Proposal For Mining Research in Caraga

PCIERD Form 01-D
I.
Program Title: Caraga Responsible Mining R&D Program: Towards Sustainable Development in the
Region
II. Program Scale: Regional Research Program

III. Program Goal and Objectives:
Program Goal:
Responsible mining in Caraga Region anchored on sound decision support system developed from
information generated through R&D
Program Objectives:
1) Socio-economic and cultural impact analysis of the mining industries (large, medium, small &
artisanal) in and around key mining areas in Caraga Region
2) Assess the impact of mining to the local economy and governance in the key mining areas of
Caraga Region
3) Assess the biodiversity in freshwater aquatic systems near key mining areas in Caraga Region
4) Describe the biodiversity in the marine ecosystems interconnected with the nickel mines of Claver
and Carrascal
5) Determine heavy metal load and histopathologic analysis of the vital organs in key bioindicator
fishes in associated mining areas
6) Assess, profile and monitor Artisanal and Small-scale Mining in key areas of Caraga Region
7) Determine the vulnerability of major agricultural systems adjacent to mining areas
8) Ecological restoration in nickel mine toward reduction of mining Impacts in the Surigao Provinces
9) Develop information systems for geo-hazard assessment and mapping of mining sites in Caraga
Region
IV. Proponent:
Caraga State University

Caraga Consortium for Responsible Mining (CCRM)
Surigao del Sur State University (SdSSU)
Agusan del Sur State College of Agriculture and Technology (ASSCAT)
Surigao State College of Technology
V. Contact Person:
Dr. Joanna B. Cuenca

President, Caraga State University &
Chair, Caraga Consortium for Responsible Mining (CCRM)
Ampayon, Butuan City 8600
Email: dirjbc@yahoo.com
Telefax: 085-3421079
VI. Program Leader:
Dr. Rowena P. Varela, Vice President for Research and Extension

Ampayon, Butuan City 8600
Email: rowenavarela@yahoo.com; rpvarela@carsu.edu.ph
Telefax: 085-3426251
VII. Primary Cooperating Agencies:

National Economic Development Authority (NEDA-13)
Department of Science and Technology (DOST-Caraga)
Mines and Geosciences Bureau-13 (MGB-13)
Environment Monitoring Bureau-13 (EMB-13)
Department of Environment and Natural Resources- Forest Management
____________________________________________________________
Caraga Responsible Mining R&D Program Towards Sustainable Development in the Region
Division 13 (DENR-FMD 13)

Department of Agriculture-RFU 13
Department of Interior and Local Government-13 (DILG-13)
Department of Trade and Industry-13
Caraga Chamber of Mines
LGU-Surigao del Norte
LGU-Agusan del Norte
LGU-Agusan del Sur
LGU-Surigao del Sur
LGU-Claver, Surigao del Norte
LGU-Rosario, Agusan del Sur
LGU, Santiago, Agusan del Norte
VIII.Program Duration: July 2012-June 2015
IX. Rationale and Justification
The Philippines, being one of the countries around the Pacific Ring of Fire, is rich in mineral resources. In
fact, it is regarded to have one of the richest iron and gold deposits in Asia. Nickel, which co-exists with
iron is also abundant in the country.
Caraga Region, which lies in the Pacific side of the Philippine Archipelago, has the richest mineral
deposits in the country. The sprawling Iron Mountain at the northern tip of the Mount Diwata Range
separating Surigao del Norte from Surigao del Sur hosts a number of registered mining firms due to its
rich iron and nickel deposits. The southern portion of the Mount Diwata Range in Agusan del Sur
contiguous to the famous Mt. Diwalwal of Compostela Valley is also very rich in gold deposits. Similarly,
the portion of Mt. Hilong-Hilong Range in the Taguibo and Andanan Watersheds are mined for
manganese. Due to this fact, over one-thirds of the registered mining firms in the country are operating in
Caraga Region. This figure does not include the mining firms that are still on the exploration phase and
the small mining operations which are clustered under the Minahan ng Bayan concept.
Mining, as a business, is economically rewarding. However, it is highly destructive to the environment
considering the extraction of minerals from the earth that affects the integrity of the soil, site clearing that
impacts on the resident biodiversity, and the operation-associated generation of dusts, tailings and other
pollutants that can run to secondary impact areas such as settlement areas, agri-production and fishery
areas and water bodies.
In many countries where mining is permitted by law, policies are put in place to reduce the impact of the
operation to the environment. In the Philippines, a number of policies have been formulated to prevent
massive environmental destruction in relation to mining. The opening of the country for mining
investments has invited mining firms from abroad to locate in Caraga Region. Despite the laws and local
ordinances formulated to minimize the impacts of mining to the environment, issues on mining-related
disasters and risks, mine tailings contaminating the fresh and marine waters as well as rapid biodiversity
loss and cultural degradation are still heard on radio, seen on TV, and read on dailies. Hence, the
Philippines through the Committee on Science, Technology and Engineering (COMSTE) under the
Philippine Senate initiated the Innovation Clustering of Research and Development (R&D) which identified
Responsible Mining as a major area of concentration. Through the COMSTEs Responsible Mining
Program, the State Universities and Colleges (SUCs) in Caraga Region are tasked to conduct R&D to
address issues associated with mining. The information and technologies generated from the R&D efforts
will be used in coming up with potential solutions to negative impacts as well as a guide in developing
protocols for responsible mining in Caraga Region.
The Responsible Mining Program of Caraga Region will address the following:
____________________________________________________________
1) How extensive is the existing mining area and what is the potential area expansion in the next 510 years?
2) Which portions of the mining areas are disaster-prone, high-risk areas and may cause hazards to
people?
3) What are the processes and strategies done by existing mining firms to restore the mined-out
areas in terms of top soil restoration and assisted natural regeneration of the biotic communities?
Are there training and workshops conducted for the communities to be aware and supportive of
these activities?
4) What are the safety and health concerns associated with mining in the various mining sites in
Caraga? What have been done to address these issues thereby minimizing the negative
impacts?
5) What are the methods used in the small mining of Caraga Region? Are these
methods/techniques hazardous to the operators and to the communities? If so, how are these
addressed to reduce the hazards?
6) a. To what extent have the key mining areas disturbed the resident biodiversity?
b. What are the species that are badly disturbed by the mining operations?
c. What methods and strategies need to be applied to bring back the biodiversity in the area?
d. How long and how far will the restoration efforts of the mining firms and its
adopted communities be in order to initiate natural regeneration?
e. What key species shall be used in monitoring the environmental health of the ecosystems
within and around the mine sites?
7) What are the major pollutants generated by the mining operations that contaminate the waters,
air and soil in the direct and indirect impact areas? What are the manifestations of the presence
of these pollutants? How are these pollutants prevented to impact on the environment? What are
the strategies implemented to reduce the risks of contamination?
8) What is the mining firms extent of compliance to the recommendations stipulated in the EIA?
How effective the strategies and the methods are in terms of reducing the environmental
impacts?
9) What potential bioremediation processes be done to reduce the risk of contamination in water
bodies and soil from generated pollutants?
10) How are tailings managed in the various mining firms? GHG emissions?
11) What are the value-adding processes employed by the mining firms in Caraga? In small mining?
To what extent are these processes impact on the environment and health of the operators as
well as the people in the surrounding communities? Are there trade-offs in employing these
processes? How much?
12) How long is the life cycle of a nickel mine? Gold mine? Manganese mine? Iron mine? What are
the processes along the various phases of the mines life cycle that are hazardous and
destructive to the environment? How are these addressed by the policies formulated at the local
and national level? How the people can contribute in minimizing the hazards and destructions
brought about by mining operations in their communities?
____________________________________________________________
XI. Project Components:

Project I -
Socio-economic Characterization, Cultural Studies, Policy Review and Impact

Analyses of Selected Mining Areas in Caraga
Project 2
Assessment of Biodiversity in Aquatic Systems near Key Mining Areas in

Caraga Region
Study 1:
Aquatic Plants Assessment in Ponds and Lakes in Selected Mining Areas in Caraga
Region
Study 2:
Water Quality, Phytoplankton and Macroinvertebrates Diversity of the Freshwater

Systems Associated with Mining Areas in Caraga
Study 3:
Diversity and abundance of freshwater fishes in associated mining areas in Caraga
Study 4:
Heavy metal and histopathologic analysis of the vital organs in key bioindicator
Project 3 -
Assessment of the Marine Ecosystems in Claver SDN and Carrascal SDS
Project 4 -
Assessment of the Terrestrial Floristic Composition in Areas Within and

Outside Key Mining Areas in Caraga Region
Project 5 -
Assessment of Vertebrate Fauna in Key Mining Areas of Caraga Region

and Development of GIS and Web-based Database as Decision-Support System
Project 6 -
Monitoring, Assessment and Profiling of Artisanal and Small-scale Mining

(MAP-ASM) in Key Areas of Caraga Region, Mindanao, Philippines
Project 7 -
Vulnerability and Impact Assessment of Major Agricultural Systems Adjacent to

Mining Areas
Project 8 -
Ecological Restoration in Nickel Mine toward Reduction of Mining Impacts

in the Surigao Provinces
Project 9 -
Information Systems for Geo-Hazard Assessment and Mapping of Mining Sites in

Caraga Region
____________________________________________________________
Budget Summary
Component/Project
Program Coordination and Management
Honorarium:
Program Leader @ 14,600/mo
Program Consultants (on a
per transaction basis)
Science Research Assistant (2 pax) @
17,500 per month
Program Review and Evaluators
Visit @ 2 reviews/year
Representation Expenses
Travelling Expenses
Program Coordination and Management
Total
Proj I - Socio-economic Characterization,
Cultural Studies, Policy Review and
Impact Analyses of Selected Mining
Areas in Caraga
Proj 2 Assessment of Biodiversity in
Aquatic Systems near Key Mining Areas
in Caraga Region
Study 1: Aquatic Plants Assessment in
Ponds and Lakes in Selected Mining
Areas in Caraga Region
Study 2: Water Quality, Phytoplankton
and Macroinvertebrates Diversity of the
Freshwater Systems Associated with
Mining Areas in Caraga
Study 3: Diversity and abundance of
freshwater fishes in associated mining
areas in Caraga
Study 4: Heavy metal and
histopathologic analysis of the vital
organs in key bioindicator fishes in
associated mining areas
Proj 3 - Assessment of the Marine
Ecosystems in Claver SDN and
Carrascal SDS
Proj 4 - Assessment of the Terrestrial
Floristic Composition in Areas Within
and Outside Key Mining Areas in
Caraga Region
Proj 5 - Assessment of Vertebrate Fauna in
Key Mining Areas of Caraga Region and
Development of GIS and Web-based
Implementing
Agency
Caraga
Consortium for
Responsible
Mining (CCRM)
Duration
(Years)
3 years
Funding
Source
Y1 Budget
Total Budget
for the Entire
Duration
175,200
108,000
525,600
324,000
227,500
455,000
100,000
300,000
100,000
80,000
250,000
160,000
790,700
2,014,600
DOSTPCIEERD
Caraga
Consortium for
Responsible
Mining (CCRM)
2 years
DOSTPCIEERD
1,055,560
2,012,120
Caraga
Consortium for
Responsible
Mining (CCRM)
Caraga
Consortium for
Responsible
Mining (CCRM)
Caraga
Consortium for
Responsible
Mining (CCRM)
Caraga
Consortium for
Responsible
Mining (CCRM)
Caraga
Consortium for
Responsible
Mining (CCRM)
Caraga
Consortium for
Responsible
Mining (CCRM)
Caraga
Consortium for
Responsible
Mining (CCRM)
Caraga
Consortium for
Responsible
2 years
DOSTPCIEERD
5,750,360
12,515,800
2 years
DOSTPCIEERD
1,355,860
2,592,920
2 years
DOSTPCIEERD
1,783,760
3,024,120
2 years
DOSTPCIEERD
1,444,080
4,591,840
2 years
DOSTPCIEERD
1,166,660
2,306,920
2 years
DOSTPCIEERD
2,021,360
2,986,720
2 years
DOSTPCIEERD
1,356,850
2,554,200
3 years
DOSTPCIEERD
1,369,280
3,771,240
____________________________________________________________
Database as Decision-Support System

Proj 6 - Monitoring,
Assessment
and
Profiling of Artisanal and Small-scale
Mining (MAP-ASM) in Key Areas of
Caraga Region, Mindanao, Philippines
Mining (CCRM)
Caraga
Consortium for
Responsible
Mining (CCRM)
Proj 7 - Vulnerability and Impact

Assessment of Major Agricultural
Systems Adjacent to Mining Areas
Impacts in the Surigao Provinces
Proj 8 - Ecological Restoration in Nickel
Mine toward Reduction of Mining
Caraga
Consortium for
Responsible
Mining (CCRM)
Caraga
Consortium for
Responsible
Mining (CCRM)
Caraga
Consortium for
Responsible
Mining (CCRM)
Proj 9 - Information Systems for Geo-Hazard

Assessment and Mapping of Mining
Sites in Caraga Region
GRAND TOTAL
1 year
DOSTPCIEERD
2,055,680
2,055,680
2 years
DOSTPCIEERD
1,386,660
2,734,600
2 years
DOSTPCIEERD
939,400
1,779,800
1 year
DOSTPCIEERD
1,211,100
1,211,100
17,936,950
33,635,860
____________________________________________________________
IX. Program Components

Project I:
Socio-economic Characterization, Cultural Studies, Policy Review and

Impact Analyses of Selected Mining Areas in Caraga
Leader/ Gender:
Raquel M. Balanay (CASNR, CSU),
Project Staff:
Adrilene Mae J. Castanos (CSU)

Ordem K. Maglinte (CSU)
Aisa O. Manlosa (CSU)
Sheila Reyes (ASSCAT)
Jocelyn Panduyos (SDSSU)
Lead Agency:

Complete Address: Ampayon, Butuan City
Email: raquel_balanay@yahoo.com
Nature and Significance of the Project

Caraga Region is currently among the popular destinations of mining companies all over the world;
perhaps the mining capital in the Philippines. To date, 41 percent of the countrys registered mining firms
situated in the region. This is largely due to its tremendous mineral deposits of extremely high value to
industries, such as nickel, gold, iron and manganese that are extracted in vast amounts by large and
small mining firms. Most of the extracted earth materials by these firms are shipped abroad for further
processing into household appliances, medical and computer paraphernalia. Coal deposits, being
abundant, are extracted as well by some of these companies for the raw material needs of energy
production here and overseas. Policies favoring mining has ushered early on thus intensified mining
activities in the region. The northern tip of Mount Diwata Range separating Surigao del Norte and Surigao
del Sur, the southern part of the same mountain range contiguous to Mount Diwalwal of Compostela
Valley, and Mount Hilong-hilong in the critical Taguibo and Andanan watersheds are the key mining areas,
where iron and nickel, gold and manganese are richly deposited and mined out, respectively.
With the policies that the Minahan ng Bayan Act and the Mining Act of the Philippines enforce, the
Regional Development Council led by the National Economic Development Authority13 (NEDA-13)
counted mining as an essential player in regional development, formally recognizing its principal role in
the FAME (Fishery, Agri-forestry, Mineral and Eco-tourism) development agenda for 2010-2020. Along
this line, forecasts on income and opportunities have been propitious, which ably put mining on the
pedestal in terms of income generation and economic significance. However, due to extractive nature,
mining has become central in heated discourses over a variety of economic and environmental causes,
because the trade-offs of minings huge contributions have just exhibited a loathsome side. Extensive
contamination and pollution, geophysical degradation encroaching biodiversity and aquatic ecosystems,
displacement of communities and erosion of cultural heritage are some general concerns that spoil much
the potential of mining in nation-building and economic reconstruction efforts of the country. Mining is now
increasingly despised because the said trade-offs are grossly detrimental to the welfare of society, culture
and most importantly, the environment.
With the dual sides of mining, a risk of running into a worsened scenario could escalate multistakeholders concerns, that include the tribal people living near the mining sites. This is because of the
reported cases of damages and changed dynamics attributed to the proliferation and uncurbed
malpractices in mining. Thus, to address appropriately the varied issues, a need to look comprehensively
into mining as an industry is deemed important. Inasmuch as the mining issues are multi-faceted, the
cultural and socio-economic dimension is to be dealt with to shed light on associated impacts induced by
mining in key areas. This is for the ultimate objective of enabling mining in Caraga Region that is
responsible enough in striking the best balance between economic development and environmental
integrity with deep respect to culture, as an expression of commitment to improving adaptation and
resiliency of communities as well as empowering the indigenous people in the country. Since benchmark
____________________________________________________________
information about the industry and its cultural and socio-economic impacts to nearby ecosystems and
communities is yet to be organized comprehensively, research efforts are sought to deal with these
appropriately. This is also for the identification of proper policy interventions and instruments for mining.
Thus, the following studies are laid out to generate the comprehensive benchmark information about the
mining industry in Caraga Region.
Study 1: Socio- cultural impact analysis of the mining industries (large, medium, small &
artisanal) in key mining areas in Caraga Region
Objectives:
1. To determine the socio-demographic characteristics of mining communities (IP and non-IP)

in key mining areas in terms of:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Personal profile
Economic profile
Ethnicity/ ethnic origin
Education ( highest educational attainment/ aspirations)
Health ( diet, illnesses, health practices)
2. To determine the impact of mining activities on the social aspects of the communities (IP and
non-IP) in terms of:
a.
b.
c.
d.
3.
social relations
family structures
gender issues
political participation
To determine the impact of mining activities on the cultural aspects of the communities (IP
and non-IP) in terms of :
A. Cultural heritage
B. Immovable: Sites (burial sites; sacred sites etc.)
C. Tangibles/objects: indoors [artifacts]
D. Living heritage
a. Peoples voices
a.i. history
a.ii. arts and music
a.iii. customs and traditions
a.iv. beliefs and practices
4. To recommend policy on socio-cultural interventions to address the problem and issues

associated with the impact of mining activities on the communities (IP and Non-IP).
Study 2. Analysis on employment generation and local labor dynamics associated with mining in
Caraga Region
Objectives
a. To document the employment opportunities generated by mining and the utilization of local labor
for these opportunities
b. To determine the dynamics associated with local labor utilization, livelihood decision-making and
activities in the key mining areas
c. To analyze the benefits and risks earned by the local people from their engagement in mining and
related activities vis--vis the varied opportunities generated by mining
____________________________________________________________
d. To identify the problems and issues associated with the distribution of mining benefits to the
people in the area
e. To recommend policy and socio-economic interventions to address the problems and issues
associated with the distribution of mining benefits
Study 3. Assessment on the impact of mining to the local economy and governance in the key
mining areas of Caraga Region
Objectives
a. To assess the knowledge and perception of the local people and government on the presence of
mining in development context
b. To determine the contributions of mining firms to the local economy in the context of
literacy/human, social and enterprise/economic development
c. To identify the issues associated with mining contributions for the local economy and governance
d. To recommend policy actions to address the associated issues
Study 4. Socio-economic vulnerability of the farming and fishing households in communities
surrounding the key mining areas
Objectives
a. To determine the socio-economic characteristics of the communities, farming people and
fisherfolks in the key mining areas of the region
b. To analyze the vulnerability of these communities, farming people and fisherfolks (in IPCC
context) in the said areas
c. To determine the factors contributing to their socio-economic vulnerabilities and the problems and
constraints that can worsen their socio-economic positions
d. To recommend measures that can address the contributing factors to the socio-economic
vulnerability of the said people in the key mining areas
Review of Related Literature
Socio-cultural Studies
According to Emile Durkheim, an advocate of Structural Functionalist perspective that everything in the
society is functional; every part of the society is important because each plays an important role to attain
social equilibrium. When one part of the whole social system malfunctions, the whole system suffers.
(Durkheim, 19641 as cited by Faraganis, J. 2000) In the case of the mining industry, the same theory
applies. Being part of the economic social system, the industry is indeed functional just like any other part
of the whole social system. However, when the mining industry operation is not following the responsible
mining principle which is the safety net of the society, then possible negative social impacts may happen.
In the following excerpt, John-Mark Kilian, Director Umsizi Sustainable Social Solutions (Pty) Ltd, the
malady that may be brought about by mining industry not abiding to responsible mining principle is vividly
described:
.Once mines close, the social impacts on employee households, communities and
regions are mostly severe and long term, leaving thousands of people impoverished.
Ghost towns develop in areas that were once heavily reliant on mining for economic
sustainability. The majority of these people who were dependent on the mining operation
for income are usually left stranded in an area that they cannot escape from, due to a
1
Readings in Social Theory, edited by James Faraganis, pp. 63-68, Chapter 2. McGraw-Hill Higher
Education, 2000. ISBN 0-07-230060-4.
____________________________________________________________
lack of resources and capacity to ensure their sustainable integration into other sectors of
the economy. The more affluent and skilled individuals usually leave the area and are
able to successfully migrate to other economic activities and become reabsorbed into the
economic mainstream. However, this is mostly only a minority of people. There is also
often a lack of proper planning in the placement and rehabilitation of mine infrastructure,
land and waste dumps in considering the future social and economic impact on
communities and development for the region. After closure, mine waste deposits and
unproductive, disturbed land are often left behind; this precludes the productive use of
economically valuable land for the socio-economic development of communities over the
long term.
The following statement of Cabiling (2011) of DENR-Mines and Geosciences Bureau-Region 13, Surigao
City supports the functionalist perspective claim, to quote:
.If we operate in the mining industry with love, meaning we do it for the purpose to
promote and enhance humanity then surely we will eliminate the greedy, reckless and
careless ways in mining industry. If we work responsibly in the industry, then there is an
honest activity in environmental protection, it would mean more children in a better
furnished classrooms, it would translate to a better health care and a healthy living, a
genuine progress and development will be enjoyed by the greater majority of Filipinos .
More observations were documented in several studies on mining to wit: in the findings of the study of
Kuyek and Coumans (2003)2, communities that come to depend on mining to sustain their economies are
especially vulnerable to negative social impacts, especially when the mine closes. Mining may also trigger
indirect negative social impacts, such as alcoholism, prostitution, and sexually transmitted diseases
(Miranda et al., 19983).
In the Philippines, upland ecosystems are under pressure because of the migration of small-scale
farmers. The presence of mining industries in the same areas could also threaten the already sensitive
upland ecosystems by stimulating additional migration (ESSC, 1999 4).
Mining has provided jobs in an otherwise economically marginal area (Redwood, 1998 5) although in most
cases these jobs are limited in number and duration. In the case of Claver, Surigao del Norte, the mining
industry did really provide for jobs. While there are companies who paid their regular workers with
reasonable compensation, there are also those who pay their workers with lesser salaries. Nowadays, the
IPs in Claver are now identified with their motorcycles and cellular phones and other amenities. Some
IPs, that used to be nomadic, are no longer itinerant people who keep on begging from their non-IP
Kuyek, J. and C. Coumans (2003), No Rock Unturned: Revitilizing the Economies of Mining Dependent
Communities. MiningWatch Canada: Ottawa, Canada. Available online at: http://www.miningwatch.ca.
3
Miranda, M. A. Blanco-Uribe Q., L. Hernndez, J. Ochoa G., E. Yerena (1998), All That Glitters is Not
Gold: Balancing Conservation and Development in Venezuelas Frontier Forests, World Resources
Institute: Washington, DC
4
Environmental Science for Social Change (ESSC) (1999a), Decline of the Philippine Forest. Makati City,
Philippines: Bookmark Inc
5
Redwood, J. (1998), Social Benefits and Costs of Mining: The Carajs Iron Ore Project, In G. McMahon
(ed.) Mining and the Community: Results of the Quito Conference, Washington, DC: The World Bank,
1998.
____________________________________________________________
counterparts for their daily subsistence , rather they are now working in the mining companies of Claver
(Cabiling, 20116).
According to MGB Director Leo Jasareno, there were several complaints filed against 4 large scale
mining industries in the region concerning siltation, pollution, health hazards and nonpayment of
extraction, business fees and taxes. Jasareno identified the firms as Taganito Mining Corp. (TMC),
Platinum Group Metals Corp. (PGMC) [ both are among the countrys leading exporters of nickel ore to
Japan, China and Australia] and Claver Mining Corp., all based in Claver, Surigao del Norte, and San
Roque Metals Inc. (SRMI) in Tubay, Agusan del Norte. Although, these charges were reportedly denied by
Ryan Culima, the spokesman of SRMI, the people in the community attest to the reality of the charges. In
fact, the communist rebels in the area attacked the mine sites last year as what a rebel leader called
revolutionary punishment for causing massive environmental havoc and displacing indigenous
communities (Franklin A. Caliguid, 20127).
Most of these mining firms are invading the ancestral domains of the indigenous people of Caraga. For
this reason, the mining industries have a direct or indirect impact on the people and culture of the area.
Most often than not, the frequently mentioned impacts are only those involving the people like health
hazards, environmental degradation and labor displacement. The cultural dimension of the people
specifically the indigenous people who are the most vulnerable [considering that they are the most
disadvantaged and underprivileged in the society] are taken for granted. This cultural dimension is
referred to as the cultural heritage of these people including material [burial sites and other sacred places]
and non-material culture [traditions, beliefs and human relationships].
To determine the actual situation of the surrounding socio-cultural environment, affected individuals
especially the indigenous people and communities, it is very important to consider the socio-cultural
impacts of mining activities in the key mining areas.
Socio-economic Studies
Israel (2010) reported that among the most daunting constraints that mining in the Philippines has been
facing is related to its being a generally extractive activity, as it has been traditionally practiced. As
quoted, this makes the country a mere exporter of raw materials to industrialized countries and unable to
benefit from value addition. His paper entitled National Industrialization in Philippine Mining: Review and
Suggestions has assessed the mining sector on the basis of production performance over time and
economic significance in terms of mineral exports, employment, investments and number of miningrelated establishments as well as the conditions at which mining development could thrive. It tackled a
great deal on national industrialization as a long-term strategy in support to mining development in the
Philippines. However, for mining to develop, Kloeckner (2010), as cited by Israel (2010), asserted that
compliance to important requirements is necessary, which included those associated with the legal, fiscal
and environmental policies to support strong mining institutions with accountability and transparency;
clear environmental and social policies as well as compliance standards that achieve rigorous standards
of environmental and social conduct, which would include providing support to local and indigenous
populations. In short, to develop an industrialized and at the same time sustainable mining industry,
society will have to consider the relative value of the environment, social equity and economic prosperity,
the report implied.
Bebot Cabiling | DENR-Mines and Geosciences Bureau, Region 13, Surigao City, 2011
Inquirer Mindanao February 5th, 2012
____________________________________________________________
Ticci8 (2011) in investigating the Peruvian mining industry and its socioeconomic impacts during the boom
period of mining in the mid 1990s noted that mining has caused encouragement of migration inflows to
the mining districts and affected the sectoral composition of the labor force in these areas. The research
also showed no multiplicative effect of mining growth on non-mining and non-agricultural activities and no
boost to the process of economic diversification towards the non-primary sector, in spite of the great
expectations and the presence of new institutional and legislative settings. Significant heterogeneity was
likewise observed in impacts on labor opportunities and on access to basic services across urban and
rural, and between districts with a long history of mining exploitation and new mining areas. Further
review of Ticcis paper reveals a great deal of findings from earlier researches about the advantages and
disadvantages of mining. Excerpt of Ticcis review (citing many authors) on the impacts of mining has the
following in verbatim:
The debate on the relationship between mining, growth and poverty is still open. Natural resources are
regarded both as a blessing and as a curse. Mineral resources are a form of wealth and as such, their
extraction might contribute to human and economic development. Resource abundance can attract
inflows of mining investments and help technological transfer and innovative capacity (Wright, 1999); the
mining industry can provide tax revenues and create new jobs, while mining exports represent a rich
source of foreign currency. It has observed, for example, that some advanced economies (e.g. Australia
and Canada), based their development process of natural resource extraction (Adelman and Morris,
1988; De Ferranti et al., 2001). At the same time, extraction of raw commodities poses great
developmental challenges: incentives for corruption and rent-seeking activities, the so-called Dutch
Disease and crowding out of other sectors (Auty, 1993and 2001; Gylfason, 2001; Matsuyama, 1992),
exposure to commodity price volatility (Ross, 2001; Blattman et al., 2007; Hausmann and Rigobon, 2003;
Poelhekke and van der Ploeg, 2007) and negative health and environmental externalities (Pegg, 2006;
Bebbington et al., 2008).
One of the most controversial issues is the impact on local communities. On the one
hand, populations living close to mines are the most exposed to water, air and soil
pollution of the mining industry; they are likely to compete with mines for the governance
of the territory and for water and land use; they set distribution of fiscal resources, low
complementarities with local firms and the low labor intensity of technology can
jeopardize pro-poor and employment effects and the spill-over of mining investments.
Figure 1 particularly shows the impact map of mining development particularly in the local economies as
conceptualized by Ticci (2011). Meanwhile, the report of Ticci (2011) made use of difference-in-difference
(DD) and propensity score matching (PSM) technique to draw the impacts and the dynamics resulting
from mining development with the comparison of the mining and non-mining districts. PSM is a technique
developed in the literature as an instrument for evaluating social programs. Its combination with DD aids
in the estimation of the effects of the mining boom on a set of outcomes in the study of Ticci (2011).
Ticci, E. 2011. Extractive Industries and Local Development in the Peruvian Highlands: Socioeconomic Impacts of the Mid-1990s Mining Boom. EUI Working Paper RSCAS 2011/14.
Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute
____________________________________________________________
Figure 1. Main Channels of Mining Impacts on Local Economies (Source: Ticci, 2011)
The study of Gillespie and Kragt (2010) corroborates the findings of Ticci (2011). By means of choice
experiments, it has specifically shown that community well-being has declined with the increase in the
kilometers of streams, the hectares of swamps, and the number of aboriginal sites affected by mine
subsidence. However, community well-being would increase with the length of time that the mine could
provide 320 jobs. Incorporating implicit price estimates from the choice experiment into the benefit-cost
analysis of continued mining was employed to assess the economic efficiency of a range of
environmental restrictions on the proposed mining operations. Even though the mine generates negative
environmental externalities, the continuation of mining was found to be economically efficient under a
range of policy scenarios, the study showed.
Gurrib (2010) with the use of vector autoregressive (VAR) models has defragmented mining and service
industries to find out their impacts on structural change. In the study, the VAR model where activity is
measured in terms of output shows social and business services to have more forecasting abilities than
other variables, while the VAR model where activity is measured in terms of investment shows the mining
industry to have relatively less Mean Absolute Error forecasts. The study reported noticeable shifts from
the traditional agricultural and manufacturing industries with the services and mining industries capturing
most of those structural shifts in the economy. The said movements are attributed not only due to
Australia policy changes with respect to deregulation and removal of protectionism, rising demand for
services and more trade with emerging markets, but also due to three mining booms that occurred in the
last fifty years. The forecasts generated by VAR in the study were observed to deteriorate as data were
regressed from one to twelve months ahead. This suggests a need for longer forecast period for each
step to avoid cyclical fluctuations when measuring structural change.
Similarly, the use of Social Accounting Matrix by Fatah et al. (2007) has generated analyses on the
impacts of mining particularly of coal mining on the economy of Kalimantan Province in Indonesia. It has
been used to do simulations to find alternative policies on the coal industry that are suitable for economic
improvement and environmental sustainability. The results of the analysis showed that the said mining is
growing with the largescale firms more profitable economically than the small-scale ones. But in terms of
environmental impact, the small-scale firms are a better choice because they exploit less resource.
____________________________________________________________
Taxation is recommended in the study as a sound step to reduce the level of exploitation to save the
environment and the consequent use of taxes as transfer payments to support the needs of the lower
income households in the province. Identical impacts have been pointed out as well in several studies
such as those conducted by Coon and Leistriz (2003) and Lambert and Shaw (2000).
Meanwhile, the paper of Freebairn and Quiggin (2010) explored on the efficiency and equity arguments
for a resource rent tax which is expected to collect over time more revenue than royalties, options and
issues in the measurement of the economic rent, and some of the important practical issues associated
with the adoption of the proposed resource rent taxes in the case of Australias mining industry. Among
the many issues tackled in the paper was a characteristic of mining; that, as quoted, mining is
characterized by much uncertainty. By this, it means knowledge is imperfect about the quality and
quantity of exploitable minerals and energy, and about future technology, input costs, output prices, and
often government taxation, environmental and other policies. Different players have different sets of
knowledge and expectations. The same is true with the government that is faced with imperfect
knowledge of the information held by different miners, which received counter arguments from
economists that rejected the notion on economic rent. However, the findings of the study yield indications
positive for the adoption of economic rent base system, for reasons that such system would reduce
efficiency losses from reducing distortive choices of mining investments and production decisions, and
would provide the opportunity to collect returns on community-owned natural resources in a less distorting
way.
The above literatures are importantly suggesting some aspects that must be highlighted in the proposed
study, as such gives direct answers to the cultural and socioeconomic tendencies and impacts of mining.
Specifically, Figure 1 provides a good guide to tracing the consequences of mining on the issue of cultural
and socioeconomic dynamics, particularly the shifts in households livelihood decisions and local
governments development priorities. Since this study is yet to establish the baseline information on the
consequences and impacts of mining in Caraga Region, the aspects and issues reviewed herein will be
dealt with seriously.
Methodology
Area of the Study
The study will be conducted in the major mining areas in Caraga Region. These areas refer to the
communities in the northern tip and the southern part of Mt. Magdiwata and in Mt. Hilong-hilong. The
selection of specific communities in these areas will depend greatly on their critical conditions associated
with mining. The tribal communities in these areas will be importantly covered in this study.
Type of Data and Method of Data Collection
All studies will make use of primary and secondary data to meet the information needs of the project. The
primary data will be gathered particularly by means of direct interviews that will be guided by a
questionnaire to facilitate the process. The interviews will be conducted with the local government
officials, peoples organizations leaders, community leaders and residents in the key mining areas of the
region. The local government officials and the various leaders to be involved in the interviews will be
selected purposively based on engagements with mining companies and knowledge about mining. The
local people will be selected randomly and extensively from three sites: close to mining sites, a bit far
from the mining sites and far from mining sites to capture the possibilities of differing views and
characteristics, especially on exposure to hazards of different types.
Also for comparative impact assessment, information about particular parameters will be also gathered
from the non-mining, old mining and new mining districts, which is a method followed in the study of Ticci
(2011). The varying proximities from the mining sites will be defined later to be precise in the conduct of
data gathering activities. Focus group discussions will be also done to provide substantive explanations to
the findings of each study. For the cultural studies, data will gathered by close community observation and
____________________________________________________________
interviews with some elders in the tribal groups. Meanwhile, the secondary information will pertain to the
policies, time-series economic and investment data associated with mining, and other information that will
be relevant to the investigation of mining impacts over time.
Method of Data Analysis
Descriptive statistics will be used in most of the studies to capture the information that would tell the
socio-economic impact of mining in the key mining areas of Caraga Region. Documentary analysis will be
resorted for the qualitative data or information, particularly in Study 1. However, specific analytical tools
will be employed to investigate the impacts of mining in the key mining areas. In Study 2, the dynamics of
employment generation, local labor utilization, livelihood decision-making and activities will be determined
by means of tracking the employment opportunities offered by mining companies, occupational changes
of people in the area, AFNR industry changes and labor employment in AFNR in terms of indices relative
to the mining industry in the area. This will be analyzed in depth with the use of difference-in-difference
(DD) with propensity-score matching and logit model.
Study 3 will take note of structural changes caused by mining and in analyzing this aspect, a structural
change index (SCI) will be estimated. Further analysis on similar matter would use Granger causality
testing and a vector autoregressive (VAR) model to determine whether the structural shifts are caused by
mining. With the help of Ticcis study, the investigation on mining contributions to the local economy will
be deal more closely on the aspects of public goods and access to public services; financial, physical and
human capital; social capital; migration flows and urbanization; farming activities; relative and absolute
local prices, wages and employment, and sector composition of local economy.
In Study 4, an IPCC framework of vulnerability assessment will be used as guide in the analysis, where
vulnerability is a function of sensitivity, exposure and adaptive capacity. Principal component analysis will
be used in determining the contributing factors of the peoples socio-economic vulnerability in the third
study. For impact evaluation on economic aspects, econometric methods using ordinary least squares
estimation and perhaps instrumental variables to adjust with problems on endogeneity will be applied.
Literature Cited
Cabiling, Bebot. 2001. DENR-Mines and Geosciences Bureau-Region 13, Caraga, Surigao City
Philippines.
Caliguid, Franklin A. 2012. Inquirer Mindanao February 5th,2012, Sunday Edition.
Coon, R. C. and Leistritz, F. L. 2003. North Dakota Lignite Energy Industrys Contribution to the State
Economy for 2002 and Projected for 2003. AAE 03002. Department of Agribusiness and
Applied Economics, North Dakota State University
Environmental Science for Social Change (ESSC) (1999a), Decline of the Philippine Forest. Makati City,
Philippines: Bookmark Inc.
Environmental Science for Social Change (ESSC) (1999b), Mining Revisited: Can an Understanding of
Perspectives Help? Quezon City, Philippines: ESSC.
Readings in Social Theory, edited by James Faraganis, pp. 63-68, Chapter 2. McGraw-Hill Higher
Education, 2000. ISBN 0-07-230060-4.
Fatah, L., Udiansyah, Imansyah, M. H. and Khairuddin, G. 2007. The Impacts of Coal Mining on the
Economy and Environment of South Kalimantan
Gurrib, I. 2010.The Impact of Mining and Service Industries on the Structural Change of Australia.
International Journal of Economic Sciences and Applied Research 4(2):35-51
____________________________________________________________
Kilian, John-Mark, Director Umsizi Sustainable Social Solutions (Pty) Ltd.

