.49
0.58
0.65
0.70
0.74
0.77
0.81
0.86
Fineness Modulus
2.6
2.7
0.48
0.47
0.57
0.56
0.64
0.63
0.69
0.68
0.73
0.72
0.76
0.75
0.80
0.79
0.85
0.84
0.4
0.63 27 ft.
yd.
17.01 ft.
yd.3
Value from
Table 4
2.8
0.46
0.55
0.62
0.67
0.71
0.74
0.78
0.83
2.9
0.45
0.54
0.61
0.66
0.70
0.73
0.77
0.82
3
0.44
0.53
0.60
0.65
0.69
0.72
0.76
0.81
yd.3
100 lb.
Dry-Rodded
Unit Weight
ft.3
1,701 lb.
yd.3
CIVL 1112
Density, lb./ft.3
60
62.368
65
62.337
70
62.302
75
62.261
80
62.216
85
62.166
9/10
water lb
62.4 ftlb3
Cement
(ft3)
cement lb
3.15 62.4 ftlb3
coarse aggregate lb
SGCA 62.4 ftlb3
Air
(ft3)
air % 27 ydft 3
3
= 4.49 ft.3
Cement:
= 3.56 ft.3
Coarse Aggregate:
= 10.10 ft.3
Air:
6% x 27ft.3/yd.3
= 1.62 ft.3
ft.3
FASSD lb.
19.77 ft.3
Total
Specific Gravity
of Fine Aggregate
Unit Weight
of Water
Unit Weight
of Water
ft.
1,196 lb.
CIVL 1112
10/10
WeightWater WeightOD SM
AdjustedWeightWater WeightWater WeightWater
Slump
Aggregate Size
w/c
Cement content
244 lb.
Cement
700 lb.
Coarse aggregate
= 1,718 lb.
= 1,247 lb.
Total
= 3,909 lb./yd.3
= 144.8 lb./ft.3