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ALC Copyright Siae Microelettronica s.p.a.
Training items
ALC
Versions, Diagrams and Characteristics
SCT: network management
LCT: equipment configuration
Troubleshooting: alarms and loops
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ALC Copyright Siae Microelettronica s.p.a.
ALC
ALC is available with different IDUs, software
configurable:
Standard: up to 16xE1 4/16QAM
Ethernet: 3x10/100BaseT+16xE1, 4/16 QAM
H. s. by
F. div.
2+0
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User interfaces
Modulation
User Interfaces
4xE1/8xE1/16xE1
10/100BaseT + NxE1
Capacity [Mbit/s]
4 QAM
16 QAM
4
8
16
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ALC
ALC is available with different IDUs, software configurable:
Low capacity: up to 4x2 E1, 4 or 16QAM
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IDU 16x2
ALcompact
Main features
Max capacity : 16 E1
3x 10/100 Mbit/s Ethernet
IDU size: 1 U high only and single board
Service channel: optional V11 contradirec. and no wayside
Loops: RF loop for frequency > 18 GHz only; IF loop optional
ATPC range : depending on freq (20 or 40 dB)
Connectors: one choice, only E1 connectors have more versions
OSPF
No Fade Margin automatic test
IDU-ODU
distance: 400 meters
ALC Copyright Siae Microelettronica s.p.a.
ODU with
integrated antenna
1+1 ODU
1+0 ODU
Unprotected ODU
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waveguide
flange
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waveguide
flange
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= FHIGH
= FLOW
= Stand-by
= Active
ODU
IDU
IDU
ODU
ODU
Both radios, working at the same frequency, are active in Rx but only
one is active in Tx:
1 antenna Branching losses are inserted in link budget
2 antennas Link is in space diversity (and without branching losses)
Best performance for d=150 (d=distance between antennas)
ALC Copyright Siae Microelettronica s.p.a.
AL
10
ODU
IDU
IDU
ODU
ODU
All radios, working at different frequencies, are active in Rx and Tx
1 antenna Branching losses are inserted in link budget
2 antennas Link is in space diversity (and without branching losses)
= F1HIGH
= F1LOW
ALC Copyright Siae Microelettronica s.p.a.
= F2HIGH
= F2LOW
AL
11
Software Keys
Following functionalities are enabled through a
software key:
Capacity changing
Modulation changing
Way side traffic
OSPF Option
Fade Margin Test Option
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Equipment composition
ALC is made up by different sub-modules housed in
two mechanical structures:
1) IDU
LIM
Controller
RIM (one per branch)
2) ODU
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Module functionalities
Line
interfaces
Line
Bit
insertion-extraction,
Modulator
Switch
BER
LIM
management
counters
Power
supply
Cable
interface
Modulator
RIM
Demodulator
Power supply
Cable
interface
IF
Service interfaces
Equipment controller
EOC
Alarm LEDs
CONTROLLER
RT
unit
Receiver
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Equipment
structure
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Controller
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LIM
Tx direction
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LIM
Rx direction
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RIM
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ODU
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AL characteristics (1)
Tx power (4QAM/16QAM):
7 GHz
+27 dBm / +22 dBm
15 GHz
+25 dBm / +20 dBm
23 GHz
+20 dBm / +15 dBm
Tx/Rx spacing:
7 GHz
168/196 MHz
15 GHz
420/728 MHz
23 GHz
1008 MHz
Power consumption
1+0
32 W or 25W
1+1
55 W or 40W
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AL characteristics (2)
Max Rx power
- 20 dBm
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NE management
Alarm correlation
Alarm acknowledgement
Station management
OSPF configuration
Stored Routing Table
Command logger
Tx switch on remote Rx failure
Fade margin calculation (AL only)
Equipment features management
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Alarm correlation
Every alarm is reported with
Alarm beginning
Alarm end (gravity info is maintained)
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Alarm acknowledgement
Alarm acknowledge is available in
alarm history list: every
acknowledgement can
be managed completely
in station list: new alarm
info is highlighted by
an asterisk
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Station management
NEs connected to SCT can be assigned in
various stations using the tool :
Subnetwork Configuration Wizard
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OSPF Management
OSPF window manages configuration parameters of the
selected equipment (router) relevant to the OSPF (Open
Shortest Path First) dynamic routing protocol:
- Properties: general configuration parameters of OSPF
protocol
- Areas/IFs: configuration parameters of equipment OSPF
interfaces and of the areas containing them
- Virtual Links: configuration parameters of virtual links
- Summ.: configuration parameters of route summarizations
- Lsa DB: configuration parameters of LSAs (Link State
Advertisements) in the Link State Database
- Ext Lsa DB: list of the External LSAs only
- Neighbors: list of neighbors
- V.Neighbors: configuration parameters of the virtual
neighbors
- Store: storage of new parameters into the controller flash
memory
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ALC Copyright Siae Microelettronica s.p.a.
