Concrete Tests

Concrete Technology Laboratory
Table of Contents
Chapter 1............................................................................................................... 4
Premix Design........................................................................................................ 4
Preface................................................................................................................ 4
Standard Mix...................................................................................................... 4
Chapter 2, Soft Concrete Tests............................................................................... 6
Chapter: Chapter 1
Slump Test............................................................................................................. 6
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UNISEL, FACULTY OF ENGINEERING,

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Introduction........................................................................................................ 6
Objective............................................................................................................ 6
Theory................................................................................................................ 6
Equipment.......................................................................................................... 7
Procedure........................................................................................................... 7
Result................................................................................................................. 8
Chapter: Chapter 1
Discussion and conclusion.................................................................................. 8
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Appendix............................................................................................................ 8
Compacting Factor Test.......................................................................................... 9
Introduction........................................................................................................ 9
Objectives........................................................................................................... 9
Theory................................................................................................................ 9
Apparatus........................................................................................................... 9
Chapter: Chapter 1
Procedure......................................................................................................... 10
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Result and Calculation...................................................................................... 11
Discussion........................................................................................................ 11
Advantages:.................................................................................................. 12
Disadvantages:.............................................................................................. 12
Conclusion........................................................................................................ 13
Appendix.......................................................................................................... 13
Chapter: Chapter 1
Vebe Time Test..................................................................................................... 14
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Introduction...................................................................................................... 14
Objectives......................................................................................................... 14
Theory.............................................................................................................. 14
Apparatus......................................................................................................... 15
Procedure......................................................................................................... 16
Discussions....................................................................................................... 16
Chapter: Chapter 1
Advantages:.................................................................................................. 16
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Disadvantages:.............................................................................................. 17
Conclusion........................................................................................................ 17
Appendix.......................................................................................................... 17
Chapter 3............................................................................................................. 18
Destructive Concrete Test.................................................................................... 18
Compressive Strength Test.................................................................................. 19
Chapter: Chapter 1
Introduction...................................................................................................... 19
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Objectives......................................................................................................... 19
Theory.............................................................................................................. 19
Apparatus......................................................................................................... 19
Procedure......................................................................................................... 20
Rate of Loading................................................................................................. 20
Result............................................................................................................... 21
Chapter: Chapter 1
Precautions....................................................................................................... 21
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Discussion........................................................................................................ 21
Conclusion........................................................................................................ 22
Appendix.......................................................................................................... 22
Flexural Test......................................................................................................... 23
Introduction...................................................................................................... 23
Objective.......................................................................................................... 23
Chapter: Chapter 1
Theory.............................................................................................................. 23
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Apparatus:........................................................................................................ 24
Procedures........................................................................................................ 24
Result............................................................................................................... 25
Discussion........................................................................................................ 25
Conclusion........................................................................................................ 25
Appendix.......................................................................................................... 25
Chapter: Chapter 1
Chapter 4............................................................................................................. 26
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Non-Destructive test............................................................................................ 26
Rebound Hammer Test......................................................................................... 27
Introduction...................................................................................................... 27
Objectives......................................................................................................... 27
Theory.............................................................................................................. 27
Apparatus......................................................................................................... 27
Chapter: Chapter 1
Procedure......................................................................................................... 28
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Result and calculation....................................................................................... 29
General Discussion........................................................................................... 30
Conclusion........................................................................................................ 30
Appendix.......................................................................................................... 31
Micro Cover Meter................................................................................................ 32
Introduction...................................................................................................... 32
Chapter: Chapter 1
Objective.......................................................................................................... 32
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Apparatus......................................................................................................... 32
Procedure......................................................................................................... 33
Discussion........................................................................................................ 33
Conciliation....................................................................................................... 34
Appendix.......................................................................................................... 34
Chapter: Chapter 1
PUNDIT Plus Test.................................................................................................. 35
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Introduction...................................................................................................... 35
Objective.......................................................................................................... 35
Theory.............................................................................................................. 35
Apparatus:........................................................................................................ 35
Procedure......................................................................................................... 36
Chapter: Chapter 1
Discussion........................................................................................................ 37
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Conclusion........................................................................................................ 37
Appendix......................................................................................................... 38
Conclusion........................................................................................................... 39
Chapter: Chapter 1
References........................................................................................................... 39
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Chapter 1
Premix Design
Preface
Chapter: Chapter 1
For the concrete laboratory under the Laboratory 3, we have Slump test, Vebe
Time Test, Compacting Factor Test for soften concrete and destructive and non-
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distractive tests of harden concrete. We started our testing session with the mix
design of the concrete proportions. As bellow calculations.
Standard Mix
G 25 ST5
Chapter: Chapter 1
1. C= 340kg
TA= 1830kg
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30
1830=549 Kg
100
2.
Fine Aggregate=
3.
Coars Aggregate=1830549=1281 Kg
4.
Water cement ratio=
5.
Water=0.55 3400=187 Kg
Chapter: Chapter 1
W
=( 0.450.65 )=0.55
C
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Our samples:
Chapter: Chapter 1
X3
H=300
mm
d=150mm
H=100
mm
b=100mm
t=100mm
H=100
mm
b=100mm
L=500mm
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Total volume=V Cylinder + 3 V Cube +V Beam
Chapter: Chapter 1
Total Volume=( 752 300 ) + ( 3 3 100 )+ ( 100 100 500 )=0.013 m3
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Cement=0.013 340=4.42 Kg
Fine Aggregate=0.013 549=7.14 Kg

Coarse Aggregate=0.013 1281=16.65 Kg
Chapter: Chapter 1
Water=0.013 187=2.43 Kg
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Since we need to consider the wastage of 1.2% so we multiply all the above
values to 1.2, thus we have:
Cement=0.013 340=4.42 1.2=5.3 KG
Chapter: Chapter 1
Fine Aggregate=0.013 549=7.14 1.2=8.6 Kg
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Coarse Aggregate=0.013 1281=16.65 1.2=20 Kg
Water=0.013 187=2.43 1.2=2.9 Kg

