TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

CURRICULUM

MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN
RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING
(MSREE)

Course started on December 2001

First Revision - January 2003

Second Revision December 2004
(Effective from 2061/2004 Batch)

MSREE Entrance and Examination System

1.

Eligibility:

To be eligible for admission to the program, a candidate must:

Hold a Bachelors degree from normally, a Four Year Program in Civil, Mechanical, Electrical,
Electronics, Computer and Agriculture Engineering or Five year Program in Architecture or a
Two year program in Master of Science in Physics and Chemistry from Tribhuvan University
and other recognized Universities as well as Degrees equivalent to any of the aforesaid
branches of Engineering.

Have undergraduate grades significantly above average and not less than that prescribed by the
Faculty Board of the Institute of Engineering, and

Secure at least a minimum score, as prescribed by the Faculty Board, in the Admission test
conducted by Pulchowk Campus.

2.

Selection:

The Candidates fulfilling the program requirements will be selected for the admission on the basis
of merit, which will be assessed in terms of total marks considering:
(a)
(b)

The percentage of the total aggregate of Bachelor Degree, and

The marks secured in the entrance test.

3.

Entrance Test:

The nature of the entrance test will be decided by the Entrance Committee, set up by Pulchowk
Campus. The exact mix of the percentage of the total aggregate of Bachelor Degree and the nature
of the entrance test will be made known to the prospective candidates through notification in
Pulchowk campus and/or Public media.

4.

Course Structure:

The course structure is based on the Semester system. The detailed course structure, examination
scheme, marks, etc. are listed in detailed course structure sheet.
Each Year is divided in First part and Second part, amounting to First and Second Semester. There
are five compulsory subjects in the First part and the Second part of the First year. The Second year
First part consists of three Groups. One subject is compulsory. Students can select any two subjects
from among eight subjects in group A and any one from among four from group B. The subject
may change from time to time and number of subject may be limited. Second part of Second Year
consists entirely of Thesis work. The Thesis work shall be extensive and normally field based.

5.

Duration:

A regular student should complete the course within three years and a Part-time student should
complete it by five years. Minimum of two students could be admitted in part time students. A part
time student must take at least two subjects per semester. Each student must take a minimum of 60
credits. Student may take more than 60 credits but the excess credit will not be counted for.
6.

Merit:

The total percentage is calculated from the following relation:

Depending upon the total percentage of the marks obtained, the following division shall be
awarded:

Percentage

TotalPercentage =

Division

(Credit * marksobtained )
Credits

Pass
50 -< 65
65- < 80
80 higher

7.

>=50%
II
I
Distinction

Qualifying Criteria:

To qualify for the Master of Science in Renewable Energy Engineering, a student with Bachelor
Engineering Degree or equivalent must complete a program of course work of 60 credits including
an individual thesis of 16 credits.
To qualify for the Master of Science in Renewable Energy, a student with appropriate M. Sc.
degree must complete a program of course work of 60 credits including an individual thesis of 16
credits.

ii

M. Sc. in Renewable Energy / Engineering

Year: I

Part:A
Teaching Schedule

Examination Scheme
Theory

S.N.

1
2
3
4
5

Course
Code

Total
Course Title

Credit

Fundamentals of Thermal Engineering

Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications
Energy Resources
System Mathematics
Bio Energy
Total
* This 40 marks includes 20 marks of practical.
EG801ME
EG802ME
EG803ES
EG804SH
EG805ES

3
4
2
3
3
15

2
3
2
3
3
13

1
1
1
1
1
5

1.5
1.5
0
0
1.5
4.5

Total

4.5
5.5
3
4
5.5
22.5

Assessment
Marks
*40
*40
40
40
*40
200

Duration
Marks
Hrs
3
60
3
60
3
60
3
60
3
60
300

100
100
100
100
100
500

Year: I

Part:B
Teaching Schedule

S.N.

1
2
3
4
5

Remarks

Final

Examination Scheme
Theory

Course
Code
EG851EE
EG852ES
EG853ME
EG854ES
EG855SH

Course Title
Instrumentation
Renewable Energy Systems Technology
Project Planning and Management
Economics of Energy Projects
Applied Sociology
Total

Credit

Total

Assessment
Marks

4
4
3
2
2
15

3
3
3
2
2
13

1
1
2
1
0
5

1.5
1.5
0
0
0
3

5.5
5.5
5
3
2
21

*40
*40
40
40
40
200

* This 40 marks includes 20 marks of practical.

L = Lecture, T = Tutorial, P = Practical

iii

Final
Duration
Marks
Hrs
3
60
3
60
3
60
3
60
3
60
300

Total

100
100
100
100
100
500

Remarks

Year: II

Part:A
Teaching Schedule

Examination Scheme
Theory

S.N.

Course
Code

EG901SH
1
Elective A**
EG902ME
1
EG903EX
2
EG904ES
3
EG905ES
4
EG906ES
5
EG907ES
6
EG908ES
7
EG909ES
8
EG915ES
9
Elective B***
1 EG910ES
2 EG911ES
3 EG912ES
4 EG914ME

Course Title
Research Methodology
Solar Thermal Technology
Solar PV Technology
Micro-hydro
Bio gas Technology
Bio fuel Technology
Wood Energy Technology
Wind Energy Technology
New Renewable Energy Technologies (NRETs)
Environmental Impacts and Climate Change
Energy Planning and Management
Energy Auditing, Analysis and Conservation
System Integration
Design and Manufacturing

Total

Total

Assessment
Marks

40

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5

5.5
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.5

*40
*40
*40
*40
*40
*40
*40
*40
*40

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60

100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

3
3
3
3
11

1
1
1
1
4

1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
4.5

5.5
5.5
5.5
5.5
19.5

*40
*40
*40
*40
160

3
3
3
3

60
60
60
60
240

100
100
100
100
400

4
Total

Final
Duration
Marks
Hrs
3
60

Credit

14

Remarks

100

* This 40 marks includes 20 marks of Practical/project work/s.

** Two subjects from this group
*** One subject from this group
Year: II
Teaching Schedule
S.N.

Course
Code

Course Title

Credit

EG951XY* Thesis Work / Research Work

Total

Part :B
Remarks

Examination Scheme

Total

Final Assessment Marks**

100
100

16
16

* XY could be ME, ES, EX, EE, SH

** As per the department rules and regulation
L = Lecture, T = Tutorial, P = Practical

iv

Total

100
100

Assessment
through Project
Work/Thesis
and final
Viva/thesis
presentation

Table of Contents
S. N. Description

Page No.

1.

MSREE Entrance and Examination System

2.

Teaching and Examination Scheme

3.

Course Titles

4.

Course details

i
iii
v

1.

Fundamentals of Thermal Engineering

2.

Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Application

3.

Energy Resources

4.

System Mathematics

5.

Bio- energy

6.

Instrumentation

16

7.

Renewable Energy System Technology

19

8.

Project Planning and Management

21

9.

Economics of Energy Projects

23

10. Applied Sociology

25

11. Research Methodology

27

12. Solar Thermal Technology

29

13. Solar Photovoltaic Technology

32

14. Micro Hydro Power

35

15. Bio-gas Technology

37

16. Bio-fuel technology

40

17. Wood Energy Technology

43

18. Wind Energy Technology

47

19. New Renewable Energy Technologies (NRETs)

49

20. Environmental Impacts and Climate Change

51

21. Energy Planning and Management

55

22. Energy Auditing, Analysis and Conservation

57

23. System Integration

60

24. Design and Manufacturing

62

Fundamentals of Thermal Engineering

(EG801ME)
Lecture: 2 hrs
Tutorial: 1 hr
Practical: 1.5 hrs

Year: I
Part: A

Objective:
To apply the knowledge of thermodynamics, heat transfer, combustion processes in the combustion
engines and assesses the effects of pollutants from these devices.
1. Thermodynamics
(4 hrs)
Review of laws of thermodynamics
Energy availability available and non-available energy of a system and surrounding
atmosphere
Relation between fuel conversion efficiency, combustion efficiency and thermal efficiency
2. Application of Heat Transfer:
Heat exchangers
Solar thermal devices

(4 hrs)

3. Combustion:
Introduction to combustion process
Combustion equation, stoichiometry, heating values
Flames: types, structure and propagation
Quenching and explosion hazards, flammability limits
Combustion of solid, liquid and gas fuels

(8 hrs)

4. Combustion engine and emission control:

(14 hrs)
Working of spark ignition engines, compression ignition engine, stirling engine, steam
turbine and gas turbine
Pollutant emissions, effects of pollutants, emission from combustion engines, emission
control measures
Emission control and analysis
Assignments:
There should be at least one assignment from each topic.
Laboratory works:
1. Analysis of heat pumps
2. Advanced experiments on conduction, convection and radiation
3. Analysis of heat transfer of different types of heat exchangers

4. Emission testing of spark ignition engine and compression ignition engine

5. Exposure to boiler operation (Site visit)
Text books, reference and journals:
1. E. Radhakrishnan; Fundamental of Engineering Thermodynamics, Prentice-Hall of India (P.)
Ltd, New Delhi
2. Z. Warhalf, An introduction to Thermo-fluid Engineering; the engine and the atmosphere,
Cambridge University Press, 1997
3. J.B. Jones and R.E. Dugan: Engineering Thermodynamics, Prentice-Hall of India (P.) Ltd, New
Delhi
4. Stephen R. Turns; An Introduction to combustion: concept and applications, McGraw-HILL,
Inc., 1996
5. J. P. Holman; Heat Transfer, 8th Edition, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1997
6. Web sites: www.secondlaw.com, www.2ndlaw.com, www.stirling.com
7. Journal: Combustion Science and Technology
8. Journal: ASME Journal on Heat Transfer

Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Application

(EG802ME)
Lecture: 3 hrs
Tutorial: 1 hr
Practical: 1.5 hrs

Year: I
Part: A

Objective:
To review on basic fluid mechanics including forces on stationary and moving systems. Study and
application of similitude and dimensional analysis, compressible & in compressible flow, water
turbines and pumps.
1. Review on Basic Fluid Mechanics:

(8 hrs)

Basic Hydrodynamics: Differential equation of continuity, Bernoulli equation, stream

function, basic flow fields, velocity potential, orthogonality of streamlines, equipotential lines
Momentum and Forces in Fluid Flow: Development of impulse momentum principle, force
exerted on a stationary vane or blade, torque in rotating machines, reaction with rotation,
momentum principle applied to propeller and wind mills
2. Similitude and Dimensional Analysis:
(4 hrs)
Geometrical similarity, kinematics similarity, dynamic similarity, scale ratios, comments on
models, dimensional analysis
3. Incompressible Flow in Pressure Conduits:
(6 hrs)
Laminar and turbulent flow, Reynolds number, general equation for conduct friction, laminar flow
in circular pipes, entrance conditions in laminar fowl, pipe roughness, chart for friction factor,
pipeline with pump or turbine, pipe in series and parallel
4. Forced on Immersed Bodies:
(3 hrs)
Friction drag of boundary layer incompressible flow, boundary layer separation and pressure drag
on two and three dimensional bodies, lift and circulation lift of an airfoil, induced drag on airfoil of
finite length
5. Similarity laws and Factors for Turbo-machines:
(4 hrs)
Efficiency definitions, similarity laws, restriction on use of similarity laws, peripheral velocity
factor, specific speed
6. Compressible Flow:
(6 hrs)
Introduction to compressible flows, wave propogation and sound velocity, mach number, basic
equations for one dimensional compressible flow, isentropic flow relations

7. Water Turbines and Pumps:

(10 hrs)
Types of turbines (Pelton, Turgo impulse, Crossflow, Francis, Kaplan, propeller), working
principles, components and their functions, characteristics and design
Classification, size and rating, head delivered, specific speed, characteristics of constant speed,
energy laws in pumps, cavitations, efficiency, proportion and factors for pumps, system
characteristics and design.
8.

Basics of Wind Energy Conversion:

(4 hrs)
Principle of wind energy conversion, component, efficiency, tip speed ratio, wind direction
changes, material fatigue, starting, delayed stall types-vertical/horizontal axis,
constant/variable speed, wind farm.