OSPF: example
AREA-1
IR
AREA-2
ABR
IR
IR
IR
IR
ASBR
EXTERNAL
AREA
IR :
Internal Router
ABR:
Backbone
Virtual Link
In areas not physically connected to backbone, a virtual link is
used to provide a logical path.
The virtual link is established between two ABRs that have a
common area, with one ABR connected to backbone.
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ALC Copyright Siae Microelettronica s.p.a.
Neighbors
Routers sharing a common segment are Neighbors if:
1.
their interfaces belong to same area and same subnet
2.
they exchange the same password on that segment
3.
they have same Hallo and Dead Interval
4.
they have same stub area flag in Hello packets
These rules affect neighbour election process.
LSA : Link State Advertisements describe router database
and must be send to all neighbours
DR : Designated Router as information exchange central
point to minimize information traffic on a segment
BDR: Backup Designated Router, in case DR goes down
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ALC Copyright Siae Microelettronica s.p.a.
Adjacency
Each router on the segment establishes an adjacency with DR
and BDR that relay information to everybody.
DR and BDR election is done via Hello protocol: the router
with highest OSPF priority is DR, after BDR. In case of
parity, RID (router ID) is checked.
A zero priority router is called DROTHER
RTA and RTB have same priority
but RIDB>RIDA RTB=DR
RTC > RTB RTC=DR
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ALC Copyright Siae Microelettronica s.p.a.
Shortest Path
In a router database all reachable segments and relevant cost
are listed:
segment next-hop cost + router next-hop cost
Any router interface has a cost inversely proportional to its
throughput:
Cost= 100.000.000/bandwidth [bps]
Any router prepares a shortest path tree putting itself as
root and calculating smallest cost for each destination.
After this passage the router builds the routing table accordingly.
Any change in area composition (new router insertion) is
communicated to other routers causing dynamic readjustments of routing tables.
OSPF allows also a TOS sensitive interface cost: depending on
packet Type Of Service, the router interface has different
cost.
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4.
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Command logger
Cmd Logger reads the list of operations, executed by the users,
stored on the controller of the equipment.
The log, uploaded from equipment, is stored on the PC for
further consultations. Following filters are available:
Operations date
User address
User type
Operation name
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LCT
for
ALC
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Configuration
General
Bitrate
Modulation
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HBer,LBer, EWL
thresholds
1) General preset:
thresholds
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2) General preset:
Rx switches
1+0
1+1
In case of no Rx
3) General preset:
Tx switch
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ALC Copyright Siae Microelettronica s.p.a.
Local
AVAILABLE CONNECTIONS
Remote
NO
VLAN
NO
VLAN
PC1
A L _E T H
PC3
A L _E T H
PC4
PC6
PC5
1
PC1
NO
VLAN
PC3
NO
VLAN
1
V L A N 4001
A L _E T H
NO
VLAN
PC2
A L _E T H
V L A N 4002
2
NO
VLAN
PC1
PC3
PC2
NO
VLAN
NO
VLAN
PC4
NO
VLAN
V L A N 4003
A L _E T H
V L A N 4004
A L _E T H
V L A N 4003
V L A N 4004
PC1 with PC2 and PC3 with PC4 with one external switch
V L A N 4 005
PC2
PC4
V L A N 4005
V L A N 4005
A L _E T H
PC1
A L _E T H
PC2
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Switch at Layer 2
MAC switching: destination local = discarded; destination known
= sent to the port; destination unknown = sent to all the ports;
MAC Address learning
MAC Address ageing
Auto negotiation : port speed, duplex-mode.
MDI/MDIX crossover
Layer 2 Flow Control / Back Pressure
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TAG composition
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Quality of Service
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Ethernet
switch
Life of info in
MAC Addr. table
Queue assignement
depending 802.1p
VLAN management
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Emptying algorithm
of queues:
8421 WFQ
or
strictly priority
Queue assignement
depending PTOS
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PTOS
values
Configuration
view
Queue
selection
View filter
DinamicServiceCodePoint type
ALC Copyright Siae Microelettronica s.p.a.
