Microwave Engineering
Laboratory Manual
B) Software experiment
1. Design and modulation of Microstrip line and modulation using AWR.
2. Design and modulation of power divider using AWR.
3. Design and modulation of Microstrip antenna. (Using AWR simulator, VNA)
4. Design and simulation Branch line coupler using AWR.
5. Design and simulation single-stage microwave FET amplifier using ADS tool.
6. Design and optimization of Resonator using AWR.
Faculties:
1. Dr. Usha Kiran K.
2. Prof. Chandrasekaren
2. Prof. Niraj Kumar
3. Prof. Sailaj V
4. Prof. Ravi Prakash Dwivedi
Theory:
The Gunn oscillator is based on negative differential conductivity effect in
bulk semi-conductors which has two conduction bands minimum separated by an
energy gap (greater than thermal agitation energies). When applied the supply a
high field region is which travels towards anode. When this high field domain
reaches the anode, it disappears and another domain is formed at the cathode and
starts moving towards anode and soon. The time required for domain to travel from
cathode to anode (transit time) gives oscillation frequency.
In Gunn oscillator, the Gunn diode is placed in resonant cavity. In this case
the oscillation frequency is determined by cavity dimension rather than by diode
itself. Although Gunn oscillator can be amplitude-modulated with the bias voltage,
a separate PIN modulator through PIN diode for square wave modulation is used.
The ideal I-V charactertics of the Gunn diode is as shown in Fig. 2
Procedure:
1. Set the components and equipments as shown in Fig.1.
2. Initially set the variable attenuator for minimum attenuation.
3.Keep the control knobs of Gunn power supply as below
VSWR Meter switch OFF
Gunn bias knob Fully anti clock wise
PIN bias knob Fully anti clock wise
PIN mode frequency any position
4.Set the micrometer of Gunn oscillator for required frequency of
operation.
5 . Sw itc h O N t he G u n n p o w e r s u p p ly .
6.Measure the Gunn diode current to corresponding to the various Gunn
bias voltage through the digital panel meter and meter switch. Do not exceed the
bias voltage above 10 volts.
7. Plot the voltage and current readings on the graph.8.Measure the threshold
voltage which corresponding to max current.
8. Measure the Threshold Vothage (V th ) at maximum amplitude of
current.
Note: Do not keep Gunn bias knob position at threshold position for more
than 10-15 sec. readings should be obtained as fast as possible. Otherwise due to
excessive heating Gunn diode burns.
Observation:
Components:
Gunn power supply, Gunn oscillator, PIN modular, Isolator, Frequency
meter, Variable attenuator, Slotted section waveguide, Tunable probe, VSWR
meter, Waveguide stand, Movable short/matched termination.
Theory:
i) VSWR, Reflection coefficient, Return loss
Any mismatch in the transmission line and the load minimum
results in standing wave along the length of the line. The ratio of the
maximum voltage to the minimum voltage of the standing wave is called
VSWR.
Where |EI| and |ER| are respectively the amplitudes of the incident and
reflected electric field strengths. Further, the ratio of the reflected to the
incident electric field intensities is defined as reflection coefficient, i.e.,
Where ZL is the load impedance and Z0 is the characteristic impedance.
The return loss is given by = -20 log ()
where
o is free space wavelength, g is guide wavelength and
c is cutoff wavelength For TE10 mode,
c = 2a where a is broad dimension of waveguide.
Procedure:
1. MEASUREMENT OF LOW AND MEDIUM VSWR (VSWR<10)
1. The probe is moved along the slotted line for maximum deflection in the
VSWR meter.
2. The gain control knob of the VSWR meter or the variable attenuator is adjusted
until the meter indicates 1.00 on normal SWR scale (0- ).
3. Keeping all control knobs as it is, the probe is adjusted for minimum position on
the SWR reading. The VSWR meter reading is recorded ( SWR meter reading at
the minimum, when the maximum is set for 1.00, gives directly the VSWR)
4. The above step is repeated by moving the probe along the slotted line in the
same direction for more number of minimum position and the corresponding
VSWR readings are recorded.
5. If the VSWR is between 3.20 and 10.00, the range db switch is changed to next
higher position and the VSWR reading is taken by the VSWR scale of 3.00 to
10.00.
6. This way the table 1 is completed for the unknown load at different
Frequencies by repeating the above steps 1 to 5.
Frequency
(GHz)
1.
VSWR
RL
(dB)
2.
3.
4.