Laboratory Experiments:
1. Fluid flow visualization and analysis
2. Investigation of validity of Bernoullis theorem for convergent and divergent flow system
3. Determination of coefficient of discharge for orifices for flows under constant head and flows
4. Operation and characteristics of different basic types of flow meters
5. Determinations of critical depth and specific energy at upstream and down stream (*)
6. Losses and characteristics associated with flow through bends and fittings
7. Laminar and turbulent pipe flow analysis
8. Experiments on airflow rig (*)
9. Performance characteristics of turbines and pumps
*Subject to availability of equipment
Text books, References, and Journals:
1. Robert L. Daugherty, Joseph B. Franzini and E. John Finnemore, Fluid Mechanics with
Engineering Applications, McGraw Hill Book Company, SI Metric Edition 1989
2. Dr. P.N. Modi and Dr. M. Sethi, Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Standard Book house 1995
3. Dr. J. Tritton, Physical Fluid Dynamics, Second Edition, Claredon Press, Oxford Press 1988
4. Dr. Jagadish Lal, Hydraulics Machines, Metropoliton Co. 1995
5. Dr. D. S. Kumar, Fluid mechanics and Fluid Power Engineering, S.K. Katheria & Sons, India
1998
6. Experiments in Fluid (Journals)
7. Physics of Fluid (Journals)
8. Journal of Fluid Mechanics (Journals)
9. Chemical Engineering Prog. (Journals)

Energy Resources
(EG803ES)
Lecture: 2
Tutorial: 1

Year: 1
Part: A

Objective:
To furnish the fundamental knowledge on energy resources in general and renewable energy
sources in particular such as wind, micro-hydro, wave, tidal, geothermal energy, etc.
1. Introduction:
!
Energy scenario (National, Regional and Global)
!
Environmental issues and socio- economics impact.

(2 hrs)

2. Classifications of Energy Resources:

!
Primary and secondary resources
!
Conventional and non-conventional resources
!
Commercial and non- commercial resources
!
Renewable and non renewable resources
!
Traditional and modern resources
!
Need of standardization

(4 hrs)

2.1 Non- renewable energy resources

(4 hrs)
!
Fossil fuels: Introduction and their exploration and development
!
Formation, classification and properties of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels
(Natural gas, Propane, Butane, Methane, commercial LPG)
2.2 Renewable Energy Resources:
(18 hrs)
! Solar Energy: Introduction, Reactions at Sun, Extraterrestrial solar radiation, Components
of radiation, Earth Sun orbit geometry, Effects of Earth's atmosphere, Measurement of solar
radiation, Estimation of solar radiation, Application of solar energy (2)
! Application of PV Technology, Types of Solar Cells, PV Module Characteristics, Simple
PV SHS Design, Simple PV WPS Design, Reduction of GHGs due to PV(4)
! Bio-energy: Introduction, Bio-fuel classification, direct combustion, Pyrolysis, Biomethanation and fermentation, Densification and gasification(2)
! Wind energy: Introduction, classification, Present scenario, Future potential and prospects,
Power from wind, Wind turbine types and power extraction, Wind farming.(2)
! Micro-hydro power: Introduction,, classification, Present scenario , Future potential
prospects and Constraints, Working principles of different types of turbines in brief.(3)
! Ocean energy: Introduction, principle, power generation.(1)
! Geothermal energy: Introduction, exploration and development, Present scenario
Harnessing of Geothermal resources.(1)
! Nuclear energy: Introduction, Fundamentals of nuclear energy (principle, radioactive
materials, power plants and safety measures)(1)

!
!

Newer forms of energy: Introduction, production of Hydrogen, Fuel cells.(1)

Economic and financial analysis.(1)

3. Global trends in Energy policy

(2 hrs)

Textbook, Reference and Journals

1. Renewable energy Power for Sustainable Future

System Mathematics
(EG 804SH)
Lecture: 3 hrs
Tutorial: 1 hr

Year: I
Part: A

Objective:
To deal with the application of Partial Differential Equations, Laplace Transformations,
Mathematical Modeling, Optimization Techniques, System Modeling & Simulation and Statistical
Application in Operation Research.
1. Linear System, Non Linear System and Stability:
Introduction
Solution of linear system by elimination using differential operator
Solution of system by Laplace Transform
Non-linear systems phase plane, critical path and stability
2. Probability and Statistics:
Central Tendency and Dispersion
Probability Theory and Distribution
Correlation and Regression

(12 hrs)

(5 hrs)

3. Mathematical Programming/Optimization Techniques:

(13 hrs)
Linear Programming, Integer Programming, Dynamic Programming/Non-linear Programming,
Transportation Model and Assignment Model.
4. System Modeling and Simulations:
Application of Dynamic System Models
Queuing Systems
Modeling and Simulating Theory

(5 hrs)

5. Forecasting:
Models for Time-series with Trend Components
Models for Time-series with Seasonal Components
Models for Time- series with Trend and Seasonal Components
Selecting the Best Forecasting Method
Causal Model; Simple and Multiple Regression

(4 hrs)

6. Geographical Information System:

Importance of GIS in RET, Data acquisition and analysis using GIS

(6 hrs)

Textbook, Reference and Journals:

1. Peter V. O Neil:, advance Engineering Mathematics, Wadsworth Publishing Company,
Belmont, California
2. Rosenberg K. M. ; Statistics for Behavioral Sciences, Wm. C. Brown Publication.
3. Camm, Jeffrey D. and James R. Evans, Management Science & Decision Technology, South
Western College Publishing, A Division of Thompson Learning, USA, 2000.

Bio-Energy
(EG805ES)
Lecture: 3 hrs
Tutorial: 1 hr
Practical: 1.5 hrs

Year: I
Part: A

Objective:
To create awareness and to enhance endogenous capacity in handling the upcoming challenges in
the biomass front, including resource identification, energy generation, system design and
technology development to ensure a sustainable future of the carbon neutral indigenous bio-energy
sources
Components: 1. Bio-gas Energy
2. Bio-fuel (liquid) Energy
3. Wood and Non-wood Solid Biomass Fuel Energy
General
(2 hrs)
Introduction to different sources of Bio-energy
Bio-energy and environment
International concerns of renewable energy development in the context of particularly
global climate change (United National Framework Convention on Climate Change, Kyoto
Protocol), Acid Rain, Ozone depletion, Population explosion, etc
1. Bio-gas energy
1.1 Introduction:
Historical context of bio-gas energy
Bio-gas Energy Resources (International context)
History of biogas development in Nepal
Institutional growth
Technical growth
Financing arrangement etc.

(2 hr)

Suitable organic waste for Biogas production

(1 hr)

Microbial activities in relation to anaerobic digestion of organic waste

Morphology of methanogenic bacteria
o Biochemical process of anaerobic digestion
o Stages of anaerobic digestion
o Factors affecting microbial activities in digester

(2 hrs)

1.2 Advantages of biogas (domestic application):

Time saving
Health and sanitation

(1 hr)

Cleanliness
Reduction in purchased fuel expense
Environment protection
Contribution to agriculture (slurry)

1.3 Limitations of Bio-gas Development:

High investment cost / high interest on borrowing
No direct cash income to user households
Land, water and maintenance problems
Sustained supply of raw-material.

(1 hr)

1.4 Economics of Bio-gas plant installation in Nepal (Gobar-gas plant)

Investment vs size
Subsidy policy and sources
Loan (credit) arrangement and repayment conditions

(2 hrs)

1.5 Design concept and other parameters of biogas plant.

Introduction of plant designs
Volume calculation and structural (design) aspect
Site selection aspect and constructional details
Cold condition bio-gas plants

(3 hrs)

1.6 Quality control of biogas plants:

Introduction
Need for quality control
Quality control parameters and procedures
Verification system
Anticipated problems
Financial implications and expected outputs
Expert requirement

(2 hrs)

1.7 Role of management, communication and human resource development:

Introduction
Approach of management
Extension and Communication
Monitoring and Reporting

(2 hrs)

1.8 Bio-gas in relation to environment, ecology, health and sanitation:

(National Context)
Bio-gas and agriculture,
Biogas and women,
Biogas and forests,
Biogas in relation to health and sanitation

(2 hrs)

10

Bio-gas in relation to local environment

Laboratory Works:
a) Demonstration of different kinds of biogas appliances (stoves and pipes) and their accessories
b) Demonstration of biogas lamps.
c) Site visit to observe bio-gas plants in different stages of construction and operation.

2. Bio-Fuel (Liquid) Energy

2.1 Introduction:
(1 hr)
Common traditional Bio-fuel (e.g. Fire wood, charcoal seed oil and fats etc.)
Modern / Commercial biofuels (e.g. Hydrocarbon fuels, petroleum products, briquettes etc)
2.2 Traditional Fuel situation in Nepal
(2 hrs)
Role of renewable bio-energy (non-wood) in the national energy demand supply situation
Comparative review of other developed and the developing countries in particular reference
to SAARC countries and scope of bio-energy development in the future
2.3 Bio-fuel Resources and Production
Bio-fuel resources assessment of sustainable production potential
Product analysis
Market value of bio-fuel resources
Cost of bio-fuel products
Bio-briquette
Bio-diesel
Bio-ethanol
Bio-hydrocarbons

(2 hrs)

2.4 Conventional agro-farm bio-fuel and bio-briquette

Prospects of production and promotion
Combustion characteristics
Material property
Application of bio-briquette
Current situation of motor specific consumption, demand and application,
Comparative study

(2 hrs)

2.5 Bio-ethanol
Resources for bio-ethanol production
Production of liquid bio-ethanol
Cost benefit analysis of bio-ethanol
Material properties of bio-ethanol
Combustion characteristics of bio-ethanol

(2 hrs)

11

Scope and limitation of bio-ethanol fuel as renewable alternative energy source in the
transport sector

2.6 Bio- Diesel

(2 hrs)
Resources for bio-diesel production
Production of liquid bio-diesel
Cost benefit analysis of bio-diesel
Material properties of bio-diesel
Combustion characteristics of bio-diesel
Scope and limitation of bio-diesel fuel as renewable alternative energy source in the
transport sector
2.7 Bio- Hydrocarbons
(2 hrs)
Resources for bio-hydrocarbon production
Production of liquid bio-hydrocarbons
Cost benefit analysis of bio-hydrocarbons
Material properties of bio-hydrocarbons
Combustion characteristics of bio-hydrocarbon
Scope and limitation of bio-hydrocarbon fuel as renewable alternative energy sources in the
transport sector
2.8 Bio-fuel conversion and application

(2 hrs)

2.9 Environment impact of bio-fuels

(1 hr)

Field Exposures
To observe local bio-fuel resources
To observe traditional as well as modern application of bio-fuel conversion process
To observe the application of bio-fuel
Laboratory Works:
1. Extraction of fixed oil by mechanical and solvent distillation processes
2. Demonstration of fuel grade renewable liquid bio-fuel
3. Demonstration of preparation of gasohol (90% + 10%)
Text book, References and Journals
1. AlFinch, E. O., Energy Research by Brogilis Agricultural Research System
2. Wilsons, D. Evaluating Alternatives: Aspect of an Integrated Approach using ethanol
3. Luty A., Vegetable oil as fuel, An environmentally and socially compatible concept

12

3. Wood and non-wood solid biomass fuel energy

3.1 Terminology and general introduction:
(4 hrs)
Definition of wood and non-wood biomass fuels, terminologies, including national, regional
and global context, traditional and modern applications of biomass fuels (including historical
background, share in national energy balance, emerging scenarios in the energy sector)
3.2 Wood and non-wood solid biomass fuel resources:
(5 hrs)
Forest based production systems (direct woodfuel):
Production from different types of natural forests, including Public, Private, Leasehold forests,
etc.
Production from forest and tree plantations (afforestation and reforestation) in forest lands,
block tree plantations in public and lease-hold forest lands, including village woodlots, village
forests, leased forests.
Production from community owned/managed natural forests, scrub shrub and scrub lands.
Non-forest land based production systems (direct woodfuel):
Naturally grown trees in private lands, farms, home gardens and homesteads
Planted trees in blocks, patches or isolation in farms, homesteads and home-gardens
Fruit orchards and non-industrial tree plantations (rubber and cash-crop plantations)
Other production systems (indirect woodfuel and recovered woodfuel):
Indirect woodfuel, wood wastes and by-products in wood and paper industries available for
fuel.
Recovered wood from different sources, wood from demolition of old construction, abandoned
furniture, packing materials, driftwood (along riverbanks and coastal areas) etc.
Non-woody solid biomass fuel production systems:
a) Animal Residues:
Biomass residues available as by-products of animals and poultry for fuel (indirect biomass fuel)
Recovered biomass from meat processing and other related industries for fuel (recovered biomass
fuel)
b) Energy crops & residues:
Different types of crops (soybean, sugarcane, oil seed etc.) raised exclusively for energy purpose,
direct energy crops)
Biomass residues of different types available in the field after crop harvests (indirect biomass fuel)
3.3 Wood and non-wood biomass fuel flow systems:
(4 hrs)
Wood and non-wood biomass fuel production/collection/preparation/conversion/bundling
Wood and non-wood biomass fuel transportation (loading, unloading, transportation, etc.)
Wood and non-wood biomass fuel distribution/marketing (including collectors/gatherers/
harvesters, contractors, transporters, retailers/wholesalers, pricing mechanisms, etc.)
Assessment of wood and non-wood biomass energy resources (productivity and sustainable
supply potential, management systems and scope for development; strategies and programmes
of biomass fuel supply enhancement in the relevant sectors
Policy and planning (national policies and regulations governing the use of wood and nonwood biomass for energy, the roles of POs, NGOs, CBOs and GOs in biomass energy
development.