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760
RadioPort
Port 1
Port 2
Port 3
VLAN
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Port status
Cable:
straight or
crossed
Flow control
LAN Speed
LAN status
LLF status
Tag added to
untagged frame if
output is tagged
VLAN properties
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For local
Modulation terminal
Setting has to
be copied in
remote terminal
Link ID
Frequency
Frequency
For both Only Configuration
Capacity
local and has to be set locally (on
Modulation remote local and after on
terminal remote)
Link ID
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Tributary selection if
checked is Signal 2MBit
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ATPC characteristics
Maximum ATPC range:
ATPC speed:
30 dB/s
Purpouse:
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LCT USB
connector
PSU connector
Trib. 1-2-3-4
Q3
LCT
Trib. 9-10-11-12
48V2
48V1
US ER IN/OUT
PS1
TX RX
1
2
Trib. 13-14-15-16
PS2
Manual operation /
Loop active
IDU-ODU cable
SMA connectors
Fuse: 3.15A (M)
Tx Rx
R
2
Trib. 5-6-7-8
TEST
R AL
TEST
AL
Reset
Alarms
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REF.
Interconnection cable
Frequency signals:
Tx IF
Rx IF
Telemetry IDUODU
Telemetry ODUIDU
330 MHz
140 MHz
17.5 MHz
5.2 MHz
4/16QAM
400 m
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3dB
4dB
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SCT window:
- Log history area (with alarm correlation)
- Equipment view current alarms (with alarms
grouping)
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AL
COMMON group
Alarms not related to a specific part of the equipment but
relevant to the link.
Example:.
EOC radio alarm (relevant SCT management)
Link telemetry fail (relevant traffic, ATPC info, man op)
If both alarms are ON, the link is interrupted.
Investigation must be made on a possible condition of bad
propagation, or equipment failure
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AL
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AL
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AL
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AL
PRBS Fail
When PRBS is working and no signal is received on checked
signal, in PRBS window the field Sync Los Alarm is active
together with PRBS Fail in Current alarms window
Every ON-OFF transition
increases the field
PRBS Fail Alarm Counter
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ALC Copyright Siae Microelettronica s.p.a.
AL
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AL
Revertive
When a branch is declared preferential,
the switch on opposite branch gives
Revertive alarm.
The return to preferential branch, when
available again, happens after Wait Time
period.
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AL
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AL
Tx Fail
When on remote side both radios dont receive, on local
side a Tx switch command is performed and Tx fail alarm
is enabled.
When this alarm is on,
check local ODU in stand by
This functionality is enabled
in LCT General Preset
The alarm remains active
until Reset is given
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AL
Link ID
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AL
LIM group
These alarms come from
External fault: tributary LOS
LIM failure:
-Multiplexer/demultiplexer failure
-Modulator/demodulator failure
Warning: modulator/demodulator
circuitry is spread into LIM and RIM
modules.
RIM or ODU alarms propagation
(seen in LIM as Baseband RX alarm)
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AL
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AL
Tx
Tributary
connected
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AL
Multiplexer fail
Tx
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AL
Tx
Traffic is cut
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Branch-x ODU-IDU
Communication fail
AL
CRC errors
Loss of frame
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AL
Rx
(software settable)
Traffic is cut
ALC Copyright Siae Microelettronica s.p.a.
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AL
Branch-x BaseBand Rx
Rx
BaseBand Rx causes:
Demultiplexer Fail
Traffic is cut
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AL
Demultiplexer Fail
Rx
BaseBand Rx alarm
RIM group
These alarms come from
External fault: demodulator fail alarm and
ODU alarm are generated when ODU
becomes faulty
RIM failure: PSU alarm with cable
open/short alarm or modulator/demodulator
alarms are active
Warning: modulator/demodulator circuitry is
spread into LIM and RIM modules.
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AL
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AL
This alarm is active when the PSU (Power Supply Unit) of one
RIM is switched off or is in failure condition
PSU
IDU
All alarmed
from now on
RT
If the PSU is off, all the alarms of that RIM are activated:
this alarm causes all
Rx Branch-1 alarms
except those relevant
Radio1 (is OFF)
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AL
Cable open
situation
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AL
RT group
These alarms come from
External fault: Rx power low alarm is
generated because of bad propagation
or by remote terminal faulty
ODU failure: PSU fail alarm or RF VCO
alarm or RF IF alarm is activated
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AL
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AL
Branch-x IDU-ODU
Communication fail
CRC errors
Loss of frame
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AL
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AL
Tx & Rx
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AL
Branch 1 RT If fail
This alarm occurs when is not present IF signal inside
ODU. There are two different IF signals but one alarm
only.
No IF Tx : the alarm is on and causes Tx Power Low
No IF Rx: the alarm is on with all Rx alarms
Rt If fail can be caused by Modulator fail (no IF Tx)
When VCO is faulty, RF unit gives a IFRX signal made
up of noise: this is enough to mantain IF fail alarm off
(but Demodulator cannot work Rx alarms).
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AL
Tx
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AL
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UNIT group
AL
EL
US
AL
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AL
OTHER
ALARMS
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AL
Performance alarms
Every performance measure can drive the relevant alarm if threshold
is exceeded.