Direct
Frequency
(GHz)
d1
d2
(cm)
(cm)
g = 2 (d2-d1)
Frequency
(cm)
(GHz)
Theory:
The impedance at any point on a transmission line can be written in the form
R+jX. For comparison SWR can be calculated as
the difference of reference minima and minima position obtained from unknown
load. Let it be d. Take a smith chart, taking 1 as centre, draw a circle of radius
equal to S. Mark a point on circumference of smith chart towards load side at a
distance equal to d/g. Join the center with this point. Find the point where
it cut the drawn circle. The co -ordinates of this point will show the normalized
impedance of load.
PROCEDURE:
1. Find the distance minima for short as load at Vmin (do).
2. Next find minima position for matched load (dx).
3. From the above 2 steps calculate d = d1~d2
4.W ith the sa me s etup as in ste p 2 but with few numbe rs of
t u r n s ( 2 o r 3 ) . C a l c u l a t e VSWR.
5 . D ra w a V S W R c irc le o n a s mit h c h a r t.
6. Draw a line from center of circle to impedance value (d/g) from which
calculate admittance and Reactance (Z = R+jX)
Reading:
1. Minima with short do = ---------------- cm
2. Minimum with unkown load dx = ..cm
3. Shift in minima d = dx-do =-------------------cm
4. The shift in terms of wavelength = l = d/g = ---------------.
5. With matched load:
First
Frequency
Second
g= 2 d
VSWR
d2
Shift in minima
(cm)
1. Directional Coupler :
Theory:
line
by
insertion
of coupler,
it
is
defined
as:
Produce:
1. Set the experiment as shown in the Fig. 1.
2. Connect the detector to the O/P of the variable attenuator and adjust
attenuator and VSWR meter gain control to get a convenient reference
full scale deflection of 0 dB on say 30 dB scale. Record the reference
power level as P1.
3. Connect the directional coupler in forward direction and terminate port
P2 with the matched load and connect the detector to port2 and measure
port 3 power level in dB. Record this as P3.
4. Next interchange the terminal at port 3 and measure power level at port 2
as P2.
5. Change the direction of the directional coupler.
6. Apply microwave signal to port 2 and measure power at Port 1 in dB.
(matched load port 3). Calculate for directivity.
7. Interchange the terminations and measure power at Port 3. Calculate for
isolation.
Tabular Column:
1. Forward direction:
Frequency
Input
power
P1 (db)
P2
(dB)
P3
(dB)
Coupling
Insertion
Co-efficient
Loss
C = P3-P1 L = P1-P2
(dB)
(dB)
2. Reverse direction:
Frequency
Input
power
P2 (db)
P1
(dB)
P3
(dB)
Directivity
D = P2-P1
(dB)
Isolation
I = P2-P3
(dB)
ii Magic Tee:
Theory:
\
The device Magic Tee is a combination of E and H plane Tee. Arm 3 is the
H-arm and arm 4 is the E-arm. If the power is fed, into arm 3 (H-arm) the
electric field divides equally betweenarm1 and 2 with the same phase and no
electric field exists in the arm 4. If power is fed in arm 4 (E-arm) it divides
equally into arm 1 and 2 but out of phase with no power to arm 3,
further, if the power is fed in arm 1 and 2 simultaneously it is added in arm 3 (Harm) and it is subtracted in E-arm i.e., arm 4.
Isolation: The Isolation between E and H arm is defined as the ratio
of the power supplied by the generator connected to the E-arm (port 4) to the
power detected at H-arm (port 3) when side arm1 and 2 terminated in matched
load.
the
microwave source
operation and tune the detector mount for maximum output (Pin) .
3. With the help of variable frequency of operation and tune the
detector mount for maximum output at P3 a, set any reference as input
power.
4. Without disturbing the position of the variable attenuator, carefully place the
Magic Tee after t he s lo t te d lin e , k e e p in g H -a r m to s lo tte d l i n e ,
d e te c to r mo u n t t o E -a r m a n d ma t c he d termination to Port-1 and
Port-2.
5. Note down the power at E-arm i.e P4.
6. Determine the Isolation between Port-3 and Port-4 as I = P3-P4
Input arm
Output arm
Coupling
(db)
(dB)
Coefficient
P1=
P2=
C12=
P3=
C13=
P4=
C14=
P2 =
P1=
P3=
P4=
P3=
P1=
P2=
P4=
Theory:
Many microwave communications, the transmission and reception of
microwave power to/from space is done through an antenna. The basic
characteristics of the antenna are bandwidth, gain and radiation pattern. A
transmission line shall act as an antenna if its output end is well matched to space.
Such an antenna because of having shapes like horns are known as horn antenna.
Radiation pattern:
The radiation pattern of an antenna is a diagram of the field strength in the
respective direction (degrees). The radiation pattern is measured in far flied at a
distance R = 2D2/o, Where D is the broader dimensions of the wave guide and o
is the free space wave length.