13

3.4Wood and non-wood solid biomass fuel conversion and utilization

(secondary and final energy forms):
(4 hrs)
Pyrolysis and charcoal making
Briquetting & Pelletising (densification of loose biomass residues), Charcoal briquettes
Biomass fuel based boilers, kilns and furnaces
Biomass Gasification (low cost, small-scale gasifiers for different applications)
Cogeneration of heat and power from biomass fuels
Dendro-thermal power generation from biomass fuels
Improved Cook Stoves (ICS) for household applications (for domestic cooking and space
heating)
Improved technology for enhancing the use of biomass fuels in the industrial and commercial
sectors, (for enhancing the biomass fuel combustion efficiency in traditional industries and
commercial undertakings which rely on solid biomass fuels)
Commercially available modern biomass energy technologies (i.e. gasification, cogeneration,
dendro-thermal power generation, hybrid system, etc)
Laboratory Works:
1. Improved technology for charcoal making and utilization, for enhancing charcoal combustion
efficiency at the household and industry levels, as well as for reducing environmental pollution
2. Determination of the calorific value of different wood and non-wood biomass by tree species,
crop
3. Determination of the heat and combustion efficiency of different types of ICS
Text books, references, journals and newsletters:
1. Energy Statistics: Definitions, Units of Measure and Conversion Factors, Studies in Methods,
Series F No. 44. Department of International Economics and Social Affairs, Statistical Office,
UNDP, New York 1987.
2. Energy and Environment Basics: RWEDP Report No. 29, 2nd edition. FAO Regional Wood
Energy Development Programme in Asia, Bangkok, July 1997.
3. P.D. Grover & S.K. Mishra. Biomass Briquetting: Technology and Practices
4. Regional Study on Wood Energy Today and Tomorrow in Asia. RWEDP Field Document No.
50. FAO Regional Wood Energy Development Programme in Asia, Bangkok, 1997.
5. RWEDP (2000), Wood Energy, Climate and Health: International Expert Consultation,
Summary Report. Field Document No. 58. (Paper of A. Koopmans, "Trends in Wood/Biomass
and other Renewable Energies").
6. Options for Dendro Power in Asia: Report on the Expert Consultation, Manila, Philippines,
RWEDP Field Document No. 57. FAO Regional Wood Energy Development Programme in
Asia, Bangkok, 2000.
7. Others national and international sources of information, including published documents,
journals and newsletters
8. Unified Wood Energy (UWE) Terminology (Draft), FAO Forestry Department, Rome,
November 2001
9. Wood Energy Development: Planning, Policies and Strategies. RWEDP Field Document No.
37 (a, b & c). FAO Regional Wood Energy Development Programme in Asia, Bangkok, 1993.
10. Wood Energy, Climate and Health: An International Expert Consultation. RWEDP Field
Document No. 58. FAO Regional Wood Energy Development Programme in Asia, Bangkok,
2000.

14

11. Wood Fuel Trade in India, Report of the national consultation in Indian Institute of Forest
Management, Bhopal. RWEDP Report No. 57. FAO Regional Wood Energy Development
Programme in Asia, Bangkok, 2001.
12. Websites and CD-ROM of FAO-RWEDP (November 2000) and others:
! http://www.rwedp.org
! http://acre.murdoch.edu.au/ago/biomass/biomass.html
! www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/publications/f.reports.etwan/exec-summary.asp
! http://afbnet.vtt.fi/
! http://eubionet.vtt/fi
! www.agores.org

15

Instrumentation
(EG851EE)
Lecture: 3 hrs
Tutorial: 1hr.
Practical: 1.5hrs

Year: I
Part: B

Objectives:
To review the basic instrumentation in Electrical Engineering & Electronics.
To review the basic instrumentation in Mechanical Engineering and understand its application
in Motion and Dimensional Measurements; Force, Torque and shaft Power measurement; Heat
Flux and Temperature Measurement; and Fluid and Pressure Measurement
To impart the fundamentals of Microprocessor based instrumentation.
1. Basic instrumentation in Electrical Engineering and Electronics
Basic Electrical Engineering
[4 hrs]
Review of faraday's law of electromagnetic induction-emf and torque production
Role of resistor, inductor and capacitor in electric circuit
Concept of active and reactive power and power factor
Instrument transformer
Operational Amplifier
Logic gates
Instrument fundamentals
[4 hrs]
Function of various components of measuring instruments
Need of electrical, electronic, pneumatic, hydraulic working media and conversion
devices
Accuracy, precision and sensitivity of measuring instruments
Static of error and calibration
Input impedance and loading effect
Electrical measurement
[4 hrs]
Voltmeter and Ammeter: construction, operating principle and their application
Wattmeter and energy meter: meter construction, operating principle and their applications
Frequency meter construction, operating principle
Power factor and power factor to voltage converter
Megger and its application for insulation testing resistance testing

Transducers
Primary and secondary transducer
Advantage and classification of electrical transducer

16

[4 hrs]

2. Microprocessor based Instrumentation

[8 hrs]
Introduction to microprocessor
Microprocessor architecture, memory
Peripheral devices in microprocessor- A/D and D/A converters, multiplexers, demultiplexers,
encoders, decoders
Examples of microprocessors based
3. Motion and Dimensional Measurements
Measurement of linear and angular displacement - potentiometer
Measurement of linear velocity - Electromagnetic transducer
Resistance Strain gauge and its application
Eddy-current non contacting transducers and its application
Digital displacement transducers(rotary encoders)
Speed Measurement-DC and AC taco-generator, stroboscope

[6 hrs]

4. Force torque and shaft power measurement

Bonded strain gauge transducers
Piezoelectric Transducers
Dynamometers for shaft Power measurement

[4 hrs]

5. Heat flux and Temperature

Electrical resistance thermometers
Semiconductor thermometer
Thermistors
Thermocouple
Radiation thermometer
Digital thermometer

[4 hrs]

6. Flow and pressure measurement

Velocity Magnitude from Pitot-Static Tube
Hot-wire and Hot-film Anemometers
Constant Area, Variable Pressure Drop Meters ("obstruction" meters)
Constant Pressure Drop, Variable Area Meters
Turbine Meters
Ultra Sound Flow meter
Electromagnetic Flow Meters
Elastic Transducers for pressure measurements

[7 hrs]

17

Laboratory Works
1. Use of Operational Amplifier
2. Calibration of Thermometers
3. Use of Strain Gauge (*)
4. Use of Dynamometer for shaft power measurement (*)
5. Calibration of different types of devices for temperature measurement
6. Measurement of motive, Dynamic and Total pressure using pitot tube (*)
7. Use of data logger
8. Use of microprocessor in experiments
*Subject to availability of equipment
Text/Reference Books
1. E. O. Doebelin, Measurement Systems: Application and Design, McGraw Hill.
2. T. G. Beckwith, N. L. Buck and R. D. Marangoni, Mechanical Measurements, Addison
Wesley, Third edition.
3. A. K. Shawney, Electrical and electronic measurement and measuring instruments
4. E. W. Golding & F. C. Widdid, Electrical Measurement and Measuring Devices

18

Renewable Energy System Technology

(EG852ES)
Lecture: 3 hrs
Tutorial: 1 hr
Practical: 1.5 hrs

Year: I
Part: B

Objectives:
To provide the general understanding of the energy conversion and the physics of different
types of energy conversion systems.
To provide knowledge on active and passive solar systems Photovoltaic systems, Wind power
systems, Micro Hydro Systems, OTEC, Wave/Tidal systems and Geothermal systems.
1. Solar Thermal Systems:
[8hrs]
! Solar radiation and its characteristics, basic principles of heat transfer, selective coatings,
principles and performance of flat plate and solar concentrators, solar water heating, solar
pond, solar swimming pool, solar stills, solar drying, solar cooling and solar cooking,
conversion to mechanical energy, application of active and passive solar thermal system in
buildings.
2. Solar PV Systems:
[8 hrs]
! Fundamentals of solar cells, types of solar cells and their fabrication.
! Application of photovoltaic systems (modules and arrays), pumping systems, lighting
systems, satellite solar power systems, solar home problems, PV cathodic protection, and
other related problems, PV Tracking Systems
3. Micro Hydro and Wind Power system:
[8 hrs]
! Theory on power generation and utilization, details of wind and micro hydro power system,
site selection, transmission and installation
4. OTEC, Wave, Tidal, Geothermal and other types of energy:
[4 hrs]
! OTEC: Temperature profile in temperate and tropical oceans, principles of OTEC systems,
site selection, power cycles, selection of working fluid, pumps and turbines, heat
exchangers
! Wave: Generation of waves, patterns, wave energy and power extraction devices
! Tidal: Origin and nature of tides, tidal heads and duration, principle of tidal energy
conversion, tidal power generation
! Geothermal: Geophysics, available technology, harnessing geothermal resources
! Others: Hydrogen energy and fuel cells.
! Energy generation from waste

19

5. Energy Conservation and Demand side Management:

[7 hrs]
! Thermodynamic of energy conservation, energy conservation through controls, energy
auditing, process heat and steam management, waste heat recovery, electrical energy
conservation in buildings and industries, economics of energy conservation
! Techniques for measuring energy use, approaches to optimizing and monitoring energy use,
design principles to minimize energy use in buildings and devices, analysis of systems,
satellite solar power system, PV cathodic protection, and other related relative costs of
energy conservation and energy production in various appliances
6. Climate Change
Global Climate Change
Global use of fossil fuels, CO2 greenhouse gas and global warming
Mitigation of Climate Change: UNFCCC, IPCC, Kyoto Protocol
Kyoto Mechanism: CDM, JI, ET; Prospects for CDM in Nepal
Carbon finance in Renewable Energy Projects

[4 hrs]

Experiments based on course content of RET:

1.
2.
3.
4.