Kuyek, J. and C. Coumans (2003), No Rock Unturned: Revitilizing the Economies of Mining Dependent
Communities.
MiningWatch
Canada:
Ottawa,
Canada.
Available
online
at:http://www.miningwatch.ca. Last accessed March 11, 2012.
Miranda, M. A. Blanco-Uribe Q., L. Hernndez, J. Ochoa G., E. Yerena (1998), All That Glitters is Not
Gold: Balancing Conservation and Development in Venezuelas Frontier Forests, World
Resources Institute: Washington, DC.
Redwood, J. (1998), Social Benefits and Costs of Mining: The Carajs Iron Ore Project, In G. McMahon
(ed.) Mining and the Community: Results of the Quito Conference, Washington, DC: The
World Bank,1998.
Ticci, E. 2011. Extractive Industries and Local Development in the Peruvian Highlands: Socio-economic
Impacts of the Mid-1990s Mining Boom. EUI Working Paper RSCAS 2011/14. Robert
Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute
____________________________________________________________
Budgetary Requirements
Particulars
I. Personal Services
A. Direct Cost
Honoraria
Project Leader @ P 8,800/month
Project Staff (5 pax) @ P 4,800/month
II. Maintenance and Other Operating Expenses
A. Direct Cost
Traveling/Sampling Expenses
Communication Expenses
Supplies and materials
Rentals
Other Services (Labor, Guide)
Professional Services
Miscellaneous Expenses
Subtotal for MOOE
III. Capital/Equipment Outlay
Camera
Laptop Computer
Subtotal for Capital/Equipment Outlay
IV. Administrative Cost (10% of Project Cost)
GRAND TOTAL
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Total for
Year 1
Year 2
Grand Total
26,400.00
72,000.00
98,400.00
26,400.00
72,000.00
98,400.00
26,400.00
72,000.00
98,400.00
26,400.00
72,000.00
98,400.00
105,600.00
288,000.00
393,600.00
105,600.00
288,000.00
393,600.00
211,200.00
576,000.00
787,200.00
20,000.00
4,000.00
25,000.00
15,000.00
20,000.00
30,000.00
10,000.00
124,000.00
20,000.00
4,000.00
25,000.00
15,000.00
20,000.00
30,000.00
10,000.00
124,000.00
20,000.00
4,000.00
25,000.00
15,000.00
20,000.00
30,000.00
10,000.00
124,000.00
20,000.00
4,000.00
25,000.00
15,000.00
20,000.00
30,000.00
10,000.00
124,000.00
80,000.00
16,000.00
100,000.00
60,000.00
80,000.00
120,000.00
40,000.00
496,000.00
80,000.00
16,000.00
100,000.00
60,000.00
80,000.00
100,000.00
40,000.00
476,000.00
160,000.00
32,000.00
200,000.00
120,000.00
160,000.00
220,000.00
80,000.00
972,000.00
50,000.00
50,000
20,000.00
70,000.00
29,240.00
321,640.00
20,000
70,000.00
95,960.00
1,055,560.00
0.00
22,240.00
244,640.00
0.00
22,240.00
244,640.00
0.00
22,240.00
244,640.00
____________________________________________________________
50,000.00
0.00
86,960.00
956,560.00
20,000.00
70,000.00
182,920.00
2,012,120.00
Project 2
Assessment of Biodiversity in Aquatic Systems near Key

Mining Areas in Caraga Region
Leader/ Gender:
Joycelyn C. Jumawan (CAS, CSU)
Lead Agency:

Email: romellseronay@ylycos.com
Study 1:
Aquatic Plants Assessment in Ponds and Lakes in Selected Mining Areas in Caraga
Region
Leader/ Gender:
Project Staff:
Jess H. Jumawan (Biology Dept, CSU),

MeljanDemetillo (CSU)
Roger Sarmiento (CSU)
Julius Gloria (SSDSU)
Emmylou Borja (SSCT)
Junielito Cortes (SDSSU)
Meriam Makinano-Santillan (CSU)
Lead Agency:

Email: jehoju78@yahoo.com

Rivers and lakes are important components of wetland ecosystems and they support rich biodiversity and
high productivity. Because of this, wetlands have become important sites for biological conservation
worldwide (Rolon, 2010). The unique interplay of this dynamic ecosystem is important to the people in
the communities as well. Wetlands act as biofilters as they take large amounts of organic and inorganic
nutrients (Bupendra, 2008). The nutrients were subjected to various dynamic processes of nutrient cycling
which feeds the entire food chain. They are also important routes or stop over of migratory birds.
Wetlands that are left unchecked also might cause to choke the ecosystem and cause disasters. An
incident in Cotabato City when water hyacinths block the rivers has caused flash floods during heavy
rains (Howard, 2011). Also, algal blooms which later result to fish kills causing a tragedy in Laguna de Bay
(Jalandoni, 2010).
Wetland research in the Philippines is relatively scarce and limited to anecdotal reports in terms of
adverse effects. According to Millenium Ecosystem Assessment in 2005 (as cited by Rolon, 2010),
agriculture has been identified as main activity responsible for the decline of natural wetlands all over the
world. Leaching of wastewater from mining areas would also cause habitat destruction of wetlands. At
present, several mining companies have been operating in Agusan del Sur and many unregulated small
scale mining operations are still unverified.
Wetland biodiversity has greatly reduced worldwide and more than 50% of these ecosystems have been
lost in the last century due to human activities (Shine, 1999). This trend of worldwide destruction to
wetlands is also happening in Agusan de Sur. Hence, an inventory of aquatic plants within the locality of
mining areas and assessment of their vulnerability need be conducted.
Objectives of the Study:

____________________________________________________________
1. To inventory of aquatic plant species in the wetlands contiguous to key mining areas.
2. To describe the characteristics of the water and sediments of the ponds or lakes.
3. To describe the diversity of aquatic plants in terms of species richness, similarity index and
evenness of distribution
4. To characterize the species in terms of habitat types and whether endemic, invasive or alien
species.
5. To construct a GIS distribution map of the species present in the study area.
Review of Literature
Lacking
Methodology
The Sampling Areas.
There are several noted ponds and lakes within Agusan del sur. Many are located within the locality of
mining areas. Reconnaissance on the presence of ponds and lakes will be conducted within the sampling
areas. Potential sites for study will be identified and the location will be noted with GPS coordinates.
Available maps and satellite images from reliable websites will be gathered. The area will be analyzed
and appropriate sampling techniques for aquatic plant assessment will be employed.
The line-intercept method.
The favored sampling procedure to be employed is the line intercept method described by Madsen, 1999.
This technique has been widely used in aquatic plant surveys. Each pond or lake will be treated as a
sampling plot. In the center of each plot, four or five 100-m transects, depending on the size of the plot,
will be established. The transects will be marked with intervals every 1 m and to be spaced 25 meters
apart. This will be deployed perpendicular to shore or to the longest part of the plot. Aquatic plants will be
identified and documented within the 1 meter length of the transect. Water depth beyond 3 feet will be
collected using appropriate snorkeling gears. Additional data on water depth will also be noted in relation
to the occurrence of the species.
Species inventory.
Reliable identification and field guides will be used in the identification of the species. Manuals and
pictorial guides developed from other countries shall also be used in species identification due to scarcity
of materials in the Philippines. Some of these will be from the books of Gerber, 2004 and Stevens, 2009;
Plant species will be photographed and documented. Only one sample per species will be collected from
the each of the sampling plots. The collected species will be preserved and prepared for herbarium
specimen.
Sediment characterization
The collected sediment samples will be analyzed visually and with the aid of microscopes. The
characterization of sediments in the bottom of ponds and lakes shall be done following the description of
Perleberg and Loso (2009).
Data Analysis
____________________________________________________________
Species richness, Shannons diversity index, Simpsons index of diversity, and Sorensens similarity index
will be employed according to the formula described by Odum (1971). Species richness will give a picture
on the variety of plant species found in the study area. Shannons and Simpsons community indices will
be adapted because they have different considerations and both will be used to give insight on plant
communities. Sorensens similarity index will be employed to compare plant communities between the
different plant communities.
Characterization of habitat types and as native or invasive alien species
The identified plants will be characterized in two categories: (1) based on habitat types and (2) whether its
endemic or invasive alien species. The habitat characterization will be based on the description of the
book Aquatic Plants by Norma Jean Venable. It will be described as to whether they are freefloating,
totally submersed, bottom rooted and floating, emergent and rooted, totally emergent, with roots in water
or mud, and streambank and wet area plants. While the IUCN Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG)s
Global Invasive Species Database (GISD) will characterize the collected aquatic plants as endemic or
IAS.
Distribution map using GIS
Global positioning system (GPS) will be used to gather the location of the sampling plots. Primary data on
species composition, sediments, species richness, diversity indices, habitat types and as endemic or IAS
will be incorporated to the make a distribution map. This will be presented in a Geographic Information
System (GIS) to make a vivid understanding n the distribution, composition, status and diversity of aquatic
plants in the sampling area.
Literature Cited
Bhupendra S. Adhikari, Mani M. Babu. 2008. Floral diversity of Baanganga Wetland, Uttarakhand, India.
Check List 4(3): 279290, 2008.
Gerber,A., CJ Cilliers, C van Ginkel and R Glen. 2004. Easy Identification Of Aquatic Plants. Department
of Water Affairs Government Printers, Pretoria, South Africa.
Howard, CJ. 2011. Water hyacinths: The scourge of Cotabato? ANC. http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/depth/06/22/11/water-hyacinths-scourge-cotabato
Jalandoni, A. 2010.Massive Fishkill Hits Laguna Lake.
abs-cbn
cbnnews.com/nation/07/16/10/massive-fishkill-hits-laguna-lake.
news.
http://www.abs-
Madsen, J. D., J. W. Sutherland, J. A. Bloomfield, L. W. Eichler and C. W. Boylen. 1991. The decline of
native vegetation under dense Eurasian watermilfoil canopies. J. Aquat. Plant Manage. 29:94-99
Madsen, J. D. (1999). Point intercept and line intercept methods for aquatic plant management. APCRP
Technical Notes Collection(TN APCRP-M1-02). U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development
Center, Vicksburg, MS. www.wes.army.mil/el/aqua.
Perleberg, D. and S. Loso. 2009. Aquatic vegetation of Norway Lake (DOW 11-0307-00) Cass County,
Minnesota, May 2008. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Ecological Resources
Division, 1601 Minnesota Dr., Brainerd, MN 56401.17 pp.
Rolon, AS, HF Homem and L Maltchik. 2010. Aquatic macrophytes in natural and managed wetlands of
Rio Grande do Sul State, Southern Brazil. Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 2010, vol. 22, no. 2, p.
133-146
____________________________________________________________
Stevens, M and E van Oosterhout. 2009. Recognising Water Weeds. Plant Identification Guide. The State
of New South Wales Industry & Investment
Shine, C. and Klemm, C. 1999. Wetlands, Water and the Law: Using Law To Advance Wetland
Conservation and Wise Use. Gland: IUCN. 348 p.
Venable, NJ. ___. Aquatic plants. Guide To Aquatic and Wetland Plants of West Virginia. Cooperative
Extension Service West Virginia University Extension and Public Service.
____________________________________________________________
ITEMS
A. Direct Cost
Honoraria
Research Assistant @ 17,500/month
+ 13th Month Pay
A. Direct Cost
Office Supplies and materials
Field and Lab Supplies & Materials
Snorkel, booties, Wading gear (3 pairs)
Ropes, shears, plastic bags, ziplocks
Sampling rakes @ 700/piece (2 pcs)
Denatured alcohol
Chest coolers
Field notebook
Paper bags
Rentals
Subtotal for MOOE
GPS
Digital SLR Camera
IV. Admin Cost (10% of Project Cost)
GRAND TOTAL
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Y1
Y2
TOTAL
26,400.00
86,400.00
26,400.00
86,400.00
26,400.00
86,400.00
26,400.00
86,400.00
105,600.00
345,600.00
105,600.00
345,600.00
211,200.00
691,200.00
52,500.00
165,300.00
52,500.00
165,300.00
52,500.00
165,300.00
70,000.00
182,800.00
227,500.00
678,700.00
227,500.00
678,700.00
455,000.00
1,357,400.00
50,000.00
3,000.00
20,000.00
50,000.00
3,000.00
20,000.00
50,000.00
3,000.00
20,000.00
50,000.00
3,000.00
20,000.00
200,000.00
12,000.00
80,000.00
200,000.00
12,000.00
80,000.00
400,000.00
24,000.00
160,000.00
15,000.00
20000
108,000.00
32,000.00
5,000.00
1,400.00
2,000.00
4,000.00
500
5,000.00
60,000.00
80,000.00
481,900.00
0.00
29,080.00
319,880.00
27,000.00
45,000.00
72,000.00
123,260.00
1,355,860.00
32,000.00
5,000.00
1,400.00
2,000.00
4,000.00
500
5,000.00
15,000.00
20,000.00
157,900.00
27,000.00
45,000.00
72,000.00
39,520.00
434,720.00
15,000.00
20000
108,000.00
0.00
27,330.00
300,630.00
15,000.00
20000
108,000.00
0.00
27,330.00
300,630.00
____________________________________________________________
500
5,000.00
60,000.00
80,000.00
445,900.00
32,000.00
10,000.00
2,800.00
4,000.00
4,000.00
1000
10,000.00
120,000.00
160,000.00
927,800.00
0.00
112,460.00
1,237,060.00
27,000.00
45,000.00
72,000.00
235,720.00
2,592,920.00
5,000.00
1,400.00
2,000.00
Study 2:
Water Quality, Phytoplankton and Macroinvertebrates Diversity of the Freshwater

Systems Associated with Mining Areas in Caraga
Leader/ Gender:
Project Staff:
Maria Elma Quiao (Biology Dept, CSU)

Rachel Tiempo(Biology Dept, CSU),
Beberly C. Quijada (SSCT)
Cynthia P. Sajot (SDSSU-Lianga),
Gemma Asufre (SDSSU-Tagbina)
Rowena P. Varela (CSU)
Lead Agency:

Email: elma_quiao@yahoo.com

In many freshwater systems, the benthic invertebrates community is of paramount importance for the
understanding of the structure and functioning of these ecosystems (Cummins, 1992), particularly
considering its wide distribution and resiliency. Furthermore, this community also provides an important
tool for monitoring and management programs since benthic invertebrates are normally involved within
the major processes including a significant role in the energy fluxes and nutrient cycling (Rosenberg &
Resh, 1993; Allan, 1996).The studies using phytoplankton algae for water quality monitoring have shown
that changes in composition reflect not only variations in water quality, but also changes in physical
variables and biotic interactions (OFarell et al 2002).Phytoplankton also serves as a useful biological
indicator because it responds quickly to changes in environmental conditions thus enabling a quick
assessment of water quality (Ibelingset al.1998)
Caraga Region has eighty-four rivers and thirty-three lakes, many of which are important not only for
basic purposes such as water supplying agriculture and industries, but also for representing important
aquatic resources for other uses such as transportation, recreation and wildlife maintenance (DENR 2007
census). Many of these rivers and lakes are also associated with mining areas and are threatened with
pollution, siltation and bioaccumulation of toxic metals. The sustainable development of these threatened
areas is directly connected with a better understanding of the quantities and quality of the natural aquatic
resources and existing aquatic biodiversity. The assessment of benthic communities and habitat diversity
offers a chance to evaluate the present level of impacts on the area.
Studies on phytoplankton and physic-chemical dynamics of freshwater systems in Caraga region is
scanty and unpublished. In Lake Mainit, several genera of dominant phytoplankton were documented
(Mosende and Mozul, 2011), however, long-term assessment of physic-chemical parameters were
lacking. At present, there are no initiatives for long-term study of benthic invertebrates and physicochemical features of freshwater systems near mining areas which is essential in biomonitoring for
pollution in these areas.
The primary objectives of this study are:
1) to characterize the dynamics of water quality and the diversity of phytoplankton
2) to inventory the species composition of benthic invertebrates in two freshwater systems near
mining areas in Caraga
3) to identify indicator species that has potential for aquatic biomonitoring of ecosystem health
____________________________________________________________
Chemical analysis of the environment matrix such as water, sediment is the most direct approach to
reveal the heavy metal pollution status in the environment, while it cannot afford the powerful evidence on
the integrated influence and possible toxicity of such pollution on the organisms and ecosystem.
Unanticipated changes in freshwater ecosystems are often due to alterations in the complex connections
among sediment-dwelling species and associated food webs that alter the species composition of the
benthos. In addition, benthic species can themselves constitute a disturbance. Loss of some species will
likely alter or degrade critical ecosystem processes because of the unavailability of replacement species.
Consequently, ecosystems composed of a bare minimum of species in a fluctuating environment probably
could not continue to function over time merely by compensating for the losses of some species with
increased densities, biomass, or processing rates of the few remaining species.
Phytoplankton is an important component of the biological quality. In coastal waters, phytoplanktons are
generally efficient filters for nutrient inputs from terrestrial watersheds and will respond rapidly to biotic
and abiotic changes. The aquatic algae as the important elementary producers in marine and inland water
plays key role to the whole ecosystem. The algae species and amounts can directly reflect the water
quality. Heavy metal exposure can cause the disturbance of normal metabolism and biological function,
inhibition of photosynthesis, reduction of cytochrome, cellular mutation, putrescence, even death in algae
(Koroleff, 1983). More importantly, once heavy metal pollutants are accumulated in these organisms, they
enter the food chain and may pose serious threaten to animals and human health through
biomagnification (Okamura & Aoyama, 1993).
Many zooplankton species can accumulate and metabolize pollutants, which offer the possibility for its
use in biomonitoring of water quality. Due to its wide occurrence, abundant species, sensitive responses,
zooplanktonmay play key roles as the suitable candidate bioindicator in the biomonitoring of metal
pollution in aquatic ecosystem.
There are no published studies on the dynamics of phytoplankton and physic-chemical dynamics of many
freshwater systems in Caraga region. Nonetheless, in lakeMainit which is located in Surigao Del Norte,
preliminary studies have documented dominant species of phytoplankton: Anabaena, Lyngbya, Synedra,
Cryptomonas, Peridinium, Gymnodinium, Melosira, Navicula, Nitzschia, and Spirogyra (Tumanda et al
2005).
Methodology
The study area
Water quality and diversity of macroinvertebrates of two freshwater communities near mining areas in
Claver-Carrascal (Novienta), Tubod-Santiago-Tubay and in the Mt Diwata (Rosario-Bunawan) area will
be studied. The descriptions, coordinates and habitat types of the sampling stations will be established.
Physico-chemical parameters
The following variables will be measured in situ: transparency with a Secchi disk; temperature, pH,
dissolved oxygen and conductivity with a Horiba portable electronic meter. Samples for chemical analysis
will be collected and cold preserved until further processing. Anion (chlorides, sulfates, nitrates and
phosphates) and cation (sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium) concentrations will be determined by
ionic chromatography. For total phosphorus and nitrogen a previous simultaneous oxidation of nitrogen
and phosphorus compounds by persulfate will be performed (Koroleff, 1983). Ammonia will
bespectrophotometrically determined by the phenate method (APHA, 1992). Suspended solids will be
estimated as total non-filtrable residue dried at 103105 0C (APHA, 1992).
____________________________________________________________
Plankton collection
A 20 m plankton net will be used to filter 2X40 liters of subsurface water at each site. Collected samples
will be preserved with Lugols Iodine solution. Algal counts will be performed according to Utermohl
(1958). Replicate chambers will be counted for each sample and counting error will be estimated following
Venrick (1978) in a number of random fields in order to obtain a maximum error of 25%. Individuals will be
counted in all cases, and for colonial or filamentous algae the size or number of cells corresponding to a
standard individual will be established. Phytoplankton diversity will be estimated according to Shannon
and Weaver (1949). The ratio of a raphidtocentric diatoms (Wu, 1986) will be calculated in order to
correlate diatom assemblages to organic pollution; its value decreases with increasing water pollution.
Macroinvertebrates sampling
Sediment sample will be collected in triplicate using an Ekman-Birge dredge or grab sampler in such a
way that 1 meter2 will be covered at each site. Samples will be rinsed through a 250 m mesh and fixed in
formalin. In the laboratory, the samples will be washed through 1.0 and 0.50 millimeter mesh sieves,
sorted under a stereoscope and the organism preserved in 80% ethanol. For identification, chironomid
larvae will be prepared using 10% lactophenol slides and their mouthparts will be examined under a light
microscope.
Sampling using a dip net will also be done for aquatic invertebrates living in the water column (e.g.
aquatic beetles, aquatic waterbugs, shrimps), as well as those living on the surface (e.g. pond skaters).
For invertebrates clinging on roots of aquatic plants, washing off of roots will be done. All the samples will
sorted out from the debris immediately and placed in 80% ethanol. These will then be sorted based on
morphological structures and placed in labeled microvials for later identification and counting.
Data Analysis
Community Structure Analysis
Trends in species composition of phytoplanktons and macroinvertebrates in the various freshwater
systems will be analyzed using the corresponding measurements. Species richness involved actual
counts of species collected for the different insect groups in the natural habitats of each waterbody.
Species diversity indices will be measured using the Shannon-Wiener function which accounts for the
number of species and the number of individuals in each species, and is expressed as:
where H = index of species diversity ; log2 = 3.321928