4R
o
Pr
Pt
Beam width:
It is the angle between the two points of the main lobe at which radiated
power density is half of the total received power. Generally gain is highest when
beam width is less or narrow.
Procedure:
1. Measured the transmitted power (Pt) by keeping the detector
polarization.
4. Record the receiving power (Pr) at the 0 degree near receiving
end.
5. Calculate gain G dB
G(dB) = 10 log 10 (4r/o)+[(1/2) 10 log10 Pr]+[(1/2) 10 log10 Pt]
6. Rotate the turntable at the receiving end from 0 to 180 degree in
points.
Normalized power
(dB)
Results: The horn antenna gain is measured and the radiation pattern is plotted.
Inference: The gain of the horn antenna is .dB
The beam width is
Theory:
1. ISOLATOR: The isolator have very small insertion loss in forward
direction and large in reverse direction.
2. CIRCULATOR: The circulator is a multi-port device which allows flow of
the signal in certain direction as shown in Fig. 1. A wave incident in Port1 is
coupled to port2 only, wave incident at port2 is coupled to port3 only and
So. The following are the basic parameters of isolator and circulator for
study.
3. ISOLATION: It is the ratio of power fed into input arm to the power
detected at uncoupled port with other port terminated in the matched load.
4. INPUT VSWR: The input VSWR of an isolator or circular is the ratio of
the voltage maximum to voltage minimum of the standing wave exiting on
the line when one port is terminated to the line and others have matched
loads.
Observation:
Frequency
VSWR
Power at
P1 (dB)
Power at
P2 (dB)
Power at
P3 (dB)
Isolation Insertion
(P3-P1) loss (P2-P1)
Procedure:
A) Carrier Wave Operation
1. Connect the components and equipment as shown in Fig.1.
2. Set the variable attenuator at the minimum position.
3. Set the Mod-switch of Klystron Power Supply at CW position, beam voltage
control knob to fully anticlockwise and reflector voltage control knob to fully
clock wise and the meter Switch to OFF position.
4. Rotate the knob of frequency meter at one side fully.
5. Connect the DC Microampere meter with detector.
6. Switch ON the Klystron Power Supply, VSWR Meter and Cooling Fan for the
Klystron Tube.
7. Put on beam voltage switch and rotate the beam voltage knob clockwise slowly
up to 300V meter reading and observe beam current position, the beam current
should not increase more than 30mA.
8. Change the reflector voltage slowly and watch current meter. Set the voltage for
maximum deflection in the meter.
9. Tune the plunger of klystron mount for the maximum output.
10. Rotate the knob of frequency meter slowly and stop at the position, where there
is lowest output current on multimeter. Read directly the frequency meter
between two horizontal line and vertical marker. If micrometer type frequency
meter is used, read the micrometer reading and use the frequency chart.
11. Change the reflector voltage and read the current and frequency for each
reflector voltage.
B) Square Wave Operation
1. Connect the equipment and components as shown in figure1.
2. Set micrometer of variable attenuator around some position.
3. Set the range switch of VSWR meter at 40dB position, input selector switch to
crystal impedance.
4. Set Mod-Selector switch to AM-MOD position, beam voltage control knob to
fully anticlockwise position.
5. Switch ON the klystron power supply, VSWR meter, cooling fan.
6. Switch ON the beam voltage switch and rotate the beam voltage knob clockwise
up to 300V deflection in meter.
7. Keep the AM-MOD amplitude knob and AM-FRE knob at mid position.
8. Rotate the reflector voltage knob to get deflection in VSWR meter.
9. Rotate the AM-MOD amplitude knob to get maximum output in VSWR meter.
10. Maximize the deflection with frequency knob to get maximum output in
VSWR meter.
11. If necessary, change the range switch of VSWR meter from 30dB to 50dB if
the deflection in VSWR meter is out of scale or less than normal scale
respectively.
Further the output can be also reduced by variable attenuator for setting the output
for any particular position. Find the oscillator frequency by frequency meter as
described in the earlier set up.
C) Mode Study on Oscilloscope
1. Setup the components and equipments as shown in figure1.
2. Keep the position of variable attenuator at minimum attenuation position.
3. Set the mode selector switch to FM-MOD position, FM amplitude and FM
frequency knob at mid position, keep beam voltage knob fully anticlockwise and
reflector voltage knob to fully clockwise position and beam switch to OFF
position.
4. Keep the time/division scale of oscilloscope around 100Hz frequency
measurement and Volt/div to lower scale.
5. Switch on the Klystron Power Supply and Oscilloscope.
6. Switch ON beam voltage switch and set beam voltage to 300V by beam
voltage control knob.