Experiments on solar radiation measurement

Performance study of flat plate and concentric solar thermal energy collector
Experiments on Solar PV pane (Four Experiments and one day long field visit)
Experiments on water turbine

Text Books, References and Journals

1. Philip G. Hill, Power Generation, Resources, Hazard Technology and Costs, MIT Press, 1977
2. S. P. Sukhatme, Solar Energy, Principles of Thermal Collection and Storage, Tata McGraw
Hill, 1984
3. John W. Twidell and Anthony D. Weir, Renewable Energy Resources, ELBS, 1986
4. S. S. Penner and Iceman, Non-nuclear Energy Technologies, volume I and II, Pergamon Press,
1984
5. Proceedings of International Conference on Role of Renewable Energy Technology for Rural
Development (RETRUD-98), IOE/AEPC/NESS, 1998
6. John A. Duffie, William A Beckman Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, John Willey and
Sons.
7. Y. Goswami, Principles of Solar Engineering, Talor and Francis, 2000
8. IPCC, Third Assessment Report, 2001
9. John Harte, Consider a Spherical Cow, University Science Books, Mill Valley, California

20

Project Planning and Management

(EG853ME)
Lecture: 3 hrs
Tutorial: 2 hrs

Year: I
Part: B

Objectives:
To understand Project Planning and Management tools.
To provide knowledge on Project Identification, Formulation, Planning and Appraisal, Project
Monitoring & Controlling, Evaluation & Auditing and Organization & Management of
projects.
To understand contract management and quality management.
1. Introduction to project management:
[6 hrs]
Project definition; project objective(s); Definition of project management; Evolution of project
management; Scope of project management
Elements of project management: organization, time, cost, quality, human resource,
communication, risk, and integration
Concept of project cycle: identification, formulation, appraisal, implementation and M&E
The Change as a result of project and impact of change in project management (Dynamic
management, assumptions and risks)
2. Project identification, planning, formulation and appraisal:
[9 hrs]
Project identification studies (opportunity analysis) and marketing
Feasibility study (detailed project design, cost estimate, economic and financial analysis)
Project appraisal: Technical, Commercial, Economic, Financial, Management, Social
Cost-Benefit, Project Risk, Environmental
(Concepts of time value of money and financial evaluation will be covered under Economics
of energy technologies)
3. Project organization and implementation:
[9 hrs]
Project organization
Resource allocation: budgeting, material management (inventory), human resource allocation,
and resource loading and leveling.
Resource mobilization
Project scheduling: scheduling techniques (Gantt, PERT, CPM, etc.)
Project delays and impact: time and cost overrun
Project administration
4. Project monitoring, controls and information systems:
Purpose of monitoring and types of monitoring
Monitoring planning, controlling cycle
Design of control systems

21

[8 hrs]

Project information system: Needs and reporting

5. Decision & Risk analysis:

Introduction to decision making
Understanding Risk and Uncertainty
Expected Value & Decision making

[3 hrs]

6. Project Evaluation and auditing:

Purpose of evaluation
Project auditing systems
Benefits monitoring and auditing techniques
Impact assessment
Project life cycle auditing

[6 hrs]

7. Contract Management
Contracting Concepts, strategy
Contract types, procedures, Contract law
Public Works Directives

[2 hrs]

8. Quality and Value Management

Quality Control, Quality Assurance and Total Quality Management
Value management concept, Quality cost, Quality standards

[2 hrs]

Textbook, References and Journals:

1. The Journal of Engineering and Technology Management (JET-M), Elsevier Publication
2. Project Management: Strategic Design and Implementation, (Third Edition); David I. Cleland,
McGraw-Hill International Editions, General Engineering Series (1999)
3. Project Management: A Managerial Approaches; Jack R. Meredith and Samuel J. Mantel Jr.,
John Wiley & Sons (1998)
4. Project Management: K Nagarajan, New Age International Publication, New Delhi, 2001
5. Entrepreneurial Development; S. Khanka, S. Chand & Company Ltd. (1999)
6. Projects: Planning, Analysis, Selection, Implementation, and Review; Prasanna Chandra, TataMcGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi
Computer Software:

Supporting software like Microsoft Project 2000 will be implemented.

22

Economics of Energy Projects

(EG854ES)
Lecture: 2 hrs
Tutorial: 1 hrs

Year: I
Part: B

Objective:
To provide basic concepts and methodologies to conduct financial evaluations and economic
analysis related to energy sector investment projects and/or reviewing and evaluating such work
done by others.
1. Forms of Energy Organization:
! Sole Proprietorship
! Partnership
! Corporation (Private Limited and Public Limited)

[2 hrs]

2. Energy Finance:
[4 hrs]
! Equity Capital: common share, preferred share, convertible share
! Debt: short term (working capital loans), long term loan or corporate bonds
! Cost of capital: cost of capital share, preferred share, cost of debt, weighted averaged cost of
capital
3. Cost and Revenue:
! Short run cost: Total cost, marginal cost, average cost, fixed cost, variable cost
! Long run cost: Plant size and cost, Long-run average cost (LRAC)
! Revenue: Total revenue, marginal revenue, average revenue

[4 hrs]

4. Financial Statement analysis of energy firms:

[4 hrs]
! Familiarization with balance sheets, income statement and cash-flow statement components
! Calculation of financial ratios and their familiarization
5. Capital budgeting:
[6 hrs]
! Depreciation methods, straight line, declining balance method
! Interest rates; simple and compound interest rates
! Cash-flow; cash inflow and cash outflow, free cash flow (FCF)
! Capital budgeting techniques; Payback period, discounted cash flow analysis, net present value
and IRR techniques
! Real Options and its use in Project Evaluation
6. Benefit cost analysis:
! Calculation of Economic Cost
! Calculation of social benefit

[4 hrs]

23

!
!

Calculation of social cost

Benefit-cost ratio

7. Financing Renewable Energy Projects using CDM

[6 hrs]
! Introduction to Kyoto Protocol, UNFCCC, IPCC
! Global use of renewable energy, prospects and challenges
! Kyoto Mechanisms: Clean Development Mechanism, Joint Implementation, Emission Trading
! Carbon Trading in global market
! Scenario building in global energy use, Business as Usual and Alternative scenarios
! Clean Development Mechanisms finance in Renewable Energy Projects
Project work and report has to be submitted at the end of the course on Capital Budgeting of
Energy Project.

Text Books:
1. Chan S. Park, Porteous, Kenneth C. & Zuo Ming J. Contemporary Engineering Economics: A
Canadian Perspective, Allison-Wesley Publication Ltd., 1994
2. Bade, Robin & Michel Parkin; Micro Economics, Allison-Wesley Publication Ltd., 1994
3. Asian Development Bank, "Economic Analysis of Projects", Manila, 1996
4. IPCC, Third Assessment Report, 2001
5. John Harte, Consider a Spherical Cow, University Science Books, Mill Valley, California
Journals and magazines:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Energy economics
Energy, the International Journal
Energy management
Energy policy
Petroleum Economist

24

Applied Sociology
(EG855SH)
Lecture: 2 hrs
Tutorial: 1 hr

Year: I
Part: B

Objective:
To deals with the social issues normally encountered in third world countries in course of
technology transfer and the use and adaptation to various forms of renewable energy systems in a
family, community and district levels.
1. Introduction:
(6 hrs)
Importance and use of Sociology/Anthropology in engineering
Sociological/Anthropological perspective and application
Basic concepts in Sociology and Anthropology, Society and Culture, Norms and Values, Status
and Roles, Religion and Festivals
2. Structures:
(4 hrs)
Social structure, family, Groups, Caste and Ethnic groups, Community and Institutions
3. Community:
(4 hrs)
Indigenous and Appropriate Technology, Community Participation, Value system and
community development forces
4. Gender:
Gender issues
Gender differences and the role of women in energy conservation and development

(4 hrs)

5. Applied Sociology and Anthropology:

(12 hrs)
Social change: Population Dynamics, Ecology and environment, Technological impact, impact
of culture on technological acceptance, operation and maintenance, retention and sustainability,
Modernisation and Globalisation, Communication, Social movements and Planned Changes,
Development approaches.
Application of knowledge of Sociology and Anthropology with special reference to Energy
policy, Legal issues and practices, Identification of issues and resolution.

Textbook, Reference and Journals:

1. Inkels Alex, What is sociology? Introduction in the discipline and profession, Prentice Hall of
India Pvt. Ltd.
2. Foster G. M., Traditional Culture and impact of Technological Change.
3. Mair, L. Applied Sociology, anthropology.

25

4. Gsanlender A.W. Applied sociology opportunities and problems

5. Regmi, Rishikeshav Raj Dimension of Nepali society and culture. SANN Kathmandu
6. Gurung, Sant Bahadur, Rural Development Approaches in Nepal. Deva Publications,
Kathmandu.
7. Reed & Reed; Nepal in Transition.
8. Gyawali, Dipak; Water Nepal.
9. Pande, Devendra Raj; Failed Development.
10. Bista, Dor B.; Fatalism & Development
11. Water Nepal, Journal of Water Resource Development, Vol. 5, No.1, Jan 1997

26

Research Methodology
(EG901SH)
Lecture: 2 hrs
Tutorial: 1 hrs

Year:II
Part: A

Objectives:
To prepare the student for the research works ahead.
To deal with data collection system, measurement system, sampling technique, analysis of data
To apply the various statistical tools and report writing and presentation.
1. Introduction:
Objective of research:
Type of research Criteria of good research
Problem encountered by researchers

[1 hr]

2. Defining the research Problem:

Selection and defining the problems
Technique involving the defining the problem

[1 hr]

3. Research design and protocol:

Meaning and needs of research design
Features of Good decision
Experimental Design
Simulation Design

[2 hrs]

4. Sampling design:
Census and sample survey
Step in sampling design
Type of sample design
Sample size determination
Concept of standard error
Estimation

[4 hrs]

5. Measurement and scaling technique:

Measurement scales
Source of error in measurement
Scaling techniques

[4 hrs]

27

6. Methods of data collection processing and analysis:

Types of data
Methods of data collection
Problem in processing
Control techniques

[3 hrs]

7. Testing of Hypothesis:
Procedure of testing of hypothesis
Z-test and t test for mean, variance and correlation coefficient
Characteristics of distribution free test or non parametric test
Chi-square test, Supermens and Kendalls test
Limitation of test of hypothesis

[6 hrs]

8. Analysis of variance:
The basic principle of ANOVA
ANOVA technique
One way and two way ANOVA
Introduction of ANOCOVA

[3 hrs]

9. Multivariate analysis technique:

Importance of Multivariate techniques, Factor analysis, Path analysis

[1 hrs]

10. Interpretation and report writing and Project work:

Techniques of interpretation
Proposal and report writing
Report presentation

[3 hrs]

Textbooks and References:

1. Kothari C. R., Research Methodology; Willy Eastern Limited, 1987
2. Rosenberg K. M., Statistics for Behavioral Sciences, Wm. C. Brown Publication.

Note:

Student should present the Research Proposal in related field.

Software: Supporting software like SPSS, Spreadsheet (Microsoft Excel), Database (MSACCESS), etc should be used.

28

Solar Thermal Technology

(EG902ME)
(Elective A)

Lecture: 3 hrs
Tutorial: 1 hr
Practical: 1.5 hrs

Year: II
Part: A

Objectives:
To provide in depth understanding of different technical factors involved in the understanding
of solar radiation, collection and their conversion to useful energy resources.
To deal with different technologies such as solar heating, solar water heating, solar cooling and
so on.
1. Solar Radiation:
! Sun and Solar Constant
! Spectral Distribution of Extraterrestrial Radiation
! Variation of Extraterrestrial Radiation Definitions of Solar Time
! Ratio of Beam Radiation on Tiled Surface to that on Horizontal Surface
! Extraterrestrial Radiation on Horizontal Surface

[4 hrs]

2. Available Solar Radiation:

! Movement of Earth on its orbit, Azimuth and Inclinations
! Attenuation of Solar Radiation by Atmosphere
! Estimation of Average Solar Radiation
! Estimation of Clear Sky Radiation
! Distribution of Clear and Cloudy Days and Hrs
! Beam and Diffuse Component of Hrly Radiation
! Beam and Diffuse Component of Daily Radiation
! Beam and Diffuse Component of Monthly Average Radiation
! Total Radiation on Fixed Sloped Surfaces

[4 hrs]

3. Heat Transfer:
! The Electro magnetic Spectrum
! Plank's law and Wien's Displacement law, Stefan - Boltzmann Equation
! Sky Radiation
! Measurement of Surface Radiation Properties
! Selective Surfaces

[4 hrs]

29

4. Radiation Transmission and Absorption:

! Reflection and Absorption of Radiation
! Transmittance for different radiation
! Transmittance Absorptance product
! Spectral Dependence on Transmission
! Effect of surface layers on Transmission
! Absorbed Solar Radiation

[5 hrs]

5. Flat Plate Solar Collectors:

! Construction
! Basic Energy Equation
! Overall Heat Transfer
! Temperature Distribution
! Heat Removal and Flow Factors
! Heat Capacity Effects
! Performance Standard of collectors

[4 hrs]

6. Concentrating Collectors:
! Collector Configurations
! Thermal Performance
! Solar Thermal PV

[4 hrs]

7. Shallow Solar Collectors:

! Collector construction and application

[1 hr.]