s = number of species
pi = proportion of total sample belonging to ith species
In determining the equitability of distribution of individuals in each species, the Jaccards index of
evenness will be computed as follows:
J = H
HMAX
____________________________________________________________
where
J
= evenness measure (range 0 1)
H
= Shannon-Wiener function
HMAX = maximum value of H = log S (no. of species in sample)
In the analysis of the data, the ecological statistics software Multivariate Statistical Package (MVSP) will
be used. The similarities in species compositions among the freshwater systems will be analyzed, using
the Pearsons coefficient of similarity. To accomplish this, the single linkage cluster analysis in the MVSP
will be used.
Database Development and Maintenance
All data gathered will be encoded in the database developed for phytoplanktons and macroinvertebrates.
Existing system used in biodiversity databases will be adopted for this purpose. This database will be
maintained by adding new information every time these are gathered. Pictorial keys will also form part of
the database. Likewise, information on where the holotypes are deposited will be included in the
database.
Distribution map using GIS
Global positioning system (GPS) will be used to gather the location of the sampling plots. Primary data on
species composition, sediments, species richness, diversity indices, habitat types and as endemic or IAS
will be incorporated to the make a distribution map. This will be presented in a Geographic Information
System (GIS) to make a vivid understanding on the distribution, composition, status and diversity of
freshwater phytoplanktons and macroinvertebrates.
Literature Cited
ALLAN, J. D., 1996, Stream ecology: structure and function of running waters. Chapman & Hall, New
York,388p.
APHA, 1992, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. American Public
health Association, Washington.
ASEAN Regional Centre for Biodiversity Conservation!
http://www.arcbc.org.ph/wetlands/philippines/phl_lakmai.html
Accessed
September
2011,
CUMMINS, K. W., 1992, Invertebrates. In: P. Calow& G. E.Petts. The rivers handbook hydrological and
ecological principles. Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford, v. 2, 526p.
DAVIES, J., MAGSALAY, P.M., RIGOR, R., MAPALO, A., GONZALES, H., 1990,.A Directory of Philippine
Wetlands, A preliminary Compilation of Information on Wetlands of the Philippines. Volume I. Asian
Wetland Bureau Philippines Foundation, Inc.
Final results - 2007 Census of Population http://www.census.gov.ph/data/census2007/index.html
IBELINGS, B., ADMIRAAL, W., BIJKERK, R., IETSWAART, T., PRINS, H., 1998. Monitoring algae in
Dutch rivers: does it meet its goals? Journal of Applied Phycology 10, 171181.
KOROLEFF, F., 1983. Simultaneous oxidation of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds by persulfate. In:
Grosshoff, K., Eberhadt, M., Kremling, K. (Eds.), Methods of seawater analysis.VerlagChemie,
Weinheimer, pp. 168169.
____________________________________________________________
MOSENDE, Z.,MOZOL, A., 2011, Lake Mainit: the gift and challenge
http://lakefmc.multiply.com/journal?&show_interstitial=1&u=%2Fjournal
for
Mainitnons,
OFARRELL, I, LOMBARDO,R.J., TEZANOS PINTO P.D.,LOEZ C., 2002, The assessment of water
quality in the Lower Lujan River (Buenos Aires, Argentina): phytoplankton and algal bioassays.
Environmental Pollution 120 (2002) 207218
OKAMURA, H., AOYAMA, I., 1994, Interactive toxic effects and distribution of heavy metals in
phytoplankton. Environ. Toxicol. Water Quality 9, 715.
ROSENBERG, D. M. & RESH, V. H., 1993, Introduction to freshwater biomonitoring and benthic
macroinvertebrates.In: D. M. Rosenberg & V. H. Resh (eds.), Freshwaterbiomonitoring and benthic
macroinvertebrates. Chapman& Hall, New York, pp. 1-9.
SHANNON, E.C., WEAVER, W., 1949. The Mathematical Theory of Communication. University of Illinois
Press, Urbana.
TUMANDA, M.I. JR., ROA, E.C., GOROSPE, J.G., DAITIA, M.T., DEJARME, S.M., GAID, R.D. ,2005,
Limnological and Water Quality Assessment of Lake Mainit. Mindanao State University at Naawan.
UTERMO HL, H., 1958. ZurVervollkommnung der quantitativen Phytoplankton.-Methodik. Mitteilungen
Internationale Limnologie 9, 138.
WU, J.T., 1986. Relation of change in river diatom assemblages to water pollution. Botanical Bulletin of
Academia Sinica 27, 237245.
VENRICK, E.L., 1978. How many cells to count? In: Sournia, A. (Ed.), Phytoplankton Manual. UNESCO,
Paris, pp. 167180.
____________________________________________________________
Particulars
A. Direct Cost
Honoraria
Project Staff (5 pax) @
P4,800/month
A. Direct Cost
Office supplies & materials
Field Supplies & Materials
Lab Supplies & Materials
Rentals
Water analysis(Anions, Total P,N)
Subtotal for MOOE
Horiba portable multi-tester meter
ekman-birge dredge
hemocytometer (2pc) @ 12,000 each
GRAND TOTAL
Total for
Year 1
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
26,400.00
26,400.00
26,400.00
26,400.00
105,600.00
105,600.00
211,200.00
72,000.00
98,400.00
72,000.00
98,400.00
72,000.00
98,400.00
72,000.00
98,400.00
288,000.00
393,600.00
288,000.00
393,600.00
576,000.00
787,200.00
50,000.00
6,000.00
50,000.00
6,000.00
50,000.00
6,000.00
50,000.00
6,000.00
200,000.00
24,000.00
200,000.00
24,000.00
400,000.00
48,000.00
10,000.00
50,000.00
50,000.00
15,000.00
17,500.00
30,000.00
10,000.00
30,000.00
268,500.00
10,000.00
50,000.00
50,000.00
15,000.00
17,500.00
30,000.00
10,000.00
30,000.00
268,500.00
10,000.00
25,000.00
50,000.00
15,000.00
17,500.00
30,000.00
10,000.00
30,000.00
243,500.00
10,000.00
25,000.00
50,000.00
15,000.00
17,500.00
30,000.00
10,000.00
30,000.00
243,500.00
40,000.00
150,000.00
200,000.00
60,000.00
70,000.00
120,000.00
40,000.00
120,000.00
1,024,000.00
40,000.00
100,000.00
150,000.00
60,000.00
70,000.00
120,000.00
40,000.00
120,000.00
924,000.00
80,000.00
250,000.00
350,000.00
120,000.00
70,000.00
120,000.00
80,000.00
240,000.00
1,758,000.00
0.00
34,190.00
376,090.00
150,000.00
30,000.00
24,000.00
204,000.00
162,160.00
1,783,760.00
0.00
131,760.00
1,449,360.00
150,000.00
30,000.00
24,000.00
204,000.00
274,920.00
3,024,120.00
150,000.00
30,000.00
24,000.00
204,000.00
57,090.00
627,990.00
0.00
36,690.00
403,590.00
0.00
34,190.00
376,090.00
____________________________________________________________
Year 2
Grand Total
Study 3: Diversity and abundance of freshwater fishes in associated mining areas in Caraga
Leader:
Project Staff:
Rexie Magdugo (Biology Dept, CSU)

Romell A. Seronay (CSU)
Adam Roy Galolo (CSU)
Jaime N. Puracan (SSCT)
Joycelyn C. Jumawan (CSU)
Ian Kendrich Fontanilla (Institute of Biology, UP-Diliman)
Jonas P. Quilang (Institute of Biology, UP-Diliman)
Lead Agency

Email:joycejumawan@gmail.com

The Philippines has long been regarded as a country rich in biodiversity with endemic and freshwater
fishes close to 300 described species (Aquilino et al 2011). In Caraga region, very few efforts focused on
fisheries biodiversity assessment (Hubilla et al 2006; De Guzman et al 2011) were initiated. Caraga was
initially seen to have many endemic and native fish species but whose biodiversity is flagged by the
rampant introduction of invasive alien species (Jumawan et al 2011, Aquilino et al 2011), as well as
threats of water pollution due to numerous mining industries, which, in turn could lead to higher extinction
rates.
The pollution and widespread siltation brought about by unregulated mining are added threats to the
possible decline in diversity of fishes. Nonetheless, very little information is available on the diversity of
different freshwater fish species in Caraga. Decision makers rely heavily on hard evidence to act on
issues of the crisis in fisheries in mined-out areas, however, data are rarely available. Data from this
project will represent an important contribution to the scanty records of fish in the freshwater bodies of
Caraga by providing information, especially those that are impacted by mining, thus, complementing
information from more studied water bodies (eg Lake Mainit). It is imperative to have this information to
make more qualified conservation and management decisions, especially with the threats brought about
by mining industries nearby many freshwater systems in Caraga.
Knowledge about our regions biodiversity and the ability to identify organisms is now aided by a new and
reliable technology: DNA barcoding. DNA barcoding is a standard and an exciting new tool for taxonomic
research. It is the most accepted technique for documenting biodiversity through a gene sequence
(Hebert et al 2003). The DNA barcoding identification system utilizes approximately 650 base pairs from
the first half of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) as the universal complex
character to identify species (Dasmahapatra and Mallet 2006). DNA barcoding helps taxonomy in
discovering cryptic and endemic fish species (Hebert et al. 2004) and is regarded as a promising
approach for rapid and accurate identification of invasive species, which could be adapted globally for
biosecurity (Armstrong and Ball 2005).
This study will provide baseline genetic information for fishes that can be used by policy makers to create
better conservation strategies for the key aquatic systems in the region. Eventually, this project will be
used to jumpstart in DNA barcoding of other fauna and flora in the region.
Objectives of the study

____________________________________________________________
1. Assessment of fish diversity and (updated) profiling of abundance of freshwater fishes near
mined-out areas;
2. Survey of possible introduction/establishment of invasive alien fish species in these disturbed
water systems
3. List critical issues/concerns and recommend measures for sustainable fisheries management
4. Provide baseline genetic information for fishes that can be used by policy makers to create better
conservation strategies for the key aquatic systems
5. Describe the length-weight relationships (LWR), condition factor and reproductive patterns of key
indicator species of fish
i
Freshwater ecosystems may well be the most endangered ecosystems in the world. Declines in
biodiversity are far greater in fresh waters than in the most affected terrestrial ecosystems (Sala et al.,
2000). Over 10 000 fish species live in fresh water (Lundberg et al., 2000); approximately 40% of global
fish diversity and one quarter of global vertebrate diversity. Freshwater ecosystems rivers, lakes,
aquifers, and wetlands provide vital ecosystem services, including the support of important fisheries.
The maintenance of biodiversity is one of the important keys to the retention of these ecosystem services
(Palmer et al., 1997; 2000).
Mining has been identified to be the source of water pollutants. This is dramatically projected in the
Minamata disease experience. In the Philippines, the Marcopper Mines was severely criticized due to the
tailings that cause pollution in Marinduque waters. At present, Caraga Region, which is home to over onethirds of the registered mining firms, is under scrutiny by environmentalists due to the likely pollution that
threatens the aquatic habitats adjacent to the mine areas. The effluent from mining operations flowing
into the adjoining water bodies endangers the species especially those totally dependent on streams and
rivers for their survival requirements, such as fishes.
Fish and fisheries are perhaps the best studied systems with regard to vulnerability to pollution threats
(Poff et al. 2002; Ficke et al. 2007), with changes to upstream migrations (Daufresne and Boet 2007),
stocks and productivity (Casselman 2002), species diversity (Jackson and Mandrak 2002), and aquatic
community composition (Carveth et al. 2006).Some of the typical environmental impacts caused by
artisanal mining activities --- diversion of rivers, water siltation, landscape degradation, destruction of
aquatic life habitat, and widespread mercury pollution does not only impact the landscape of the actual
mining areas but also the diversity of the fishes living near the location. Rates of species loss from fresh
waters in non-temperate latitudes are not known with any degree of certainty. They are likely to be high
because species richness of many freshwater taxa (e.g. fishes, macrophytes, decapod crustaceans)
increases toward the tropics (Dudgeon, 2006).
To date, there has been no comprehensive global analysis of freshwater biodiversity comparable to those
recently completed for terrestrial systems (Myers et al., 2000; Olson et al., 2001). Existing data on the
population status or extinction rates of freshwater biota are biased in terms of geography, habitat types
and taxonomy; most populations and habitats in some regions have not been monitored at all. Even a
basic global mapping of inland waters, classified by broad geomorphic categories, is lacking and there
are no global estimates of changes in the extent of lakes, rivers or wetlands (Balmford et al., 2002).The
problem of species being misidentified, or not represented in collections, or listed incorrectly on protected
species lists adds to the uncertainty (Kottelat & Whitten, 1996).
Very few initiatives have been made to catalogue and assess the biodiversity of freshwater fishes in
Caraga. Nonetheless, this few studies have shown a promising population of endemic and native
ichthyofauna that is threatened by siltation, pollution, and the introduction of invasive fish species (Hubilla
et al 2006; De Guzman et al 2011). Studies on diversity and abundance of fishes near mining areas would
be essential information for the government to make more qualified conservation and management
____________________________________________________________
decisions, especially with the threats brought about by mining industries nearby many freshwater systems
in Caraga.
Methodology
Study area
Three (3) prospective freshwater ecosystems near mining areas (Tubod - Santiago - Mainit area;
Bayugan-Andanan area; and Carrascal-Claver nickel area) will be established. Fishes on these
rivers/lakes will be sampled monthly over a period of two years (June 2012-July 2014).
The sites will be chosen such that each river and lake ecosystems will have 4 sampling sites: two on the
higher elevation zone and two on the mid and lower elevation zones. Sampling will be done using a
variety of fishing nets of varying mesh sizes gillnets, cast nets and dragnets. The fishes will be identified
and some representative specimens will be collected and preserved in (4% formaldehyde solution) in
plastic bottles. Identifications will be based on keys for fishes and internet sources (Fishbase.com) and
also with the help of fish experts.
Sampling will be carried out on 100150m of stretches of the river/ lake at each site. Collections of fish
samples will be taken at every habitat type along each stretch, using all the sampling methods, such that
as far as possible, the existing species and relative abundance for that site will be obtained in the
sampling. A pilot survey will be carried out prior to the actual sampling wherein the number of species
caught with each sampling effort (a single cast net sweep or an hour of gill netting) will be counted and a
species accumulation curve will be obtained. This will be used to calculate the minimum sampling effort
required to get a plateau in the species vs. sampling effort plot. Based on such pilot surveys carried out at
various sites, a sampling effort of 20 cast nets and duration of around 3 h of releasing the gill net will be
used as a standard for the sampling subsequently carried out at all the sites.
Species richness and distributions
Species richness will be used as the index for the estimation of species diversity as well as for
comparisons of diversity across rivers and lakes, as the relative abundance for the species may not give
the true abundance for the communities. Adequacy of sampling will be assessed using species
accumulation curves.
Three methods of estimation ---Jackknife method, the bootstrap method and Chaos estimator, Chao 1
will be applied on the data collected from the samplings to check for differences in the estimation of the
species richness. Frequency distributions of the species across the rivers and sites will be plotted for
studying the extent of skewness of the data sets. Species richness, as well as compositions, will be
compared to study the extent of species shared between them and in identifying those found exclusively
in particular regions in a river or lake
Comparisons of species richness across spatial scales (river or lake) will be carried out using the method
of rarefaction a statistical technique of estimating the expected number of species for a given random
sample of size n; species richness is then estimated as the sum of the probabilities that each species will
be included in the sample. This method allows for comparisons to be made when sample sizes across
two datasets are unequal(due to differences in sampling efforts). The number of species that can be
expected in a sample of n individuals (denoted by E(Sn)) drawn from a population of N total individuals
distributed among the various species is
Where ni= number of individuals of the ith species, and N= total number of individuals in a sample
Fish preservation, sorting and identification
____________________________________________________________
Representative species of fish will be preserved in 10% formalin solution. All specimens captured from the
same place will be contained separately from all the other collected specimens. Fish identification will be
done using taxonomic keys, and through fishbase.com
DNA barcoding of the fish species of key freshwater systems connected to mining areas
At least five individuals per fish species will be utilized for DNA extraction. Individuals will then be
preserved in 10% formalin for further meristic and morphometric observations and for future reference as
voucher specimens.
Muscle Tissue Collection and DNA Extraction
DNA from muscle tissue will be extracted following the recommended procedure for isolating DNA from
animal tissue of Wizard Genomic DNA Purification Kit, (Promega Corp., Madison, USA). Briefly, 20 mg of
muscle tissue will be incubated in digestion solution (20 mg/Ml proteinase K solution, Roche Applied
Science) overnight. 3l of RNase Solution will added to the lysate and incubated at 37 0C for 15-30 min.
200l of Protein Precipitation Solution will be added and the solution vortexed and subsequently chilled in
ice for 5 min. Mixture will be centrifuged at 13,00016,000 rpm for 4 min. Supernatant will eventually be
transferred to a fresh tube containing 600l of isopropanol and centrifuged at room temperature (25 0C) at
13,00016,000 rpm x g for 1 minute to pellet the cells. The supernatant will be removed and 600l of
room temperature and 70% ethanol will be added and centrifuged briefly for 1 min at 13,00016,000 rpm.
Ethanol will be aspirated and the pellet formed air-dried for 15 min. DNA will be rehydrated in 100l of
DNA Rehydration Solution for 1 h at 65C or overnight at 4C.
Quality of DNA extracted will be evaluated using agarose gel electrophoresis. Two (2) l of stock DNA will
be mixed with 2l of 6X TypeI Gel Loading Buffer and electrophoresed in 0.8% of agarose gel (0.5X TBE
buffer) for 30 minutes at 50V.
DNA amplification
Approximately 655 bp will be amplified from the 5 region of the CO1 gene using the following primers
(Ward et al., 2005):
PCR reactions will be done in 50 uL having the following components: 0.2 M dNTP, 2.5L 10 x PCR
buffer, 0.25l (0.05 u/l) Taq polymerase (iTaqTM DNA polymerase kit, INtRON Biotechnology), 15.75 l
ultrapure water, 1.25 l (0.5 M) of each primer and 2 l of DNA template. PCR amplifications will be
performed using a thermocycler (PE9700, Applied Biosystems Inc. Warrington, UK). Samples will be
amplified under the following conditions: initial denaturation at 95C for 2 mins, followed by 35 cycles of
0.5 min each at 940C for denaturation ,0.5 min at 540C for annealing, and extension at 1 min at 72 0C and
then held at 40C for final extension. A negative control containing all components of the PCR mixture
except DNA templates will be included per run. The PCR products will be electrophoresed in 1.0%
agarose, 0.5X TBE buffer, 50V and stained with ethidium bromide for 30-45 mins for visualization.
Approximately 650 bp-sized bands will be excised and the PCR products extracted from the gel using
Qiagen Qiaquick Gel Extraction Kit. Sequencing of the amplified mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase
subunit 1 (CO1) fragments (~ 655 bp) will be performed by Macrogen Inc., South Korea.
Sequence Editing and Analysis
Electropherograms (.ab1 files) will be aligned and edited using STADEN package version 1.5.3 (Staden,
2000) and aligned manually using BioEdit sequence alignment editor version 7.0.9. The sequences to be
aligned will include the new sequences obtained fom this study and selected members/ species belonging
to genera available from GenBank. Mega 3.1 (Kumar et al., 2004) will be used to calculate sequence
____________________________________________________________
divergences using Kimura-2-parameter (K2P) distance and graphically displayed in a neighbour-joining

(NJ) tree. Nodal support will be evaluated with 1000 nonparametric bootstrap pseudoreplicates.
Sequences obtained will be submitted to the Barcode of Life database in http://www.boldsystems.org
Length weight relationships, condition factor and reproduction in key fish species
Collection of fish
Fish will be collected monthly for two consecutive years . Fish will be captured with cast net (5 m long with
a mesh size of 3.8 cm) thrown thrice at each sampling site. Following capture, fishes will be transported to
the CSU Biology department ichthyology laboratory where samples will be sorted. Collected samples will
be sacrificed by chilling in ice 4 h prior to dissection. Coelomic fat, which run parallel to the intestines, will
be measured to the nearest mm with a caliper in situ in randomly selected fish during sampling.
Measurement of indices for LWR, condition factor and GSI
Length-weight relationship (LWR) will be expressed by the equation W = aL b (formula 1) following Samat
et al (2008). The b is an exponent with a value between 2.5 and 3.5 to describe normal growth
dimensions of relative well-being (Bagenal, 1978). Transformation will be made using natural logarithm of
the observed lengths (TL) and weights. The expression of the relationship is represented by the following
formula:
Log W = b log L + log a ----------- Formula 1
Where:
W = the weight of the fish in g,
L = the TL of the fish in cm
b = exponent describing of the rate of change of weight with length (slope)
a = weight at unit length (intercept)
The a and b for the length weight relationship values will be obtained from linear regression of
the length and weight of fish. The correlation (r 2), that is the coefficient of determination between
the length and weight will be computed from the linear regression analysis: R = r 2
Condition Factor
The condition factor or length-weight factor is an indication of well-being or relative robustness of the fish.
It is denoted by the letter K when the fish is measured and weighed and is represented by the following
equation (Pauly, 1984; Samat et al., 2008):
K
= 100 W --------------- Formula 2

Lb
Where:
W = the weight of the fish in g
L = the total length of the fish in cm
b = the value obtained from the length-weight equation (Formula 1)
K values across the study period and TLs of fishes will be analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA).
The minimum significant level for the relevant test will be set at p < 0.05.
Reproductive Phenology
Gonads of fish samples will be weighed to the nearest 0.01 g and the gonadosomatic index (GSI)
calculated :
____________________________________________________________
GSI = [(gonad weight)/(body weight)] x 100.

The minimum body length to reach sexual maturity for both sexes will be determined by plotting the GSI
value against TL. Minimum length of maturity (MM) will be estimated as the smallest male and female
observed with gonads in the maximum state of maturation among the entire sample. Monthly mean GSI
values will be compared by analysis of variance followed by Duncans multiple range test (DMRT) at
P<0.05
Fecundity estimation
A Gravimetric method will be utilized to estimate fecundity following Murua et al. (2003). Fecundity (F) will
be determined as the product of gonad weight and oocyte density following the formula:
Where:
F = Fecundity
Oi = Oocyte density (oocytes/g ovary)
Wi = weight of the subsample of the ovary
Wovary = entire weight of the ovary
Oocyte density (number of oocytes per gram of ovarian tissue) will be determined by counting the number
of oocytes in a sample of ovarian tissue of known weight. After weighing the entire ovary (W ovary), 3-5
subsamples of known weight will be taken from various parts of the ovary lobe. Each sub sample will be
weighed (Wi) to the nearest 0.001g and then dispersed manually to segregate and count all vitellogenic
and previtellogenic oocytes. Monthly mean values of F will be compared by analysis of variance followed
by Duncans multiple range test (DMRT) at P<0.05
Morphological and histological characterization of the gonads
Ovaries will be examined and assigned to gonad maturity stages by three methods. One method will use
a visual-based macro-structural scale, the second will utilize a micro-structural scale based on the
size/frequency of oocyte diameter, and the third will utilize histological descriptions of the ovary to
characterize the stages of ovarian maturity and the sizes of developing oocytes for each stage (Mazzoni
& Caramaschi, 1997; Cook-Hildreth, 2009; Jumawan et al 2011). Testes of fish will be assigned by a
visual based macro-structural scale and histological descriptions to characterize stages of testicular
maturity.
Gonado-morphometric analyses
A portion of each gonad will be preserved in Bouins solution for histological study. Gonads will be fixed
for 12-24 h and then transferred to 70% ethanol for storage. Ovary fragments will be dehydrated through
a 75-90% ethanol series, embedded in paraffin and sectioned on a microtome. The 5-6 thin sections will
be stained with haematoxylin-eosin. Oocyte diameter will be measured using a stage micrometer and
morphology will be examined under 100x magnification. Only oocytes cut through the nucleus will be
measured. Representative ovary samples sorted previously based on the macro-scale classification will
be described. To describe the stages of oocyte development and the cytoplasmic components,
descriptions from Suzuki et al. (2000), Nagahama (1983), Wallace and Selman (1981) and Jumawan et al
(2010) will be followed.
Literature Cited
____________________________________________________________
Aquilino SVL, Tango JM, Fontanilla IKC, Pagulayan RC, Basiao ZU, Ong PS, Quilang JP. DNA barcoding
of the ichthyofauna of Taal Lake, Philippines. Molecular Ecology Resources 2011 11: 612619.
Balmford A, Bruner A, Cooper P, Constanza R, FarberS, Green RE, Jenkins M, Jefferiss P, Jessamy V,
Madden J, Munro K, Myers N, Naeem S, Paavola J, Rayment M, Rosendo S, Roughgarden J,
Trumoer K, Turner RK. Economic reasons for conserving wild nature. Science 2002 297: 950953.
De Guzman AB, Uy WH, Gorospe JG, Openiano AE. A Fisheries in Crisis: Threatened Biodiversity and
Fish Production of Lake Mainit, Northeastern Mindanao.2nd National Congress on Philippine Lakes
April 27-29, 2011 at SEARCA, Los Banos, Laguna
Dudgeon D, Arthington AH, Gessner MO, Kawabata ZI, Knowler DJ, Leveque C, Naiman RJ, PrieurRichard,AH, Soto D, Stiassny MLJ,Sullivan CA. Freshwater biodiversity: importance, threats, status
and conservation challenges. Biological Review 2006 81:163182
Jackson DA, Mandrak NE.Changing fish biodiversity: predicting the loss of cyprinid biodiversity due to
global climate change. In N. A. McGinn (Ed.).Fisheries in a changing climate.American Fisheries
Society. 2002 Symposium 32, Bethesda, pp. 89-97.
Jumawan JC, Vallejo BM, Herrera AH, Buerano CC, Fontanilla IKC. DNA barcodes of the sucker mouth
sailfin catfish Pterygoplichthys (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) in the Marikina River system, Philippines:
Molecular perspective of an invasive alien fish species. Philippine Science Letters2011 4(2), 103-113
Kottelat M, Whitten T. Freshwater biodiversity in Asia with special reference to fish. World Bank Technical
Paper 1996 343, 159.
Lundberg G, Kottelat M, Smith GR, Stiassny MLJ, Gill AC. So many fishes, so little time: an overview of
recent ichthyological discovery in continental waters. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Gardens
200087, 2662.
Pauly D. Fish population dynamic in tropical waters: a manual for use with programmable calculators.
Centre for Living Aquatic Resource Management Quarterly 19845-95.
Myers N, Mittermeier R, Mittermeier GC, Dafonseca GAB, Kent J. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation
priorities. Nature 2000403, 853858.
Nielsen LA, Johnson DL. FisheriesTechniques. American Fisheries Society 1983 Bethesda, MD.
Norman JR. A History of Fishes. 1948A. A. Wyn, Inc.: New York.
Page LM, Burr BM. A Field Guide to Freshwater Fishes of North America, North of Mexico.1991 p432.
Houghton Mifflin Company: Boston
Olson DM, Dinerstein E, Wikramanayake ED, Burgess N, Powell GVN, Underwood E, Damico JA, Strand
HE, Morrison JC, Loucks CJ, Allnutt TF,Ricketts TH, Kura Y, Lamoreux JF, Wettengel WW, Hedao P,
Kassem KR. Terrestrial ecoregions of the world : a new map of life on Earth. Bioscience 2001 51,
933938.
Poff NL, Brinson MM, Day JWJR. Aquatic ecosystems and global climate change. Technical Report, 2002
Pew Center on Global Climate Change, Arlington, USA.
Sala OE, Chapin FS, Armesto JJ, Berlow R, Bloomfield J, Dirzo R, Huber-Sanwald E, Huenneke LF,
Jackson RB, Kinzig A, Leemans R, Lodge D, Mooney HA, Oesterheld M, Poff NL, Sykes, MT,
Walker BH, Walker M, Wall DH. Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100.Science
2000287:17701774.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Particulars
A. Direct Cost
Honoraria
Project Staff @ P 4,800/month x 7 pax
II. Maintenance and Other Operating
Expenses
A. Direct Cost
Field Supplies and materials
Lab Supplies and materials
Other Services
Subtotal for MOOE
Refrigerated microcentrifuge
Vortex
Gel electrophoresis system
Gel documentation system
Dry bath/Heat block
Underwater Camera
Subtotal for Equipment Outlay
GRAND TOTAL
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Total for
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Grand Total
26,400.00
100,800.00
127,200.00
26,400.00
100,800.00
127,200.00
26,400.00
100,800.00
127,200.00
26,400.00
100,800.00
127,200.00
105,600.00
403,200.00
508,800.00
105,600.00
403,200.00
508,800.00
105,600.00
403,200.00
508,800.00
316,800.00
1,209,600.00
1,526,400.00
20,000.00
6,000.00
25,000.00
60,000.00
60,000.00
45,000.00
30,000.00
246,000.00
20,000.00
6,000.00
25,000.00
30,000.00
30,000.00
45000
30000
186,000.00
20,000.00
6,000.00
25,000.00
30,000.00
30,000.00
45000
30000
186,000.00
20,000.00
6,000.00
25,000.00
30,000.00
30,000.00
45000
30000
186,000.00
80,000.00
24,000.00
100,000.00
150,000.00
150,000.00
180,000.00
120,000.00
804,000.00
80,000.00
24,000.00
100,000.00
150,000.00
150,000.00
180,000.00
120,000.00
804,000.00
80,000.00
24,000.00
100,000.00
100,000.00
150,000.00
180,000.00
120,000.00
754,000.00
160,000.00
48,000.00
300,000.00
400,000.00
450,000.00
360,000.00
120,000.00
1,838,000.00
31,320.00
344,520.00
31,320.00
344,520.00
31,320.00
344,520.00
131,280.00
1,444,080.00
126,280.00
1,389,080.00
300,000.00
60,000.00
100,000.00
100,000.00
140,000.00
110,000.00
810,000.00
118,320.00
1,301,520.00
300,000.00
60,000.00
100,000.00
100,000.00
140,000.00
110,000.00
810,000.00
212,280.00
2,335,080.00
____________________________________________________________
300,000.00
60,000.00
100,000.00
100,000.00
140,000.00
110,000.00
810,000.00
417,440.00
4,591,840.00
Study 4:
Heavy metal and histopathologic analysis of the vital organs in key bioindicator
Leader/ Gender:
Joycelyn C. Jumawan,PhD (Biology Dept, CSU)
Project Staff:
Lilia Z. Boyles (CSU)

Felmer Latayada (CSU)
Bridget Yongco (CSU)
Nathalie Daminar (CSU-Cabadbaran)
Virgilio Ratunil (SSCT)
Lead Agency:

Complete Address: Ampayon Butuan City
Email: joycejumawan@gmail.com

Possible contamination of heavy metals in many freshwater systems near mining areas in Caraga is an
important issue regarding the health of the aquatic animals and in turn, health of the people. As a source
of local fisheries, there is a need to study the possibility of the presence of heavy metals such as lead
(Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg) and Nickel (Ni) in the fishes thriving in the river to assess the health of
the fishes and the probable effect of its accumulation in humans and other benthic organisms.
In this study, we will apply lipid peroxidation assay to assess possible oxidative stress in the vital organs
of key bioindicator freshwater fishes as well as determine the patterns of lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni),cadmium
(Cd), and mercury (Hg) accumulation in selected organs of key bioindicator fishes caught from identified
freshwater sampling stations near mining areas. The specific objectives of this study are the following: (a)
quantify malondialdehyde (MDA) as end product of lipid peroxidation activity in the spleen, liver and gill of
bioindicator fishes from key freshwater bodies near mining areas; (b) evaluate the possible clastogenic
defects in the RBCs of these fishes; (c) determine the levels of accumulated cadmium, lead, mercury and
nickel in the gills, liver, gut and muscles of the fish; (d) conduct histological studies in the gills, liver and
gut; (e) correlate lipid peroxidation activity with patterns of metal accumulation in the selected tissues of
the fish; (f) correlate the levels of accumulated metals in the tissues with the same metals in the
sediments from these freshwater systems.
The industrialization of the modern world has led to the proliferation of many different metal compounds in
the water ecosystem. Aquatic organisms, including freshwater fishes take up heavy metals and
concentrate them to amounts considerably higher than those found in the environment (Ferard et
al.,1983) thereby constituting a health risk for consumers. Aside from this, metals are known generate
many of their deleterious effects on the exposed animal through oxidative injury and the formation of free
radicals resulting in DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, depletion of protein sulfhydrils (Neustadt and
Pieczenik, 2007).
The potential for intoxication by lead (Pb) and its organometallic derivatives in aquatic ecosystems,
atmospheric particles and soil has increased as a result of industrial activities ( Pain, 2005). Studies in
laboratory animals have shown that exposure to lead at levels 10 mg PbCl 2 mL-1 of blood leads to
chromosomal aberrations (tetraploidy, mitotic anomalies, chromatid breaks), and these effects may be
related to interference with the mechanisms of replication, transcription and DNA repair (Goyer & Moore,
1974). Part of this effect on chromosomes may be related to the ability of lead to form bridges with
structural proteins that can adversely affect the degree of chromosomal condensation. Further, lead has
been implicated in mimicking essential elements (eg calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc) with
consequent effects on enzymes containing SH groups (Jennette, 1981) and the accumulation of free
____________________________________________________________
radicals due to alterations of the oxidative process of cells and effects on repair mechanisms in which
lead has been implicated as a co-carcinogen (Fracasso et al., 2002).
Lipid peroxidation is a well-established mechanism of cellular injury in both plants and animals, and is
used as an indicator of oxidative stress in cells and tissues (Salonen et al., 1995). Heavy metals,
particularly lead and cadmium, being members of the sulfhydryl reactive group promote the formation of
hydrogen peroxide and enhance the subsequent iron and copper-induced production of lipid peroxides
(Quig, 1998) and the highly reactive hydroxyl radicals. Thus, determination of heavy metal accumulation
in tissues of key indicator fish species, and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) as a measure of lipid
peroxidation could serve as a radical way to establish possible relationship between metal toxicity and the
stress response resulting from metal accumulation under field conditions.
Methodology
Locale of the study
Fishes from key freshwater systems near mining areas (a) Tubod - Santiago - Mainit area; (b) BayuganAndanan River area; (c) San Francisco Bunawan ADS will be used for the study. Appropriate sampling
gear will be utilized.
Fish
The fishes will be transported alive to the laboratory of the in appropriate oxygenated river water until they
will be sacrificed. Fishes will be sacrificed through a single blow on the cranial portion after administration
of the anesthetic Ethyleneglycolmonophenylether (Merck Cat. No 8.07291.1000) to water in a small
receptacle (20 mL/L) to avoid animal suffering. The sampled fishes will be weighed and the entire body
length will be measured. Notable external attributes from eyes, tail, fins and gills will be recorded.
TBARS assay for lipid peroxidation
Lipid peroxidation analysis of liver, spleen and gill samples will be done following the procedure of
Ohkawa et al (1979) with certain modifications. Liver, spleen and gill samples will be weighed and
homogenized manually in a glass tissue grinder using 0.05M Phosphate buffer solution as homogenizing
medium to yield a concentration of 100 mg net tissue weight per mL of the homogenizing medium. 0.5 mL
of the homogenate will be added 2.5 mL trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and 1 mL of thiobarbituric acid (TBA)
and the resulting mixture was vortexed. Test tubes containing the mixture were placed in boiling water
(100C) for 30 minutes and cooled to room temperature and added with 4 mL n-butanol thereafter. The
mixture will be vortexed and the n-butanol layer will be centrifuged at 3300 rpm and 25C for 10 minutes.
The organic layer will be obtained and the absorbance will be measured spectrophotometrically at 535
nm.
Piscine Micronucleus Assay
Piscine micronucleus test will be done following Cavas & Konen (2007) with some modifications. Gill
blood samples will be smeared into pre-cleaned slides. After fixation in absolute methanol for 20 minutes,
the slides will be allowed to air-dry and then the smear will be stained with 10% Giemsa solution for 25
min. All slides will be coded and scored blind. Three slides will be prepared for each fish, and 1000 cells
will be scored from each slide under 100x magnification.
Non-refractive, circular or ovoid chromatin bodies, smaller than the one-third of the main nucleus and
displaying the same staining and focusing pattern as the main nucleus, will be scored as micronuclei.
Nuclear abnormalities (NAs) other than micronuclei in erythrocytes will be classified into four groups.
Briefly, cells with two nuclei will be considered as binucleated (BN). Bilobed cells (BL) have a relatively
small evagination in the nuclear membrane and contained chromatin. Nuclei with evaginations larger
____________________________________________________________
than those in the BL, including those with several lobes, will be classified as lobular (LB). Nuclei with
vacuoles or voids with appreciable depth into the nucleus will be recorded as NT.
Tissue preparation and observation
Tissues will be collected in the following order: gills from the opercular cavities, liver and gut. The
digestive tract will be removed through longitudinal incision in the abdominal wall then promptly dissected.
Stomach and random sections of the intestinal loop will be isolated. These organs will be isolated and
fixed with Bouins Fluid containing Formalin, Glacial acetic Acid, Saturated Picric Acid in ratio 5:25:75 for
24 hours at room temperature. Organs will be rinsed with tap water and transferred to 70% ETOH for
storage until the yellow color is removed. Organs will be dehydrated in gradually increasing
concentrations (80, 90, 100%) of ETOH and soluble xylene. Organs will be embedded in a 1:1 medium
and hard paraffin. Embedded organs will be cut transversely at 4 using a rotary microtome. The cut
sections will be placed in the glass slides with Mayers adhesives, and deparaffinized with xylene.
Tissues will be stained with Hematoxyline and counterstained with eosin and mounted on clean slides
using Canada balsam. Pecularities or damage in the gills will be quantified by counting 100 secondary
lamellae on one gill arch of the fish and determining the percentage of lamellae showing lesions( eg
clubbing, oedema/ epithelial lifting, aneurism, necrosis, hyperplasia) following the method of Handy et al
(2002). Possibility of liver hyperplasia will be scored manually by counting ( mean of 5 counts/ section) by
counting the number of nuclei in a liver area of 25,500 m 2. Frequency of occurrence of fatty droplets/
adipocytes will be quantified by scoring sections with more than 200 adipocytes as liver with high fatty
deposits. Peculiarities in the histology of the linings of the pyloric caeca, columnar epithelium, intestinal
villi and gut lumen will be noted and described.
Pb, Cd and Ni sample preparation
Tissue samples
Tissue preparation for Pb, Cd and Ni analyses followed the Perkin Elmer Analytical methods (2007).
Twenty five (25) g of ground liver, gills, gut and muscles will be used and placed in Petri dishes and ovendried at 135-150C slowly raised to 500C until completely dry. Samples will be pulverized with mortar and
pestle pretreated with 1% nitric acid and placed in separate petri-dishes in preparation for digestion
process. 2 mL of HNO 3 will be cautiously added. When the reaction slows, the samples will be placed in
the modified hot- block digestion apparatus and heated at 60C for 30 minutes. After cooling, ten ml of
HNO3 will be added and samples will be heated again at 120C-150C and allowed to evaporate to
approximately 1 ml, or near drying. One ml of H 2O2 will be added to the samples and will be repeated
until the sample turns clear. Samples will be filtered using Whatman filter paper #42 and dissolved in 25
ml of distilled-deionized water.
Sediment collection and preparation
Sediment sample preparation will be done following the protocol of US-EPA Test methods (1994).
Sediment samples of 1000 g per replicate will be collected from the four study sites from a distance of 2-3
meters from the shoreline using a shovel. Sediments will be laid on a clean flat surface, mixed well and
divided into four quarters. In every division of the four quarters, one quarter will be discarded until
appropriate volume of sample sediments will be left for digestion. The wet sediments will be oven-dried at
100C for a several hours. Samples will be sieved with a strainer to achieve the collection of very fine
sediments and further pulverized with mortar and pestle. 1.0 gram of the sediment sample will be placed
in dry 100 ml beaker and added with 10 ml 1:1 trace metal grade nitric acid (HN0 3) covered with watch
glass and heated in a hot plate to evaporate to a volume of approximately 2 ml. Mixture will be cooled
and added with 2 mL water and 3 mL 30% ultrapure H 202 and heated again, until the liquid turned
colorless. Samples will be heated for 15 minutes, cooled and filtered using Whatman filter paper #42.
Samples will be placed directly into sterile glass containers and diluted with 100 ml of distilled-deionized
water.
Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Nickel (Ni) and Mercury (Hg) measurement
____________________________________________________________
The prepared sample solutions of tissues of fish and sediments will be analyzed using PerkinElmer Flame
Atomic Absorption Spectrometer Model Analyst 2007 at the Chemistry Department, Caraga Consortium
for Responsible Mining (CCRM). The concentrations of metals will be expressed in terms of mg per liter
(mg/L) of sample.
Data Analysis
T-test will be used to test the difference of means or comparing the metal concentrations, the analysis of
variance (ANOVA) will be used in testing the difference of means of the concentration of Pb and Cd in the
different organs followed by DMRT to determine whether accumulation of lead and cadmium in the
various tissues studied was significantly influenced by experimental sites. Finally, two correlational tools;
namely, the Pearson correlation coefficient (for two data that yield parent population with normal
distribution) and the Kendall Tau correlation coefficient will be used for the data that do not yield normality
of the parent population.
V. LITERATURE CITED
Ferard
JF, Joany JM, Truhaut P and Vasseur P. 1983. Accumulation of cadmium in Freshwater food
chain experimental model. Ecotoxicol Environmnetal Safety. 7:43-52
Halliwell B and S Chirico. 1993. Lipid peroxidation: its mechanism, measurement and significance. Am J
Clin Nutr 57: 715S-725S
Handy RD and FD Eddy. 1990. The interactions between the surface rainbow trout Oncorhyncus mykiss
and the water borne toxicants. Func Ecol 4:385-390.
Handy RD, Runnals T and PM Russel. 2002. Histopathologic Biomarkers in Three spined Sticklebacks,
Gasterosteus aculeatus, from Several Rivers in Southern England that Meet the Freshwater
Fisheries Directive. Ecotoxicology 11: 467-479
Liney AK, Tylor CR, Replege MH, Galloway TS and S Jobling. 2006. Health effects in fish on long term
exposure to effluents from wastewater treatment works. Envl Health Pers. 114(1): 81-89
Neustadt J and Pieczenik S. 2007. Heavy Metal ToxicityWith emphasis on mercury. Integrative
Medicine. 6(2) 26-31
Ohkawa H, Ohishi N and Yagi K. 1979. Assay for lipid peroxides by TBA reaction. Anal Biochem 95: 351358
Quig D. 1998. Cystein metabolism and metal toxicity.Alt Med Rev. 3(4):262-270
Salonen JT, SepanenK and K Mesonen. 1995. Intake of mercury from fish, lipid peroxidation and the risk
of myocardial infarction and coronary cardiovascular and death in eastern finnish men. Circ. 91:
645-655
Simkiss K and MJ Taylor. 1989. Metal fluxes across the membranes of aquatic organisms: A Review
aquat sci. 1:173-188
Scheckat, CE, Li BJ and SN Louma. 2002. Dietary metals exposure and toxicity to aquatic organisms:
implications for ecological risk assessment. Human M (ed) Boca Raton CRC Press
Sotto M, Cajaraville MT, Angulo E and I Marigomez. 2006. Biological aspects of metal accumulation and
storage. A review. CRC Press Boca Raton FL.
____________________________________________________________
US EPA.1994. Test Methods for Evaluation of Solid Wastes, Physical and Chemical Methods.CD-ROM
SW, 3050 1-12
US EPA. 2003a. Reference dose for chronic oral exposure: cadmium. IRIS. http://www.EPA.gov/iris.
US EPA. 1985. Guidelines for deriving numerical national water quality criteria for the protection of
aquatic organisms and their uses. Office of research and dev. pp. 98
Wang, WX. 2002. Interactions of trace metals in different marine food chains. Mar ecol prog ser 243:295309
____________________________________________________________
Particulars
A. Direct Cost
Honoraria
A. Direct Cost
Styrofoam boxes 2 boxes @ 1,000/box
Measuring tools and Dissecting materials
Histological analysis
Heavy metal analysis
Micronucleus test
Specimen bottles
Preservatives
Subtotal for MOOE
Q2
Q3
Q4
26,400.00
72,000.00
98,400.00
26,400.00
72,000.00
98,400.00
26,400.00
72,000.00
98,400.00
26,400.00
72,000.00
98,400.00
105,600.00
288,000.00
393,600.00
105,600.00
288,000.00
393,600.00
211,200.00
576,000.00
787,200.00
20,000.00
4,000.00
10,000.00
2,000.00
5,000.00
30,000.00
80,000.00
3,000.00
10,000.00
5,000.00
169,000.00
20,000.00
4,000.00
10,000.00
20,000.00
4,000.00
10,000.00
20,000.00
4,000.00
10,000.00
80,000.00
16,000.00
40,000.00
30,000.00
80,000.00
3,000.00
30,000.00
80,000.00
3,000.00
30,000.00
80,000.00
3,000.00
147,000.00
147,000.00
147,000.00
80,000.00
16,000.00
40,000.00
2,000.00
5,000.00
120,000.00
320,000.00
12,000.00
10,000.00
5,000.00
610,000.00
160,000.00
32,000.00
80,000.00
2,000.00
5,000.00
280,000.00
640,000.00
24,000.00
20,000.00
10,000.00
1,253,000.00
PCR
30,000.00
GPS
27,000.00
57,000.00
32,440.00
356,840.00

GRAND TOTAL
Total for
Year 1
Q1
Year 2
160,000.00
320,000.00
12,000.00
10,000.00
5,000.00
643,000.00
30,000
0.00
24,540.00
269,940.00
0.00
24,520.00
269,920.00
0.00
24,540.00
269,940.00
27,000
57,000.00
106,060.00
1,166,660.00
____________________________________________________________
Grand Total
30,000.00
0.00
103,660.00
1,140,260.00
27,000.00
57,000.00
209,720.00
2,306,920.00
Project 3 -
Assessment of the Marine Ecosystems in Claver SDN and Carrascal SDS
Leader:
Romell A. Seronay ( CSU)
Project Staff:
Jess Jumawan,
Lilia Z. Boyles,
Rexie Magdugo
Mario Sinday
Gideon Ebarsabal
Lead Agency:

Email: romell.seronay@mailcity.com
II. NATURE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

The world is dependent upon biodiversity due to the multiple contributions of biodiversity to humans.
However, it is lost at an unacceptable rate and will affect peoples ability to survive. This is particularly
true for some of the poorest people in the world who are totally dependent on biodiversity and
ecosystem services for subsistence and survival.
The Philippine archipelago is at the apex of the Coral Triangle (Veron 1995; Allen and Werner 2002),
the region with the highest concentration of marine species globally. However, the DENR has
described the Philippines as the hottest of hotspots in the world in terms of threats to its mega
diverse biodiversity. Mining in the Philippines is considered as a major threat to biodiversity. The
threat is compounded by the fact that most of the countrys priority conservation areas sit on top of
huge mineral reserves. Thus there are many areas of significant biodiversity with overlapping tenurial
instruments, and with conflicting land uses and management objectives.
The most obvious impact to biodiversity from mining is the removal of vegetation, which in turn alters
the availability of food and shelter for wildlife. At a broader scale, mining may impact biodiversity by
changing species composition and structure. Many mining applications in the Philippines are in water
catchment areas very close to the sea particularly in Carrascal Surigao del Sur and Claver Suridao
del Norte areas, and pose a major threat to valuable marine environments. Higher sediment
concentrations increase the turbidity of natural waters, reducing the light available to aquatic plants
for photosynthesis (Ripley, 1996). In addition, increased sediment loads can smother benthic
organisms in streams and oceans, eliminating important food sources for predators and decreasing
available habitat for fish to migrate and spawn (Johnson, 1997b). Higher sediment loads can also
decrease the depth of streams, resulting in greater risk of flooding during times of high stream flow
(Mason, 1997). Mining directly impacts coral reefs through increased sedimentation, especially in
cases where wastes are dumped directly in rivers and oceans, as well as through increased pollution
of heavy metals.
Modern mining in the Philippines typically consists of open-pit mining of low-grade ores for copper
and gold, and strip-mining for nickel. This involves flattening mountaintops, creating huge craters and
producing vast amounts of waste in the form of tailings. Large-scale gold mining is particularly
destructive because it involves the processing of huge volumes of ground rock, using cyanide to
separate gold from the ore. This process also releases other potentially harmful toxic metals.
After the issuance of Environmental Compliance Certificate to the mining companies in Caraga
Region, monitoring on the freshwater and marine resources that may be impacted by the mining
operations is inadequate. The extent of the damage on the marine resources in Carrascal and Claver
areas attributed by the mining operations demands a comprehensive research investigation.
____________________________________________________________
Caraga Responsible Mining R&D Program Towards Sustainable Development in the
Region
Study 1. Coral reef assessment in Claver SDN and Carrascal SDS coastal areas
Objectives:
1. To delineate the extent of sediments/silts/laterites influenced by mining operations in Claver
SDN and Carrascal SDS coastal areas during dry and wet season.
2. To determine the benthic cover of corals and other benthic organisms in the silted and not
silted coastal areas.
3. To determine the species composition, biomass and density of reef fishes in the silted and not
silted coastal areas.
4. Identify critical issues/concerns and recommend measures for sustainable fisheries
management.
Methodology
In the benthic survey, underwater video transects (Osborne and Oxley, in English et. al., 1997) will be
used to determining the percentage cover of the different benthic life forms. The transect stations will
be marked using the Global Positioning System instrument (GPS) for locating the positions. Video
transects also allowed for the proper and permanent documentation of the sites. In this method, the
same transects will be used in the fish visual census techniques survey. The video will be taken while
swimming along the transect at a constant speed with the camera lens parallel to the substratum and
maintaining a constant distance of about 25 cm above it. The video will be recorded at a belt of 0.25m wide. It will take about 8 minutes swimming at a constant speed to record a 50-m long transect.
The video footages will then be downloaded to a computer using the WinDV software
(http://windv.mourek.cz). In each transect, a total of 100 still frames will be extracted (captured) using
the Virtual Dub software (http://www.virtualdub.org) from which 500 points will be read in100 still
frames. The frames will serve as the sub-samples of the entire transect. The digital images will be
analyzed using the 5-point method. The observer will identify all the benthic lifeforms using the 28
lifeform categories in English et. al., (1997) at the 5 points arranged on the frame.
Percent cover = Total number of points for lifeform x 100
Total number of points for transect
Fish Visual Census (FVC) technique will be used to determine the species diversity, abundance and
biomass of fish in different survey sites. The general procedure will involve laying a 50-meter
transect line at about 20-30 feet following the depth contour. After the line had been laid, observers
will wait for about 5-10 minutes before the actual census to allow for the disturbed fish community to
return to their normal behavior. Starting at one end of the line, all fishes w ill be identified up to
species level (if possible) and their numbers and estimated sizes recorded in a plastic slate within a
5m x 5m imaginary quadrat along the transect line before moving to the next 5m mark. Observer will
swim to and briefly stop at every 5-m mark along the line until the transect line will be completed. The
faster moving fishes will be counted first before the slower ones. Each transect will cover an area of
250 m2 (50m long x 5m width). All fish sizes of major, indicator and target species will be estimated to
the nearest centimeter using the total length (TL). Fish density and biomass will then be computed
using a database program called Reefsum developed by Uychiaoco (2000). Fish biomass will be
based from the relationship:
W=aLb
Where: W = the weight in grams;
a and b = the growth coefficient values taken from published length
weight data; and L is the length of the fish in cm (Kulbicki et al.
1993).
A species listing will be generated for each site.
____________________________________________________________
Region
Panoramic videos and still photographs will be obtained for documentation of the sites. Notes on the
site descriptions (type of reef, slope, etc) will be taken. Water temperature, pH and salinity will be
measured. Environmental conditions such as turbidity, topographical relief, current and exposure shall
be scored from 1 5, with 1 being the lowest score and 5 being the highest.
Study 2: Sea grass assessment in Claver SDN and Carrascal SDS coastal areas
Objectives:
1. To determine the species composition, diversity and percent cover of seagrass in the silted
and not silted coastal areas influence by mining.
2. To determine the distribution of seagrass negatively affected by mining operations in the two
municipalities.
Methodology
A total of eight stations will be established haphazardly in the municipalities of Carrascal and Claver.
The sampling stations will represent the silted and not silted coastal areas attributed by mining
operations. Each station will consist of three replicated transect lines with a length of 100 m and at
least 50 m apart. Transect quadrat method will employed in seagrass assessment. A 100 m transect
line will be established perpendicular to the shoreline, A 1m x 1m iron quadrat will laid along the
transect tape at regular interval.
Study 3: Mangrove Assessment in Claver SDN and Carrascal SDS coastal areas
Objectives:
1. To determine the species composition, diversity and density of mangroves in the silted and
not silted coastal areas influence by mining.
2. To determine the distribution of mangroves negatively affected by mining operations in the
two municipalities.
Methodology
A total of eight stations will be established haphazardly in the municipalities of Carrascal and Claver.
The sampling stations will represent the silted and not silted coastal areas attributed by mining
operations. Mangrove assessment will employ transect plot method.
Study 4: Gastropod Assessment in Claver SDN and Carrascal SDS coastal areas
Objectives:
1. To determine the distribution, abundance and population structure of different species of
molluscs at a representative selection of sites and habitats within Claver SDN and Carrascal
SDS.
2. 2. To understand the relationships between mollusc abundance and species composition with
habitat type and condition.
Methodology
To achieve this, a two or three person team will undertake in-water surveys at 20 sites within five
locations in Claver SDN and Carrascal SDS. This will employ an orthogonal survey design to contrast
populations of gastropod molluscs on reefs subject to two variables: habitat complexity and fishing
activity. The surveyors will use snorkel and SCUBA to quantify the abundance and richness of
____________________________________________________________
Region
species cover, together with substrate composition, across standard transects. This will also record
impacts on habitats during surveys. The two variables of habitat (high complexity and low complexity)
and two variables of fishing effort (heavy and light) will provide us with four combinations.
Our aim is to census molluscs in the two five municipalities within each of these four combinations,
i.e. 8 sites in total, each matched as closely as possible for physical characteristics such as reef
morphology, aspect and wave action to minimise the effects of ecological variation on the mollusc
assemblages present.
At each site, all gastropod molluscs present, except micro-species will be counted within eight
transects, i.e. survey paths. This will be achieved through using standard belt transects each 20m in
length by 2m wide at 4 different depths: along the intertidal, then at 5m, 10m and 15m. At each of the
four depths, we will survey two transects, spaced no less than 20m apart to give an overall 80m 2 at
each depth.
Most observations will take place during daytime, but it is intended that we will undertake surveys in
the inter-tidal during both day and night since many species are active during night-time. For
logistical reasons, most SCUBA based surveys will be performed in the day with occasional night
dives.
We will identify the species and measure the size for all gastropod molluscs present. Small and
abundant species will be sub-sampled on four 1m 2 quadrats, i.e. calibrated frames, randomly selected
from within each transect. Species that cannot be identified and measured in situ will be collected in
water-filled canisters, identified, measured and later returned to the sea alive. Within each transect
we will also measure a number of different habitat variables with visual estimates of percentages of
cover, including the following broad categories: hard coral, soft coral, sponges, etc. together with
non-living substrate, such as sand, rock, rubble etc. We will also score the physical complexity of the
reef structure within each transect by visual estimation against a five-point scale (0 = flat and
featureless to 5 = highly complex).
We will make extensive use of underwater photography to record both habitat cover and species
during surveys. The camera will also record the GPS location prior to diving and the date and time
against each image.
From the data collected we expect to obtain:
1. An analysis of mollusc abundance, species composition and population size structure in
relation to gradients in coral reef coverage, associated ecosystems and fishery activity.
2. An understanding of the relationship between mollusc diversity and abundance and reef
condition and fishing pressure.
3. An identification of how different mollusc species respond to changes in habitat quality and
fishing pressure.
V. LITERATURE CITED
Allen GR, Werner TB (2002) Coral reef fish assessment in the Coral Triangle of Southeast Asia.
Environ Biol Fish 65 (2):209214
Doyle C, Wicks C, and Nally F. 2007. Mining in the Philippines: Concerns and Conflicts. Report of a
Fact-Finding mission to the Philippines. Society of St. Columban, West Midlands, UK, 63pp.
English, S., C. Wilkinson and V, Baker (eds). 1997. Survey manual for tropical marine resources
second edtion. Australian Institute of Marine Science, ASEAN-Australia Marine Science
Project, 390 pp.
____________________________________________________________
Region
Johnson, S.W. (1997a), Hydrologic Effects, In J.J. Marcus (ed.) Mining Environmental Handbook.
London: Imperial College Press
Johnson, S.W. et al. (1997b), Effects of Submarine Mine Tailings Disposal on Juvenile Yellowfin Sole
(Pleuronectes asper): A Laboratory Study, Marine Pollution Bulletin Vol. 36 (4)
Mason, R.P. (1997), Mining Waste Impacts on Stream Ecology, In C.D. Da Rosa (ed), Golden
Dreams, Poisoned Streams, How Reckless Mining Pollutes Americas Waters and How We
Can Stop It . Washington, DC: Mineral Policy Center.
Kelly, M. (1998), Mining and the Freshwater Environment. London: Elsevier Applied Science/ British
Petroleum
MacCallum,B (1989), Seasonal and spatial distribution of bighorn sheep at an open pit coal mine in
the Alberta foothills, In D.G. Walker et al. Proceedings of the Conference: Reclamation, A
Global Perspective, Vol. 1 Report #RRTAC 89-2, Edmonton, Alberta: Alberta Conservation
and Reclamation Council.
Veron JE (1995) Corals in Space and Time: The Biogeography and Evolution of the Scleractinia. Univ.
of New South Wales Press, Sydney, Australia
____________________________________________________________
Region
Particulars
A. Direct Cost
Honoraria
Project Staff (5 pax) @
P4,800/month
Project Consultant (1 pax on a per transaction basis)
Q2
Q3
Q4
26,400.00
26,400.00
26,400.00
26,400.00
105,600.00
105,600.00
211,200.00
72,000.00
20,000.00
118,400.00
72,000.00
20,000.00
118,400.00
72,000.00
20,000.00
118,400.00
72,000.00
20,000.00
118,400.00
288,000.00
80,000.00
473,600.00
288,000.00
80,000.00
473,600.00
576,000.00
160,000.00
947,200.00
30,000.00
6,000.00
30,000.00
6,000.00
30,000.00
6,000.00
25,000.00
20,000.00
25,000.00
20,000.00
70,000.00
15,000.00
17,500.00
30,000.00
213,500.00
25,000.00
20,000.00
Subtotal for MOOE
30,000.00
6,000.00
25,000.0
0
20,000.00
70,000.00
15,000.00
17,500.00
30,000.00
213,500.00
120,000.00
24,000.00
100,000.
00
80,000.00
140,000.00
60,000.00
70,000.00
120,000.00
714,000.00
100,000.00
24,000.00
60,000.
00
60,000.00
100,000.00
60,000.00
70,000.00
120,000.00
594,000.00
220,000.00
48,000.00
160,000.0
0
140,000.00
240,000.00
120,000.00
70,000.00
120,000.00
1,118,000.00
(1) Research Boat

(2) sets SCUBA Equipment
(1) SLR Camera
400,000.00
200,000.00
50,000.00
650,000.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
98190
1,080,090.00
26190
288,090.00
33190
365,090.00
26190
288,090.00
0.00
106,760.
00
1,174,360.00
400,000.0
0
200,000.00
50,000.00
650,000.00
271,520.0
0
2,986,720.00

A. Direct Cost
Lab Supplies and materials
Field Supplies and Material
Rentals
Q1
15,000.00
17,500.00
30,000.00
143,500.00
15,000.00
17,500.00
30,000.00
143,500.00
Total for Year 1
Year 2
Grand Total

GRAND TOTAL
____________________________________________________________
400,000.
00
200,000.00
50,000.00
650,000.00
183,760.
00
2,021,360.00
Project 4:
Assessment of the Terrestrial Floristic Composition in Areas Within and

Outside Key Mining Areas in Caraga Region
Project Leader:
Meljan T. Demetillo, CSU
Lead Implementor:
Project Staff:

Roger T. Sarmiento (CSU);
Edwin C. Escobal (SSCT);
Allan Gloria (SDSSU-San Miguel),
Rodrigo L. Bongolan (ASSCAT)
Nature and Significance of the Study

The Philippines is a mineral-rich country, which is situated in the so-called Pacific rim of fire. It is one of
the world's most highly mineralized countries, with untapped mineral wealth estimated at more than $840
billion. Philippine copper, gold, and chromate deposits are among the largest in the world. Other important
minerals include nickel, silver, coal, gypsum, and sulfur (Salim, 2004).Its vast mineral reserves are,
however, untapped for a variety of socio-economic, legal and environment reasons.
Caraga Region, which lies in the Pacific side of the Philippine Archipelago, has the richest mineral
deposits in the country. The sprawling Iron Mountain at the northern tip of the Mount Diwata Range
separating Surigao del Norte from Surigao del Sur hosts a number of registered mining firms due to its
rich iron and nickel deposits. Due to this fact, 54 of the 132 registered mining firms in the country are
operating in Caraga Region. This figure does not include the mining firms that are still on the exploration
phase and the small mining operations. On the other hand, the richness of plant life in the region has
been estimated to thousands of different species. It has eight (8) identified Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs).
Mining is one of the reasons of the concerns of many environmentalists due to the disappearance of
forestlands that endangered the endemic species. Illegal mining operations also cause pollution,
agricultural fires, collection of fuelwood, and rural population expansion. In recent years, deforestation
due to mining activities has been increasingly blamed for soil erosion, river siltation, flooding, and drought
thus environmental awareness is now rising in the region.
The mining industry plays an important role in the countrys economic development and has indirectly
given other income generating opportunities. However, it is a sad reality that in the course of any mining
activity, unavoidable physical damage to ecosystems and destruction to habitat are committed. Inventory
of the plant life in the mining area are of great help to the community and to the mining company
inasmuch as this will let them understand and know what are the species that need to be protected and
be conserved for the restoration of the area, thus this study will be conducted.
Objectives:
1. Identify plant species in within and outside the mining concession key mining areas in Caraga
region;
2. Determine the species richness of the floristic composition within and outside the mining area;
3. Identify key species of flora for the development of bio-monitoring system of ecosystem health for
key mining areas;
4. Identify species that will grow faster for rehabilitation in mined out areas
Methodology
____________________________________________________________
Identification and Description of Study Sites

Maps will be used to initially asses and characterize the area for sampling site selection. Field
reconnaissance and transect walk will be conducted to identify and describe vegetation types by
considering the species richness and dominance, canopy cover, altitude, location and other ecological
parameters. A Rapid Resource Assessment will be employed to estimate the present condition of floral
species within the direct impact areas. Transect Walk is a rapid biodiversity assessment technique that
employs a hike, recording of species, and physical attributes. This method seeks all major ecosystems,
determines stratified zones, and maps out the areas across a landscape. Alpha taxonomy will be done in
order to list all flora encountered, with the help of local guide and field taxonomic keys, species will be
identified. Photos will be taken for the species that cannot be identified in the field, for proper
documentation.
Species Richness
Along the transect walk, three sampling station will be identified. Each sampling station , two (2) plots will
be established measuring 20 x 20m to measure the species richness and diversity of the flora in the area.
The lower canopy and ground cover will be also noted. GPS will be used to determine the location of
each plot. All species of flora will be accounted inside the established plot.
The following parameters will be taken and used in the computation for the importance values and
diversity values. The importance values determine the ranks of the species within the sampled ecosystem
and identify which of them would be exerting the most influence to the ecosystem in terms of nutrient
cycling, energy transfer, and micro-climatic effects.
Number of Individuals
Density
=
Area sampled
Relative Density (RD)