We weight the proportions and mixed them well.
Once it ready we did the following tests:
Chapter: Chapter 1
1. Slump Test
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Chapter: Chapter 1
2. Compacting Factor Test

3. Vebe Time Test
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Chapter 2, Soft Concrete Tests

Slump Test
Introduction
Chapter: Chapter 1
The slump test is a method used to determine the consistency of concrete and to
check its uniformity from batch to batch. The consistency, or stiffness, of the
concrete shows the fluidity of the concrete indicating how much water has been
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Chapter: Chapter 1
used in the mix, and is often measured by concrete slump. The stiffness of the
concrete mix is often matched to the requirements for the finished product. All
concrete mixes are a combination of aggregate (gravel and/or sand), cement and
water in varying proportions. The concrete mixture and the ratios of ingredients
affect the workability of the end product and the concretes final strength
(water/cement ratio). In terms of workability only, the higher the slump value, the
higher the amount of water and as a result the mixture is more fluid for working
the concrete and finishing. The construction industry perceives that higher slump
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values require less muscular effort to manipulate. The usefulness of the slump
test as a predictor of concrete strength is controversial and the shrinkage has
traditionally been perceived by the industry as affecting the integrity and quality
of the concrete.
Objective
Chapter: Chapter 1
To determine the workability of a sample from fresh concrete of given grate and
proportions using the slump test.
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Theory
Chapter: Chapter 1
The apparatus consists of a mold in the shape of a frustum of a cone with a Base
and top 8 and 4 diameter respectively and a height of 12. The mold is filled
with concrete in three layers of equal volume. Each layer is compacted with 25
strokes of a tamping rod. The slump cone mold is lifted vertically upward and the
change in height of the concrete is measured. There are four type of slump can be
occurred [Figure 1]. And the only type of the slump permissible under ASTM C143
Standard is referring to the true slump. Where the concrete remains intact and
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Chapter: Chapter 1
retains a symmetric shape. A zero slump and a collapsed slump are both outside
of the rang of workability. Specifically ASTM C143 advises caution in interpreting
test results less that and greater than 9. If part of the concert shears from
the mass the test must be repeated with a different sample of concrete. A
concrete exhibits a shear slump in a second test is not sufficiently cohesive and
should be rejected.
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Figure 1 ; Type of Slump
Equipment
A wheelbarrow and shovel
A metric ruler
Chapter: Chapter 1
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Chapter: Chapter 1
A scoop
A steel tamping rod, 16mm diameter and 600mm long that has at least one
end rounded.
A standard slump mold. The footplates should be positioned 5mm above the
base of the cone.
A mixer
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Procedure
Chapter: Chapter 1
The mixing pan placed on the floor and moistest it with some water. Make
sure it is damp but no free water is left.
The slump cone was hold firmly in place using the 2 foot holds.
One-third of the cone filled with the concert mixture. Then the layer tamps
25 times using the steel rod in a circular motion, making sure not to stir.
More concert add mixture to the tow-third mark. Tamping for 25 times
repeated again.
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Chapter: Chapter 1
The whole cone was fill up to the top with some excess concrete coming out
of top, then tamping repeated 25 times.
Excess concrete from the opening of the slump cone was remove by using
tamping rod in a rolling motion until flat.
Slowly and carefully remove the cone by lifting it vertically, making sure
that the concrete sample dose not move.
Wait for the concrete mixture as it slowly slumps.
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After the concrete stabilizes, the slump-height was measures by tuning the
slump cone upside down next to the sample, placing the tamping rod on the
slump cone and measuring the distance from the rod to original displaced
center.
Chapter: Chapter 1
[Figure 2] shows the complete process using pictures.
Figure 2 ; Slump Procedure
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Chapter: Chapter 1
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Result
Finally we have shear slump, and slump value equal to (9 cm).
Discussion and conclusion

Chapter: Chapter 1
After we made the test, we get shear slump of value equal to: (9 cm).
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Chapter: Chapter 1
From the experiment we conducted, we can determine the workability of a sample

from fresh concrete of given grade and promotion using the slump test. The slump
apparatus is not suitable for concrete in which the maximum aggregates size does
not exceed 40mm. it should be noted that the value of slump changes with time
after mixing owing to normal hydration processes and evaporation of some of the
free water and it is desirable therefore that test are preformed within a fixed
period of time. It is also advisable to delay testing for around 10miniutes after the
addition of water to allow for the absorption of water by aggregates
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This test varies easy to use in projects and in laboratory, but it is not a true
determination of workability.
This test learnt us about mixing the concrete, and the amount used especially in
big projects.
Chapter: Chapter 1
This test not use in lean mix because it is not the true determination for
workability but is good in site.
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Chapter: Chapter 1
Appendix
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Chapter: Chapter 1
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Compacting Factor Test
Introduction
Chapter: Chapter 1
These tests were developed in the UK by Glanville (1947 ) and it is measure the degree of
compaction For the standard amount of work and thus offer a direct and reasonably
reliable assessment of the workability of concrete . the test require measurement of the
weight of the partially and fully compacted concrete and the ratio the partially compacted
weight to the fully compacted weight, which is always less than one, is known as
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compacted factor . For the normal range of concrete the compacting factor lies between
(0.8 - 0.92) .
Objectives
Chapter: Chapter 1
To measure the workability of concrete.