8. Solar Water Heating Systems:

[6 hrs]
! Natural Circulation Systems
! Forced Circulation Systems
! Solar Water Heaters in low atmospheric temperature regions
! Building heating: The f- chart Method for Air and Water Systems, Fundamentals of
Building heating using Solar Water Heaters, Heating System Simulation, Architectural
Considerations and Calculation of Heating Loads
9. Passive Solar Heating:
! Direct Gain
! Storage Walls/Roofs
! Greenhouses
! Solar Load Ratio Design Method
! Resistance Network Design Method

[4 hrs]

30

10. Solar Cooling:

! Solar operated Absorption Refrigeration System and its limitations

[4 hrs]

11. Solar Drying:

! Free convection
! Force convection
! Hybrids solar dryer

[2 hrs]

Laboratory works based on the course content:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Determination of thermal efficiency of plate solar collector

Determination of performance characteristics of plate solar collector
Measurements of direct and diffuse solar radiation
Study of the performance of conventional solar water heater
Study of performance of conventional solar water heater with separate fluid as heat carrier
medium
6. Measurement of thermal radiation
7. Simulation of solar water heater performances of different types of solar water heaters through
simulation software.
Text book, Reference and Journals:
1. John A. Duffie William A Bukman, Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes,
2. John Willey and Sons, ISBN 0-471-05066-0
3. William C. Dickinson and Paul N. Cheremisinoff, Solar Thermal Technical Hand Book Part A
& Part B, ISBN 0-8247-6927-9

31

Solar Photovoltaic Technology

(EG903EX)
(Elective A)
Lecture: 3 hrs
Tutorial: 1 hr
Practical: 1.5 hrs

Year: II
Part: A

Objective:
To provide in depth understanding of the Photovoltaic conversion, Solar cell technology, System
balance, design and application of Solar PV systems.
1. Solar Radiation:
! Electromagnetic spectrum
! Variation of extraterrestrial Radiation
! Solar time
! Equation of time
! Prediction of solar radiation
! Computation of radiation on horizontal and inclined surfaces
! Measurements of diffuse, global and direct solar radiation.

[10 hrs]

2. Fundamentals of Photovoltaic Conversion:

[10 hrs]
! Semiconductor materials, P-N junction, absorption in semiconductors
! Principles of solar cells including homojunctions and hoterojunctions
! Manufacturing of solar cells
! Metallurgical and silicon grade solar cells
! Single crystal wafers/cells
! Modules and arrays
! Cell operating temperature,
! Durability
! Introduction to design of solar cells
! Solar cells equivalent circuits, short circuit photo current, open circuit photo voltage, fill
factor and efficiency
3. Modern Solar Cell Technology:
`[3 hrs]
! Thin film technology
! Polycrystalline silicon
! Thin film solar cells (Amorphous polycrystalline including, SiH, Cu (InGa) Se2 and CdTe)
! Epitaxial films including GaAs modern solar cells.
4. Concentrating systems:
! Solar cells for concentrated sunlight systems
! Ideal concentrators

32

[4 hrs]

!
!
!
!
!
!

Tracking concentrators
Concentrators cell design
Ultra high efficiency systems
Single junction devices
Multi junction devices
System sizing

5. Balance of systems:
! DC to AC, DC to DC converters
! Electronic ballast
! Power conditioning devices
! Charge controllers
! Electronic tracking systems
! Energy storage systems (different types of batteries and their characteristics)

[10 hrs]

6. System Design and Application of Photovoltaic Systems:

! Stand alone and centralized power systems
! Grid connected systems for residences
! Water pumping
! Water purification
! Satellite solar power

[3 hrs]

7. Socio-economic Analysis:
! Economic assessment of PV power system
! Payback periods
! LCC, PWF, EIA and safety of PV systems
! Production and recycling
! Integration PV into future energy systems.

[5 hrs]

Project Assignment

Laboratory Works based on course content of Photovoltaic Technology:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Characteristics of Different Photovoltaic Cells.

Characteristics of Photovoltaic Module
Series and parallel arrangements of Photovoltaic Modules
Effect of temperature on performance of given Photovoltaic Modules
Effect of tracking performance of given Photovoltaic Modules
Two field-visits and report writing
[Experiments could be modified as per the need and availability of the equipment]

33

Text books, Reference and Journals:

1. Photovoltaic Power Generation, Pulfrey, D. L., 1978
2. Solar Cell for Photovoltaic Generation of Electricity, 1979
3. Solar cells, Green M.A. 1992
4. Relevant recent articles published in professional journals
5. Solar Engineering, D. Goswami, 1999

34

Micro Hydro Power

(EG904ES)
(Elective A)
Lecture: 3 hrs
Tutorial: 1 hrs
Practical: 1.5 hrs

Year: II
Part: A

Objectives:
To deal in depth the application of Micro hydro systems from mechanical and electrical
perspective.
To provide knowledge on selection of appropriate machines for Micro hydro application in a
rural setting.
1. Overview to Micro Hydro Power (MHP) Development:
[2 hrs]
! Historical development, review of general principles, hydro power equipment and their
components
2. MHP Survey and System Design Procedure:
[10 hrs]
! Capability and demand survey, hydrology study and site survey, pre-feasibility and
socioeconomic study and detailed feasibility survey
! Civil works: head works, de-sanding basin, headrace, fore bay, spill ways, daily pond age basin,
penstock, power house
! MHP system design
3. Turbines for MHP:
[10 hrs]
! Turbines applied in MHP, Theory, head, flow range, specific speed, suction head, surge head,
cavitation, selection of turbine, part flow efficiency of various turbines, part flow system
efficiency
4. MHP Electrical Power:
[9 hrs]
! Driving system, governor, transformer, load controllers, automatic voltage regulator, protection
system, current cutout and metering
! Basic electricity, design of transmission and distribution system, synchronous generators,
induction generators, switchgear and protection
5. MHP Performance:
! Quality of electricity, reliability of electricity, efficiency of turbines

[2 hrs]

6. Production Uses Promotion and strategy for MHP based electrification

[4 hrs]
Introduction, targets, primary and secondary users, ownership structure, organization of MHP,
concept of mini local grids

35

7. Installation, Commissioning and Testing

[2 hrs]
Detail Project Report (DPR) preparation, planning, transportation, installation, operation,
commissioning and testing
8. Operations, Maintenance and Repair
[2 hrs]
Civil works, electro-mechanical equipment, transmission line, maintenance check list schedule,
tools and stocks of materials
9. Financial Evaluation:
[2 hrs]
Load factor, unit energy cost and net income, net present value, internal rate of return, payback
period, financial credit and interest, cash flow analysis, tariff setting, promotion strategy for
MHP.
10. Introduction of Guidelines and Policies of MHP Stakeholders in Nepal

[2 hrs]

A Case study report will be prepared on running and failure of micro hydro power plants.
Laboratory works based on course content of MHP:
1. Performance characteristics of various turbines
2. Part load efficiency study on Cross flow turbine
3. Experiments on multi purpose teaching flumes
4. Head losses at bends and elbows
5. Study of different components of water turbine and generator
6. Study of live electrical power generation and distribution
7. Head and stream-flow measurements at site
Text Books, references and Journals:
1. Alex Alter, harnessing Water Power on a Small Scale, SKAT, Switzerland 1990
2. Win Holsters and Peter Frankel, The Power Guide, Second Edition, Intermediate Technology
Publications 1994
3. Adam Harvey, Micro Hydro Design Manual, Intermediate Technology Publications 1993
4. Allen R. Inver sin, Micro Hydro Source Book, NRECA International Foundation, Washington,
D.C. 1986
5. Manuals on MHP for Installation and Commissioning, Maintenance and Repair, Operation and
Management, ICIMOD 1999
6. Proceedings series of International Conference on Renewable Energy Technology for Rural
Development (RETRUD), IOE/AEPC/CES, Kathmandu, Nepal
7. Journal of Renewable Energy, Elsevier, Amsterdam
8. Civil Engineering Guidelines for Micro Hydro Power, Intermediate Technology Development
Group/Nepal and Butwal Power Company/Nepal

36

Biogas Technology
(EG905ES)
(Elective A)
Lecture: 3 hrs
Tutorial: 1 hr
Practical: 1.5 hrs

Year: II
Part: A

Objective:
To provide in depth knowledge on physical, chemical, biological processes, production technology,
uses and limitations of bio-gas (methane) utilization of bio-gas for energy generation, including
optimized production safety in storage as well as commercial viability of wide scale application.
1. Introduction to biogas:
Biogas energy sources (raw materials)

[4 hrs]

2. Bio-chemical and Physical constituents of cow dung, chicken manure, human excreta,
municipal solid waste etc. from the point of view of bio-gas production
[2 hrs]
Different types of gaseous energy derived from biomass resources applying diverse
technologies (e.g. Pyrolytic gas, CH4, C2H6, Producer Gas, Land fill gas etc.)
3. Characteristics of biogas and necessary condition for formation:
[5 hrs]
Composition and Characteristics of bio-gas, fuel value of bio-gas and other fuels, use of bio-gas
for cooking and lighting, bio-gas appliances, bio-gas fuel for internal combustion engines
Necessary conditions for anaerobic digestion of organic waste
Loading rate, retention time, dilution and consistency of inputs ,pH value, temperature, C/N
ratio, toxicity
4. Microbiological Aspects of Anaerobic Digestion:
[3 hrs]
Morphology of methanogenic bacteria, biochemical process of anaerobic digestion and
anaerobic reactors, Anaerobic digester
Stages of anaerobic digestion process: hydrolysis and, acetogenesis and Methanogenesis
Microbial Activities of methanogenic bacteria
5. Biogas Production in Cold Climate:
[3 hrs]
Calculation for theoretical heating requirement of biodigester
Treatment of biodigester in cold climate: Enzymatic treatment, Biological treatment,
Use of solar energy and Integrated bio-system (IBS)
6. Uses of biogas and its Advantages and Limitations:
Multiple uses of biogas as energy
Benefits of biogas energy
Limitations or constraints of biogas technology

37

[3 hrs]

7. Biogas in relation to other disciplines:

[6 hrs]
Overall rating of biogas plants, sufficiency of biogas production in winter and summer, biogas
versus women in the developing countries, biogas versus agriculture, biogas versus forest,
ecology and environment, biogas versus health and sanitation, impact of biogas on various
smoke-borne diseases.
8. Slurry Utilization as fertilizer:
Contribution of slurry in soil nutrient replenishment

[4 hrs]

9. Design concept and other parameters of biogas plants:

[6 hrs]
Different parts of biogas plant (digester): digestion chamber, inlet, outlet
Types of biodigester: Floating drum digester, Fixed dome digester (GGC and Deenbandhu
model plants) and other designs (Bag digester, Plug flow digester, anaerobic filter, UASB, etc)
Plant dimension for 4m3 20 m3 GGC model biogas plants: site selection, design, parameters
for sizing of biogas plants
Design and construction aspects: construction details; volume calculation for GGC, Deenbndhu
and Chinese model digester and structural design aspects
10. Quality control of biogas plants- Case Studies:
[5 hrs]
Site selection and constructional details
Need for quality control, enforcement of quality control measures, important parameters, for
quality control and monitoring, after-sale-services, quality of construction materials and trained
manpower, critical stage of construction, construction faults and remedy, Common problem in
plant operation
11. Role of management, communication and professional development:
[4 hrs]
Role of management: approach to management and traditional approach
Scientific management model
Management process model: Beaurocratic model, behavioral approach, quantitative approach,
system approach, contingency approach
Role of communication: language and gesture in communication, communication to the general
mass, communication: a two way process, telephone and communication reporting
Role of Professional development
12. Biogas installation cost and financial viability:
Discount rate and net present value
Internal rate of return (IRR)
Objective, methodology and method of analysis of IRR
General assumptions for the calculations of IRRs
Data collection
Further assumptions in economic analysis Values of IRRs

38

[2 hrs]

Laboratory Works:
1. Demonstration of different kinds of biogas appliances and their accessories
2. Demonstration of duel fuel engine (biogas and diesel)
3. Site visit to observe biogas plants in different stages of construction and operation
Text book, Reference and Journals:
1.
2.

Biogas Forum: A Journal Published by BORDA, Germany

FAO/CMS (1996) Biogas Technology : A Training Manual For Extension. Prepared for FAO
by Consolidated Management Services, Nepal (P) Ltd. September 1996.
3. Godfrey, B. (1996) Renewable Energy Power for a Sustainable Future. Oxford University
Press.
4. Howes, M. and Endagama, P. (1995) Farmers, Forests and Fuel. Intermediate Technology
Publications.
5. Hurst, C and Barnett, A. (1990) The Energy Dimension-A Practical Guide to Energy in Rural
Development Programmes. Intermediate Technology Publications.
6. IUCN, 1995. "EIA of the Bara Forest Management Plan." Kathmandu, Nepal.
7. Karki, A.B. and Dixit, K. (!984) Biogas Fieldbook. Sahayogi Prakashan, Tripureshwar,
Kathmandu, Nepal.
8. Martin, A. (1977) Introduction to Soil Microbiology. Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons.
New York.
9. Sathianathan, M.A. (1975) Biogas: Achievements and Challenges. AVARD, New Delhi110048
10. Updated Guidebook on Biogas Development Series (1984) No.27, United Nations, New York,
USA.
11. Werner U, Stohr U and Hees N (1989) Biogas Plants in Animal Husbandry. GATE /GTZ,
Germany.