7. Keep amplitude knob of FM Modulator to maximum position and rotate
the reflector voltage anticlockwise to get modes as shown in figure2. on the
Oscilloscope. The horizontal axis represents reflector voltage and vertical axis
represents output power.
8. By changing the reflector voltage and amplitude of FM modulation, any
mode of Klystron Tube can be seen on Oscilloscope.
Tabular Form:
S.No
Repeller
Voltage
Frequency
PowerMeter
reading(dBm)
Result: The characteristics of Reflex Klystron has been studied and modes have been found.
Software Experiments
Objective: To study the performance of different two port networks by
determining their scattering parameters.
Equipment required : AWR Microwave Office software
Specifications :
Characteristic impedance Z0 =
Operating frequency
Substrate thickness
H =
Metal thickness
Dielectric constant
r =
Loss tangent
L =
Theory :
Microstrip lines: The simple microstrip line uses a single strip conductor on the
dielectric that rests on a single ground plane. Generally the ground plane made up
of with good conductor like silver or copper and the material used for the dielectric
is Teflon or Aluminum or Silicon, etc.. It is possible to use several independent
strips with the same ground planes and dielectric. Microstrip lines use quasi TEM
mode of propagation. The ground plane of the microstrip line must be wide
compared with the top conductor, so it appears like a nearly infinite wide ground
plane with only very small electric field fringes at its edges. The characteristic
impedance of a microstrip line depends on the strip line width, thickness, the
distance between microstrip line and ground plane and the dielectric constant of
the dielectric material.
Figure 1
Design Equations:
r 1
2
r 1
H
2 1 12
8e A
e2 a 2
forZ 0 44 2 r narrowstrip
r 1
0.61
H 2
B 1 ln(2 B 1
ln( B 1) 0.39
2 r
r
Z0 r 1 r 1
0.11
0.23
60
2
r 1
r
377
B
forwidestrip
2Z 0 r
A
l l
2
l
g
2
Sample Observations: The behaviour of a two port network when matched with
50 ohm at both input and output ports for a typical microstrip line with the
following specifications is shown below.
Z0 =
Model graph:
Graph 1
0
-50
DB(|S(1,1)|)
TWO PORT NETWORK
DB(|S(2,1)|)
TWO PORT NETWORK
-100
-150
1
3
4
Frequency (GHz)
Practical Observations:
Frequency
Conclusions:
S11
S12
S21
S22
Characteristic impedance
Z0 =
Operating frequency
Substrate thickness
H =
Metal thickness
Dielectric constant
r =
Loss tangent
L =
Figure (1)
Theory: The Wilkinson power divider is generally designed using microstrip lines
as shown in figure 2 and can be made with any number of ports with equal or
unequal power divisions.
j
[S ]
2
j
Figure (2)
Design Equations:
j
2
0
0
PowerdivisionRatio K 2
Z 03 Z 0
P3
P2
1 K 2
K3
Z 02 Z 03K 2 Z 0 K (1 k 2 )
R Z0 (K
1
)
K
R2 Z 0 K
R3 Z 0 / K
Model graph:
S parameters
0
-20
-40
DB(|S(1,1)|)
Wilknson divider
DB(|S(2,1)|)
Wilknson divider
-60
DB(|S(3,1)|)
Wilknson divider
DB(|S(3,2)|)
Wilknson divider
-80
1
3
4
Frequency (GHz)
Practical Observations:
Frequency
Conclusions:
S11
S21
S31
S32
Result:
The obtained characteristics of the simulated results of Branch line coupler
is as shown in the Fig. 2. The results graph show that the branch line coupler is
well matched and resonates at 2.59 GHz. The isolation and return loss
characteristics are below 20 dB. The coupled power of 3db is obtained in the
port 3.
Procedure :
Step1: Open the AWR software.
Step2: Create a new project from the file menu
Step3: Open the Axiem window of AWR.
Step4: Define material and thickness of the substrate used.
Step5: Draw rectangular patch in AWR by selecting the co-ordinates as shown in
below figure.
Results:
The simulated results are as shown in the below Fig. 2. For the figure it is
seen that the antenna resonates at 900 MHz. Good Returns loss of -25 dB is
obtained.
1. Stability of amplifier.
First the amplifier as to satisfy the stability criteria:
Where
Procedure:
1. The matching network used here is open stub.
2. Using smith chart we should find the stub length as shown in the
figure.
Results:
From the graph the gain can be calculated using S21 parameter and the
S11 gives return loss
Results: The transistor has resonated at 4.8 GHz with return loss
S11 = -22dB. The transducer gain of the transistor is S21= -3.3dB at 4
GHz.
Inferences: The transistor is matched using open stub impendence and
transistor is a narrow bandwidth amplifier.