The objective of compaction factor is the measure the degree of compaction resulting
from the application of standard amount of work.
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Theory
Chapter: Chapter 1
The apparatus which is commercially available, consist of a rigid frame that supports two
conical hoppers vertically aligned above each other and mounted above cylinder, as
shown in the figure, the top hopper is slightly larger the bottom hopper, while the cylinder
is smaller in volume than both hoppers, to perform the test , the top hopper is filled with
concrete but not compacted. The door on the bottom of the top hopper is opened and the
concrete is allowed to drop into the lower hopper. Once all of the concrete has fallen from
the top hopper, the door on the lower hopper is open to allow the concrete to fall to the
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Chapter: Chapter 1
bottom cylinder, a tamping rod can be sued to force especially cohesive concretes
through the hoppers, the excess concrete is carefully struck off the top of the cylinder
and the mass of the concrete in the cylinder is recorded, this mass is compared to the
mass of fully compacted concrete in the same cylinder achieved with hand rodding or
vibration. The compaction factor is defined as the ratio of the mass of the concrete
compacted in the compaction factor apparatus to the mass of the fully compacted
concrete. The standard test apparatus, described above is appropriate for maximum
aggregate sizes of up to 20mm; a larger apparatus is available for concrete with
maximum aggregate sizes of up to 40mm.
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Compacting Factor=
Weight of partially compacted concrete

Weight of full compacted concreted
Apparatus
Chapter: Chapter 1
1. A sample of freshly mixed concrete.

2. A scoop
3. A wheelbarrow and shovel.
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Chapter: Chapter 1
4. a steel tamping rod which is 16mm diameter and 600 mm long that has at least one
end rounded
5. Compacting factor.
6. Upper Hoper:
o Top internal diameter 25.4cm
o Bottom internal diamere
12.7cm
o Internal height
27.9cm
7. Lower Hopper:
o Top internal diameter 22.9cm
o Bottom internal diameter
12.7cm
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8. Cylinder:
Internal height
15.2cm
30.5cm
Chapter: Chapter 1
o Internal diameter
o Internal height
As shown in [Figure 3]
22.9cm
Figure 3 ; Compacting Factor Test

Apparatus
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Chapter: Chapter 1
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Chapter: Chapter 1
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Procedure
Keep the apparatus on the ground and apply grease on the inner surface of
the cylinders.
Chapter: Chapter 1
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Chapter: Chapter 1
Measure the mass as w1 kg by weighing the cylinder accurately and fix the
cylinder on the base in such a way that the central points of hoppers and
cylinder lie on one vertical line and cover the cylinder with a plate.
For each 5 kg of aggregate mixes are to be prepared with water-cement ratio
by weight with 2.5 kg sand and 1.25 kg of cement and then add required
amount of water thoroughly until and unless concrete appears to be
homogeneous.
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Chapter: Chapter 1
With the help of hand scoop without compacting fill the freshly mixed concrete
in upper hopper part gently and carefully and within two minutes release the
trap door so that the concrete may fall into the lower hopper such that it bring
the concrete into standard compaction.
Fall the concrete to into the cylinder by bringing the concrete into
standard Compaction immediately after the concrete has come to rest and
open the trap door of lower hopper and then remove the excess concrete
above the top of the cylinder by a pair of trowels, one in each hand will blades
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Chapter: Chapter 1
horizontal slide them from the opposite edges of the mold inward to
the center with a sawing motion.
Clean the cylinder from all sides properly. Find the mass of partially compacted
concrete thus filled in the cylinder and say it W2 kg. After this refill the cylinder
with the same sample of concrete in approximately 50 mm layers, by vibrating
each layer heavily so as to expel all the air and obtain full compaction of
the Concrete.
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Struck off level the concrete and weigh and cylinder filled with fully compacted
concrete. Let the mass be W3 kg.
The top surface of fully compacted concrete is then carefully truck off level
with the top of the cylinder and weighed to the nearest 10grams. This weight is
known as Weight of fully compacted concrete.
Chapter: Chapter 1
Result and Calculation
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3.75kg
13.45kg
concrete
Weight of cylinder with compacted concrete
Partially compact concrete
15.55kg
13.45-
Fully compacted concrete
3.75=9.7kg
11.8kg
Chapter: Chapter 1
Weight of empty cylinder

Weight of cylinder with partially compacted
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compacting factor=
9.7 kg
=0.82 1(it is good workability)
11.8kg
Chapter: Chapter 1
compacting factor=
weigh of partially compacted concrete

weighof full compacted concreted
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Discussion
Chapter: Chapter 1
The final value for the conducted experiment is 0.82. The higher value of the calculation
the more workable the concrete. And for the normal range of concrete the compaction
factor lies between (0.8 0.92 ) . This test is particularly useful for dryer mixes for which
the slump test is not satisfactory. The sensitivity of the compaction factor is reduced
outside the normal range of workability and is generally unsatisfactory for compacting
factor Greater than 0.92. The test is sufficiently sensitive to enable difference in work
ability arising from the initial process in the hydration of cement to be measured. Each
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test, there for should be carried out at a constant time interval after the mixing is
completed, if strictly comparable results are to be obtained, and some ranges are in
bellow in table
Degree of
Compaction factor
Slump( m
Small
Larger
m)
apparatus
apparatus
Very low
0-25
0.78
0.8
application
Vibrated concrete in roads of
other large
Chapter: Chapter 1
workabilit
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Mass concrete foundation
Low
25-50
0.85
0.87
without vibration simple

reinforced section with
vibration
Normal reinforced work
Medium
50-100
0.92
0.93
without vibration and heavily

reinforced sections with
Chapter: Chapter 1
vibration.
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Section with congested
High
100-180
0.95
0.96
reinforcement not normally
Chapter: Chapter 1
suitable for vibration
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Advantages:
The test a dynamic test and it is more appropriate then static tests for highly
thixotropic concrete mixtures

The compacting factor test give more information which is compatibility than the
Chapter: Chapter 1
slump test.
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Disadvantages:
The test method does not use vibration, the main compaction method used in the
field.
The amount of work applied to the concrete being tested is a function of the
friction between the concrete and the hopper which may not reflect field
Chapter: Chapter 1
conditions.
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Although the test is commercially available it is used infrequently.