Density of Species A
Relative Density
100
Total Density of all species

Frequency (F) the plots in which species A occurred will be counted and frequency value will
be computed using the following formula:
Number of plots in which species A occurs
Frequency
=
Total number of plots examined
Relative Frequency (RF)

Frequency value for species
Relative Frequency
100
Total frequency values for all species
Dominance (Cover)
____________________________________________________________
Species basal coverage value

Species Dominance
=
Area sampled
Relative Dominance (RD)

Dominance of species A
Relative Dominance
100
Total dominance of all species

Species Importance Value (SIV) as a rough and overall estimate of the influence or
importance of plant species in the community. The importance value (SIV) will be computed using
the following:
SIV
= RD + RF + Rdom
Where, RD
= Relative Density
RF
= Relative Frequency
Rdom = Relative Dominance
Shanon index of general diversity (H)
ni
H
ni
Log
Where, ni = species importance value of species A

N = total species Importance Value of all species
Identification and Assessment of Status
The collected plants will be identified using taxonomic keys from floras and monographs of Merrill, E.D.
(1923-1926); Linder, G.R. (1987); Brummitt, R.K. (1992); Madulid, D.A. (1995); Flora Malesiana Series
(1995-1996); Flora of Taiwan (1996); Rojo, J.P. (1999); Jebb, M. and M. Cheek (2001); Cootes, J. (2001);
Barcelona et al. (1996); Rojo (1999); Tan et al. (1996); Zamora and Co (1986); Amoroso et al. (1994,
1996, 2007).
____________________________________________________________
Plan of Activities
ACTIVITIES
Preparation of MOU between cooperating Agencies and DENR,PCIERRD
Proposal presentation to the community
Consultation and planning meeting with co-researchers, local researchers and
collaborators/counterparts
Procurement of Materials
Surveying, collection and identification of the flora
Recording of the habitats and distribution of flora and other ecological data
Assessing the conservation status of the species of flora whether threatened,
endemic, rare and economically important
Preparation of the Final Report
Submission of the Final Report
Recommend policies and ordinances for responsible mining
YEAR 1
X
X
YEAR 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Expected Outputs
a. Checklist of plants
b. List of threatened, endemic, rare and economically important flora
c. Catalogued herbarium specimens
d. Policy recommendations for responsible mining related to floral conservation specifically native
species
e. Terminal report
____________________________________________________________
Budgetary Requirements:
DESCRIPTION
A. Honorarium
Study Leader @ 8,800/mo x 12 mos.
Project Staff (4 pax) @ 4,800/mo x 12 mos.
B. Salaries
1. One Research Assistant @ 17,500/mo x 12 mos.
+ 13th month pay
Subtotal
II. MOOE
A. Traveling Expenses
1. Field work (includes vehicle Rental, foods &
accommodation & transportation of researcher from their
respective places and vice versa)
2. Presentation of research outputs to the
community/symposia/meetings
B. Supplies and Materials
A. Field Supplies & Materials
B. Lab Supplies & Materials
D. Office Supplies & Materials
C. Documentation/Reproduction & binding cost of reports
(draft and terminal)
D. Other Services (Labor and Guide)
E. Professional Services
Subtotal
III. Equipment outlay
A. One SLR Camera
B. One hp printer
D. One GPS
Subtotal
IV. Administrative Cost (10% of MOOE)
Grand Total
YEAR 1
YEAR 2
TOTAL
105,600
230,400
105,600
230,400
211,200
460,800
227,500
227,500
455,000
563,500
563,500
1,127,000
130,000
120,000
250,000
20,000
30,000
50,000
30,000
75,000
75,000
50,000
10,000
20,000
50000
75000
50000
10,000
50,000
125000
150000
100000
20,000
70,000
100,000
560,000
70,000
100,000
525,000
140,000
200,000
1,085,000
60,000
20,000
30,000
110,000
123,350
1,356,850.00
0
0
0
0
108,850
1,197,350.00
60,000.00
20,000.00
30,000.00
110,000.00
232,200
2,554,200.00
____________________________________________________________
Project 5 :
Assessment of Vertebrate Fauna in Key Mining Areas of Caraga Region

and Development of GIS and Web-based Database as Decision-Support System
Project Leader :
Lead Agency :
Sherryl Lipio-Paz
Complete Address:
Ampayon, Butuan City
Tel/ Fax/ Email:
sheter29@yahoo.com
Project Members :
Clyde Salanatin (CSU)

Adam Roy Galolo (CSU)
Leonielyn Malicay (SSCT)
Haide Fabroa (SSCT)
Cherry Amador (ASSCAT)
Roxan Eupena (SDSSU-Tandag)
Virginia Gruyal (SDSSU-Cantilan)
Project Duration:
3 years

The study will focus on assessing the species composition, conservation status, diversity and distribution
of vertebrate fauna that include birds, amphibians, reptiles and mammals (volant and non-volant) in the
selected key mining areas of Caraga Region using GIS. Species distribution modeling using GIS will be
employed in order to predict the effect of land cover and habitat changes, mining expansion and
deforestation on the endemic and threatened vertebrate fauna up to 2050. Moreover, a web-based
database will be developed in order to archive the GIS-based data on the species composition,
distribution and the vertebrate fauna-habitat relationships in the selected mining areas. This will be a good
basis for the formulation and implementation of policies, laws and ordinances to mitigate the adverse
impacts of mining activities. Additionally, the findings of this research will be of great help in formulating
essential wildlife conservation measures in the region.
Conceptual Framework
____________________________________________________________
Objectives
identify and describe the forest types, forest cover and land uses around the selected key mining
areas using GIS
assess the habitat characteristics within the key mining areas and outside
assess the species composition of birds, amphibians, reptiles and mammals within the key mining
areas and outside
determine the conservation status, economic and medicinal importance of the different taxa of
vertebrate fauna in the selected areas
determine and compare the spatial and temporal distribution and diversity of birds, amphibians,
reptiles, and mammals (GIS-based database)
predict the potential effects of the vegetation/habitat changes on the distribution and diversity of
vertebrate animals using species distribution modeling
determine the implication of findings to the formulation and implementation of mining regulation
policies, laws and ordinances and conservation of the endemic and threatened animal species
Study Areas
Claver-Carrascal (noventa area) Large scale nickel mining

Tubod - Santiago - Mainit area Large scale gold mining
Bayugan Andanan area ASM gold mining
San Francisco Bunawan ADS ASM gold mining
Methods
GIS Mapping and Preliminary Survey/Reconnaissance
GIS mapping of the forest types, forest cover and land-uses within and around the mining areas will be
done. The GIS maps will be utilized as basis for the ocular pre-survey in the selected areas in order to
determine the size of the area, type of vegetation and habitat and thus, make an appropriate sampling
design for the survey of the different taxa.
Habitat Assessment
The elevation, coordinates, slope, aspect, locality and weather description in every sampling station will
be noted. The vegetation type will be determined such as height of the emergent trees and canopy trees,
dbh and taxa of the emergent tree and the largest canopy tree. The trees in every sampling station will
be identified. The percentage cover of the canopy epiphytes, canopy vines, understory plants, grasses or
sedges, pandan, ficus, other fruiting plants and moss will be also determined. Leaf litter cover and humus
cover will be measured. Soil type will be determined. Fallen logs will be counted and exposed rock will be
noted. Water type near the sampling area and the on-site disturbance will be identified and its distance
from the site will be measured.
Faunal Survey
The vertebrate animal sampling will all be done in three sampling stations in every key mining area 1.)
within the mining area 2.) forested site immediately outside the mining area 3.) forested site 2-3 km away
from the mining area.
Bird Survey (combination of transect, point count sampling and mist netting)
____________________________________________________________
A. Line Transect
Transect lines will be established per sampling station per study area. The number of transects
will depend on the size of the area and type of vegetation. Each transect will be divided into
sampling points (distance : 250 m). One transect will be at least 250 m away from another.
Transect sampling and point count sampling will be done twice (one at 5a.m. 9a.m.starting from
point 0 and second at 4am-6am starting at the end point of the transect). The bird calls and
sightings will be identified and recorded in each sampling point (30-m radius) for 10 minutes . All
the birds encountered will be observed in between the sampling points. Bird survey will be done
for 18 months. All the species observed outside the transect will also be recorded (additional
data/notes).
B. Mist Netting
10-15 mist nets will be set up in the ideal bird flyways (across and along waterways, forest edges
and clearings, feeding trees and near forest canopies) per sampling station. The mist nets will be
set up in locations that are accessible for ease in checking. Each net will be checked every 30
min. 2 hours especially late afternoon and the birds trapped will be immediately removed from
the nets to prevent them from getting stressed and eventually die. Birds captured will be kept in
clean cloth bags and will be kept in a cool, well-ventilated place if not processed immediately.
Birds captured will be measured in terms of wing length, tail length, body length, tarsus length,
bill size and length and weight. The qualitative data of birds such as the bill shape and color, tail
shape, presence of crests or other features, color of plumage, eyes, bill and feet, habitat/behavior
like standing on a bush, climbing, side of a trunk and the food eaten by the bird when observed
and other observable features will be noted. Conservation status of each bird species
observed/caught will be determined. After the documentation, identification and measurement of
each captured bird, the right foot will be marked using a dark red nail polish to avoid recounting
them.
C. Bioacoustics and Photodocumentation
To supplement the identification of observed bird species, recording of birdcall and photodocumentation will be conducted. An observer will record calls or bird calls in each sampling point
in each sampling site in the early morning and late afternoon. A stereo cassette recorder
equipped with a headphone and a microphone capable of 50 to 20,000 Hz +/- 2.5 db frequency
response and with supercadioid/lobe pick-up pattern will be used in the study. When an unfamiliar
call will be recorded, birdcall experts will be consulted for proper identification.
Herpetofaunal Survey
A. Line Transect /Time Constrained Searches
Transects will be established per sampling station. Time-constrained searches will be done along
a transect line (in a plot, along a stream or river) for amphibians at night time and between 9am3pm for reptiles. Forest floors, fallen logs, tree holes, tree buttresses, barks, leaves, ferns,
shrubs, rocks, mosses, vegetation debris, and other possible habitats will be searched for these
animals. A minimum of six hours per day, two hours at a time per elevation, will be spent by a
minimum of three persons at random throughout each 24-hour day. All the amphibians and
reptiles caught will be identified and important parts such as the head length, head breadth, eye
diameter, snout length, tympanum distance, snout-vent length, tibia length, axilla length and total
length will be measured.
Volant mammal survey
____________________________________________________________
The mist nets for bird sampling will be also used for bat sampling (10-15 per elevation). The mist
nets will be constantly checked at least hourly especially the first two hours of the early evening
(6pm-8pm) or be left open the whole evening and checked early in the morning to remove bats
caught during the night. All the captured bats will be kept in clean cloth bags and will be kept in a
cool, well-ventilated place if not processed immediately. All the specimens will be identified using
field identification keys. The tail length, hind foot length, and ear length will be measured. Its
weight will also be measured. After processing each captured bat, the right foot will be marked
and be released back to the wild.
Non-volant mammal survey
30--50 live traps for bigger non-volant mammals and 30-50 snap traps for the smaller ones will be
set in each sampling station in the afternoon. Traps will be set in a variety of habitats (forest, open
grassy area, and transition zones) to sample the small mammals of an area thoroughly. The
traps will be set in a trap line at a regular intervals and roughly in a straight line. Traps will be
placed in the most favorable microhabitat e.g. base of trees or stumps on top of logs,
conspicuous runways, burrow entrance or at the edge of streams and ponds. A mixture of
roasted coconut with peanut butter, nuts, seeds, bits of chopped fruits and even live worms will be
used experimentally as effective bait for small mammals that can be used in snap traps or live
traps. Live traps must be checked at least once daily preferably in the early morning. Colored,
plastic flagging tape or a stripped of cloth will be used to mark the trap sites by tying them to a
tree branch or a clump of vegetation near the trap. Permanent number will be painted on live
traps and numbers will be written with pencil or wooden based snap traps. Morphometrics such
as body length, tail length, hind foot length, gender and weight will be noted.
Data Analysis, Species Distribution Modeling and GIS/Web Database Development
Species Diversity and Richness software (Heanderson & Seaby, 2001) will be used to analyze the
Species richness, abundance, Species diversity (H) of each study area. R software and appropriate
statistical tools will employed in the comparison of species richness, abundance, species diversity (H)
within and outside the mining areas, between mining areas and between different seasons.
A. Species Distribution Modeling
Land and forest cover, land use, habitat variables and animal species data will be mapped out
using GIS software. Animal species distribution and spatial data and habitat variables will be
standardized and formatted for species distribution modeling using Maxent. The model outputs
will be used to project species richness and abundance and will be extrapolated outside the study
area. The model outputs will be analyzed statistically using spatial statistics.
B. GIS/Web Database Development
A GIS-based profile of the habitat characteristics in the selected areas, the animal species
composition, richness, abundance, diversity, conservation status and distribution of birds,
amphibians, reptiles and mammals will be archived in the web database. The model outputs
showing the animal distribution and the effects of land use changes and expansion of mining
areas on the forest cover and the vertebrate animal communities will be incorporated in the
database as well.
A GIS layer will be stored in a PostGIS database. The GIS layers available will be divided into
three groups: (1) layers of species records, (2) layers of other map elements, and (3) layers used
to generate GIS attributes. The three groups of layers differ from each other in both their purpose
and their functionality. The layers of the species records will constitute the geographic information
of the species records. They are polygon layers and each species will be represented by a
polygon indicating the site where it was documented and observed. The layers of other map
elements that help the user to navigate in the map will include polygon data (Built-in areas and
____________________________________________________________
Reserves), line data (Roads and Streams), and point data (Settlement names). The layers used
to generate GIS attributes will be used to generate GIS attributes for species records. The
software tools that will be used in creating the web database system include Quantum GIS
(QGIS), PostGIS (Spatial Database), PHP (Attribute Interface), Geoserver (Map Server),
GeoEditor, GeoExplorer, uDig (Desktop Internet GIS) t (RCP) and Xampp
Expected Project Outputs:
Digital GIS map of the forest types, forest cover and land uses around the Key Mining Areas
List of endemic, threatened and economically-important vertebrate fauna
GIS/web-based database of faunal composition and distribution
Species distribution models on how mining and vegetation changes affect the distribution and
diversity of vertebrate animals
Recommendations on appropriate policies and ordinances for wildlife conservation in the key
mining areas
Community Validation and Dissemination of findings to the public (brochures and tarpaulins)
Further research/project plans for the key mining areas
Paper presentations
International paper publications
LITERATURE CITED
Haribon Foundation. 2001. Module of Training-workshop on Philippine Terrestrial Biodiversity.
Heanderson & Seaby, 2001. Species Diversity and Richness software. Pisces Conservation Ltd,
IRC House, Pennington, Lemmington, SO41 8GN, UK
____________________________________________________________
Work Plan
YR 1
ACTIVITIES
GIS mapping of the area , Reconnaissance X

& Establishment of Sampling Stations
Biodiversity Field Sampling Training for the
field researchers
Surveying, collection and identification of
the fauna and habitat assessment
GIS/web-based database development
Species Distribution modeling using GIS
Data Analysis and Interpretation
Q1
Q2
Yr 2
Q3
Q4
Q1
Q2
Yr 3
Q3
Q4
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
X
X
X
X
X
Writing of Terminal Report
Dissemination of Information & Education

Campaign
Production of Final Report
International Publication
X
X
X
____________________________________________________________
Particulars
A. Direct Cost
Honoraria
Project Consultant (1 pax on a per
transaction basis)
A. Direct Cost
Rentals
Preservatives
Subtotal for MOOE
Computer (Laptop)
GRAND TOTAL
Total for
Year 1
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
26,400.00
100,800.00
26,400.00
100,800.00
26,400.00
100,800.00
26,400.00
100,800.00
105,600.00
403,200.00
105,600.00
403,200.00
105,600.00
403,200.00
316,800.00
1,209,600.00
20,000.00
147,200.00
20,000.00
147,200.00
20,000.00
147,200.00
20,000.00
147,200.00
80,000.00
588,800.00
80,000.00
588,800.00
80,000.00
588,800.00
240,000.00
1,766,400.00
25,000.00
4,000.00
20,000.00
70,000.00
15,000.00
20,000.00
17,500.00
30,000.00
201,500.00
25,000.00
4,000.00
20,000.00
25,000.00
4,000.00
20,000.00
15,000.00
25,000.00
4,000.00
20,000.00
70,000.00
15,000.00
17,500.00
30,000.00
111,500.00
17,500.00
30,000.00
181,500.00
17,500.00
30,000.00
111,500.00
100,000.00
16,000.00
80,000.00
140,000.00
60,000.00
20,000.00
70,000.00
120,000.00
606,000.00
100,000.00
16,000.00
60,000.00
100,000.00
60,000.00
20,000.00
70,000.00
120,000.00
546,000.00
80,000.00
16,000.00
60,000.00
60,000.00
60,000.00
10,000.00
70,000.00
120,000.00
476,000.00
280,000.00
32,000.00
200,000.00
300,000.00
180,000.00
50,000.00
210,000.00
360,000.00
1,612,000.00
0.00
25,870.00
284,570.00
50,000
50,000.00
124,480.00
1,369,280.00
0.00
106,480.00
1,171,280.00
50,000.00
50,000.00
342,840.00
3,771,240.00
50,000.00
50,000.00
39,870.00
438,570.00
0.00
25,870.00
284,570.00
0.00
32,870.00
361,570.00
15,000.00
____________________________________________________________
Year 2
0.00
113,480.00
1,248,280.00
Year 3
Grand Total
Project 6 :
Monitoring, Assessment and Profiling of Artisanal and Small-scale

Mining (MAP-ASM) in Key Areas of Caraga Region, Mindanao, Philippines
Leader/ Gender :
Lead Agency :
ENGR. SONIA IBARRA-BUSCANO / Female

Caraga Consortium for Responsible Mining (CCRM) (CSU)
Complete Address : Ampayon, Butuan City 8600 Caraga Region
Tel/ Fax/ Mobile : Tel. # (085) 341-2296, Fax # (085) 342-1079,
Mobile # +63-912-364-1659
Email : sibuscano@carsu.edu.ph
Project Staff :
Fe A. Manatad (ASSCAT) 0921-3111-370

Fernando L. Marzo (ASSCAT) 0905-5913-156
Kenneth L. Ciudad (CSU) 0999-9983-370
Melecio F. Mozo (CSU) (085) 342-0326
Gemma A. Gruyal (SDSSU) 0908-8838-950
Evangeline P. Sabejon (SSCT) 0919-3611-895
Maria Tavita Q. Lumintag (SSCT) 0917-7248-296
Project Duration :
12 months
NATURE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

The terms Artisanal mining and Small-scale mining, locally known as unregulated or illegal mining, both
denote rudimentary processes of ore extraction collectively cited here as ASM. The mainstream of ASM is
usually a poverty-driven bustle with less regard to the environment as commonly observed in the country
today. In fact, the Chamber of Mines of the Philippines (COMP) has sacked allegations that large-scale
mines were destroying the environment. The fault was put squarely on unregulated small-scale mining
and slash-and-burn farming methods. It was also reiterated that while small-scale miners are supposed to
be restricted to pick-and-shovel operations, unscrupulous foreign investors were funding them to use
equipment and dynamite to dig deeper for ore [12]. Hence, the chamber appealed to the government to
study how it could regulate small-scale mining which allegedly are depriving the country of potential
income and causing environmental destruction. Additionally, MGB director Leo L. Jasareno accounted
that most of these small-scale operations are illegal and do not pay taxes to the government so the
country does not benefit from it [9].
Presence of aforesaid investors was supported by reports that Chinese firms were using dummies and
entering small-scale mining to avoid identical level of regulation imposed on large-scale miners [11]. The
Department of Environment and Natural Resources thru the Mines and Geosciences Bureau (DENRMGB) has been working on policy reforms on regulated or legitimate small-scale mining for some time
now. Based on the statement of MGB director Leo L. Jasareno, the standards set for small-scale mining
have to be upgraded [10]. As provided by the existing Mining Act, the small-scale mining permits are
approved and issued by the City Mayor/ Provincial Governor, upon recommendation of the Provincial/City
Mining Regulatory Board (P/CMRB) which is in consonance with the Local Government Code and the
Small-scale Mining Law.
Despite the long history of small-scale mining in the Philippines, particularly in the extraction and
production of gold, there is very little published information pertaining to the sector [3]. Many of the socalled corrupt deeds and greediness of ASM cost the miners lives and property as affirmed by tragic
streak of mining accidents in ComVal province recently. Stopping of mining community by eviction, not to
mention resistance from the residents, is normally ineffective. In many instances, the local miners will
reappear after a short time span and local government units (LGUs) have inadequate funds to persistently
employ eviction. Several reasons surfaced for continuously doing illegal mining, mostly financial and
poverty-motivated.
____________________________________________________________
In Caraga, proliferation of ASM most notably in protected areas is already alarming [1, 5, 7, 8, 13 & 15]. It
seemed to be a menace to the regional biodiversity and ecosystem. Yet no harmonized or organized
effort exists to restrain the upsetting environmental impacts to vital waterbodies and water source.
However, it still needs to be resolved and calls for a fair share of study particularly in the suspected
affected areas like the following:
1
2
3
4
5
6
1) Parang-Parang Watershed in Surigao City

2) Taguibo Watershed in Butuan City and Agusan del Norte area
3) Mount Magdiwata Range in Agusan del Sur
4) Lake Mainit and Kalinawan River in Agusan del Norte
5) Agusan River in Butuan City
6) Other vulnerable areas (i.e. Mapaso Hot Spring, Placer, Surigao del Norte)
Figure 1: Map of the Caraga region indicating presence of ASM activities

(SOURCE:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ph_caraga.png)
____________________________________________________________
The proposed research will attempt to elicit perspective on ASMs actual operation, legal impediments,
and environmental implications. It serves as the preliminary move for identifying intervention or
appropriate mining technology to be introduced and/or transferred to the ASM community involving sitespecific assessments. To aid this, a comprehensive review of the recent media reports, news, magazines
and articles about ASM in the Caraga region is cited in the attached Appendix. The review also gathers
information from few scientific publications, unpublished researches and from the practical experience of
the researchers.
Issues that the project wishes to address
The vital issues to be addressed in this research evolved in the establishment of the ASM sector such as:
baseline on its importance and nature, generation of various maps, compendium of relevant practices and
identified impacts, and centralized database on resources for management purposes. These will be
addressed by the itemized basic dozen questions:
1) What are the actual number of local miners (group or individual) and its nature of operation?
2) What is the extent of its coverage, specific location and accessibility?
3) Who typically finances and manages the mines operation?
4) Does the mine have enough resources and knowledge on managing its operation and adverse
impacts?
5) What are the operational practices (i.e. prospecting, mining, processing, and marketing) employed?
6) Are the methods/techniques used hazardous? (to the workers, environment and/or communities)
7) If so, how are these addressed to reduce the hazards?
8) Does ASM bring more income to the local miners than other livelihoods?
9) What is/are the method of compensation commonly practised?
10) How can it contribute to our economy?
11) Are policies on the ASM activities already in place? (national, regional and/or local level)
12) Is there a need for technical intervention and legalization/regularization of its operation?
Concept of the research being proposed
The general concept of this research progressed to the technological advancement and legitimized
operation of the ASM sector as depicted in Fig 2. As the title suggests, it will treat repository of
information via monitoring, assessment and analysis of mine practices done by the operators in the
identified key areas in Caraga. The compendium and database as outputs will cater the current methods
used to be collated, integrated, analyzed, synthesized, shared and published. In resolving issues and
concerns in ASM, mine practitioners and local government units (LGUs) require vital source of information
from which to choose from and to keep abreast with the varying needs of time. The expected outputs will
dish up significant steer in designing intervention for the improvement of mining technology involved in
ASM as part of a technology transfer (TT).
____________________________________________________________
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
INNOVATION CLUSTER
Responsible Mining Technology
Lead Agency: Caraga Consortium for Responsible Mining
PROJECT TITLE
Monitoring, Assessment and Profiling of Artisanal and Small-scale Mining
(MAP-ASM) in Key Areas of Caraga Region, Mindanao
Leader: Engr. Sonia Ibarra-Buscano, MSChE CSU
KEY AREAS
1) Butuan City
2) Surigao City
3) Agusan del Norte
4) Agusan del Sur
5) Surigao del Norte
STUDY 1
Monitoring
a) Sampling and Lab Analysis
(Water, Soil and Sediment)
b) Community Transect Walk
c) Site Visits
- Mining hotspots
- Environmental hotspots
d) Interviews
- Mine operators and workers
- affected communities
e) Consultation of Stakeholders
f) Photo documentations
Output 1
Compendium of Practices
STUDY 2
Assessment
a) Desk-work (Policy issues)
b) Site Visits (Environmental
Impact)
c) Interviews (Socio-economic
Impact)
d) Focus Groups (Cultural
Impact)
e) Community Transect Walk
f) Impact Inventory
g) Actual survey (Technical
Aspect)
e) Ground truthing
Output 2
Database of Resources
STUDY 3
Profiling
a) Impact Inventory
b) Intervention Evaluation
c) Mapping (GIS/RS tools)
- Land use
- Ecological Impact
- etc.
d) Policy review
e) Consultation of Stakeholders
Output 3
Design of Intervention,
Programs and Policies (IPP)
Figure 2. Conceptual framework devised for site-specific assessment, solution planning, and design of
possible technology transfer.
Significance of the study
____________________________________________________________
This study will present a finding of a comprehensive profiling and mapping of ASM activities, specific
to the Caraga Region, serving as information-repository with principal focus on gold production
and quarrying operations. Typically, this undertaking has a more technical, environmental and legal
orientation involving stakeholders with emphasis on the sustainable livelihoods in the ASM sector. This
will be guided by RA 7942 (Philippine Mining Act of 1995) and its Revised Implementing Rules and
Regulations (RIRR), RA 7076 (Small-scale Mining Law), and other pertinent laws. Appropriate
intervention, programs and policies (IPP) directed to the ASM communities is to be drawn to contribute
to the enhancement of livelihood and sustainable poverty reduction in a precise time frame.
A standardized set of rules in the form of a toolkit will be adapted here so that profiling work will
certainly deliver the essential information. This will have a detailed analysis of technical problems that
need to be resolved in the context of responsible mining. It will enclose a significant quantitative data for
benchmarking and as level indicators (LI) to check expected change. New technology will be integrated
here especially in map generation using the Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote
Sensing (RS) tools.
The profound presentation of this profiling work will substantiate the baseline study to be outlined
extensively in scope, detail and depth of coverage. It will provide the data required for the IPP design
aimed at transforming the sector attuned with the existing Mining Act. Moreover, it is expected to suggest
recommendations and discuss possible implementation of the baseline surveys. Gap-closing
methodological tools (MT) will be imperative in the baseline work relevant to the sector.
Objectives of the study
The prime objective of this research is to carry-out a baseline survey on ASM that is sufficiently
comprehensive and accurate. This will serve as a basis for the formulation of IPP essential to transform
the ASM sector attuned to the stringent implementation of the Philippine Mining Act and other relevant
regulations. It will lead to a possible transfer of advanced mining technology appropriate to the area
surveyed as part of the Consortiums advocacy on Responsible Mining. Monitoring and assessment of
the existing regional ASM activities in the context of responsible mining will be associated to the following:
(a) Natural capital, (b) human capital, (c) financial capital, (d) social capital, and (e) physical capital.
Specifically, this study is categorised into different key parameters as indicators that aims to:
1
2
A. Technical
3
4
1. Generate land use map, ecological impact and other relevant maps.
5
2. Provide a detailed overview of the ASM sector including size and classification of
operation with special emphasis to gold extraction and the use of mercury
6
3. Make an inventory of equipments used by the miners (operational and non-operational)
7
4. Describe the organization and relations of production, processing and marketing in ASM
8
5. Assess the best practices and policies to develop ASM as a feasible economic activity
9
6. Highlight the constraints and problems affecting the sectors development
10
7. Characterize the nature and extent of ASM activities and their contribution for sustainable
livelihood strategies.
11
8. Identify potential solution and alternative approaches through assessment of past efforts
12
9. Introduce alternative technology for gold processing and extraction method
13
10. Assess the impacts of ASM on the livelihood of the local people, local economy,
environment and health
14
11. Represent the collated data quantitatively and to accumulate knowledge through data
management (i.e. compendium, database)
15
12. Make publicly available a resource base for others (i.e. Environmental assessment tools,
laboratory protocols, practical tools, such, methodological tools, knowledge products, and the
like)
16
17
B. Environmental
____________________________________________________________
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
1) Identify environmental hotspots caused by ASM

2) Provide comprehensive baseline data on the environmental conditions of the key ASM
areas in the region
3) Assess the impacts of ASM on the environment
4) Characterize the nature and extent of ASM activities in terms of environmental impacts
5) Characterize the short-and long-term environmental impacts of artisanal mining on the
study area
6) Introduce environmental monitoring programs and intervention measures
C. Legal
1) Assess the impacts of ASM on the livelihood of the local people, local economy,
2) Identify practical recommendations for improving governance through the national and
regional policy reform and institutional strengthening based on project findings
3) Develop local policy options and practices towards sustainable livelihood of the ASM
communities
4) Make recommendations on how to manage, develop and/or regulate the sector
D. Economic
1) Assess the operational cost involved in the ASM activities
2) Assess availability of financial resources and its accessibility
3) Inventory of the infrastructure and equipment used
4) Describe the organizational structure of the mine, its working conditions and the
remuneration scheme
5) Evaluate the economic importance of mining versus other livelihood activities
6) Characterize the nature and extent of ASM activities in terms of economic impacts and
their role within regional sustainable livelihood strategies
7) Linkages with other mining operators/companies, other sectors, relation to authorities and
community interaction
8) Recommend institutional and operational measures to improve the contribution of ASM for
gold to the countrys economy
E. Health and Safety
1) Assess access to food, water, sanitation, electricity, transportation, and medical services
2) Evaluate the peace-and-order situation in and around migrant miner settlements
3) Assess working conditions of the local miners including personal protective equipments
(PPE)
4) Identify occurrence of frequent and common diseases encountered
F. Socio-Cultural
1) Assess the impacts of ASM on the livelihood of the local people, local economy,
2) Characterize the nature and extent of ASM activities in terms of social and cultural impacts
and their role within rural sustainable livelihood strategies
G. Gender and Children participation
1) Determine the number of women and children engaged (directly or indirectly) in ASM
H. Community
____________________________________________________________
45
46
47
48
49
50
1
2
3
1) Describe the ASM job creation in the area