39

Bio-Fuel Technology
(EG906ES)
(Elective A)
Lecture: 3 hrs
Tutorial: 1 hr
Practical: 1.5 hrs

Year: II
Part: A

Objective:
To provide knowledge about non woody biomass resources, supply potentials, Physical, Chemical,
Biological and biotechnological process of conversion, application technologies, scope of
utilization, limitations in storage, transport as safe handling and economic feasibility
1. Assessment of commercial potential of different bio-fuel sources in Nepal:
Bio energy consumption in relation to annual total bio-mass production
Share of commercial and non-commercial bio-fuel consumption
Share of different types of biomass in total production

[3 hrs]

2. Liquid bio-fuel development agencies and their activities in Nepal:

Role of various organization in the development of bio-fuel energy system
RECAST
Green Energy Mission
AEPC
CBOs/NGOs/ INGOs
And others

[3 hrs]

3. Solid bio-fuel development and importance in Nepal

Material composition and characteristics of non-woody bio-briquette
Assessment of current state of cooking fuels
Prospects of commercial bio-briquette.

[3 hrs]

4. Bio briquette Technology

Existing technology of bio-briquette
Detailed aspects of briquette technology
Techno.-economic considerations of bio-briquette production.
Raw material and fuel properties of bio-briquettes and production

[3 hrs]

5. Necessity of liquid bio-fuel development and its importance in Nepal:

Consumption and supply of transportation fuel
Assessment of renewable bio fuel against the conventional fuel
Rate of growth of transportation fuel
Environmental impact of transportation fuel
Characteristics of liquid bio fuels

[3 hrs]

40

6. Bio-diesel Resources:
Selection of raw materials
Detailed aspects of bio-fuel production
Purification and concentration alkyd esters
Material and combustion characteristics evaluation of bio-diesel
Enhancement of fuel property of alkyd ester
Production of bio-diesel fuel.

[6 hrs]

7. Characterization of Bio-diesel:
[6 hrs]
Physico-chemical characteristics determination of bio-diesel
Techno-economic consideration
Calorific value determination
Elemental analysis of bio-diesel.
Determination of cetane number value of bio-diesel
Overall Evaluation of bio-diesel fuel as an alternative fuel which can be generated from
indigenous renewable bio-fuel resources
Engine / automobile testing of bio-diesel
Analyses of exhaust gases of bio-diesel
8. Bio-ethanol Resources and Production:
Detailed aspects of bio-ethonal production
Distillation of bio ethanol from the fermented mash
Material and combustion characteristics evaluation of bio ethanol
Fractional distillation of bio ethanol to produce technical grade of bio-ethanol
Purification processes of bio ethanol to produce fuel grade bio ethanol.

[6 hrs]

9. Characterization of Bio ethanol:

[6 hrs]
Physico - chemical characteristics determination of bio-ethanol
Techno-economic consideration
Calorific value determination
Elemental analysis of bio-ethonal
Determination of octane number value of bio-ethanol
Evaluation of bio-ethanol as an alternative fuel that can be generated from indigenous
renewable fuel resources
Engine / automobile testing of bio-ethanol
Analyses of exhaust gases of bio-ethonal
10. Bio hydrocarbon Technology:
[3 hrs]
Assessment of raw material supply potential for the production of bio-hydrocarbons
Evaluation of bio hydrocarbon fuel as an alternative that can be generated from indigenous
renewable bio-fuel resources
Detailed aspect of C-10 bio-hydrocarbon production

41

11. Characterization of bio-hydrocarbon:

Material & combination characteristic evaluation of bio hydrocarbon.
Calorific value determination of bio hydrocarbon
Physio - chemical characteristic determination of bio hydrocarbon.
Application of bio-hydrocarbon to subsitute commercial fuel
Laboratory Works:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

Extraction of fixed oil by solvent distillation processes (scaled up)

Transerterification of oil/fat sample with ethanol ( chemical/biochemical)
Preparation of fuel grade biodiesel (test scale)
Microbial fermentation of non conventional bio resources for ethanol production
Fractional distillation of ethanol
Dehydration process of ethanol
Determination of calorific value of bio-fuel.
Physico-chemical characteristics determination of bio-fuel
Determination of combustion characteristics of biofuel
Demonstration of application of biodiesel in diesel engine
Demonstration of application of bioethanol in Otto engine
Experimental demonstration of Cetane number value of biodiesel
Experimental demonstration of Octane number value of ethonal
Elemental analysis of biofuels
Experimental gaschromasographic analysis of exhaust gases of biofuels

Text book, Reference and Journals

1. AlFinch, E.O., Energy Research by Brogilis Agricultural Research System
2. Wilsons, D. Evaluating Alternatives: Aspect of an Integrated Approach using ethanol
3. Luty A. Vegetable oil as fuel. An environmentally and socially compatible concept

42

[3 hrs]

Wood Energy Technology

(EG907ES)
(Elective A)

Lecture: 3 hrs
Tutorial: 1 hr
Practical: 1.5 hrs

Year: II
Part: A

Objective:
To enhance knowledge of the physico-chemical properties of different forms of wood and nonwood solid biomass fuel; wood and non-wood biomass energy resources, management and
distribution systems; technologies applied for different end uses and sectors, limitations, and the
systems of their production, transportation and supply.
1. Wood and non-wood biomass solid biomass fuel related terminology and general
introduction:
(9 hrs)
Definition of wood and non-wood biomass fuels, terminology, need for standardization of the
terminology
Common traditional biomass fuels in solid forms (i.e. firewood, charcoal, residues of crops and
animals), historical background and contribution in total primary energy consumption,
Share of solid biomass fuels in the national, regional energy consumption and the newly
emerging trends and the scenario of biomass energy in the context of renewable energy
development globally.
Contribution of biomass fuels to the local socio-economy through income and employment
generation and to the national economy through import substitution in the developing countries
of Asia
Common solid biomass fuel resources and the systems of production/recovery and utilization
2. Wood and non-wood solid biomass fuel resources & production systems:

(14 hrs)

Forest based production systems (direct woodfuel):

Production from natural forests of different kinds, including Public, Private, Leasehold etc. and the
methods of assessing their sustainable production potentials.
Production from forest and tree plantations (afforestation and reforestation) in forest lands, block
tree plantations in pubic and lease-hold forest lands, including village woodlots, village forests,
leased forests and the methods of assessing their sustainable production potentials.
Production from community owned/managed natural forests, scrub shrub and scrub lands, including
the methods of assessing their sustainable production potentials.
Non-forest land based production systems (direct woodfuel):
Naturally grown trees in private lands, farms, home gardens and homesteads and the methods of
assessing their sustainable supply potentials.
Planted trees in blocks, patches or isolation in farms, homesteads and home-gardens and the
methods for assessing their sustainable supply potentials.
Fruit orchards and non-industrial tree plantations (rubber and cash-crop plantations) and the
methods of assessing their sustainable supply potentials.

43

Other production systems (indirect woodfuel and recovered woodfuel):

Indirect woodfuel, wood wastes and by-products in wood and paper industries available for fuel,
and the methods of assessing its sustainable supply potential.
Recovered woodfuel from different sources like wood from demolition of old construction,
abandoned furniture, packing materials, driftwood (along riverbanks and coastal areas) etc. and the
method for assessing its supply potential.
Non-woody solid biomass fuel production systems:
a) Animal Residues:
Biomass residues available as by-products of animals and poultry for fuel (indirect biomass
fuel)
Recovered biomass from meat processing and other related industries for fuel (recovered
biomass fuel)
b) Energy crops & residues:
Different types of crops (soybean, sugarcane, oil seed etc.) raised exclusively for energy
purpose, direct energy crops)
Biomass residues of different types available in the field after crop harvests (indirect biomass
fuel)
3. Woodfuel Surveys
(8 hrs)
a) Woodfuel Demand Survey:
General variables:
End users (domestic, industrial, commercial, etc.) sector size, geographical distribution, variation
over time.
Methods of data collection: rapid and detail surveys
Specific variables:
Source of provision, saturation or penetration, multiple fuel use, substitution, end uses, activities,
fuel burning means, consumption, measuring average day, and direct measurement.
Methods of data collection: rapid and detail surveys
Supplementary Variables (SV):
Common to all three elements of the woodfuel surveys and include parameters such as local units
and their international standards; specific weight; moisture content; and heating value of woodfuel.
b) Woodfuel Supply Survey: Actual and potential supply
General variables: woodfuel sources
Direct sources, indirect sources and recovered sources
Methods of data collection for all sources: rapid and detail surveys
Specific variables:
Stocks, productivity, availability and accessibility
Methods of data collection: rapid and detail surveys
c) Woodfuel Provision or Flow:
General Variables:
Type, size and distribution of woodfuel: woodfuel producers, transport operators, commercial
supplies
Methods of data collection: rapid survey and detail survey

44

Specific Variables:
Types of provision (flow): self-provision, commercial provision, periodicity of provision, cost of
woodfuel, market network, price setting for woodfuel, woodfuel values,
Methods of data collection: rapid and detail surveys
4. Technology for woodfuel Conversion/Combustion:
(8 hrs)
Woodfuel in primary, secondary and final energy forms
Direct combustion with stoves and burners (heating and cooking)
Carbonization through Charcoal Kilns (charcoal making)
Gasification through Gasifiers
Heat and power generation through Co-generation Plants
Electric power generation through Dendro-Thermal power Plants
Densification of loose biomass into briquettes and conversion of wood waste into pellets, etc.
Others (liquid biomass fuels through chemical reaction and distillation, i.e. ethanol, methanol)
5. Woodfuel Conservation and Efficient Utilization:
(6 hrs)
Fabrication of improved stoves and fireplaces for household applications (ICS for domestic and
improved fire-place for space heating)
Improved technology for charcoal making and utilization (charcoal kilns, stoves, etc.)
Demonstration of appropriate technology for briquetting of loose residues (i.e. sawdust and
other biomass residues, both woody and non-woody)
Demonstration of charcoal production
Experimental work on household level biomass fuel gasifier development
Laboratory works:
Solid biomass fuel conversion into secondary and final energy forms:
1. Charcoal making
2. Saw dust/Charcoal Briquetting
3. Gasification (low cost, small-scale gasifiers)
Woodfuel conservation and efficient utilization
1. Improved technology for charcoal making and utilization
2. ICS for household applications (Domestic cook stoves for fuelwood and charcoal use)
3. Improved technology for industrial commercial applications (includes all traditional woodbased industrial and commercial applications such as biomass based boilers, kilns and furnaces)
4. Demonstration of modern biomass energy applications such as gasification, cogeneration,
dendro-thermal power generation, hybrid systems etc.
Textbooks, references, journals and newsletters:
1. A guide for woodfuel surveys. EC-FAO Partnership Programme (2000-2002), Sustainable
Forest Management Programme, GCP/RAF/354/EC and GCP/RLA/133/EC, FAO Rome, 2002.
2. CD-ROM of FAO-RWEDP (November 2000)
3. Energy Statistics: Definitions, Units of Measure and Conversion Factors. Studies in Methods,
Series F No. 44. Department of International Economics and Social Affairs, Statistical Office,
UNDP, New York 1987.
4. Energy and Environment Basics. RWEDP Report No. 29, 2nd edition. FAO Regional Wood
Energy Development Programme in Asia, Bangkok, July 1997.
5. P.D. Grover & S.K. Mishra. Biomass Briquetting: Technology and Practices