The bulky nature of the device reduces its usefulness in the field, further the test
Chapter: Chapter 1
method requires a balance to measure the mass of the concrete in the cylinder.
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Conclusion
Form test we can obtain that the Compacting factor of fresh concrete is done to
determine the workability of fresh concrete by compacting factor test as per IS: 1199
1959. The apparatus used is Compacting factor apparatus. And it used to determine the
Workability of a concrete signifies the full compaction of concrete using a required or
Chapter: Chapter 1
reasonable amount of work which helps to achieve the desired possible density or void of
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fresh concrete resulting better strength and durable concrete structure and helpful to
Chapter: Chapter 1
maintain durability throughout the job.
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Chapter: Chapter 1
Appendix
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Chapter: Chapter 1
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Chapter: Chapter 1
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Vebe Time Test
Introduction
Chapter: Chapter 1
It is based on measuring the time (Called VEBE time) needed to transfer the
shape of a concrete mix from a frustum cone to a cylinder (these shapes are
standardized by the apparatus of this test), by vibrating and compacting the mix.
The more VEBE time needed the less workable the mix is. This method is very
useful for stiff mixes. The required Vebe Time Test value may be entered in the
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Chapter: Chapter 1
Vebe time field on a Mix Design Form. The Vebe time test is a more scientific test
for workability than the Slump Test, in that it measures the work needed to
compact the concrete. The freshly mixed concrete is packed into a similar cone to
that used for the slump test. The cone stands within a special container on a
platform, which is vibrated at a standard rate, after the cone has been lifted off
the concrete. The time taken for the concrete to be compacted is measured. Vebe
times range from 1 second for runny concrete to more than 12 seconds for stiff
concrete. Unlike the slump test, the Vebe time test gives useful results for stiff
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concretes. The levels of workability defined in the DOE Method give both Slump
values and Vebe times for each level, and these values are used in First mix for
converting between Slump values and Vebe times. See Method of Specifying
Workability for selecting to use the Slump or Vebe tests Range: 0 - 20 seconds.
Objectives
Chapter: Chapter 1
To measure the remolding ability of concrete under vibration.
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To measure indirectly the workability of concrete.

To obtain the workability of concrete suing vebe time test.
Theory
The apparatus shown that the consists of a metal cylindrical container mounted
Chapter: Chapter 1
on a vibrating table, which produces a sinusoidal vibration, in the version of the
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test standardized in Europe as EN 12350-3 a slump cone is placed in the center of

the cylinder and filled in the same manner as in the vebe table is started and the
time for the concrete to remold from the slump cone shape to the shape of the
outer cylindrical container is recorded as a measure of consistency , the sliding
Chapter: Chapter 1
clear plastic disk facilitates the determination of the end of the test.
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Apparatus
VEBE consistometer.
Description:
o It consists of: Cylindrical container with diameter = 240 mm, and
Chapter: Chapter 1
height = 200 mm.

o Mould: the same mould used in the slump test.
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o Disc: A transparent horizontal disc attached to a rod which slides

o Vertically. Vibrating Table: 380*260 mm, supported by four rubber
Chapter: Chapter 1
shock absorbers.
Tamping rod.
Stop watch.
Container.
A tamping rod.
Vibration rod.
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Chapter: Chapter 1
As shown in [Figure 4]
Figure 4 ; Vebe Time Test Apparatus
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Procedure
Chapter: Chapter 1
Slump test as described earlier is performed placing slump cone inside the
sheet metal cylindrical pot of the consistometer.
The glass disc attached to the swived arm is turned and place on the top of
concrete in the pot.
We placed the mold concentrically in the container.
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It was filled with the concrete mix on four layers with tamping 25 times
each layer.
The mold then is left up, and the slump value was calculated.
The transparent disk was placed on the concrete cone.
The vibrator was started as the timing did.
The timing shall stop when the transparent disc is totally covered with
Concrete and all the cavities in the mix are disappeared.
Chapter: Chapter 1
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Chapter: Chapter 1
The electrical vibrator is then switched on and simultaneously a stop watch

started.
The vibration is continued till such a time as the conical shape of the concrete
disappears and the concrete assumes cylinder shape.
This can be judged by observing the glass dics gram the top from
disappearance of transparency.
Immediately when the concrete fully assumes a cylindrical shape, the stop
watch is switched off.
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Discussions
Chapter: Chapter 1
The vebe test is the best method to calculate the workability, because it consist of
slump value and vebe time. this test is different of compaction factor used the
manual compacted. But this test is difficult to use in the project may be we need
electricity . The workability of concrete, define in vebe seconds is the vibration
time in seconds. And the remolding is assumed to be complete when the glass
plate rider is completely covered with concrete and all cavities in the surface of
the concrete have vanish, this judged visually, and the complexity of establishing
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Chapter: Chapter 1
the end point of the test may be a source of error, to avoid it an automatically
operated device for recording the movement of the plate against time may be
fitted, and The main advantage of this test is that it is a dynamic test and can be
used on concretes that are too stiff for a slump test.
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Advantages:
Chapter: Chapter 1
Test results are obtained directly.

The test device is standardized in ASTM and identified by ACI committee 211,
in its guide for proportioning low slump concrete.
The vebe consistometer is a dynamic test and can be used on concrete that
are too dry for the slump test.
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Disadvantages:
Chapter: Chapter 1
No analytical treatment of the test method has been developed, such

treatment would be complex because the shear rate declines during of the test
the concrete specimen changes shape.
The test device only works low slump concretes.
Due to the need to ensure that all vibration is kept within the test device , the
size of the test device makes the vebe consistometer generally unsuitable for
field use.
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Conclusion
According the test results we obtained, concrete mix we used can be judged as follows:
Chapter: Chapter 1
Slump test: The mix has a medium workability.