2) Provide a description and location of the miners settlement area
3) Survey the educational attainment of people directly and indirectly (miners and
dependents) involved in ASM activities
4) Demographic profile of the ASM community
I. Vulnerability
1) Identify and highlight some of the key assets and areas of vulnerability to members of ASM
communities
2) List of reasons for those who actively engaged in ASM
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Methodological Tools (MT)
The MT is to be used by individuals and organizations as presented on the ASM-PSEP Methodological
Draft Tools jointly prepared by the WWF Central Africa Regional Programme office (WWF-CARPO),
Estelle Levin Limited (UK) and Flora & Fauna International. Though it is initially designed for use by
trained social and environmental scientist, the tool will be adapted for more general use at a later stage.
There are different tools that can be drawn upon depending on the objectives of the undertaking as
illustrated in Table 1.
As discussed, there are 3 main applications of the basket of tools provided such as:
1. ASM baseline assessment of:
1
a) scale, scope, character of ASM
2
b) its environmental context
3
c) its social/economic/political/context
4
d) its impact
2. Intervention impact assessment of:
1
a) intervention rational and approach (what is the story of the intervention, how did it
2
come about, what did it involve)
3
b) intervention impacts
3. Program design tool building by methods used in ASM Baselining and Intervention Impact Assessment
tool.
Stakeholders participation
The importance of stakeholders engagement is clearly defined here as the groups and individuals who
affect or are affected by the mining activities depending on the scale and significance of a mining project,
referred to as key stakeholder group (KSG), as depicted in Table 2.
____________________________________________________________
SOURCE: Draft Methodological Tools - Assessment of ASM In and Around Protected areas (May 12,
2011)
____________________________________________________________
SOURCE: Draft Methodological Tools - Assessment of ASM In and Around Protected areas (May 12,
2011)
The Sustainable Livelihood Approach
A toolkit is to be adapted here which was developed by an international and interdisciplinary team of
researchers under the auspices of CASM in 2003 [16]. It considers individuals and households as
operating within a livelihoods pentagon, which is made up of five livelihood asset categories: natural
capital, physical capital, human capital, social capital and financial capital. For the sake of discussion, the
mentioned categories are clearly defined in this section.
Natural capital represents the natural resources base including the forest, flora and fauna, sources of
fresh water, and mineral resources. It includes both public goods such as clean air and biodiversity and
assets that people use for production such as arable land and fruit trees.
Human capital encompasses the skills, knowledge, ability to work and good health that enable people to
pursue different livelihood strategies and achieve their livelihood objectives.
Financial capital refers to issues such as employment, savings, household income, climate for credit,
investment, and so forth
Social capital is created by connections among individuals social networks and the norms of reciprocity
and trustworthiness that arise from them. These social resources support people in pursuit of their
livelihood objectives. Data on social capital cover organizational and institutional structures, conflicts,
migratory networks, and formal and informal social safety nets.
Physical capital represents mainly physical infrastructure such as roads, railways, markets, clinics,
schools and physical assets in mines such as equipment & machinery
Level Indicators (LI)
At the ASM operation level, a number of indicators on the sub-sector structure and on institutional
performance are included in addition to those related to asset pentagon of natural, human, financial,
social, and physical capital. Indicators at this level as recommended for profiling studies are presented in
Table 3.
____________________________________________________________
Table 3. ASM Operation Level
SOURCE: Program for Improvements to the Profiling of Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining Activities in
Africa and the Implementation of Baseline Surveys (Final Report March 2004)
Mining methods and practices

In order to get a good glimpse of the typical ASM activities compared to the regulated small-scale mining
in the Philippines, there is a dire need to have a clear understanding of the process involve, equipments
and tools used and its specific purpose. Table 4 illustrates the typical flowsheet as practiced in the country
nowadays.
____________________________________________________________
Table 4: Typical flow sheet of small-scale gold mining, milling and melting operations as practised in the
Philippines
SOURCE: Small-scale gold mining: The Kias gold mine, Philippines by Edmund Bugnosen (Edited by
Norman S. Jennings)
Small-scale Mining Laws in the Philippines

Currently, there is a misunderstanding as to the small-scale mining concept and implementation in the
Philippine legislation with the passage of the RA 7942 (Philippine Mining Act of 1995), the RA 7076
____________________________________________________________
(Small-scale Mining Law), and PD 1899 (Small-scale mining permit). The Department of Environment and
Natural Resources-Mines and Geosciences Bureau (DENR-MGB) is pushing for the rationalized conduct
of small-scale mining to help raise its compliance with applicable regulations and contribution to the
countrys economy, and to implement a single law [11,14]. To give an overview on this, important
provisions are being compared as cited in Table 5.
Table 5: Comparison of small-scale mining legislation
SOURCE: Small-scale gold mining: The Kias gold mine, Philippines (unpublished) by Edmund Bugnosen
(Edited by Norman S. Jennings)
METHODOLOGY
Methodology for this major baseline study-cum-profiling of ASM will combine desk work and field
surveys representing a quanti-qualitative approach. Available reports on ASM activities in the
Philippines will be used as the secondary source of information. Primary data collected during field survey
should consist of observations in mines and communities, and key stakeholders group (KSG) semistructured interviews (i.e. local miners, representative of miners associations, community leaders, mining
authorities and government officials). In some cases, material sampling and analyses will be conducted to
obtain data on environmental monitoring, health and safety assessment or technical performance. The
interdisciplinary team is to be composed with members of diverse expertise and specialization. Local focal
persons familiar with the local cultural norms and who can speak the local dialect will be employed as
well.
Method of implementation will include a research philosophy and instruments based on the sustainable
livelihoods approach to be adapted and modified. One of the approaches was first developed by the
Department for International Development (DFID), London (Figure 3).
____________________________________________________________
SOURCE: http://www.heemskerk.sr.org/CASM/CASM.html
Figure 3. The livelihood pentagon approach for the consideration of sustainable livelihood
The methodology and approach will lead to a more comprehensive understanding of the technological,
environmental, social, economic, political and governance aspects of the activity and its impact on poverty
reduction. Second, it will provide the knowledge base and data required for designing and implementing
policies and assistance programs adequate to reduce poverty and achieve social, economic and
environmental sustainability. And finally, it will permit to identify a set of indicators suitable for monitoring
and measuring progress toward these developmental objectives over time in different areas in the
regions.
____________________________________________________________
WORKPLAN
Activities
Phase 1
Setting up and study preparation
Phase 2
Background Information
Preparation of protocols
Planning of investigations
Phase 3
ASM Site visits
Field sampling
Interviews
Focus groups
Community transect walk
Phase 4
Impact inventory
Data Interpretation
Map generation
Intervention evaluation
Progress report writing
Phase 5
Result categorization
Data encoding
Designing of IPP
Final report writing and packaging
J
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
X
X
X
X
IMPLEMENTATION PERIOD
N
D
J
F
M
X
X
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
____________________________________________________________
BUDGETARY REQUIREMENT:
Particulars
A. Direct Cost
Honoraria
Project Consultant (1 pax on a per
transaction basis)
Expenses
A. Direct Cost
Rentals
Digitizer
Database Developer
GIS Expert
Subtotal for MOOE
Computer (Laptop)
GRAND TOTAL
Total for
Year 1
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
26,400.00
100,800.00
26,400.00
100,800.00
26,400.00
100,800.00
26,400.00
100,800.00
105,600.00
403,200.00
45,000.00
172,200.00
45,000.00
172,200.00
45,000.00
172,200.00
45,000.00
172,200.00
180,000.00
688,800.00
30,000.00
5,000.00
25,000.00
50,000.00
15,000.00
17,500.00
30,000.00
45,000.00
30,000.00
30,000.00
5,000.00
282,500.00
30,000.00
5,000.00
25,000.00
50,000.00
15,000.00
17,500.00
30,000.00
45,000.00
30,000.00
30,000.00
5,000.00
282,500.00
30,000.00
5,000.00
25,000.00
50,000.00
15,000.00
17,500.00
30,000.00
45,000.00
30,000.00
30,000.00
5,000.00
282,500.00
30,000.00
5,000.00
25,000.00
50,000.00
15,000.00
17,500.00
30,000.00
45,000.00
30,000.00
30,000.00
5,000.00
282,500.00
120,000.00
20,000.00
100,000.00
200,000.00
60,000.00
70,000.00
120,000.00
180,000.00
120,000.00
120,000.00
20,000.00
1,130,000.00
50,000.00
50,000.00
50,470.00
555,170.00
0.00
45,470.00
500,170.00
0.00
45,470.00
500,170.00
0.00
45,470.00
500,170.00
50,000
50,000.00
186,880.00
2,055,680.00
____________________________________________________________
LITERATURE CITED
1) Arguillas, C. O., (2010 July 31) Agusan Sur Gov Plazas Cease and Desist Order vs illegal miners
ignored.
MindaNews.
Retrieved
from
http://www.mindanews.com/environment/2010/07/31/agusan-sur-gov-plazas-cease-anddesist-order-vs-illegal-miners-ignored
2) Bergonia. T.S. (2011 May 21). Chinese mining firms skirt PH laws. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved
from http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/7605/chinese-mining-firms-skirt-ph-laws
3) Bugnosen, E. (2001) Country Case Study on Artisanal and Small-scale Mining: Philippines, No. 83,
Copyright 2002 IIED and WBCSD. Retrieved from http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/G00732.pdf
4) Bugnosen, E. Small-scale gold mining: The Kias gold mine, Philippines. Retrieved from
http://philippinemaps.ph/filer/Kias-gold-mine.pdf. Downloaded March 24, 2012
5) Catoto , R. (2010 September 27). 115 illegal gold-mining tunnels invade Surigao Citys only source of
potable
water.
MindaNews,
Retrieved
from
http://www.mindanews.com/environment/2010/09/27/115-illegal-gold-mining-tunnels-invadesurigao-citys-only-source-of-potable-water/
6) Hund, K and Levin, E.,(2011). Draft Methodological Tools - Assessment of ASM In and Around
Protected
areas
Downloaded:
March
25,
2012
from
http://www.profor.info/profor/sites/profor.info/files/docs/Methodological%20Tool%20%20PROFOR_may11.pdf
7) Mascarinas, E. (2012 February 20). Mining, illegal logging blamed for rapid floodwater rise in towns
near
Lake
Mainit
InterAksyon.com.
Available
online:http://www.interaksyon.com/article/24935/mining-illegal-logging-blamed-for-rapidfloodwater-rise-in-towns-near-lake-mainit
8) NEDA Expo trip [DOC] RDC Resolution No. available on-line: wwww.neda.gov.ph/ntoday/..._/NEDA
%2013%20expo%20trip.doc
9) Ng, J.A. (2012 March 14). Consultative mining task force proposed. BusinesMirror. Available on-line:
http://businessmirror.com.ph/home/top-news/24563-consultative-mining-task-force-proposed10) Noetstaller, R., Heemskerk, M., Hruschka, F.& Drechsler ,B., (2004). Final Report: Program for
Improvements to the Profiling of Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining Activities in Africa and the
Implementation
of
Baseline
Surveys.
Available
online:
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTOGMC/Resources/africaartisanalsmallscaleminingsurv
eys.pdf Downloaded: March 24, 2012.
11) Olchondra, R.T. (2011 may 21). Govt seeks major reform of small-scale mining. Philippine Daily
Inquirer. Retrieved from http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/7595/govt-seeks-major-reform-of-smallscale-mining
12) Olchondra, R. T., Quismundo, T. (2011 July 4). Small-scale mining blamed for destruction. Philippine
Daily Inquirer. Available on-line: http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/20971/small-scale-miningblamed-for-destruction
13) PNA. (2010 July 29). Govt orders stoppage of operations of 3 mining groups in Agusan del Sur
town.Balita.Available on-line: http://balita.ph/2010/07/29/govt-orders-stoppage-of-operationsof-3-mining-groups-in-agusan-del-sur-town/
14) PNA . (2012 January 30) DENR pushes rationalization for small-scale miners. BusinessMirror.
Available
on-line:
http://www.businessmirror.com.ph/home/regions/22613-denr-pushesrationalization-for-small-scale-miners
15) PIA (2009 july 29) NGO network formed vs illegal mining and logging in Taguibo Watershed. Illegallogging .info. Available on-line http://www.illegal-logging. info
16) PROFILING ARTISANAL AND SMALL-SCALE MINING. A toolkit for baseline studies in Africa (2005)
Available on-line: http://www.heemskerk.sr.org/CASM/CASM.html
____________________________________________________________
Project 7:
Vulnerability and Impact Assessment of Major Agricultural Systems

Adjacent to Mining Areas
Leader/ Gender:
Lead Agency
Complete Address:
Dr. Teresita A. Atega/F

College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
Caraga State University (CSU), Ampayon, Butuan City
085 3413729/__tats_2@yahoo.com
Tel/ Fax/ Email:

Project Staff:
Dr. Rebecca S. Sanchez (SDSSU)

Dr. Estrella S. Dinopol (ASSCAT)
Prof. Cherry I. Tabada (CSU)
Mr. Glenn Arthur A. Garcia (CSU)
Dr. Esamel M. Paluga (CSU)

The opening of the country for mining investments attracted mining investors from abroad to locate in
Caraga Region. Despite the laws and local ordinances formulated to minimize the impacts of mining to
the environment, issues on mining-related disasters and risks, mine tailings contaminating the fresh and
marine waters as well as rapid biodiversity loss and cultural degradation are heard on radio, seen on TV,
and read on dailies.
The presence of major pollutants generated by mining operations and extent of contamination in the
waters, air and soil affecting adjacent agricultural systems can be determined. Strategies to reduce the
risk of contamination need to be put in place.
Vulnerability of agricultural systems to major pollutants generated by mining operations greatly depends
on the extent of exposure and differ across time, geography and demography. Strategies, policies and
measures undertaken now and in the future reduce potential adverse effects on agricultural systems
adjacent mining sites. Since information about vulnerability of agricultural systems and impacts of mining
operations are yet to be organized, research efforts are imperative to deal with them comprehensively.
Timely decision-making on the part of policy makers and all stakeholders is crucial to plan for measures,
strategies and policies to reduce risks associated with mining or cope with the consequences.
Objectives
1) To identify and map out the major agricultural crops and livestock production areas adjacent to
mining sites
2) To analyze the vulnerability of major agricultural crops in terms of yield performance and quality of
products as affected by factors such as physico-chemical properties of soils, water source,
incidence of pest and disease as a result of mine tailings, acid mining drainage
3) To analyze the vulnerability of poultry and livestock in terms of growth and production
performance and quality of products as affected by factors such as physico-chemical properties
of soils, water source, incidence of pest and disease as a result of mine tailings, acid mining
drainage.
4) To investigate the situation of the environment surrounding mining sites by taking samples of
waters, sediments, soils, fish, poultry and major crops where pollution can be assumed and
evaluate the nature and extent of the pollution
5) To recommend measures that address the problems and issues concerning agriculture systems
adjacent to mining sites.
____________________________________________________________
Project Components
Study 1. Vulnerability of major agricultural crops in production areas adjacent to mining sites
Site 1 - Claver-Carascal (Novienta area)
Site 2 - Tubod -Santiago-Mainit gold mine
Site 3 - Bayugan Andanan gold mine
Site 4 - San Francisco-Bunawan artisanal gold mine
Study 2. Vulnerability of major poultry and livestock in production areas adjacent to mining areas
Site 1 - Claver-Carascal (Novienta area)
Site 2 - Tubod -Santiago-Mainit gold mine
Site 3 - Bayugan Andanan gold mine
Site 4 - San Francisco-Bunawan artisanal gold mine
Several volcanic chains form many of our magmatic island arc system brought about by volcanism and
plutonism since Pre-tertiary period, the Philippines, being one of the countries around the Pacific Ring of
Fire(Sajona and Domingo, 2011). Philippine faults and related structures also exist which controls
localization of many important deposits adding to the abundant natural resources particularly on mineral
reserves. Many mining companies are now established in different parts of our country particularly in
Caraga region. The Eastern and Central part of Mindanao belong to the Philippine Mobile Belt (PMB;
Gervasio, 1971). Unlike many of the islands in the Philippines, these parts are of Philippine Sea Plate
(PSP) affinity (Pubellier et al., 1991; Rangin and Silver, 1991) rather than of Eurasian. There are about 15
mining companies operating in Caraga region and 11 mining companies are on exploration and under
development status (Chamber of Mines Caraga Region, Inc., 2011). These companies, extracting mainly
gold, nickel and manganese, are classified as large-scale mining companies. However, many mediumand small-scale mining companies are also operating in the region. Unlike the large-scale mining
companies, some of the small-scale are operating without permits. This resulted in the enactment of P.D.
1899 (Small-Scale Mining Law) in 1884 and Republic Act No. 7076 Peoples Small-Scale Mining Act of
1991. Nevertheless, the presence of these mining firms brought about problems or threats of varying
magnitudes in the region. There are the conflicting land uses and ancestral domain claims that need to be
addressed. Some municipalities still lack local government policies on mining and the political will to
implement what is being stipulated in the existing mining law (RA No. 7942 Philippine Mining Act of
1995) and the hazards posed by the operations of mining gold, nickel and manganese affecting the air,
water source, the food chain and human health, among others.
While gold (Au) is present everywhere in the environment it is one of the allergens that induces dermatitis
in sensitive individuals. Gold concentrations were comparatively elevated in samples collected near gold
mining and processing facilities as reported by Eisler (2004). Maximum gold concentrations reported in
abiotic materials were 0.001 microg L(-1) in rainwater; 0.0015 microg L(-1) in seawater near hydrothermal
vents vs. < 0.00004-0.0007 microg L(-1) elsewhere; 5.0 microg kg(-1) dry weight (DW) in the Earth's
crust; 19.0 microg L(-1) in a freshwater stream near a gold mining site; 440 microg kg(-1) DW in
atmospheric dust near a high traffic road; 843 microg kg(-1) DW in alluvial soil near a Nevada gold mine
vs. < 29 microg kg(-1) DW premining; 2.53 mg kg(-1) DW in snow near a Russian smelter vs. < 0.35 mg
kg(-1) DW at a reference site; 4.5 mg kg(-1) DW in sewage sludge; 28.7 mg kg(-1) DW in polymetallic
sulfides from the ocean floor; and 256.0 mg kg(-1) DW in freshwater sediments near a gold mine tailings
pile vs. < 5 microg kg(-1) DW prior to mining.
In plants, elevated concentrations of 19 microg Au kg(-1) DW were reported in terrestrial vegetation near
gold mining operations vs. < 4 microg kg(-1) DW at a reference site; 37 microg kg(-1) DW in aquatic
bryophytes downstream from a gold mine; 150 microg Au kg(-1) DW in leaves of beans grown in soil
____________________________________________________________
containing 170 microg kg(-1) DW; up to 1.06 mg kg(-1) DW in algal mats of rivers receiving gold mine
wastes; and 0.1-100 mg kg(-1) DW in selected gold accumulator plants (Eisler 2004).
Another report by Eisler (2004) showed mercury contamination of the environment from historical and
ongoing mining practices that rely on mercury amalgamation for gold extraction. Contamination was
severe in the immediate vicinity of gold extraction and refining operations. However, mercury especially in
the form of water-soluble methylmercury, may be transported to pristine areas by rainwater, water
currents, deforestation, volatilization, and other vectors. Examples of gold mining-associated mercury
pollution have been shown for Canada, the U.S., Africa, China, the Philippines, Siberia, and South
America. In the U.S., environmental mercury contamination is mostly from historical gold mining
practices, and portions of Nevada remain sufficiently mercury contaminated to pose a hazard to
reproduction of carnivorous fishes and fish-eating birds. For some birds, adverse effects, mainly on
reproduction, have been associated with total mercury concentrations (microg/kg FW) of 5,000 in
feathers, 900 in eggs, and 50-100 in diet, and with daily intakes of 640 microg/kg BW.
Nickel and gold mining is often connected to acid mine drainage, since in the extraction the ores which
frequently occur in sulphide form becomes acidic when exposed to air and easily dissolve toxic heavy
metals such as arsenic, copper, iron and others. Eisler (2004) indicated arsenic sources associated with
gold mining include waste soil and rocks, residual water from ore concentrations, roasting of some types
of gold-containing ores to remove sulfur and sulfur oxides, and bacterially enhanced leaching. Maximum
total arsenic concentrations measured were 560 microg/L in surface waters, 5.16 mg/L in sediment pore
waters, 5.6 mg/kg DW in bird liver, 27 mg/kg DW in terrestrial grasses, 50 mg/kg DW in soils, 79 mg/kg
DW in aquatic plants, 103 mg/kg DW in bird diets, 225 mg/kg DW in soft parts of bivalve molluscs, 324
mg/L in mine drainage waters, 625 mg/kg DW in aquatic insects, 7,700 mg/kg DW in sediments, and
21,000 mg/ kg DW in tailings. Single oral doses of arsenicals that were fatal to 50% of tested species
ranged from 17 to 48 mg/kg BW in birds and from 2.5 to 33 mg/kg BW in mammals. Susceptible species
of mammals were adversely affected at chronic doses of 1-10 mg As/kg BW or 50 mg As/kg diet.
Sensitive aquatic species were damaged at water concentrations of 19-48 microg As/L, 120 mg As/kg
diet, or tissue residues (in the case of freshwater fish) > 1.3 mg/kg fresh weight. Adverse effects to crops
and vegetation were recorded at 3-28 mg of water-soluble As/L (equivalent to about 25-85 mg total As/kg
soil) and at atmospheric concentrations > 3.9 microg As/m3.
Extraction of gold through milling of ores with cyanide or cyanide leaching produces many hazardous
waste products that must be disposed of properly. Some of these hazardous materials are acids and
heavy metals, but the most hazardous compounds are the cyanide compounds which are extremely toxic
to most animals and can destroy an ecosystem if significant amounts if the solutions escape. If the
solutions get into soils, plants absorb them and cyanide accumulates in the plants and often proves
deadly for grazing livestock (Van de Ven .1997). As reported by Eisler and Wiemeyer (2004) potentially
toxic are sodium cyanide (NaCN), free cyanide, and metal-cyanide complexes from milling operations
tailings ponds of 150 ha and larger. All these cyanide-containing water bodies are hazardous to wildlife,
especially migratory waterfowl and bats, if not properly managed. Accidental spills of cyanide solutions
into rivers and streams have produced massive kills of fish and other aquatic biota. Freshwater fish are
the most cyanide-sensitive group of aquatic organisms tested, with high mortality documented at free
cyanide concentrations >20 microg/L and adverse effects on swimming and reproduction at >5 microg/L.
To prevent flooding in mine open pits, and to enable earth moving on a large scale, it is often necessary to
withdraw groundwater and use it for irrigation, discharge it to rapid infiltration basins, or in some cases,
discharge it to surface waters. Surface discharge of excess mine water and other waters to main
waterways may contain excess quantities of arsenic, total dissolved solids, boron, copper, fluoride, and
zinc. When mining operations cease, and the water pumps are dismantled, these large open pits may
slowly fill with water, forming lakes. The water quality of pit lakes may present a variety of pressing
environmental problems
____________________________________________________________
METHODOLOGY
The major agricultural crops and livestock production areas adjacent to mining sites of Claver-Carascal
(Novienta area), Tubod -Santiago-Mainit , Bayugan Andanan and San Francisco-Bunawan will be
identified and mapped. GIS tools will be used to combine datasets from various sources (such as
actual/survey data, secondary data, and remotely-sensed data). Remote sensing data like satellite
images and Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Satellite images will be used to determine the land cover
distribution within the area while the DEM will be calibrated and analyzed to describe the topography and
natural drainage system in the study area. Secondary and actual data will also be converted into spatial
data that will be used in the GIS environment.
Two approaches in evaluating impacts of mining activities on major agricultural crops and livestock will be
used, namely: empirical and simulation. Structured questionnaires will be prepared and personal interview
will be conducted with the farmers. Inventory of feed resources, maintenance, reproduction, production
and health parameters will be gathered including biomass and dry matter yield of feedstuff, feed intake
and feed conversion (maintenance indices), weaning to conception interval, farrowing rate, farrowing
interval, and incidence of abortion (reproduction indices), milk yield (production index), cases of diarrhea,
respiratory problems, and mortality for the past 12 months, 6 months, 2 weeks (health indices), surface
water distribution, and vegetative cover (vector habitats). Parameters for crops include yield, growth
performance, incidence of pests and diseases and quality of products. Questions will be constructed in
which the exposure and sensitivity of the agricultural system shall be assessed. Data gathering will be
done quarterly for t
Blood samples from selected livestock species, tissue samples from crops, soil and water samples will
be collected from strategic points for analysis of Hg, Ni, Pb, Ar, Fe, Mn, Au and cyanide using standard
methods. Sampling and data gathering will be done quarterly for the period of 3 years.
For the development of models, assessment will be focused on data availability, sufficiency and length of
records. Whenever possible, the reliability of the data will also be assessed. Data on crops and livestock
performance will be obtained from different institutions and private farms. Data on the occurrence of
livestock diseases will be obtained from PAHC and MUSCA DA-RFU IX. Possible relationships among
involved parameters of mining activity contamination and livestock will be estimated using appropriate
statistical methods. Equations will then be derived for each established relationship, may be a simple
relationship between exposure and response. A spatial data analysis will also be employed to be able to
describe the spatio-temporal distribution of parameters (soil properties, plant/species distribution, heavy
metal concentrations, etc.).
____________________________________________________________
ITEM
I. PERSONAL SERVICES
Direct Cost
Salaries/Wages/Honoraria
(1)Project Leader@8,800/mo
(5)Study Leader@4,800/mo
(2) Support staff @1,500/qtr
Sub-total
II. MOOE
A. Direct Cost
Travel
Supplies and Materials
Office/Training Supplies
Communication
Other Services
Rentals
Laboratory analysis
Sub-Total
YEAR 1
Q1
Q2
Q3
YEAR1
Q4
YEAR 2
TOTAL
26,400.00
72,000.00
3,000.00
101,400.00
26,400.00
72,000.00
3,000.00
101,400.00
26,400.00
72,000.00
3,000.00
101,400.00
26,400.00
72,000.00
3,000.00
101,400.00
105,600.00
288,000.00
12,000.00
405,600.00
105,600.00
288,000.00
12,000.00
405,600.00
211,000.00
576,000.00
24,000.00
811,000.00
50,000.00
40,000.00
50,000.00
5,000.00
25,000.00
20,000.00
60,000.00
250,000.00
50,000.00
50,000.00
40,000.00
50,000.00
5,000.00
25,000.00
20,000.00
60,000.00
250,000.00
50,000.00
200,000.00
80,000.00
100,000.00
20,000.00
100,000.00
80,000.00
240,000.00
820,000.00
200,000.00
80,000.00
100,000.00
20,000.00
100,000.00
80,000.00
240,000.00
820,000.00
400,000.00
160,000.00
200,000.00
40,000.00
200,000.00
160,000.00
480,000.00
1,640,000.00
5,000.00
25,000.00
20,000.00
60,000.00
160,000.00
5,000.00
25,000.00
20,000.00
60,000.00
160,000.00
III. Capital & Equipment Outlay

1 GPS
30,000.00
30,000.00
Sub-Total
35,000.00
35,000.00
IV. Administrative Cost

PROJECT TOTAL
38,640.00
425,040.00
26,140.00
287,540.00
35,140.00
386,540.00
26,140.00
287,540.00
126,060.00
1,386,660.00
____________________________________________________________
30,000.00
35,000.00
122,560.00
1,348,160.00
248,600.00
2,734,600.00
WORKPLAN
Y1
ACTIVITY
Clearance from local authorities (Ips,
Brgy., Mayors) and mining companies
Preparation of initial questionnaire
Site inspection/Ground surveying
Identification of major crops, poultry and
livestocks
Technical orientation/discussion of the
project staff
Formulation of:
survey questionnaire, Observation
guide/checklist, Interview schedule
Data gathering and sampling:
Survey/Interview, soil, water, blood,
tissue sampling
Laboratory analysis
GIS Mapping
Modelling
Annual report
Terminal report
Q1
x
Y2
Y3
Q3
Q4
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q1
Q2
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
X
Literature Cited
Chamber of Mines Caraga Region, Inc., 2011. Operating Mines and Companies on Exploration and
Under Development. URL http://chamberofminescaraga.org/ (accessed March 2012)
Gervasio, F.C., 1971. Geotectonic evolution of the Philippines. Journal of the Geological Society of the
Philippines. 25:18-38.
Eisler R. 2004. Gold concentrations in abiotic materials, plants, and animals: a synoptic review. Environ
Monit Assess. Jan;90(1-3):73-88.
Eisler, R. 2004. Mercury hazards from gold mining to humans, plants, and animals. Rev Environ Contam
Toxicol. ;181:139-98.
Eisler, R. 2004. Arsenic hazards to humans, plants, and animals from gold mining. Rev Environ Contam
Toxicol. 180:133-65.
Eisler R. and Wiemeyer S. N. 2004. Cyanide hazards to plants and animals from gold mining and related
water issues. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 183:21-54.
Pubellier, M., Quebral, R., Rangin, C., Deffontaines, B., Muller, C., Butterlin, J. and Manzano, J., (1991).
The Mindanao collision zone: a soft collision event within a continuous Neogene strikeslip setting. J. Southeast Asian Earth Science. 6:239-248.
Rangin C. and Silver E.A., (1991). Neogene tectonic evolution of the Celebes-Sulu basins: new insights
from leg 124 Drilling. In: Proceedings, Ocean Drilling Program Scientific Results (Silver,
E.A. and Rangin, C., ed.). Ocean Drilling Program, Texas. Vol. 124: 51-64
____________________________________________________________
Sajona, F.G. and Domingo, E.G., (2011). Philippine Mineral Exploration Perspective. In: Mining
Philippines 2011 Conference and Exhibition, Sofitel Plaza Hotel, Manila, Philippines 1315 September 2011.
Van de Ven, C.1997. Gold Extraction Using Cyanide Leaching. Undergraduate Engineering Review.
Article Online.
____________________________________________________________
Project 8.
Ecological Restoration in Nickel Mine toward Reduction of Mining Impacts

in the Surigao Provinces
Project Leader:
Project Staff:
Rowena P. Varela
Aisa O. Manlosa
Van Leeah B. Alibo
Sonia I. Buscano
Miraluna L. Herrera
Julamae Echalico-Beseos
Lead Implementing Agency:

Complete Address:

Telefax: 085-3426251
Email: rowenavarela@yahoo.com
Nature and Importance of the Project