Threshold in sec. relevant 15 minutes alarm
Threshold in sec. relevant 24 hours alarm
Threshold in dB of Rx alarm
alarm counter reset
If 0, alarm
is disabled
15 minutes
alarms severity
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AL
Performance monitoring
15 min.
alarms
24 hours
alarms
dBm
>
5
-5
m
dB
X
PR
R = 15 minutes
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AL
Recorder : Prx
date
LCT
time
dBm
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Measures
Performances is a group of measures, 15 minutes by 15
minutes, day by day, recorded by the equipment itself and
downloaded on the PC (the download needs bitrate).
These measures remain active also with SCT (and PC)
disconnected.
Recorder Prx is the recording of Rx power on a log file inside
the PC: every time a new value is measured a new record is
written inside the log file with info of when (day, hour, minutes
and seconds) and how much (dBm measured).
This recording remains active until SCT is connected to the
equipment.
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Current Alarms
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RF
LOOP
IDU
LOOP
BASEBAND
LOOP
MOD-DEMOD
RF
RIM 1
Line side
ODU 1
Branch
BASEBAND
1
LOOP
AL : available loops
data direction:
- towards the equipment that has enabled the loop (baseband, IDU, RF)
- selectable for E1 loop
- only local loops
MUX-DEMUX
E1 LOOP
LIM
Radio side
E
U
M
X
D
O
ID
U
1
M
U
M
X
D
-
M
E
D
-O
IR
E
1
L
O
B
A
S
E
L
O
A
N
D
P
e
c
ito
n
:r-w
d
a
L
O
P
F
R
1
U
D
O
L
O
O
P
i:L
a
v
lo
e
b
a
s
p
h
e
tq
u
ip
m
n
s
a
th
s
e
n
b
ld
e
lo
p
b
a
(s
n
d
,
F
),R
U
ID
LOOPS
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Line side
AL loop:
external PRBS
Radio side
loops:
internal PRBS
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Loop timeout
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Configuration upload/download
Upload (from equipment)
From
Configuration Template
Configuration
Full backup
The whole amount of parameters (equipment
parameters, address parameters and remote element
table) can be uploaded from equipment, saved in a
file (*.bku), downloaded to equipment.
These parameters cannot be editated.
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Switch modes
Auto
Preferential: operator can select which branch must be
operative without alarms.
Wait Time = time before coming back to the preferential
branch when alarms disappear. In this way the controller
doesnt switch continuously in case of fleeting alarms.
Reset = Wait Time is not respected
Full auto: both branches have same priority
Manual forcing
Operator can select which branch must be operative
despite alarms
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Tx switch criteria
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Rx switch criteria
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
AL
Fade margin
11 .10 .10 . 1
12 .11 .18 . 61
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AL
In equipment 2 we want
to perform Fade margin
measurement
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AL
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EQUIPMENT FEATURE
MANAGEMENT
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119
Propagation
Free space loss (L in Km, f in GHz)
Received power
A fs = 92.44dB + 20 Log (L f )
PT
PR
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Antenna
D = antenna diameter
D
8
1
c = speed of light = 3 10 ms
D 2 2
Antenna gain G = 10 Log
2
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1) Refraction
Snell law:
n2
n1sen1 = n2 sen 2
n4
n3
n1
n2
n1
k = 4/3 (standard)
k > 4/3 (super-standard)
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hgeo
L
=
R0
L
=
hgeo
k R0
hgeo
L
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R0 = 6378 km
123
RM =
L
2
L
RM
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earths curvature
k effect (refraction)
}
From the first we obtain hgeo , with
refraction hgeo becomes hgeo
and from the last we have to add also RM
L
L
+ RM =
= hgeo
+
2
k R0
2
htower
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example
L = 20 km
f = 23 GHz
k = 4/3
L
=
hgeo
= 0.047 km = 47 m
1.333 R0
R0= 6378 km
RM =
L
2
= 8.1m
Fade margin
L = 20 km
f = 23 GHz
HBER - 82 dBm
FM = 40dB (purpouse)
D=60cm G=40dB
D=80cm G= 42,6dB
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rain
25 mm/h
100 mm/h
10 GHz
0.5 dB/km
2.5 dB/km
15 GHz
1.5 dB/km
7 dB/km
20 GHz
2.1 dB/km
10 dB/km
30 GHz
4 dB/km
15 dB/km
40 GHz
6 dB/km
20 dB/km
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ALC Copyright Siae Microelettronica s.p.a.
Rain depolarization
H
vertical polar. e.m. wave
Drop weight
H
E
horizontal polar. e.m. wave
Wind
I
v
GHz
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Multipath
Direct ray
Indirect ray
H ( ) = [1 b e
j ( )