Compacted factor test: The mix has medium workability.
VEBE test: The mix has low workability.
This variation in the workability between the first 2 tests and the last one (VEBE test) can be a result to
losing the workability with time, the time between making the mix and doing the VEBE time test was
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larger than it to the other two tests. Other reason for that might be an error resulted from the
determination of the end of the test.
Chapter: Chapter 1
Appendix
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Chapter: Chapter 1
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Chapter: Chapter 1
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Chapter 3
Destructive Concrete Test
After we done with the above tests we need to start molding the concrete into the chosen
moulds, such as 3 cubes of 100x100, Beam of 100x100x500 and a cylinder of 150x300.
And we keep them on mold for 24 hours to gain the required strength.
Chapter: Chapter 1
After 24 hours, concrete element need to be dismantle and keep in water tank for 7 days
or a week.
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Chapter: Chapter 1
After 7 days when concrete gain there specific strength we have to start our destructive
tests, such as Compression test for cubes and cylinder samples and flexural test for the
beam.
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Compressive Strength Test
Introduction
Chapter: Chapter 1
A compression test is a method for determining the behavior of materials under a

compressive load. Compression tests are conducted by loading the test specimen
between two plates and then applying a force to the specimen by moving the
crossheads together. The compression test is used to determine elastic limit,
proportionality limit, yield point, yield strength and compressive Strength.
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Chapter: Chapter 1
Compressive Strength, It is the maximum compressive stress that a material is

capable of withstanding without fracture. Brittle materials fracture during testing
and have a definite Compressive strength values. The compressive strength of
ductile materials is determined by Their degree of distortion during testing.
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Objectives
To, determine the compression strength of concrete test cube and cylinder
according to BS 1881.
Theory
Chapter: Chapter 1
One of the important properties of concrete is strength in compression; the

strength in compression has a definite relationship with all other properties of
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Chapter: Chapter 1
concrete. The compressive strength is taken as the maximum load it can be carry
on per unit area; BS 1881 and MS \7.1 specify the use of concrete cube to
determining compressive strength. And Structure components such as columns
and struts are subjected to compressive load in applications. These components
are made of high compressive strength materials. Not all the materials are strong
in compression. Several materials, which are good in tension are poor in
compression. Many materials poor in tension are good in compression. Cast iron is
one such example. This strength is determined by conducting a compression test.
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During the test, the specimen is compressed and deformation Vs. the applied is
recorded.
Apparatus
ADR 2000 compression machine.
Three cubes size 150x150x150mm.
One cylinder 150mm x300mm
Chapter: Chapter 1
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Chapter: Chapter 1
[Figure 5] is the complete machine of compressive strength machine.
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Chapter: Chapter 1
Figure 5; Compressive
Strength Test Apparatus
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Chapter: Chapter 1
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Procedure
The cubes and cylinder removed from the curing tank after 7 days.
Place the plain (lower) bearing block, with its hardened face up, on the table or
platen of the testing machine directly under the spherically seated (upper)
bearing block.
Chapter: Chapter 1
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Chapter: Chapter 1
Wipe clean the bearing faces of the upper and lower bearing blocks and of the
test specimen. Place the test specimen on the lower bearing block.
Carefully align the axis of the specimen with the center of thrust of the
spherically seated block.
As the spherically seated block is brought to bear on the specimen, rotate its
movable portion gently by hand so that uniform seating is obtained.
The cube and cylinder was center carefully.
The type of failure and appearance cracks had been noted.
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Rate of Loading
Chapter: Chapter 1
Apply the load continuously and without shock. Apply the load at a constant rate
within the range of 20 to 50 psi per second. During the application of the first half of
the estimated maximum load, a higher rate of loading may be permitted.
Do not make any adjustment in the controls of the testing machine while the
specimen is yielding rapidly immediately before failure.
Increase the load until the specimen yields or fails and record the maximum load
carried by the specimen during the test.
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Note the type of failure and the appearance of the concrete if other than the usual
cone type fracture.
Result
Chapter: Chapter 1
Cylinder result after compression test
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Diameter
150mm
Sample peak load
151.7kn
Sample stress
8.585
Sample pace rate
5.3kN/s
Chapter: Chapter 1
Cube result after compression test
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Sample peak load
Sample stress
Sample pace rate
115.4kn
11.54 MPa
3 kN/s
Chapter: Chapter 1
Precautions
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Chapter: Chapter 1
The test does not apply on concrete whose nominal maximum aggregate size
exceed 40mm first check the maximum aggregate size.
Cubes wouldnt me replaced in the testing machine centrally on platens, before
the load is applied.
Close door of the machine to avoid any crushed pieces of object being to your
eyes.
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Discussion
Chapter: Chapter 1
From the compression test we took some data that shows that our specimen is
enough strong, according to the time which was less than 28 days our
specimen was harden and able to carry on enough load, such as the cylinder
sustain 151.7kN which was before the object failed. And as the same for cube
the sustain load was 115.4 kN before the object fail, if we compare the stresses
due to time were also enough strong as a 8.585MPa for cylinder and 11.54MPa
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for cube, this test show if the test carry on at the exact time 28 day the
concrete would be able to sustained big amount of the load.
Chapter: Chapter 1
If the strength of our concrete is not fulfill the requirement, so the following can
be the reasons:
Concrete is not well mixed together.
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Chapter: Chapter 1
Water to cement is not in the right proportion, which can make the
hydrations process not complete.
Constituent materials such as cement aggregate and water which were not
according to the right proportions.
Hardening time less than 28 days concrete reach maximum strength at 28
days our specimen was harden In a week.
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Conclusion
Chapter: Chapter 1
From result that we took from the testing in the laboratory we conclude that,
that the concrete we tested it in compression machine, and the design and
proportion of it we wouldnt be able to apply it at the work site, because of it
doesnt have the desirable strength, its may can cause the structure collapse.
And as we seen that the restrictive effect of the platens of the testing machine
over the entire high of cylinder but leaves unpretentious a part of test cubes,
since both of the object are mad form the same concrete but their strength are
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different, we consider here human error as well and the moisture condition of
the sampling at the time of testing also establish to be affect the ratio of
strength of two types of specimen.
Chapter: Chapter 1
Appendix
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Flexural Test
Introduction
Chapter: Chapter 1
The experiment involves the use of a simply supported beam test to determine
the elastic constants for a material. There are various aluminum and magnesium
beams which may be used in the test. Each beam has an axial and transverse
oriented strain gage on the top (or bottom) surface. And Concrete pavement
carries load as a simple, plain, (non-reinforced) concrete beam. The strength of
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Chapter: Chapter 1
the concrete in flexure is the most important requirement. In previous labs then
primary interest has been the compressive strength of concrete. This strength is
used in the structural design of reinforced concrete, where tension, in which
concrete is very weak, is assumed to be taken entirely by the reinforcing steel.
And cracking problem occur when diagonal tension arising from shearing stresses
develops, but the most frequent case of cracking is due to restrained shrinkage
and temperature gradients. There are three types of test for strength in tension.
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Direct tension test, flexure test and splitting tension test. For our laboratory work
we used flexural test.
Objective
to determin the flexure strengh of test beam according to BS1881.
To demonstrate the use of flexure test procedures and the flexure test stress
state theory.
Chapter: Chapter 1
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To demonstrate the use of a strain gauge rosette oriented on the top of an endsupported beam loaded at its middle.
To experimentally determine and compare results of the modulus of elasticity