Mining in Caraga Region is becoming commonplace for many people due to the abundant minerals in the
mountains of Mt. Diwata Range that traverses from Compostela Valley to the Red Mountain in Surigao.
Nickel and iron are abundant in the Claver-Carrascal area (known locally as Novienta), while gold is
mined in Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur and Surigao del Sur.
The mining operations in various sites of the region are viewed by environmentalists as the cause of
environmental degradation. Thus the call to stop mining is becoming popular everywhere in the region. At
present, the most noticeable environmental effect of mining is in the Claver-Carrascal area where
companies that mine nickel using the surface stripping mining technology are located. Strip mining is the
most common technique adopted for nickel mining and statistics show that stripping of 500 million tonnes
of overburden had to be removed to extract nickel ore, which amounted to clearing an area of 20 hectares
(49 acres) per million tonne (five million tonnes of ore per year generate 25 million tonnes of tailings). Due
to the surface removal of soil, the topmost part is stripped of vegetation thereby causing soil erosion
during rainy season which causes the soil particles to eventually reach the freshwater and marine water
bodies nearby. With chromite present in the soil, the waters in the shoreline and river systems adjoining
the mine areas appear red. Hence, Taganito Mining Corporation (TMC) started to address this issue by
managing the siltation by digging a silting pond, and dredging the siltation that goes out of the silting
ponds.
In many developed countries, use of constructed wetlands is one strategy to reduce the impact of
pollution. EPA (2005) reported that wetlands and riparian areas should be considered part of a continuum
of filters along rivers, streams, lakes, and coastal waters that together serve an important non-point
source (NPS) abatement function. The government of New Caledonia evolved strategies, technologies
and policies to maintain the balance between environmental conservation measures and mining industry.
This include the enforcement of installing pollution abatement equipment construction of sedimentation
barriers, catchment area treatment, creation of settlement basin and terraces to reduce silt flow into
streams and rivers, among others. The government likewise directed mine companies to implement replantation of vegetation after mine is exploited, and technological improvements for efficient economic
extraction concomitant with environmental friendly pollution control measures. Eco-zoning is another
strategy, wherein buffer zones are vegetated and mining prospecting is totally banned in zones declared
as protected area.
The nickel mining firms in the Claver-Carrascal area have started rehabilitation and restoration of the
areas affected by their operations and even in indirect impact areas where siltation resulting from their
operations flow. Nonetheless, in spite of their efforts, negative environmental effects are still visible that
invite critics and environmentalists to call for mining ban. Inasmuch as there are always 2 sides in a coin,
it is sensible to assess the restoration efforts of the mining firms and see if these can be improved to
____________________________________________________________
further reduce the environmental impacts. Likewise, tested strategies implemented in countries that have
passed this stage of mining concerns are worth verifying such that the cost of the operation would be
lessened. Hence, this project is proposed for the purpose of:
o
o
o
Analyzing the rehabilitation efforts in mining areas toward effective eco-restoration program
Population restoration of key species through assisted natural regeneration (ANR) in key mining
areas
Reducing water contamination using a through wetland restoration
Project Components:
Study 1. Analysis of rehabilitation efforts in mining areas toward effective eco-restoration program
Study 2. Population restoration of key species through assisted natural regeneration (ANR) in key
mining areas
Study 3. Water Contamination Reduction Through Wetland Restoration
Methodology:
Analysis of rehabilitation efforts in mining areas
A review of the EIS of the various participating nickel mining firms in the Claver-Carrascal area will be
done. This is to revisit the recommendations and terms and conditions stipulated in the document to
mitigate environmental impacts in both the direct and indirect impact areas. This information will be used
as basis in the assessment of the rehabilitation efforts of the companies.
Interviews with key informants will be conducted to obtain information relevant in the study. This will
include key informants from the Environmental Monitoring Bureau-13 (EMB-13), Mines and Geosciences
Bureau-13 (MGB-13), the key officials in the companies, LGU officials knowledgeable about the
rehabilitation program, as well as knowledgeable local people. A Focus Group Discussion (FGD) will also
be done to validate the interviews with key informants.
Actual site inspection will also be conducted. Assessment of the rehabilitation program will be made
adopting the monitoring and evaluation tool developed by EPA and the New Caledonia Government.
Population restoration of key species through assisted natural regeneration (ANR)
Key species of plants and animals in both the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems identified by the
Biodiversity Group will be used as resources for the assisted natural regeneration (ANR). To hasten the
restoration efforts, technologies developed for soil restoration, cloning of plants that are difficult to grow by
sexual propagation, as well as technologies in restoring the population of key aquatic plant species and
key fish species and other aquatic animals will be sought to be tested for the Claver-Carrascal mining
areas.
Inasmuch as re-plantation of vegetation and artificial spawning of fish can only be done in a limited area
due to the constraints of costs, patches of areas strategic for the species to regenerate naturally will be
identified. However, ecological modeling will be done to determine the size and shape of the patch where
re-vegetation will be done or spawning of key fish species will be made. Monthly assessment on the
spread of the plants and fish species will be conducted in the earlier period after re-vegetation or
spawning had been done. Monitoring and evaluation will be conducted quarterly after a year from revegetation and artificial spawning.
Water Contamination Reduction by Wetland Restoration
____________________________________________________________
The project will adopt the procedures outlined by the US EPA (2005). The following steps and activities
will be considered in the planning and implementation of restoration projects.
Step 1. Conduct a Basic Site Characterization
Site characterization and data collection are important initial steps in any restoration effort. Data on the
physical and chemical characteristics of the restoration site and conditions in the surrounding watershed
should be collected and analyzed. Both present and historical site conditions should be characterized.
Historical data can provide valuable information useful for developing potentially achievable project goals.
It is important, at this stage, to compile available data on stressors that could affect restoration efforts
such as NPS pollutant loadings, surrounding land use, and hydrologic alterations (hydromodification).
Land ownership and regulatory requirements should also be identified.
Information compiled during the site characterization, including both site-specific and watershed-scale
data, provides a baseline for developing the restoration design and for evaluating the progress and
success of the project.
Basic site characterization and data collection are important initial steps in planning restoration.
Characterization should include information on soil types, watershed features (size, slope, water
availability, water quality), existing vegetative cover types, adjacent land uses, projected future land uses,
property boundaries, and fish and wildlife habitat.
Long-term residents, university libraries, and local private conservation organizations are also good
sources of information. Many areas have been previously studied as part of watershed management
plans, resource inventories, environmental impact statements, and the like.
Conduct watershed-scale analysis. How a wetland or riparian area is situated in a watershed influences
its function. It is important to understand what lands drain to a wetland or riparian area and how the
ecosystem fits into the watershed. Conditions throughout a watershed can ultimately affect the success of
restoration efforts.
Identify nature of impairment. Initial identification of the causes of damage to a degraded wetland or
riparian area is necessary to ensure that they are addressed and ameliorated during the restoration
process. A thorough analysis of the cause or causes of alterations or impairments
is fundamental to identifying management opportunities and constraints and to defining realistic and
attainable restoration objectives.
Step 2. Identify Goals for Restoration
Before identifying and selecting restoration techniques, identify specific goals for restoration.
Identify pollution abatement functions along with other ecological benefits obtainable through restoration
efforts. Identify the environmental benefits that may be realized as a result of restoring preexisting
wetland or riparian area functions. These benefits, such as NPS pollutant abatement, should form the
basis for developing restoration goals. It is important that the goals are appropriate and obtainable based
on project characteristics and constraints. Public involvement in the development of project goals is
important. Involving the public not only improves the validity of restoration goals, but also generates
interest and support.
Develop specific objectives for hydrology, soils, and biota appropriate to the wetland type being
restored. Turn objectives into measurable target criteria that can be monitored to determine the progress
of the project. Restoration projects provide excellent opportunities to educate the public on the roles of
wetlands and riparian areas in protecting water quality.
Begin partnership involvement and refine objectives. Partners can include anyone who has an interest in
the watershed. It is important to include all the key interest groups so that you can tap strengths, increase
____________________________________________________________
credibility, reduce duplication of efforts, and make optimal use of limited funds. Early consideration of
restoration goals, objectives, and scope can assist participants in determining whose interests are
affected. Active participants should include all parties necessary to develop and implement solutions to
the problems being addressed, as well as those who could
impede restoration efforts.
Plan to secure necessary permits. Restoration conducted in, or in contact with, wetlands and other water
bodies may be subject to federal, state, and local regulatory programs and requirements. Permit
requirements should be determined at an early stage of the restoration process.
Step 3. Identify and Select Restoration Techniques
Although addressing on-site conditions is critical to the chemical, physical, and biological restoration of a
wetland or riparian area, the focus of management options should include stressors that originate outside
the area as well. Management options considered should include techniques applied on-site and in the
surrounding watershed that reduce pollutant loadings and allow the restored wetland or riparian area to
reach a state of equilibrium in the landscape.
Identify methods that allow nature to do the work (passive versus active restoration). Consider the use
of natural or bioengineering methods over typical structural engineering methods.
Identify viable BMPs applicable to obtaining restoration goals. Properly designed and placed BMPs
should be implemented to reduce potential impacts to restoration efforts associated with activities or
conditions existing within or outside of the restoration site.
Evaluate costs and benefits. Selecting and evaluating restoration efforts must take into account the
costs of implementation, operation, and maintenance. A selected technique should be cost-effective and
result in environmental benefits.
Select best combination of restoration options. Once restoration options have been identified, select the
ones that best meet the project goals, benefit the environment, and are within financial means. If more
than one restoration strategy seems feasible, consider each alternative carefully before making a final
selection. In particular, make sure the benefits and costs are understood fully when choosing an active
restoration strategy. In many instances a passive or bioengineered approach might be preferable to or
less expensive than an active or structural technique.
Assign priorities to restoration efforts. Limitations of funding and human resources are often an issue for
restoration projects. It is important to establish priorities so that time-sensitive projects and efforts
providing the greatest returns can be implemented first.
Plan for monitoring. In any restoration effort, monitoring is needed to evaluate progress toward achieving
goals. Monitoring should be planned to track the progress of the project and identify potential problems to
ensure that progress initially gained is not lost at a later time. Planning for monitoring should begin before
the project is implemented and the sites characteristics are modified. The monitoring plan should include
all three phasesdesign, installation, and evaluation.
Establish schedule. Schedule for success. Seasonal variations and upstream BMP implementation
schedules should be taken into account when scheduling restoration.
Finalize restoration design plan. Develop a restoration design plan based on information collected and
evaluated in the previous steps. The design plan will be used as the blueprint for implementation of the
restoration project. Enough flexibility should be included in the plan to allow for modifications or
corrections where needed.
Secure necessary permits.
Consider using volunteers.
____________________________________________________________
Step 4. Implement Restoration

Before implementing restoration, the project designer, contractors, and other stakeholders should meet
and agree on scheduling, the order of operation, and responsibilities. The potential for delays caused by
bad weather or unforeseen construction obstacles should be considered when developing the project
schedule. Allowing extra time to address unforeseen problems should improve the potential for successful
restoration.
Develop community support through publicity and the use of volunteers.
Protect local resources from construction impacts. Inspect the site during implementation. Have a
coordinator on site to ensure plans are followed, to ensure BMPs are working, and to direct volunteers.
Be flexible. Restoration projects are most successful where flexibility allows changes to be made or
corrective measures to be implemented if the original design provides inadequate or site conditions
change.
Step 5. Monitor for Success
Ensure that monitoring is designed so that progress is ongoing. All restoration projects should include
post-project monitoring that evaluates the effectiveness of the restoration effort, and the evaluation
technique should be based on the specific project goals and target criteria. Monitoring the results of the
restoration effort allows recovery methods to be adjusted for greater effectiveness. In addition, lessons
learned from successes and failures can be applied to future efforts.
Design data collection plan. Typical monitoring activities include:
Water quality sampling (including upstream and downstream of project)
Measurement of water depths
Measurement of flow rates and flow patterns
Substrate characterization
Sediment flux
Vegetation characterization and success rates
Habitat evaluation
Development of a photographic record
Collect and evaluate data. Progress can be measured in many ways and communicated through
meetings, brochures, Internet sites, annual reports, news releases, and other ways. It is important to
make sure that the appropriate measures of progress are selected and that information on these
indicators is shared with relevant stakeholders. Measurements of progress should be associated with
achieving goals set for the restoration effort.
Set schedule for continued routine monitoring. Continued monitoring should be conducted at set
intervals that will enable potential problems to be identified early enough so that corrective measures can
be successfully implemented. Routine monitoring should be performed at an appropriate time of year and
should be repeated at appropriate intervals to determine whether the project is on track and objectives
are being met. Inappropriate timing of monitoring visits can result in a high variability in data. Conduct
routine assessment for several years following initial restoration.
Step 6. Long-Term Management
Restoration projects are most successful where long-term management and monitoring are provided.
Restoration features or techniques that are consistent with natural forces often tend to require less active
management. Where this is not possible, provisions for long term management might be expected.
Continued monitoring typically differs from the initial monitoring program, which had the burden of proving
____________________________________________________________
that restoration techniques were working in the given setting. Monitoring and assessment should continue
for several years and should include water levels throughout the year, establishment of wetland
vegetation, patterns of plant succession, development of wetland soil profiles, and use by animal species.
Monitoring and assessment should also include conditions in the upstream watershed. Changes in
upstream hydrologic conditions resulting from hydromodification or land use changes could adversely
affect the success of the restoration project. Identification of changes in the upstream watershed and
assessment of their impacts on achieving restoration goals makes it possible to identify and implement
design or management changes necessary to ensure the continued success of restoration. Long-term
routine monitoring following the completion of initial restoration is designed to identify maintenance needs
and to ensure progress toward project goals.
Volunteer monitoring should be considered for tracking the long-term success of the restoration.
Volunteers benefit from learning about the characteristics and functions of wetlands and riparian areas.
Also, using volunteers that are adequately trained with appropriate organization and support can
represent a substantial reduction in the often high cost of long-term monitoring. Minimal maintenance
activities are often required to ensure success. Typical maintenance activities include maintaining buffer
zones, preventing soil erosion and sedimentation, inspecting and nurturing plantings and controlling
exotic species.
Literature Cited:
US EPA. 2005. National Management Measures to Protect and Restore Wetlands and Riparian Areas for
the Abatement of Nonpoint Source Pollution. United States Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Water, Washington, DC 20460, EPA-841-B-05-003, July 2005.
Gosh, D. 2007. Designing Wetlands for Lake Restoration. Proceedings of Taal 2007. The 12 th World Lake
Conference. Sengupta, M and Dalwani, R. (eds). 988-994.
Brookhaven National Laboratory Technology Fact Sheet. (Undated). Wetlands Restoration/ Constructed
Wetlands. Peconic River Remedial Alternative.
Peters, M. 2010. Restoration Planning. In: Wetland Restoration. A Handbook for New Zealand Freshwater
Systems. /edited by Monica Peters and Beverley Clarkson. Lincoln, N.Z.: Manaaki Whenua
Press.
____________________________________________________________
Budgetary Requirements:
Particulars
A. Direct Cost
Honoraria
A. Direct Cost
Rentals
Subtotal for MOOE
Camera
Laptop Computer
GRAND TOTAL
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
0.00
72,000.00
72,000.00
0.00
72,000.00
72,000.00
0.00
72,000.00
72,000.00
0.00
72,000.00
72,000.00
0.00
288,000.00
288,000.00
0.00
288,000.00
288,000.00
0.00
576,000.00
576,000.00
20,000.00
4,000.00
25,000.00
25,000.00
20,000.00
50,000.00
10,000.00
124,000.00
20,000.00
4,000.00
25,000.00
25,000.00
20,000.00
50,000.00
10,000.00
124,000.00
20,000.00
4,000.00
25,000.00
25,000.00
20,000.00
50,000.00
10,000.00
124,000.00
20,000.00
4,000.00
25,000.00
25,000.00
20,000.00
50,000.00
10,000.00
124,000.00
80,000.00
16,000.00
100,000.00
100,000.00
80,000.00
200,000.00
40,000.00
496,000.00
80,000.00
16,000.00
100,000.00
80,000.00
80,000.00
200,000.00
40,000.00
476,000.00
160,000.00
32,000.00
200,000.00
180,000.00
160,000.00
400,000.00
80,000.00
972,000.00
0
19,600.00
215,600.00
50,000
20,000
70,000.00
85,400.00
939,400.00
0
76,400.00
840,400.00
50,000.00
20,000.00
70,000.00
161,800.00
1,779,800.00
50,000.00
20,000.00
70,000.00
26,600.00
292,600.00
0
19,600.00
215,600.00
0
19,600.00
215,600.00
Total for Year 1
____________________________________________________________
Year 2
Grand Total
Project 9.
Information Systems for Geo-Hazard Assessment and Mapping of Mining Sites in

Caraga Region
Project Leader:
Lead Implementing Agency:
Project Staff:
Engr. Meriam Santillan-Makinano

Cherry I. Tabada (CSU)
Engr. Michelle V. Japitana (CSU)
Engr. Michael Sabugaa (ASSCAT)
Nature and Significance of the Project:

This project seeks to provide a reliable web-based information system and GIS-based Geo-hazard threat
analysis, and landscape analysis for the Mining site of Caraga Region. A databank facility of the
Information Systems shall be maintained that can capture and store real time data on remote site
unobtrusively, provide context-sensitive information to users, convert the source data format into a
destination data format, and provide 24/7 service to stakeholders. Furthermore, the project shall provide
GIS maps on land use, land cover, settlement, creeks, road networks and waterways.
GIS gives mining companies the tools they need to operate mines responsibly and at optimum efficiency.
It is a comprehensive, interoperable technology specifically designed to compile, process, display,
analyze, and archive volumes of interdisciplinary data.
Developing a reliable information system (IS) and conducting GIS-based Geo-Hazard threat analysis and
landscape analysis would be of great help to planners, researchers, extension workers and managers for
environmental protection and conservation, and sound utilization of natural resources in Caraga Region,
specifically in the Mining Areas. This will provide data on climate, soil, water quality, physiographic
features, land use, species (flora and fauna), and other bio-physical characteristics of agri-forestry
systems.
Project Scope and Objectives
The project will develop information systems and generate GIS-based analysis for Geo-hazard
assessment of mining areas in Caraga region namely: Claver Carascal (Noventa area), Tubod-SantiagoMainit, Bayugan-Andanan, San Francisco-Bunawan.
Specifically, the project will be able to:
Build a databank facility of the Information Systems for site and geo-hazard assessment and archiving in
the mining areas of Caraga Region.
1. Design and maintain the information system that will be able to:
a. Capture and store real time data on remote site unobtrusively.
b. Provide context-sensitive information to users.
c. Convert the source data format into a destination data format.
d. Provide 24/7 service to stakeholders.
2. Provide GIS maps on land use, land cover, settlement, creeks, road networks and waterways.
3. Generate GIS-based biodiversity threat analysis.
4. Generate GIS-based landscape analysis.
5. Site and Hazard Characterization using Remote Sensing and GIS: A Rehabilitation tool for the
Mining areas.
____________________________________________________________
Research Plan
1. Building a databank facility
A central depository of data will be established for maintaining various types of databases and
information systems are vital for improved research planning and understanding the Geo-hazard
assessment of the mining sites towards conservation, climate change mitigation and provision of
environmental services. ICT facilities such as high-end servers, workstations, LAN/WAN
networks, switches, and other hardware are wanting. Licensed software, open source systems,
and connection to the internet will also be needed for the databank facility. The facility should be
able to provide 24/7 service to stakeholders.
2. Design and Maintenance
Systems analysis will be done before any information systems shall be designed and
implemented. Rapid application development will be employed. Features
3. Capture
The information system will be able to capture and store real time data on remote site
unobtrusively. The project will utilize the automatic weather station installed by PAG-ASA
DOST. This can facilitate efficient data acquisition and transmission of data or information to
the server.
4. Monitor
The information system will generate reports such as crop yields, livestock performance, pest
and disease outbreaks, food availability for people, and other bio-physical characteristics will
be done. Information systems like fertilizer recommendation guide (IEC materials), rainfall
datasets, and others will be made online, as well.
5. Search
Efficient search and retrieval systems are also necessary to provide context-sensitive
information to users. Development of web-based information systems for community-related
attributes, mining concession maps, human settlements, water bodies and other bio-physical
characteristics will be done. Information systems that include elevation, slope, soil type,
rainfall datasets, and others will be made online.
6. Share
The system will incorporate a data format transformation engine to convert from source data
format into a destination data format. Transformation engines help share data and put
together diverse and complex data sets, documents, and messages across the systems.
____________________________________________________________
Particulars
A. Direct Cost
Honoraria
Project Staff @ P 4,800/month x 4 pax
Expenses
A. Direct Cost
Digitizer
GIS Expert
Subtotal for MOOE
Printer
Computer Server
Subtotal for Equipment Outlay
GRAND TOTAL
Q1
Total for
Year 1
Q2
Q3
Q4
26,400.00
57,600.00
84,000.00
26,400.00
57,600.00
84,000.00
26,400.00
57,600.00
84,000.00
26,400.00
57,600.00
84,000.00
105,600.00
230,400.00
336,000.00
25,000.00
10,000.00
20,000.00
30,000.00
45,000.00
30,000.00
5,000.00
165,000.00
20,000.00
10,000.00
20,000.00
30,000.00
45,000.00
30,000.00
5,000.00
160,000.00
25,000.00
10,000.00
20,000.00
30,000.00
45,000.00
30,000.00
5,000.00
165,000.00
20,000.00
10,000.00
20,000.00
30,000.00
45,000.00
30,000.00
5,000.00
160,000.00
90,000.00
40,000.00
80,000.00
120,000.00
180,000.00
120,000.00
20,000.00
650,000.00
15,000.00
110,000.00
115,000.00
36,400.00
400,400.00
24,400.00
268,400.00
24,900.00
273,900.00
24,400.00
268,400.00
15,000.00
110,000.00
115,000.00
110,100.00
1,211,100.00
____________________________________________________________
Appendix A. Official List of Mining Companies in Caraga for 2012 Inspection

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
Shenzhou Mining Group Corp., Cagdianao, Claver, Surigao del Norte

Wallaby Corp./Rugby Mining Limited, Villa Virginia, Brgy. Rizal, Surigao City
VTP Construction and Mining Corp., Adlay, Carrascal, Surigao del Sur
Marc Ventures Mining & Devt. Corp., Cantilan, Surigao del Sur
Platinum Group Metals Corp., Cagdianao, Claver, Surigao del Norte
PACEMPHIL, Km 10, Surigao City
Riofil-ERQ Construction, Taganito, Claver, Surigao del Norte
Shuley Mine Incorporated, Nonoc Island, Surigao Del Norte261621081.doc
SR Metals Incorporated, Brgy. La Fraternidad, Agusan del Norte
Cagdianao Mining Corporation, 03825 Narciso St., Surigao del Norte
SBF Drilling Resources Phil. Corp., Bayugan-3, Rosario, Agusan del Sur
Pacific Cement Philippines Inc., Km. 10, Brgy. Quezon, Surigao City
Philsaga Mining Corporation, Bayugan 3, Rosario, Agusan del Sur
Carrascal Nickel Corporation, Sitio Gango, Brgy. Bon-ot, SDS
4K/PGMC Cagdianao Nickel Project, Kinalablaban, Cagdianao, Claver, SDN
Cagdianao Mining Corporation, 03825 Narciso St., Surigao del Norte
AAM-Phil Natural Resource Exploration & Dev't. Corp, Panamaon, Loreto, Dinagat Island
Oriental Synergy Mining Corp., Esperanzo, Loreto, Dinagat Island
FS Borja Mining & Trading Corporation/OVMPC, Calderon St., Surigao City
MRL Gold Phils., Inc., Guingona, Cabaluna Apt, Butuan City
R.L. Mining, Talisay, Nonoc Island, Surigao City
Pacific Nickel Philippines, Inc., Brgy. Talisay, Nonoc Island, Surigao City
4K Development Corporation-PGMC-CNP, Kinalablaban, Cagdianao, Claver, SDN
Taganito Mining Corporation, Brgy. Taganito, Claver, SDN
KROMINCO, Inc., Bgry. Santiago, Loreto, Dinagat Island
Nickelbase Inc., Nonoc Island, Surigao del Norte
FSBMTC, Calderon St., Vina Corito, Surigao City
CTP Construction and Mining Corporation, Brgy. Adlay, Carrascal, Surigao del Sur
THPAL, Taganito, Claver, Surigao del Norte
Century Peak Corporation, Sitio Mahayag, Panamaon Loreto, Dinagat Islands
Manila Mining Corporation, Magsaysay, Placer, SDN
Frasec Ventures Corporation, 6th Flr. CIFC Tower, Cebu City
NAC CMC, Narciso St., Surigao City
VTP Construction and Mining Corporation, Adlay, Carrascal, Surigao del Sur
CTB Engineering Construction, 04232 Narciso St., Surigao City
____________________________________________________________
APPENDICES B
Curriculum Vitae of Program and Project Leaders
____________________________________________________________
ROWENA V. PAGLINAWAN-VARELA
CARAGA STATE UNIVERSITY
Ampayon, Butuan City 8600 PHILIPPINES
Telefax: 63+85+3426251
email: rowenavarela@yahoo.com;rpvarela@carsu.edu.ph
I. EDUCATIONAL
Doctor of Philosophy in Entomology
(Specialization: Insect Ecology, Environmental Science)
University of the Philippines Los Banos, College, Laguna
Master of Science in Entomology
(Specialization: Insect Ecology, Plant Physiology)
Visayas State University
Baybay, Leyte
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Major: Plant Protection/Entomology
Visayas State University
Baybay, Leyte
II. RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS
PAGLINAWAN RV and LB de Pedro. 1986. Life history of fig moth, Cadra cautella Walker, as affected by varying moisture
levels of copra. Annals of Trop. Research. 8:14-20
VILLACARLOS LT, RV Paglinawan and RP Robin. 1988. Population trends of Heteropsylla cubana Crawford in Baybay and
Villaba, Leyte, Philippines. Leucaena Research Reports. 9:21-23
VILLACARLOS LT, RV Paglinawan and RP Robin. 1989. Factors affecting Leucaena psyllid populations in Leyte, Philippines.
Proc. International Workshop on Leucaena Psyllid Management held Jan. 16-21, 1989 in Bogor, Indonesia
VARELA RP. 1994. Insect pests associated with oil palm, Elaeis guineensis Jacq. In Agusan del Sur. Phil. Jour. of Crop Science
19 (1):28
VARELA RP. 2004. Occurrence of white stemborer (Scirpophaga innotata Walker) in Agusan del Norte lowland ricefields.
Science and Humanities Journal. Vol.4:81-86
VARELA RP and LT Villacarlos. 2006. Community structure of arthropods in the lowland ricefields of Agusan del Norte. Annals of
Trop. Research
VARELA RP and VP Gapud. 2006. Community structure of aquatic insects in Agusan Marsh Floodplain. Proceedings of the Pest
Management Council of the Philippines (PMCP) Scientific Conference at Grand Regal Hotel, Davao City on May
2-5, 2006
VARELA RP and VP Gapud. 2006. Species Richness, abundance and distribution of aquatic insects in the Agusan Marsh
Floodplain, Mindanao, Philippines. Proceedings of the 1st Agusan Marsh Scientific Conference held at Balanghai
Hotel, Butuan City on May 21-25, 2007
VARELA RP and VP Gapud. 2007. Rice paddies as corridor for conservation of aquatic fauna. Proceedings of the 4th
International Meeting and Symposium of the INWEPF at Bangkok, Thailand on July 5-7, 2007
VARELA RP, VP Gapud and JR S. Degamo. 2011. Aquatic Insects in the Lentic Region of Agusan Marsh, Proceedings of the
International Conference on Biodiversity and Climate Change (ICBCC), February 1-3, 2011 at PICC, Manila,
Philippines
III. PAPERS PRESENTED IN SCIENTIFIC GATHERINGS

____________________________________________________________
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Insect pests associated with oil palm, Elaeis guineensis Jacq. In Agusan del Sur. Philippines presented at
Puerto Princesa, Palawan on May 8-11, 1994 during the Crop Science Society of the Philippines (CSSP) Scientific
Conference
Occurrence of white stem borer (Scirpophaga innotata Walker) in lowland ricefields of Agusan del Norte
presented at PhilRice, Munoz, Nueva Ecija on May 2-7, 1999 during the Pest Management Council of the Philippines
(PMCP) Scientific Conference
Sustainable Agricultural Practices in Mindanao, Philippines presented at NAETC, Kasetsart University,
Kamphengsaen, Thailand during the TLFARD Training on May 13-June 4, 2001.
Sustainable Agriculture Practices: An Action Plan for the Southeast Asian Region presented at FARMI,
ViSCA, Baybay, Leyte on July 6, 2001.
Aquatic Insects: What Are They and How They Affect People presented during the Entomology Colloqium,
OVCRE, UPLB, College, Laguna, July 2003
Diversity of Aquatic Insects in Agusan Marsh Floodplain and Its Relation to Pest Management in Adjacent
Ricefields presented before the Panel of Evaluators of the Gamma Sigma Delta Honor Society of Agriculture (GSDHSA) Search for Best Thesis Award at the CA Conference Hall, UPLB, College, Laguna on March 2, 2006
Species Richness, Abundance and Distribution of Aquatic Insects in the Agusan Marsh Floodplain,
Mindanao, Philippines presented at Legend Hotel, Puerto Princesa, Palawan during the 15 th Wildlife Conservation
Society of the Philippines (WCSP) Annual Conference on April 12-15, 2006
Community Structure of Aquatic Insects in Agusan Marsh Floodplain presented during the Pest
Management Council of the Philippines (PMCP) Scientific Conference at Grand Regal Hotel, Davao City on May 2-5,
2006
Diversity and Distribution of Aquatic Insects in the Agusan Marsh Floodplain, presented during the 1st
Agusan Marsh Scientific Conference on May 21-25, 2007 at Balanghai Hotel, Butuan City.
Modern Corn Cultivation Technology Transfer in Caraga Region, Philippines, presented during the Regional
Symposium for Research and Development Highlights at PhilRice-Agusan, RTR, Agusan del Norte
Modern Corn Cultivation Techno Transfer Adopting the Small Farmers Cluster Approach in Caraga
Region, Philippines, presented during the Search for Best Research Program sponsored by the Commission on
Higher Education (CHED), November 5, 2008 at Butuan City
Farmers Cluster Empowerment on F1 Corn Hybrid Production in Caraga Region and Sarangani, presented
during the 10th Regional Symposium for Research and Development Highlights (RSRDH) at DOST Conference Room,
DOST, Ampayon, Butuan City on August 12, 2009
Cluster Farming Approach on Corn Technology Dissemination in Caraga Region, presented during the 10th
Regional Symposium for Research and Development Highlights (RSRDH) at DOST Conference Room, DOST,
Ampayon, Butuan City on August 12, 2009
Agusan Marsh Conservation through Education and Community Awareness, presented in the 3rd Wetland
Link International-Asia Conference held at Paya Indah Wetland in Selangor, Malaysia on November 22-25, 2010.
Aquatic Insects in the Lentic Region of Agusan Marsh, presented during the International Conference on
Biodiversity and Climate Change (ICBCC), February 1-3, 2011 at PICC, Manila, Philippines
Agricultural and Tree Plantation Development in Agusan Marsh, presented during the Asian Wetland
Symposium Sabah 2011 on July 18-20, 2011 at the Magellan Sutera Hotel, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
Biodiversity Conservation and Management: Experiences in Agusan Marsh, Philippines. Presented during
the International Workshop in Biodiversity Conservation and management, South China Botanical Garden,
Guangzhou, China on November 6-26, 2011.
IV. INTERNATIONAL TRAINING ATTENDED