45

6. Regional Study on Wood Energy Today and Tomorrow in Asia. RWEDP Field Document No.
50. FAO Regional Wood Energy Development Programme in Asia, Bangkok, 1997.
7. RWEDP (2000). Wood Energy, Climate and Health: International Expert Consultation,
Summary Report. Field Document No. 58, (Paper of A. Koopmans, "Trends in Wood/Biomass
and other Renewable Energies").
8. Options for Dendro Power in Asia: Report on the Expert Consultation, Manila, Philippines.
RWEDP Field Document No. 57. FAO Regional Wood Energy Development Programme in
Asia, Bangkok, 2000.
9. Others national and international sources of information, including published documents,
journals and newsletters.
10. Unified Wood Energy (UWE) Terminology (Draft), FAO Forestry Department, Rome,
November 2001.
11. Wood Energy Development: Planning, Policies and Strategies, RWEDP Field Document No.
37 (a, b &c). FAO Regional Wood Energy Development Programme in Asia, Bangkok, 1993.
12. Wood Energy, Climate and Health: An International Expert Consultation. RWEDP Field
Document No. 58. FAO Regional Wood Energy Development Programme in Asia, Bangkok,
2000.
13. Wood Fuel Trade in India, Report of the national consultation in Indian Institute of Forest
Management, Bhopal. RWEDP Report No. 57. FAO Regional Wood Energy Development
Programme in Asia, Bangkok, 2001.
14. Websites
! http://www.rwedp.org
! http://acre.murdoch.edu.au/ago/biomass/biomass.html
! www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/publications/f.reports.etwan/exec-summary.asp
! http://afbnet.vtt.fi/
! http://eubionet.vtt.fi
! www.agores.org

46

Wind Energy Technology

(EG908ES)
(Elective A)
Lecture: 3 hrs
Tutorial: 1 hr
Practical: 1.5 hrs

Year: II
Part: A

Objective:
To provide the fundamental of Wind energy , applications, system involved, types of machines, and
their selection.
1. Introduction:
[5 hrs]
Historical evaluation of wind power technology.
The use of wind power, energy budgets, wind resources, demand and climate change,
Wind power applications systems wind power for large and small scale utilization, water
pumping, grinding and electricity generation etc.
2. Wind Machine Fundamentals:
[10 hrs]
Types of machine characteristics, wind machine performance, types of machines, savonious
rotor, Darrieous rotor, and multiblade form wind mills, high speed rotors, enhancedperformance machines.
3. Wind Energy Resource Analysis:
[6 hrs]
Global wind circulation, wind speed characteristics, measuring the wind speed, wind direction,
wind shear, turbulence, site survey, anemometers and recorders and site analysis
Average speed, energy pattern factor, frequency spectrum
4. Wind Energy System Design:
Aerodynamic design, blade loads, blade construction, flutter and fatigue
Tower or structure design (lattice, tube, welding, cyclones)
Generator (permanent magnet, induction, synchronous)
Controller (remote, grid) governor, yaw control, shut off controls, tail
Economical aspects

[10 hrs]

5. Wind Power Systems:

Wind water pumping systems
Wind electric systems, generators and transmissions, storage devices, inverters
Wind farming
Installation, lighting protection
Environmental considerations
Power factor correction, grid support, fuel/water saving,

[6 hrs]

47

6. Legal Issues:
Legal and social issues (noise, aesthetics and others)

[2 hrs]

Laboratory works based on course content of Wind Energy Technology:

1. Use of measuring instruments: pitot tube, inclined tube manometer, anemometer, orifice plate
meter for wind
2. Dispersion of a jet
3. Head losses at bends and elbows in wind tunnel
4. Study of lift and drag forces on wind blades
5. Study of different components of wind turbine and generator Study of performance
characteristics curves for wind machines
6. Gear and mechanical power transmission in wind energy generator
Text Books, references and Journals:
1. T. B. Yahansoon, H. Kelly, A.K.N. Reddy, and R. H. Williams (Editors), Renewable Energy
Resources for Electricity and Fuels, Islands Press, Washington D. C.
2. Jack park, The Wind Power Book, Cheshire Books, Palo alto, California 1981
3. Dennis L., Catch the Wind, four Wind Press 1976
4. Gipe, Wind Energy Comes of Age, john Wiley 1996
5. Falkner H. and Fawkes J.F., History of the Marlec Wind Turbine, Proceedings of the 1994
sixteenth BWEA Conference 1994
6. Journal of Renewable Energy, Elservier, Amsterdam
7. Wind Power Monthly, Knebel, Denmark

48

New Renewable Energy Technologies (NRETs)

(EG909ES)
(Elective A)

Lecture: 3 hrs
Tutorials: 1 hrs
Practical: 1.5 hrs

Year: II
Part: A

Objectives:
To understand the fundamentals of Geothermal energy and long shaft pumps and the properties
of piping materials normally used in Geothermal applications.
To understand OTEC power systems and Hydrogen fuel systems.
1. Geothermal Energy:
[9 hrs]
Geological structure of earth
Characteristics of high temperature, intermediate temperature and low temperature, Geothermal
esources
Geothermal Temperature of fluids and the respective applications
Composition of fluids for different locations
1.1 Application:
[8 hrs]
Water well terminology: Zone of saturation, ground water, Aquifers, Static water level,
pumping water level
Water quality testing for: Oxygen, Chlorination, Sulphide species, Carbon dioxide species,
Ammonia species, Sulphatation and their principle effects
Direct use of hot and steam
Heating and cooling system using Aquifer thermal energy storage system Aquifer thermal
energy storage system
1.2 Equipments and materials:
[6 hrs]
Preference of carbon steel, copper and copper alloys stainless steel, Aluminum, Chlorinated
polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) and Filter Reinforced Plastics (FRP)
1.3 Long shaft pumps, Submersible pumps, Characteristics of Pumps
Selection of pumps
Characteristics of centrifugal pump

[6 hrs]

1.4 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion:

Global Ocean Thermal energy Resources
OTEC power system
Salient features of OTEC systems
Closed cycle OTEC system

[4 hrs]

49

2. Hydrogen Energy:
Brief history of hydrogen fuel
Sources of hydrogen
Availability of hydrogen
Current production and storage techniques of hydrogen and their uses
Future scope of hydrogen fuel
Hydrogen storage and safety
Fuel cell (metal hydride, liquid hydrogen)

[4 hrs]

3. Wave Energy:
Origin, types, potential, harnessing devices

[4 hrs]

4. Tidal Energy:
[4 hrs]
Origin and nature of tides, features of future energy, principle of tidal energy, conversion, tidal
energy schemes, modes of operation of tidal power schemes

Laboratory Works
1. Water quality analysis for (a): Temperature (b): pH (c): Soluble salts (d): BOD and COD
(Students are required to be familiar about the test, test principle and procedures but needn't
have hands in experiments)
2. Study of the characteristics of some Hot Springs. (at site)

Text book, Reference and Journals

1. Godfrey Boyle: Renewable Energy: Power for a Sustainable Future
2. Harrison, R., Mortimer, N. D. and Suarason, O. B. (1990): Geothermal Heating
3. Downing, R. A. and Gray, D. A., (eds) (1986) Geothermal Energy: The Potential in the United
Kingdom, London

50

Environmental Impacts and Climate Change

(EG915ES)
(Elective A)
Lecture: 3 hrs
Tutorial: 1 hr
Practical: 1.5 hrs

Year: II
Part: A

Objective:
The course will apply basic principles of physics and chemistry to analyze and quantify the
environmental impacts of energy use. Environmental impacts and climate change will be studied at
three levels: local, regional, and global. Quantification will stress back of the envelope calculations,
estimation techniques, modeling, stocks and flows, equilibrium and feedback.
Components:
Impacts at the local level:
Hydropower.

Air Pollution from burning of fossil fuels; Indoor Air Pollution,

Regional Environmental Impacts: Trajectories of air pollution, Acid Rain, Environmental impacts
of nuclear power.
Global Environmental Impacts: Ozone depletion, Climate change.
Course Outline:
1.

Overview of energy use and environmental impacts: Industrialization, economic growth,

development and energy use, trends in energy use, environmental impacts of energy use.
[1 hr]

2.

Energy measurement units and conversion factors. Quantitative tools for environmental
problem solving: mass balance, stocks and flows, residence times. Energy flow on earth.
[1 hr]

3.

Energy sources: Fossil fuels Utilization, production, and reserves of coal, petroleum, and
natural gas. Production and use of nuclear energy. Use of biomass energy and
deforestation.
[1 hr]

4.

Air pollution: Particulates, lead, health impacts of sulphur and nitrogen compounds,
ground-level ozone, photochemical smog.
[1.5 hrs]

5.

Air pollution: Indoor air pollution, dose response, energy ladder.

51

[1.5 hrs]

6.

Hydropower: Benefits and impacts abatement of air pollution and CO2. Impacts of
inundation on biodiversity, displacement of people. Impacts on fish, reservoir siltation.
[1 hr]

7.

Acid deposition: Source, pathways, impacts, mitigation. Tropospheric air pollution. [2 hrs]

8.

Radioactivity and radiation: Source, doses, effects on health and ecosystems.

Environmental impacts of nuclear power.
[2 hrs]

9.

Ozone depletion: Patterns, causes, impacts, response.

10.

Climate change: Radiation balance, atmospheric and ocean circulations. Historic climate
change, El Nino.
[2 hrs]

11.

Climate change: Feedback effects, impacts of land use, albedo, clouds, ocean storage of
[2 hrs]
CO2.

12.

Climate change: Impacts and consequences: sea level rise, changes in monsoon, glacial
melt, floods and droughts, health, pests in agriculture.
[2 hrs]

13.

Climate change: GHGs and energy use, inventory of GHGs, the carbon cycle.

14.

Climate change: Mitigation options renewable energy, energy efficiency, fuel

substitution, cleaner production.
[4 hrs]

15.

Climate change: Clean Development Mechanism. Emissions under baseline and mitigation
projects.
[4 hrs]

16.

Climate change: Carbon trade. Economic analysis of CDM and other GHG mitigation
projects.
[4 hrs]

17.

Climate change: Adaptation measures. Risk analysis.

18.

Climate change: Global response. UNFCCC. Kyoto Protocol. Commitment periods. Equity
and climate change.
[3 hrs]

[2 hrs]

[3 hrs]

[3 hrs]

Practical:
a. Research paper on one local impact of energy use: indoor air pollution, outdoor air pollution, or
hydropower.
b. Research paper on one regional impact of energy use: acid rain, nuclear radiation.
c. Development of a Project Idea Note for a CDM project.
d. Modeling assessment on Environment Impact and Climate Change

52

References and journals:

1. Abbasi, S.A., and Abbasi, N., 2001, Renewable energy sources and their environmental impact,
Prince hall of India, New Delhi.
2. Ahmed, K., 1994, Renewable energy technologies: a review of the status and costs of selected
technologies, The world Bank, Washington, D.C.
3. Asian Development Bank, 1991, Environmental considerations in energy development, Asian
Development Bank.
4. Chandra, D., and Srinivasan, P.R., 1990, Energy scope, South Asian Publishers, New Delhi.
5. Christensen, J.M., Halsnaes, K., Sathaye, J. (eds.), Mitigation and Abatement Cost
Assessment: Concepts, Methods and Appropriate Use, UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy
and Environment, Riso National Laboratory, Denmark, 1998.
6. Cline, W.R., The Economics of Global Warming, Institute for International Economics,
Washington, D.C. 1992.
7. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1997, Energy and environment
basics, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Bangkok.
8. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1991, Energy for sustainable rural
development projects, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
9. Grubb, M., Vrolijk, C., Brack, D., The Kyoto Protocol, Earthscan, London, 1999.
10. Harte, J., 1998 Consider a Spherical Cow: A Course in Environmental Problem
Solving. University Science Publishers, 1988.
11. Harvey, L.D.D., Climate and Global Environmental Change, Prentice Hall, 2000.
12. Holdren, J.P., Smith, K.R. 2000. Energy, the environment, and health. Pp62-110. World
Energy
Assessment.
UNDP,
UNDESA,
World
Energy
Council.
http://www.undp.org/seed/eap/activities/wea/drafts-frame.html.
13. Hollander J.M., 1992, The energy environment connection, Island press, Washington, D.C.
14. http://cdm.unfccc.int/
15. http://unfccc.int/2860.php
16. http://www.Fossilfuels.org
17. http://www.ipcc.ch/
18. International Energy Agency, 1991, Greenhouse gas emissions: the energy dimension,
OECD/IEA, France.
19. International Energy Agency, 1997, Key issues in developing renewables, OECD/IEA, France.
20. International Energy Agency, 2002, World energy outlook, OECD/IEA, France.
21. IPCC 2001, Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. IPCC Third Assessment Report.
22. IPCC 2001, Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. IPCC Third
Assessment Report.
23. IPCC 2001, Climate Change 2001: Mitigation. IPCC Third Assessment Report.
24. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Special Report on Emission Scenarios,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000.
25. IPCC, 1996, Technologies, policies and measures for mitigating climate change, IPCC.
26. Johansson, T., et al, 1993, Renewable energy: sources for fuels and electricity, Island press,
Washington, D.C.