and Poisson's ratio
Chapter: Chapter 1
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Theory
Chapter: Chapter 1
Flexure test is intended to find the flexure strength of concrete in tension. Flexure
strength of concrete gives the tensile strength of concrete in bending. In this test
a simply supported plain concrete beam is loaded at it third point. The resulting
bending moment induce compressive stresses in the top and tensile stresses in
the bottom of the beam
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Flexural Test=
p = maximum load applied to the beam

L = distance between the axis of the cuter pair roller
b = width of the beam at the line of fracture
d = depth from the beam at the line of fracture
Chapter: Chapter 1
PL
b d2
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Chapter: Chapter 1
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Apparatus:
Chapter: Chapter 1
ADL 2000 Flexure Machine

Beam (150mm x 150mm x 150mm)
[Figure 6] shows the apparatus for flexural test of beam.
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Chapter: Chapter 1
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Chapter: Chapter 1
Figure 6 ; Flexural Test Apparatus
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Procedures
Chapter: Chapter 1
Remove the test beam from curing tank after 28 days

Wipe off any grit and remove any fins from the beam
Clean and adjust the lower supporting rollers in position
Place centrally the specimen in the testing machine in such a manner that
the load shall be applied
Lower the loading rollers. Carefully align the axis of the bending device
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Apply the load and increase it gradually until the specimen fails.
Record the maximum load applied
Note the appearance of cracks in the concrete and any unusual features in
the type of failure.
[Figure 7], shows before and after the flexural test happens.
Chapter: Chapter 1
Figure 7; Before
After
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Result
Chapter: Chapter 1
Beam, reaslut after flexure test

Sample peak load
6.66Kn
Sample stress
1.999 MPa
Sample pace rate
0.200kN/s
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PL
b d2
Chapter: Chapter 1
flexural test =
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Chapter: Chapter 1
100
2
100
6.66 x (500)
flexural test =
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Discussion
Flexural test for the beam has done successfully and the maximum peak load that
it sustain was 6.6kN and a stress of 1.999 Mpa.
Chapter: Chapter 1
Conclusion
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In conclusion we can say that we did our compressive and flexural test, to find out
whether our concrete has the required strength to sustain the applied load or not.
In fact we check our mix design for our batch of concrete. If our members didnt
sustain the required load per unit area, so we need to redesign our mix
proportions until it fulfill the requirement. In order to have a safe structure.
Chapter: Chapter 1
Appendix
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Chapter: Chapter 1
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Chapter: Chapter 1
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Chapter 4
Non-Destructive test
Chapter: Chapter 1
In this test the concrete is not going to be destroyed.
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Chapter: Chapter 1
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Chapter: Chapter 1
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Chapter: Chapter 1
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Chapter: Chapter 1
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Rebound Hammer Test
Introduction
Chapter: Chapter 1
The Schmidt hammer test (rebound hammer) is a surface hardness tester for
which an empirical correlation has been established between strength and
rebound number. The only known instrument to make use of the rebound principle
for concrete testing is the Schmidt hammer, which weighs about 4 lb (1.8 kg) and
is suitable for both laboratory and field work.
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Objectives
To find the strength of concrete
Measuring the compressive strength of concrete using the Schmidt hammer
Chapter: Chapter 1
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Theory
Chapter: Chapter 1
The Schmidt Hammer Test is based on the principles that the rebound of an elastic
mass depends on the hardness of the surface against which the mass impinges.
However, despite its apparent simplicity, the rebound hammer test involves
complex problems of impact. Loaded mass has a fixed amount of energy imparted
to it by extending the spring to a fixed position; this is achieved by pressing the
plunger against the surface of the concrete under test. Upon release, the mass
rebounds from the plunger, still in contact with the concrete surface and the
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distance traveled by the mass, expressed as a percentage of the initial extension

of the spring, is called the rebound number.
Apparatus
Chapter: Chapter 1
Schmidt Hammer.
Ruler.
Figure 8; Rebound Hammer
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White Chalk.
[Figure 8] shows the Rebound Hammer
Chapter: Chapter 1
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Procedure
Determine the structure to be tested. In this case, a column is selected.
A 300 X 300 mm area is set and lines are marked.
The area is then divided into 15 equal boxes as in figure.
Each box is marked with 5 points.
Chapter: Chapter 1
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The test is conducted.

1
Chapter: Chapter 1
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Chapter: Chapter 1
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Chapter: Chapter 1
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Chapter: Chapter 1
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Result and calculation