International Workshop on Biodiversity Conservation and Management
Sponsored by Chinese Academy of Science
South China Botanical Garden
Guangzhou, China
November 6-26, 2011
Asian Workshop on Wetland Conservation and Wise Use

____________________________________________________________
Sponsored by Wetland Link International-Asia (WLI-Asia)

Paya Indah Wetland
Selangor, Malaysia
November 23-27, 2010
International Short Course in Technology Management (ISCTM)
Kasetsart University- International Center for Development Communication
Bangkok, Thailand
October 20-28, 2008
Study Tour on Modern Corn Production Technology in Taiwan
in Tainan, Sinying, Chiayi and Taichung, Taiwan
under the auspices of the Food and Fertilizer Technology Center (FFTC)
January 8-12, 2007
Training for Lecturers and Farmers on Rural Development (TLFARD)
Kasetsart University- National Agricultural Extension and Training Center
Kamphaengsen and Bangkok, Thailand
under the ASEAN-Japan Solidarity Fund Fellowship
May June 2001
Training Course on Integrated Weed Management in Natural and Man-Made Ecosystems
SEAMEO BIOTROP
Bogor, Indonesia
under the SEAMEO Fellowship
May June 2000
V. RECENT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS/CONSULTANCY
1) Aquatic Insects in Important Fresh Water Wetlands in Caraga Region, funded by CHED in 2010-2011
2) Assessment of Agricultural and Tree Plantation Development in the Agusan River Basin, contract research funded by Poyry
Intl. under the auspices of ADB in 2010
3) Adaptation of S&T Based Integrated Management and Good Agricultural Practices for Cardaba Caraga Region, funded by
DOST in 2009-2012
4) Community-based Nursery Management of Moringa Tissue Cultured Plantlets and Farming System Technical Support in
Jabonga, Agusan del Norte in 2011- present
5) Home-based Nursery Management of Abaca Tissue Cultured Plantlets in Tiniwisan, Butuan City in partnership with RIC in
2010- present
6) Promotion of Philippine Rice Self-Sufficiency Program (with FSUU, CSU, PhilRice and IRRI) in 2011-present
VI. MEMBERSHIP IN PROFESSIONAL/SCIENTIFIC ORGANIZATION
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Philippine Association of Entomologists, Inc. (PAE)

Crop Science Society of the Philippines (CSSP)
Conservation Farming Movement (CFM)
Gamma Sigma Delta Honor Society of Agriculture (GSD-HSA)
Wildlife Conservation Society of the Philippines (WCSP)
Philippine Society for the Study of Nature (PSSN)
National Research Council of the Philippines (NRCP)
Wetland Link International-Asia (WLI-Asia)
Society for the Conservation of Philippine Wetlands (SCPW)
____________________________________________________________
RAQUEL M. BALANAY
Mobile: 09066793571 Email: raquel_balanay@yahoo.com
Educational Attainment
Ph.D Agricultural Economics, University of the Philippines Los Baos (20082011)
Specialization: Agricultural Marketing minor in Agribusiness Management
Areas of interest: Socioeconomic research, market and price analysis,
Dissertation Title: Price Volatility and Supply Response of Poultry in the Philippines:
Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedastic (ARCH) Approach
Major Advisor: Dr. Jose M. Yorobe
An
M.S. Agricultural Economics, Central Mindanao University (19962000)

Specialization: Agricultural Marketing
B.S. Agriculture, Central Mindanao University (19911995)
Specialization: Agricultural Economics
Magna cum laude
Employment and Work Experience
Member, Technical Working Group (TWG)
Philippine Rice Self-Sufficiency Program (PRSSP)-Agusan (IRRI-PhilRice Joint Program)
July 2011 to present
Assist in the promotion of the program and in alliance-building towards the formation of a multi-stakeholders partnership as a
modality of launching the package of technologies under the PRSSP program at the grassroots level
Conduct the socioeconomic research component of the program and facilitate the action researches for adaptation of
recommended rice varieties to address problems related to drought, submergence and salinity
Director, Office of Planning and Development
Caraga State University, Ampayon, Butuan City
June 2011 to present
Spearhead the university strategic planning workshops and the formulation of a university development plan
Assist the University President in monitoring and evaluating the university activities towards the achievement of the university
plans
Assistant Professor
Caraga State University, Ampayon, Butuan City
to date
Teaches Agricultural Marketing, Farm Business Management, and Agricultural Business Finance at the College of Agricultural
Sciences and Natural Resources
Regional Coordinator
Tekno Gabay Unlad Buhay Para Sa Masa Program (PCARRD DOST Program and Caraga Consortium for Agriculture, Forestry
and Resources Research and Development)
2005 2007
Spearheaded the implementation of the program at the regional and site levels
Member
____________________________________________________________
Regional Technology Promotion Group (RTPG)

Caraga Consortium for Agriculture, Forestry and Resources Research and Development
2003 2005
Documented and evaluated the best practices and technologies generated by the farmer scientists and researchers of
Caraga Region
Project Technical Assistant
Socioeconomic Profiling of the Eastern Mindanao Corridor (funded by Conservation International) Oct. 2005 Mar. 2006
Provided technical services in the threat characterization based on socioeconomic factors in the Eastern Mindanao Corridor
Project Leader
Socioeconomic Analysis of the ITPS based industries in Caraga Region (funded by PCARRD)
18.
Studied the economics of processing wood products from ITP plantations
Project Leader
Benchmark Assessment on Industrial Tree Plantation Species (ITPS) Production and Marketing in Caraga Region (funded by
PCARRD)
19. Studied the production and marketing of ITPS in Caraga Region
Seminars, Workshops, Conferences and Trainings Attended
July 2011
Vulnerability and Impact Assessment for AFNR Sector

TREES, College of Forestry, UPLB
July 10 13, 2006
Training Workshop on Research Methods,

PCARRD, Los Baos, Laguna
March 2005
CGE Computational Model, PCARRD, Los Baos, Laguna
July 10 13, 2002
Seminar Workshop on Scientific Writing, El Salvador, Misamis Oriental
Nov. 19 24, 2001
Training Workshop on Ex Post Socioeconomic Evaluation of R&D

Projects, PCARRD, Los Baos, Laguna
April 19 20, 2001
Seminar Workshop on Manuscript Preparation for Refereed Journal

Publication, MPSC, Cagayan de Oro City
July 4 6, 2001
Seminar Workshop cum Training on Intellectual Property Rights and

Technology Transfer, CMU, Musuan, Bukidnon
Jan. 12 13, 2002
Ecosystem based Research Seminar Workshop

NORMISIST, Ampayon, Butuan City
March 19 20, 2001
Refresher Course in Research Design

Sept. 25 29, 2000
Research Proposal Preparation and Research Analysis Training

Workshop, Ampayon, Butuan City
Researches
____________________________________________________________
1. Benchmark Assessment for ITPS Production and Marketing in Caraga Region

2. Socioeconomic Analysis for the ITPS based Industries in Caraga Region
3. Price Volatility and Supply Response of Poultry in the Philippines: An Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedastic (ARCH)
Approach (featured online in poultry industry websites and in Animal Husbandry and Agricultural Journal, Volume XLV, No.
2)
Membership in Organizations
Philippine Caraga Institute of Environmental Planners, Inc.
Gamma Sigma Delta Honor Society of Agriculture
SEARCA Fellows Association of the Philippines
Scholarship and Award
SEARCA Scholarship for Ph.D. in Agricultural Economics at UPLB (20082011)
Best Ph.D. Thesis Award in Agricultural Economics (given by the College of Economics and Management, UPLB on April 25,
2011)
Diploma Award given by Caraga State University for finishing Ph.D. in Agricultural Economics program within the scholarship
contract
Special Award given by Caraga State University in recognition of the citation received for Best Ph.D. Award in Agricultural
Economics from the College of Economics and Management, UPLB on April 25, 2011
Personal Information
Age
Gender
Civil Status
Address
:
:
:
:
37
Female
Single
Lopez Jaena St., Buenavista, Agusan del Norte
____________________________________________________________
ROMELL A. SERONAY
Ampayon, 8600 Butuan City
Philippines
E-mail Address:
Home Address:
Date of Birth:
Place of Birth:
Civil Status:
Sex:
Citizenship:
romell.seronay@mailcity.com
P18 Alviola Village Butuan City
November 06, 1970
Iligan City
Married
Male
Filipino
EDUCATION:
University of the Philippines, Diliman Quezon City
June 2007 present Ph D in Marine Science student
Ph D Candidate
MSU-Naawan, Naawan, Misamis Oriental
Graduated 1999 Master of Science in Marine Biology
Xavier University, Cagayan de Oro City
Graduated 1991 Bachelor of Science in Biology
WORK
EXPERIENCE
Job Title: Assistant Professor

2008 Present
RDE Core Group Team Leader (2011- present)
Instructed Coastal Resource Management (CRM), Biodiversity Conservation, Aquatic Resource Assessment, General
Biology, Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Science and Management subjects.
Job Title:
Instructor
Northern Mindanao State Institute of Science and Technology (NORMISIST)
1998 2008
Job Title:
Department Chairperson
Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management
NORMISIST Ampayon, Butuan City
May 12, 2004 May 31, 2007
Job Title:
Director
Caraga Center for Environmental Studies and Management
2000 Feb. 2004
____________________________________________________________
Job Title:
Research Assistant/Community Organizer
ViSCA gtz on Small Islands Environmental Rehabilitation and Livelihood Project
Visayas State College of Agriculture (ViSCA)
ViSCA, Baybay, Leyte
1995 1998
Job Title:
High School Teacher
St. Anthony High School
Manticao, Misamis Oriental
1993 1994
PUBLICATIONS:
Floating Fish Aggregating Devices (FADS) around Cuatro Islas, Leyte, Philippines: Their Impact on Fisheries. The marine biology
of South China Sea. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on the Marine Biology of the South China Sea,
Hongkong. Hongkong University Press 1998.
Assessing the Headwaters of Layawan River: Linkage Between the Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems in Mt. Malindang,
Misamis Occidental. 2006. Biodiversity Research Programme for Development in Mindanao: Focus on Mt. Malindang and
Environs. SEAMEO SEARCA, College, Laguna.
Accessing novel conoidean venoms: Biodiverse lumun-lumun marine communities, an untapped biological and toxinological
resource. Toxicon 56 (2010) 1257 1266.
CONSULTANCY
Nature/Area of Consultancy
Coastal Ecosystems Assessment
Marine Resource Assessment in Bislig Bay
Comprehensive Land Use Plan Fisheries Sector in
Pantukan, Compostella Valley, Davao Oriental
Data Processing and Analysis of the Biodiversity
Inventory in Mt. Magdiwata Watershed
Implementation of the Environmental Management Plan
(EMP) of Lanuza Bay and the Operationalization of the
Project Management Office
Biological Survey of Selected Physico-chemical
Parameters in the Coastal Waters of Masao Port
Expansion Project
(Initial Environmental Examination, IEE Report)
submitted to DENR-EMB 13
Remark: Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC)
was issued.
Inspection and evaluation of BS in Marine Biology
Program
Socio Economic Profiling in Eastern Mindanao Corridor
Initial Environmental Examination, IEE Report on
the proposed Hidden Resort in Bay-ang, Soccoro
SDN submitted to DENR-EMB 13
was issued.
Biological Survey of Selected Physico-chemical
Sponsoring Agency
DA WESAMAR
DENR CEP XIII
LGU-Pantukan
Inclusive Dates
March April 1998
June Dec 1999
January June 2000
Leaf Foundation Inc.
January June 2003
LGSP XIII
June Dec 2003
Philippines Port Authority

Butuan City
May July 2004
CHED XIII
March 14-15, 2005
Conservation International
(CI), Philippines
Hidden Resort
November 1, 2005 May 30,

2006
August 1 Nov. 15, 2005
Philippines Port Authority
June 1 August 30, 2007
____________________________________________________________
Parameters in the Coastal Waters of Nasipit Port

Expansion Project
(Initial Environmental Examination, IEE Report)
submitted to DENR-EMB 13
was issued.
Marine Resource and Environmental Assessment in the
proposed Loreto Port (Pacific Ocean Side)
Component of the Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) Report submitted to DENR-EMB
13
was issued.
Baseline Environmental Condition of the Marine
Resource Assessment of Cagdianao, Claver, Surigao
del Norte
13
was issued.
Baseline Environmental Conditions on the
Marine/Estuarine and Terrestrial Resources of
Tubajon and Libjo, Dinagat Island, Pacific Ocean
Side
13
was issued.
Butuan City
Oriental Synergy Mining

Corporation (OSMC)
May 15 August 15, 2008
Zenzhou Mining
Corporation
April 15 May 30, 2009
Oriental Synergy Mining

Corporation (OSMC)
April 1 July 30, 2010
Date Updated: April 1, 2011
____________________________________________________________
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name:
JOYCELYN CAGATIN JUMAWAN
Date of Birth:
July 6, 1981
Place of Birth:
Poblacion, Valencia City, Bukidnon
Civil Status:
Married
Home Address:
P3-1, Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan Del Norte
Email address:
joycejumawan@gmail.com; jccagatin@yahoo.com
Contact Number:
63-09153540043
A. Educational Attainment
SPECIALIZATION/ RESEARCH
DEGREE
TITLE
Ph.D. Biology (Animal Invasive Loricariid Suckermouth
Developmental
Sailfin Catfishes In Marikina River,
Biology)
Philippines: DNA Barcodes,
Reproduction, Size-Structure And
Early Development
M.S. Biology (Animal
Physiology)
B.S. Biology
(General)
Professional
Education
A Bio-physico-chemical Study Of A
Fish Kill Phenomenon
In National Power Corporation
(NPC) Lake,Maramag, Bukidnon
Effects of Theobroma cacao Linn
seeds on the reproductive cell
morphology of the male white mice
Mus musculus
18 education units completed
SCHOOL/
YEAR GRADUATED
Institute of Biology
University of the Philippines,
Diliman
Officially Completed:
November, 2011;
to graduate on April 22, 2012
Central Mindanao University
Graduated April 2005
Graduated April 2002
SCHOLARSHIPS/ AWARDS
Recipient, President Gloria
Macapagal Arroyo Science and
Engineering Scholarship
(PGMASEGS)
Grantee, First Bukidnon

Electric Cooperative FEAP
Scholarships,
*Cum laude
Valencia Colleges Incorporated

2nd sem SY 2004-2005
B. Work Experience
INCLUSIVE DATE
POSITION/ Courses handled
Instructor 1
Courses taught: Advanced Developmental Biology,
Advanced Freshwater Ecology; Advanced Comparative
Physiology, Microtechniques, Animal Histology, General
Biology, General Zoology, Limnology
Instructor 1
Courses taught: Advanced Animal Developmental Biology;
Limnology, Vertebrate Physiology, General Biology,
Physiology
Technical Writer 1
SCHOOL/ FIRM/ AGENCY

(Biology Division, CAS)
1st sem 2007-present
Department of Biological Sciences.

Visayas State University, VISca, Baybay
Leyte
1st sem, 2005-2007
Office of the City Planning &

Development Coordinator, LGUValencia City
Sept 2004-May 2005
____________________________________________________________
Research Assistant
Instructor
Courses taught: General Biology, Zoology, Natural
Sciences, Botany

( Bukidnon Sugar Milling Company
(BUSCO) funded research
A bio-physico-chemical analysis of
a fish kill in NPC Lake, Maramag,
Bukidnon
Natural Science Department, College of
Arts & Sciences, Liceo de Cagayan
University, Cagayan De Oro City
January 2004-August,
2004
1st sem AY 2003-2004
G. PUBLICATION
TITLE/Level*
DNA barcodes of the suckermouth sailfin catfish
Pterygoplichthys (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) in the
Marikina River System, Philippines: Molecular
perspective of an invasive alien species.
Journal and Issue Number

Philippine Science Letters 2011,
4 (2), 103-113 (Main Author)
Lipid peroxidation and patterns of cadmium and lead

accumulation in vital organs of suckermouth armored
catfish Pterygoplichthys pardalis Castelnau from
Marikina River
Journal of Applied Science in

Environmental Sanitation
(JASES) 5 (4), 375-390 (Main
Author)
Length-weight and Gonado-morphometric

characterization in the janitor fish Pterygoplichthys
disjunctivus (Weber,1991) from Marikina River,
Philippines.
Transactions of the National

Academy of Science &
Technology (NAST -Philippines)
32(1);p. 80; July 2010 ISSN
0115-8848
Transactions of the National
Academy of Science &
Technology (NAST -Philippines)
32(1); p 65; July 2010 ISSN
0115-8848
Proceedings of the 22nd DA-BAR
National Research Symposium
2010.p19-20. ISSN 1655-7549
Toxicity of Sub-Acute Lead Chloride to the Suckermouth

Armoured Catfish Pterygoplichthys pardalis
(Castelnau,1855): Bioaccumulation,Organ Pathologies
and Other Physiological Effects on Vital Organs
Size structure and Gonado-morphometric
Characterization of the Janitor fish
Pterygoplichthys in Marikina River
H. PROJECTS
Name of
Title
researcher
JOYCELYN C.
JUMAWAN
Approved Budget/
Funding Source
Barcode Status of
Php 70,000.00
Pterygoplichthys in Marikina
CHED-SEGS
River System, Philippines
(Primary DNA Barcode
Database for Pterygoplichthys
spp in two major freshwaters in
the Philippines)
AUTHORS
JUMAWAN, JOYCELYN; Vallejo
Benjamin; Buerano
Corazon; Herrera
Annabelle Fontanilla, Ian
Kendrich;
JUMAWAN,JOYCELYN C; Salunga,
Thucydides; Catap, Elena
JUMAWAN, JOYCELYN; Jacinto

Sonia and Herrera Annabelle
JUMAWAN,JOYCELYN C; Salunga,
Thucydides; Catap, Elena
JUMAWAN, JOYCELYN; Jacinto

Sonia and Herrera Annabelle
Period of
Status(Published, Written Report
Implementation(within Available/Ongoing)
2008-2011)
2009-2010
Completed:
See
BOLDSYSTEMS database for DNA
Barcodes:
http://www.boldsystems.org/views/tax
browser.php?
taxon=Pterygoplichthys+disjunctivus
Free access release of
Pterygoplichthys COI barcodes from
project to be available at GenBank
database by April 2012
____________________________________________________________
Curriculum Vitae
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Name :
Date of Birth :
Place of Birth :
Marital Status:
Nationality:
Home Address:
Mobile Number:
Email Address:
Sherryl Lipio-Paz
September 20, 1980
Surigao City, Philippines
Married
Filipino
Block 14, Lot 1, Phase 3, Ideal Homes Subdivision, Libertad, Butuan City
09469009848 and 09063507025
sheter29@yahoo.com
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Graduate Education:
Master of Science in Biology (candidate)

2007-present
Mindanao State University
Iligan City
Master in Environmental Management
2002-2004
Tertiary Education:
Bachelor of Science in Biology

1997-2001
University of San Carlos
Nasipit, Talamban, Cebu City
Deans Lister
Secondary Education:
Surigao del Norte College of Agriculture and Technology (High school Dept.)
1993-1997
Magpayang, Mainit, Surigao del Norte
Valedictorian
Elementary Education :
Calang-Custodio Elementary School

1987-1993
Del Rosario, Tubod, Surigao del Norte
Valedictorian
EMPLOYMENT BACKGROUND
2001 present :
Instructor 1
CARAGA STATE UNIVERSITY
Handling Undergrad Courses such as General Ecology, Zoology, Botany, Biological Science and
Environmental Education Courses and graduate course such as : Advanced Biodiversity
Conservation and Management, Advance Zoogeography, Advance Applied Tropical Ecology and
Planning and Sustainable Management of Terrestrial and Aquatic Resources
PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS
____________________________________________________________
Philippine Society for the Study of Nature

Wildlife Conservation Society of the Philippines
Association of Tropical Biology and Conservation Asia-Pacific Chapter
Philippine Association for Teachers
RESEARCH INTERESTS
Biodiversity and wildlife studies

Water Quality Biomonitoring Using Benthic Macroinvertebrates
COMPLETED RESEARCHES
Survey of Macroinvertebrates in Matutinao River, Badian, Cebu

Integration of Environmental Education in the Selected HEIs in Caraga Region
Geometric Morphometric Variation Among Ambassis interrupta Populations from the River, Rivermouth and Seaward
Areas of Linamon, Lanao del Norte
Avifauna in the Forested Sites of CTP Mining Corporation, Adlay, Carrascal, Surigao del Sur, Philippines
Habitat Determinants of Bird Communities in Canticol and Mt. Hilong-hilong, Philippines (funded by CHED)
Structure of Leaf Litter Ant Community in Seasonal Mixed Forest, Alas Purwo National Park, East Java, Indonesia
(ATBC 2010 field course project)
Tree Diversity and Biomass Along an Elevational Gradient on Mt. Rinjani, Lombok, Indonesia (ATBC 2010 field course
project)
Inventory of Proposed and Existing Protected/Watershed/forested Areas within Agusan River Basin, Philippines
(funded by ADB)
Bat Community Structure of Northern Nasipit, Agusan del Norte (advisees thesis)
ON-GOING RESEARCHES
Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Benthic Macroinvertebrates along Taguibo River, Butuan City, Philippines
GIS-based Assessment of Vertebrate Fauna in Caraga State University Main Campus
Bird Communities in Oil Palm Plantation and Mt. Magdiwata Watershed Forest Reserve, San Francisco, Agusan dle
Sur (advisees thesis)
Responses of the Benthic Macroinvertebrate Community to the Agricultural Land Use in Agay River , RTR and Los
Angeles, Butuan City (advisees thesis)
SPEAKING ENGAGEMENTS
Events
Paper Presenter during the
12th Annual Biology
Research Symposium
Guest Speaker during the
Culmination Program of
Nutrition Month Celebration
Resource Speaker during he
Workshop on Basic Dancing
and Acting
Resource Speaker during the
Graduate Seminar in Biology
Paper Presenter during the
Science and Technology
Title of the paper/ topic of the

talk
A Survey of Benthic
Macroinverebrates in Matutinao
River, Badian, Cebu
How to Eat Right to be Always
Bright
Personality Development Tips
for Young People
Diversity of Avifauna : its threats
and conservation
Assessing the Morphological
Variation among The Ambassis
Venue
Date
University of San Carlos, Audio

Visual Room, Talamban Campus,
Cebu City
CARAGA STATE UNIVERSITY ,
Sanchez Gymnasium, Ampayon,
Butuan City
CARAGA STATE UNIVERSITY Laboratory High School Building,
MSU-IIT, Iligan City
March 31, 2001

July 22-24,2009
July 28, 2006

July 21-23, 2006
March 26, 2008
____________________________________________________________
Celebration

Biology Month Celebration
Resource Speaker /Training
Convener
Paper Presenter

Seminar Series
Resource Speaker
interrupta (long-spined glass

perchlet) Populations from the
River, Rivermouth and Seaward
part of Linamon, Lanao del Norte
UsingGeometric Morphometrics
Guiding the Beginners on Writing
A Research Paper
Training-Workshop on the
Application of GIS in
Ecological/Environmental Studies
Philippine-endemic and
Mindanao-endemic Birds on
Canticol and Mt. Hilong-hilong,
Philippines
Science Underpins Faunal
Diversity Conservation in Caraga
Role of Youth in Caraga
Biodiversity Conservation

January 29, 2010

September 11-13,
2010
Siam City Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand
March 12-15, 2011
CAS AVR, Caraga State University,

CSE Multimedia Room, Caraga
State University
September 28,
2011
November 15, 2011
SEMINARS/SYMPOSIA/CONFERENCES/TRAININGS/WORKSHOPS ATTENDED:
LOCAL, REGIONAL AND NATIONAL
SEMINARS/CONFERENCES/TRAININGS/WORKSHOPS
Two-day Seminar-Workshop on Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA)
Regional Symposium on Qualitative Research
Seminar-workshop on Economic Opportunities in Biotechnology

in the CARAGA Region XIII
Seminar Lecture on The Use of Isotopes in the Trophic Analysis
of Ecosystems
10th National Genetics Symposium of the PhilSAGen
Seminar on Environment Conservation: Insights and Solutions
18th Annual Philippine Biodiversity Symposium
Workshop on Research and Development Proposal Preparation
in Science and Technology
Symposium on the Conservation and Rehabilitation of the
Taguibo Watershed
9th Annual Scientific Convention of the Philippines Society for the
Study of Nature, Inc.
Training-Workshop on Technical Writing for Publication
Seminar-Workshop on Research Capability Building
Training-workshop on Experimental Design and Data Analysis
Training-Workshop on the Application of GIS in
Venue
Date
Water District Conference

Hall, Butuan City, Philippines
CARAGA STATE
UNIVERSITY Conference
Room, Butuan City ,
Philippines
CARAGA STATE
UNIVERSITY Conference
Room, Butuan City ,
Philippines
May 31 June 1, 2006


March 26, 2009
University of the PhilippinesBaguio, Baguio City

CARAGA STATE
UNIVERSITY, Ampayon,
Butuan City
CARAGA STATE
Butuan City
April 15-17, 2009
Carmen, Agusan del Norte

CARAGA STATE
Butuan City
PCARRD, Los Banos
CARAGA STATE

March 3, 2010
August 15, 2006
September 27-28, 2006
January 17,2008
July 16-17, 2009

September 30, 2009
April 26-30, 2010

____________________________________________________________
Ecological/Environmental Studies
20th Annual Philippine Biodiversity Symposium
INTERNATIONAL
SEMINARS/CONFERENCES/TRAININGS/WORKSHOPS
8th International Seminar and Workshop on Tropical Ecology
Experimental Design and Data Analysis and Paper Writing
Workshops
Biodiversity, Conservation and Sustainable Development Field
Course
Island Species-Led Action (Durrell)
International Conference on Biodiversity and Climate Change
ATBC-Asia Pacific Chapter Annual Meeting 2011
UNIVERSITY , Ampayon,
Butuan City
Silliman University,
Dumaguete City
Leyte State University,
Baybay, Leyte, Philippines
Bali Botanic Garden, Bali,
Indonesia
Bali Botanic Garden, Bali,
Indonesia
Philippine International
Convention Center, CCP
Complex, Roxas Boulevard,
Manila, Philippines
Siam City Hotel, Bangkok,
Thailand
April 11-14, 2011
April 9-20, 2001

July 12-17, 2010
July 25- Sapt. 4, 2010
February 1-3, 2011
March 12-15, 2011
____________________________________________________________

Proposal For Mining Research in Caraga

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Proposal For Mining Research in Caraga

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PCIERD Form 01-D

II. Program Scale: Regional Research Program

Caraga State University

Dr. Joanna B. Cuenca

VI. Program Leader:

Dr. Rowena P. Varela, Vice President for Research and Extension

VII. Primary Cooperating Agencies:

Division 13 (DENR-FMD 13)

XI. Project Components:

Socio-economic Characterization, Cultural Studies, Policy Review and Impact

Assessment of Biodiversity in Aquatic Systems near Key Mining Areas in

Water Quality, Phytoplankton and Macroinvertebrates Diversity of the Freshwater

Diversity and abundance of freshwater fishes in associated mining areas in Caraga

Assessment of the Marine Ecosystems in Claver SDN and Carrascal SDS

Assessment of the Terrestrial Floristic Composition in Areas Within and

Assessment of Vertebrate Fauna in Key Mining Areas of Caraga Region

Monitoring, Assessment and Profiling of Artisanal and Small-scale Mining

Vulnerability and Impact Assessment of Major Agricultural Systems Adjacent to

Ecological Restoration in Nickel Mine toward Reduction of Mining Impacts

Information Systems for Geo-Hazard Assessment and Mapping of Mining Sites in

Database as Decision-Support System

Proj 7 - Vulnerability and Impact

Proj 9 - Information Systems for Geo-Hazard

IX. Program Components

Socio-economic Characterization, Cultural Studies, Policy Review and

Raquel M. Balanay (CASNR, CSU),

Adrilene Mae J. Castanos (CSU)

Caraga Consortium for Responsible Mining (CCRM)

Nature and Significance of the Project

1. To determine the socio-demographic characteristics of mining communities (IP and non-IP)

4. To recommend policy on socio-cultural interventions to address the problem and issues

Kilian, John-Mark, Director Umsizi Sustainable Social Solutions (Pty) Ltd.

Assessment of Biodiversity in Aquatic Systems near Key

Joycelyn C. Jumawan (CAS, CSU)

Caraga Consortium for Responsible Mining (CCRM)

Jess H. Jumawan (Biology Dept, CSU),

Caraga Consortium for Responsible Mining (CCRM)

Nature and Significance of the Project

Objectives of the Study:

Water Quality, Phytoplankton and Macroinvertebrates Diversity of the Freshwater

Maria Elma Quiao (Biology Dept, CSU)

Caraga Consortium for Responsible Mining (CCRM)

Nature and Significance of the Project

where H = index of species diversity ; log2 = 3.321928

Rexie Magdugo (Biology Dept, CSU)

Caraga Consortium for Responsible Mining (CCRM)

Nature and Significance of the Project

Objectives of the study

divergences using Kimura-2-parameter (K2P) distance and graphically displayed in a neighbour-joining

= 100 W --------------- Formula 2

GSI = [(gonad weight)/(body weight)] x 100.

Joycelyn C. Jumawan,PhD (Biology Dept, CSU)

Lilia Z. Boyles (CSU)

Caraga Consortium for Responsible Mining (CCRM)

Nature and Significance of the Project

Subtotal for Capital/Equipment Outlay

Assessment of the Marine Ecosystems in Claver SDN and Carrascal SDS

Romell A. Seronay ( CSU)

Caraga Consortium for Responsible Mining (CCRM)

II. NATURE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

Subtotal for MOOE

(1) Research Boat

II. Maintenance and Other Operating Expenses