53

27. Leitmann, J., 1996, Energy environment linkages in the urban sector, World Bank,
Washington, D.C.
28. New Energy Foundation, 2001, New and renewable energy in Japan, New energy foundation,
Japan.
29. Nordhaus, W.D., Managing the Global Commons: The Economics of Climate Change, The
MIT Press, Cambridge, USA, 1994.
30. Pearson, C.S., Economics and the Global Environment, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, UK, 2000.
31. Renewable energy: GEF partners with business for a better world Bank,
http://www.gefweb.org/Outreach/outreachPUblications/.
32. Smith, K.R. Homepage of Prof. Kirk R. Smith
http://ehs.sph.berkeley.edu/krsmith/page.asp?id=1
33. Shepherd, W. and Shepherd D.W., 1998, Energy studies, Imperial College Press, London .
34. Swisher, J., Jannuzzi, G., and Redlinger, R., 1997, Tools and methods for integrated resources
planning: improving energy efficiency and protecting the environment, Riso National
Laboratory, Denmark.
35. Tilling, S., Nisbet A., and Chell, K., 1990, Acid rain: a practical GCSE coursework guide, Field
studies council, Shrewsbury SY4 1HW.
36. Trudeau, P.E., 1991, Energy for a habitable world: A call for action, Crane Russak, New York.
37. Winteringham, F. P. W., 1992, Energy use and the environment, Lewis Publishers, London.
38. Watson, R, T., Zinyowera, M.C., Moss, R.H. (eds.), Technologies, policies, and Measures for
Mitigating Climate Change, IPCC Technical Paper No. 1, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change, 1996.
Journals:
-

Climate Policy
The Energy Journal
Energy Policy
Resource and Energy Economics
Energy-The International Journal

54

Energy Planning and Management

(EG910ES)
(Elective B)
Lecture: 3 hrs
Tutorial: 1 hr
Practical: 1.5 hrs

Year: II
Part: A

Objectives:
To deal with the macro and micro level planning and management of energy systems.
To understand energy pricing, evaluation of microeconomic impacts, Energy demand analysis,
Supply Projection and dealing with uncertainties.
1. Introduction to energy planning
[4 hrs]
Scope of energy planning
Linkage between development planning
Difference between comprehensive planning (master-plan) and disjoined incremental planning
Reference Energy system
Rural or decentralized energy planning
2. Concepts of energy planning-I (Microeconomic Background):
Theory of consumers and producers
Market equilibrium
Consumers surplus
Producers surplus
Elasticity

[8 hrs]

3. Concepts of energy planning-II (Macroeconomic Background):

National accounts, Balance of payments
Import-Export and foreign aid
Impacts of external shocks (price and supply)
GDP and other macro-economic parameters
Energy balances: energy accounts, unit and conversions
o Treatment of elasticity
o Treatment of non-commercial energy
o Different forms of energy balance: examples

[10 hrs]

4. Energy demand analysis and demand projection

Macro versus sectoral demand
Process analysis
Trend analysis (time series analysis)
Elasticity approach
Input-output method

[10 hrs]

55

End use energy demand

Demand forecast and generation expansion plans
Solving energy systems (matrix formulation, optimization, etc.)
Incorporating environmental dimension in reference energy system solving

5. Energy Supply Analysis and Supply Projection:

[8 hrs]
Energy resource assessment
o Non-renewable domestic resources
o Renewable domestic resources, hydropower supply
o Biomass supplies analysis: forest and non forest products, analysis of agricultural residue
and animal dung
Energy transformation
International supply
6. Energy option evaluation and policy analysis:
Energy pricing, taxes and subsidies, rationing
Supply-demand matching
Energy-GDP interaction

[8 hrs]

Laboratory works:
The laboratory works shall consists of case studies and energy scenarios planning using
professional software like Long Range Energy Alternative Planning System (LEAP), RETScreen,
Market Allocation (MARKEL) etc. depending upon their availability.
Textbook, Reference and Journals
1. Energy used in Mountain Areas: ICIMOD (1999)
2. Energy Data and Directory and Year Book 1997/98: Tata Energy Research Institute
3. Energy Statistic Yearbook- United Nations Publication
4. Prasanna Chandra, Projects: Planning, Analysis, Selection, Implementation and Review, TataMcGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi
5. Integrated Energy planning, Vol. 1,2,3; APDC, Malaysia
6. Rural Energy planning, APDC, Malaysia
7. energy Policy: national and International Implications, Ed. Sridhar Khatri and hari uprety,
NEFAS, CASAC and FES Nepal, 2002
8. Economic Survey, Ministry of Finance, HMG/N
9. Renewable Energy Technologies: A Brighter Future, ed. Dr. K. Rijal, ICIMOD
10. Energy Economy modeling, Dr. A. Shresthacharya
11. Nicholson, walter, 1995, microeconomics: theory, Basic Principles and Extensions, Sixth ed.,
The Dyden Press, Harcourt Brace College Publishers, Orlando
Computer Software
LEAP, RETScreen, MARKAL

56

Energy Auditing Analysis and Conservation

(EG911ES)
(Elective B)

Lecture: 3 hrs
Tutorial: 1 hr
Practical: 1.5 hrs

Year: II
Part: A

Objective:
To deal with the energy auditing and the efficient use of energy in a given system.
1. Introduction:
General principal
Importance of energy conservation and Demand Management
Organization of energy conservation and Demand Management
Energy conservation and Demand Management plan
2. Energy Auditing Technique:
Methods of energy auditing and System approach
History of energy use
Familiarization with the systems
Existing energy consumption pattern
Field survey
Approach to analysis of fuel and electricity figures
Energy saving potential by good house keeping, electricity, waste heat recovery
3. Fuels:
Types of fuels
Common fuels and industries
Combustion basics
Fuel firing

[2 hrs]

[10 hrs]

[3 hrs]

4. Energy conservation in Steam Generation, Distribution:

[8 hrs]
Types of boilers and salient features, losses in boilers, boiler controls, boilers tuning, boiler and
furnace efficiency calculation
Steam distribution, system layout, pressure selection, pipe sizing insulation, steam quality,
steam traps, and condense recovery
Fans and blowers, cooling towers, efficiency of electric motors and losses, idle equipment
5. Energy conservation in Buildings:
[6 hrs]
Building heat gain, Types of heating, ventilating and air-conditioning, economy cycle, chilled
water storage, Thermal insulation, solar passive architecture

57

6. Co-generation:
Topping cycle, bottoming cycle

[2 hrs]

7. Electrical Energy Conservation:

[4 hrs]
Electrical energy survey: Understanding the bill, tariffs, analysis, instruments for electrical
energy survey, efficiency calculation
Energy conservation in Distribution: Distribution system arrangement, design aspects of
distribution system, design of new plan distribution system.
Power factor management: causes of low power factor and its effects, power factor
improvement, economics of power factors
8. Electrical Energy Demand and Load Management:
[6 hrs]
Maximum demand: demand charges, Cost saving from demand control
Demand control potential: load factor, load curves and demand profiles, identification of load
Method of demand control: manual and automatic
Load management
9. Energy conservation in Lighting System:
[4 hrs]
Source of light, Electric filament light incandescent and halogen lamp, gaseous discharge lampfluorescent, compact fluorescent lamp, sodium and mercury vapor lamp, metal halide lamp.
Design consideration of good lighting system
Energy conservation opportunities in lighting system
New development in lighting energy efficiency
Laboratory works:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Experiment on heat transfer

Experiments on refrigeration and air-conditioning
Experiments on compressor
Stag gas measurement and analysis
Use of electrical energy meter and calculations
Electrical light flux measurements
Experiment on electrical motor
Experiments on pumps and fans
Exercise on energy auditing from simple to complex one in step
Project on specific energy auditing

Text books Journals and references:

1. Paul O Callaghan, Energy management, McGraw Hill, 1993
2. Charles M. Gottschalk, Industrial Energy Conservation, John Wiley and Sons, 1996
3. S. M. Guinnes and Reynolds, Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings McGraw
Hill, 1994, McGraw Hill 1994

58

4.
5.
6.
7.

J. Kriecher and A. Rabl, Heating and Cooling of Buildings

IES Lighting Handbook, Reference and Application Volume, IESNA
Thumann, Lighting Efficiency, Application, Fairmount Press
Solar Energy; Light and Energy; ASHRAE transactions

59

System Integration
(EG912ES)
(Elective B)

Lecture: 3 hrs
Tutorial: 1 hr
Practical: 1.5 hrs

Year: II
Part: A

Objectives:
To deal with the optimization of different energy resources for a given situation.
To deal with integrating the different energy systems for the best optimal use, both in analytical
terms as well as the use of appropriate instruments.
1. Example Applications of Integrated Systems:
Heating and cooling of buildings
Village power systems
2. Simulation of Integrated Systems:
Modeling of Solar Thermal systems
Modeling of Solar PV systems
Modeling of biofuel systems
Modeling of micro hydro systems
Modeling of electrical generators, including cogeneration
Modeling of thermo-mechanical components (heat exchangers, pumps, etc.)
Modeling of building thermal behavior
Modeling of Hybrid systems

[4 hrs]

[10 hrs]

3. Optimization Methods:
[8 hrs]
Variational calculus
Optimization of unconstrained and constrained problems using Lagrangian techniques
Gradient search methods
SIMPLEX and COMPEX methods
4. Applications of Optimization Techniques:
[12 hrs]
Identify thermal system for optimization exercise (e.g., biofuel and solar thermal, building
design for heating and cooling, solar assisted heat pump)
Application of optimization and simulation methods to design and/or operation
! Use of Softwares: Application of supporting software like OPQUEST and CRYSTAL BALL
5. Design of Integrated Village Power Systems:
Resource and load estimations
Optimization objective function: initial and operating costs

60

[11 hrs]

Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER) for design analysis
Case study

Laboratory Works:

Use of the computer simulations

Textbook, Reference and Journals:

1. S. C. Arora and S. Domkundwar, A course in RET and A/C
2. J. W. Cogdel, Text Book of Linear Programming
3. Camm, Jeffrey D. and James R. Evans, Management Science & Decision Technology, South
Western College Publishing, A Division of Thompson Learning, USA, 2000.

61

Design and Manufacturing

(EG 914ME)
(Elective B)
Lecture: 3 hrs
Practical: 1.5 hrs

Year: I
Part: A

Objectives:
To develop and consider the application of proper material selection, design and drawing
To understand the manufacturing aspects for the research related renewable energy engineering
works.
1. Sketch and working drawing
(12 hrs)
Sketch and working drawing of machine elements, assembly drawing, reading assembly
drawings, Detail drawings.
2. Jigs and fixtures
Types, application and design

(6 hrs)

3. Analysis of metal forming processes

Cold working, hot working, die forging, rolling, drawing, Extrusions... etc.

(8 hrs)

4. Design of product for economical production

(12 hrs)
Design and decision making process, selection of Material and its energy value, basics of
process design. Suggestions for designing for production: Machining, casting, forging, welding,
plastic parts, Powder metallurgy parts
5. Failure theories, safety factors and reliability
(7 hrs)
Fracture mechanics, applications, static failure theories, selection and use of failure theories.
Uncertainty analysis

Laboratory Exercises:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

PVC pipe joints, making and testing

Sheet metal joints, soldering pressure test
Welding penstock, welding strength for hydraulic pressure
Turbine blade casting, know-how
Proper bearing and gear selection for data book, catalogue
Performance and selection of proper coating for absorbing and radiation surfaces and against
corrosion and rusting

62

Textbook, Reference and Journals:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

S. Bogolyubov, A.Voinov: Engineering Drawing; Mir Publications

Narayana, Kannaiah: Production Drawing; New Age International.
Doyle.Keyser.Leach: Manufacturing Processes and Materials for Engineers; Prentice-hall.
P.C. Sharma: A Text Book of Production Engineering; S.Chand.
Robert C. Juvinall: Fundamentals of Machine Component Design; John Wiley& Sons.
Joseph Edward Shigley: Machine design; McGraw- Hill
G.E. Dieter: Mechanical Engineering Design:

63