1
Average (kg/c
m2
31
28
26
28
Chapter: Chapter 1
26
27
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A
Average
26
30
28
28.6
32
29
30
28
28
30
26
31
28.2
26
20
26
22
23
27.87
28.13
Chapter: Chapter 1
28
23
30
26.8
27
38
28
28
27
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Average
29.4
28
29
27
25
26
27
26
26
25.4
26
28
26
24
14
23.6
22
26
25.67
Chapter: Chapter 1
Average
29.6
26
26
24
28
28
26.4
30
24
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D
Average
25
20
28
25
30
28
30
26
26
24
25
18
23
23
16
28
24
30
24.8
26.87
Chapter: Chapter 1
24
28
26
26.4
31
25
27
30
20
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Average
26.6
26
A +B+ C+ D+ E
5
Chapter: Chapter 1
strength of concret =
28
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strength of concret =
27.87+28.13+25.67+24.8+26.87
2
=26.688 kg/cm
5
27.87+ 28.13+25.67+24.8+26.87
=27.19 N /mm 2
5
Chapter: Chapter 1
, strength of concret =
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General Discussion
Chapter: Chapter 1
Testing the compressive strength of concrete using the Schmidt hammer (Also
called: rebound hammer, impact hammer and accelerometer), is considered as a
nondestructive test as no destroyed specimens takes place in it. The main
principle of this test is that it measures the rebound of an elastic mass when it
collides with the concrete surface under the test, this rebound depends on the
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hardness of concrete and on the energy it absorbs from the collision. The tested
concrete has to be smooth and firmly supported. The hammer is pressed against
the concrete, and then the
Chapter: Chapter 1
mass inside the hammer is rebounded from the plunger and gives a reading on
the scale. This reading is called Rebound Number which is the distance traveled
by the mass expressed as a percentage of the initial extension of the spring. Note
that the rebound number is an arbitrary measure that means different device
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might give different rebound numbers in the same test. The rebound number
depends on energy stored in the spring and on the size of the mass, consequently
each device is combined with a graph contains calibrating curves relating the
rebound number with the.
Chapter: Chapter 1
And from the our testing that we done in the laboratory we obtain that the value
of the concrete strength is 27.19 kN/mm2, mean the hummer has to be used as
the smooth surface. And it preferably a concrete, from instance, the presence of a
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large piece of aggregated instantaneously underneath the plunger will result in an

abnormally high rebound number. And the results may be not constant at all
because the Schmidt hammer is not 90 degree through the concrete column.
Moreover that, the reading, from Schmidt hammer after transfer to the graph
reading may be wrong.
Chapter: Chapter 1
Conclusion
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Chapter: Chapter 1
All the reading where considered in calculations as the deviation of all the points
from the average is less than 7 degrees, I think that can be related to the
homogeneity of the mix. The gained compressive strength is satisfactory, but
errors might be occurred in placing the hammer orthogonally on the concrete
surface. The more the rebound number is the more compressive strength of the
concrete. And there are a few errors that had occurred during the experiment that
may change the result a little bit and make that result inaccurate. And that might
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be, such as the test is not a strength test and exaggerated claims of its use as a
replacement for the compression test should not be an accepted.
Chapter: Chapter 1
Appendix
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Chapter: Chapter 1
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Chapter: Chapter 1
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Chapter: Chapter 1
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Micro Cover Meter
Introduction
Chapter: Chapter 1
The standard tests of strength of concrete are made on specially prepared

specimens, which perforce are not true sample of the concrete in the actual
structural. The Micro Covermeter is a microprocessor controlled unit weighing only
500 g, and is used for the non-destructive checking of steel reinforcement in
concrete structures and components, such as precast lintels, staircases and
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Chapter: Chapter 1
reinforced panels. It accurately determines the position and direction of the

reinforcing bars and the exact measurement of their concrete cover to BS 1881
Part 204. It can also be used for checking mesh reinforcement and concrete pipes.
The instrument is available with either a maxi prob, with a range of up to 360 mm
or a mini probe for cover depths of up to 75-100 mm. Unless measuring deep
cover is a particular requirement, we recommend the mini probe, as it can
differentiate closely spaced bars more readily, and is less prone to interference
from other reinforcing bars or adjacent steelwork.
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Objective
Chapter: Chapter 1
Electromagnetic cover devices can be used for determining the position and
direction of steel reinforcement and depth of cover to the steel.
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Apparatus
Micro Cover Meter.
Ruler.
White Chalk.
[Figure 9] shows a Micro Cover Meter set.
Chapter: Chapter 1
Figure 9; Micro Cover Meter
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Procedure
Chapter: Chapter 1
A column is selected at the in front of the lab.

Micro cover meter is laid at the surface of the column.
Micro meter is laid from the left to right and we get the position of the
main reinforcement.
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The lowest of the result from the scanner will record.

After the entire surface from the right to the left is consider then the
position from bottom to the up of the column will record in the following
table.

Direction
A= C (mm)
B= D (mm)
28
40
44
Chapter: Chapter 1
26
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34
30
29
36
32
41
28
32
28
44
42
50
44
49
46
42
41
40
44
23
46
44
44
44
29
35
46
Chapter: Chapter 1
Depth of
reinforcement
Bars
24
31
20
26
20
26
20
19
21
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Total
Total average
31
349
39
477
49
448
392.25
A + C 255+349
=
=302.0 mm
2
2
Chapter: Chapter 1
Depth=
22
255
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B+ D 477+ 448
=
=462.5 mm
2
2
Depth=
AC+ DB 604 +925

=
=764.5 mm
2
2
Chapter: Chapter 1
Depth=
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Discussion
Chapter: Chapter 1
Since it is C37 Micro covermeter Standards, BS 1881:204 C DIN 1045

This hand held instrument with microprocessor provides digital direct readout of
steel reinforcement bars in concrete structures determining their presence,
position, direction, depth and diameter. Audio and visual bar location aids. Built-in
data logger with software that can download to computer in MS Excel format. The
unit with quick scanning facility as well. And according our experiment we
conducted that the depth of the reinforcement bars and the depth between A and
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C is 302mm while the depth of B and D is 462.5mm. during the testing of

concrete should rubbed smoothly use a carborundum stone to get the exact
location. And the most common encountered concrete durability problem with the
concrete structure is corrosion of steel due to the ingress of deleterious external
agencies from the environment.
Chapter: Chapter 1
Conciliation
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Chapter: Chapter 1
According the British standard Conforms to BS.1881.204 The Micro Cover Meter
is a microprocessor controlled unit weighing only 500g, used for non-destructive
checking steel reinforcement in concrete structures and components such as precast lintels, staircases and reinforced panels and also the BS standard 8110 no
cover is below then 25mm which is the minimum requirement, overall from our
report of testing we can accomplish that the result we appropriated form the main
bar and the link are not dependable. Because the Micro Cover Meter accurately
determines the position and direction of the reinforcing bars and the exact
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measurement of their concrete cover to BS1881:204. Determination of the

position or direction of axis of a reinforcing bar is made by moving the search
head on the surface of the structure
Chapter: Chapter 1
Appendix
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Chapter: Chapter 1
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Chapter: Chapter 1
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Chapter: Chapter 1
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PUNDIT Plus Test
Introduction
Chapter: Chapter 1
The PUNDIT plus is used to measure and determines the velocity of longitudinal
waves. This determination consists of measurement of the time taken by a pulse,
hence the name of the method to travel a measure distance. The apparatus
includes transducers, which are placed in contact with the concrete, a pulse
generator with a frequency of between 10 and 150 Hz, an amplifier a time
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measuring circuit and a digital display of the time taken by the pulse of
longitudinal waves between the transducers. And the ultrasonic pulse velocity is
determined by the following application.
Evaluating the uniformity of concrete within a structural member
Evaluating effectiveness of cracks repairs
Estimating early age strength with correlation
Locating internal voids and cracks
Chapter: Chapter 1
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Estimating depth of fire damaged concrete

Identifying anomalous regions for invasive sampling with drilled cores
Objective
To determine the strength of concrete
To checking crack
Chapter: Chapter 1
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Theory
Determine the strength of concrete by conduct a test using the value of the
ultrasonic pulse velocity.
Chapter: Chapter 1
Apparatus:
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Pundit.
Ruler.
Liquid.
White Chalk.
[Figure 10] shows a PUNDIT apparatus.
Chapter: Chapter 1
Figure 10; PUNDIT
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Chapter: Chapter 1
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Procedure
Chapter: Chapter 1
Make sure the surface of the area to be tested is smooth.

Slab in lab to choose.
One line is drawing on the surface of the slab (as figure below).
Point are making with a distance of 10 cm on each.
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Transducers are first placed at point A and B. The result is from the
monitor of Pundit is taken.
The other point result also been taken as a point 1 and 2.
The result recorded at the following table.
Chapter: Chapter 1
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Chapter: Chapter 1
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Results
Chapter: Chapter 1
Point
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To
2
3
4
5
6
Schimdt hammer
(MPa)
32
40
36
38
32
Chapter: Chapter 1
From
1
2
3
4
5
Pundit
(m/s)
4184
4056
5063
4576
5120
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Average of concrete strength using PNDIT:
4.4184 +4.5056+5.063+ 4.576+5.120

=4.6 kN / s
5
Chapter: Chapter 1
Average strength of concrete=
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Average strength of concrete=37 N / m m 2
Chapter: Chapter 1
Average of Concrete Strength using Rebound Hammer:
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Average strength of concrete=
32+40+36 +38+32
2
=35.6 N /mm
5
Discussion
Chapter: Chapter 1
Ultrasonic pulse velocity measurement has been found to be a valuable and

reliable method of examining the interior of a body of concrete in a truly nondestructive manner. Modern equipment is robust, reasonably cheap and easy to
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Chapter: Chapter 1
operate, and reliable even under site conditions; however, from our experiment
we determine the strength of the concrete and check whether the cracking is
occurred or not, and the concrete strength we took from testing is 37N/mm 2 the
Schmidt hammer value we got 35.6N/mm2 it cannot be overemphasized that
operators must be well trained and aware of the factors affecting the readings. It
is similarly essential that results are properly evaluated and interpreted by
experienced engineers who are familiar with the technique. For comparative
purposes the method has few limitations, other than when two opposite faces of a
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member are not available. The method provides the only readily available method
of determining the extent of cracking within concrete; however, the use for
detection of flaws within the concrete is not reliable when the concrete is wet.
Conclusion
Chapter: Chapter 1
Since the least dependable application is for strength estimation of concrete. The
factors influencing regulations are so many that even under ideal conditions with
a specific calibration it is unlikely that 95% confidence limits of better than 20%
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can be achieved for an absolute strength. So from our result we got that no
insignificant crack has occur inside the concrete structure because no low
velocity record in our data while the crack has happened so the velocity of the
waves is very slow.
Chapter: Chapter 1
Appendix
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Chapter: Chapter 1
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Chapter: Chapter 1
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Chapter: Chapter 1
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Chapter: Chapter 1
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Conclusion
In conclusion we have soften and harden concrete tests.
Chapter: Chapter 1
A. Soften concrete tests are

a. Slump Test,
b. Vebe Time Test
c. Compacting Factor Test.
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Chapter: Chapter 1
B. Harden Concrete tests

a. Destructive Tests
1. Compression Test
2. Flexural Test
C. Non Destructive test
a. Rebound Hammer Test
b. PUNTID Test
c. micro cover meter
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Since we are civil engineers we need to know the all above tests and we need to
be update with the technology. In order to have a safe structure.
References
Chapter: Chapter 1
1. Rabitah Handan, Laboratory Sheets, 2014, Unisel, Civil Engineering

Department.
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Chapter: Chapter 1
2. Rabitah Handan, Concrete Technology Hand Notes, 2012, Unisel, Civil

Engineering Department.
3. Murari Lal Gambhir, Concrete Technology, Theory and Practice.
4. John Newman, B S Choo, Advanced Concrete Technology, Concrete
Properties.
5. M.S. Shetty, Concrete Technology (M.E.)
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Discussion and conclusion.................................................................................. 8

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Vebe Time Test..................................................................................................... 14

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PUNDIT Plus Test.................................................................................................. 35

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Water cement ratio=

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Total volume=V Cylinder + 3 V Cube +V Beam

Total Volume=( 752 300 ) + ( 3 3 100 )+ ( 100 100 500 )=0.013 m3

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Fine Aggregate=0.013 549=7.14 Kg

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Fine Aggregate=0.013 549=7.14 1.2=8.6 Kg

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Coarse Aggregate=0.013 1281=16.65 1.2=20 Kg

Water=0.013 187=2.43 1.2=2.9 Kg

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2. Compacting Factor Test

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Chapter 2, Soft Concrete Tests

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