NTRODUCTION

World Economic growth is driven by energy, whether in the form of finite

resourcessuch as coal, oil and gas or in renewable forms such as
hydroelectric, wind, solarand biomass or its converted form. This
energy generation and consumption
strengthens the nations industries, vehicles, homes and offices. It also has
significant impact on the quality of the coun
trys air, water, land and forest
resources. For future growth to be both rapid and sustainable, it needs to be
asresource efficient and environmentally benign as possible.
GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY & IMPORTANCE OF RENEWABLE
ENERGY
The growth in installed power generating capacity has not kept pace with
theprojected demand. To solve this problem, it is necessary to set up more
powerplants and most of these power plants will be either fossil fuel based or
hydroelectric units. However, the conventional power stations cause
enormous damageto be environment due to pollution and other side
effects.Renewable energy sources energy source are wonderful options
because they arelimitless. These will not be exhausted though fossil fuel will
be gradually exhaustedin course of time. Also another great benefit from
using renewable energy is thatmost of these sources do not pollute the
environment; the way burning of fossil fuelsdose.
SOURCE OF GREENHOUSE GAS
The greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) come primarily from the combustion of
fossilfuels in energy use. Energy use is largely driven by economic growth
with short-term fluctuations in its growth rate created by weather patterns
affecting heating andcooling needs, as well as changes in the fuel used in electricity
generation.The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion tones of Carbon
Dioxide peryear, but it is estimated that natural processes can only absorb
about half of thatamount, so there is a net increase of 10.65 billion tones of
atmospheric carbondioxide per year. Carbon dioxide is one of the GHG that enhances
radioactiveforcing and contributes to global warming, causing the average
surface temperatureof the earth to rise. Environment scientists predict that
this will cause major adverseeffects, including reduced biodiversity.
The electricity sector is unique among industrial sectors in its very large
contributionto emissions associated with nearly all air issues. Electricity
generation produces alarge share of nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide
emissions, which contribute tosmog and acid rain and the formation of fine
particulate matter in addition to carbondioxide. In addition, this sector has
significant impacts on water and habitat andspecies. In particular, hydro
dams and transmission lines have significant effects onwater and biodiversity
WORLD ENERGY SCENARIO
It was estimated that in 2005, 86% of primary energy production in the world
came from burning fossil fuels, with the remaining non-fossil sources being

hydroelectric 6.3%, nuclear 6.0%, and renewable energy sources, i.e.

geothermal, solar, wind, biomass and wastes contributed only 0.9%.
BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
Large multi-megawatt PV plants, approximately to 50 MW, are now in operation in the
world. Solar Photovoltaic (PV) is known to be an important energy source for
developing countries like India. Its importance is now being reaffirmed even
by developed countries in view of its renewable and environment friendly
character. In our country also, optimum utilization of solar energy could not
only lead to savings in conventional energy but also result in many indirect
benefits. In India 2MW solar PV now are commercially operated by independent
power producer. But till now solar technology is expensive compared to
other technology and significant financial assistance from government is
needed to the developers and operators of new plants .In view of this, the
Ministry of New & Renewable Energy Sources has beenpromoting electricity
generation from Solar PV in Mega-Watt level. These projects are covered
under the Grid Interactive Solar PV Power Generation Projects ofMinistry of
New & Renewable Energy Sources, Govt. of India. The Ministry initiated the
programme to establish as a viable and environment friendly electricity
generation option.
BARRIERS IN DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROJECT
The project has been identified with some barriers as mentioned below:
(a) Higher capital cost

The initial capital investment of the project is so highcompared to other

conventional power Project, so per MW cost is high.
(b) Low Capacity Utilization factor

the total unit generation is low compared toother electricity generation

system, because maximum of 6 hours in a dayplant gets the solar light and
generates the power.The project being first of its kind in the state, thee could
be more risks and barrierswhich might surface as the project progresses and
it is difficult to enumerate all atthis stage.
BENEFITS OF GRID CONNECTED SOLAR PV POWER PLANT
(a) Power from the sun is clean, silent,
limitless and free(b) Photovoltaic process releases no CO2, SO2 or NO2 gases
which are normallyassociated with burning finite fossil fuel
reserves and dont contribute to global
warming.(c) Photovoltaics are now a proven technology which is
inherently safe asopposed to other fossil fuel based electricity generating
technologies.(d) No fuel is required for generation, so fuel cost of power
generation is zero.
(e) Solar power shall augment the needs of peak power needs(f) Increase the grid
reliability i.e., voltage and frequency(g) Solar Powered Grid Connect Plants
can act as tail end energizers, which inturn reduces the transmission and

distribution losses.
(h) Provides a potential revenue source in a diverse energy portfolio(i) Assists in m
eeting renewable portfolio standards goals(j) Generation of electricity from
Solar PV is totally free of Green House Gasemission.
SECTION - 2PROJECT DESCRIPTION
NTRODUCTION
The proposed 5MWp solar power plant project will generate electricity
fromnonconventional sources. The project will use polycrystalline technolog
yfor the first time in the state for producing power by solar
energy. Thisproject envisages generation of safe, reliable electricity in
an environmentallyfriendly way.
BRIEF DETAILS OF PROJECT AREA
Kadiri is a taluka under Anantpura District situate in AndhrapradeshProposed
Solar Power Plant is situated in KadariLand area of power plant : 20Acres
SECTION - 3DEMAND ANALYSIS AND JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT
INTRODUCTION
It is well know fact that electricity is the most essential input for growth
anddevelopment of any state. Andhra pradesh is planning to go rapidly in
both theindustrial and agricultural sectors and consequently the demand for
power is on therise. However, despite Andhrapradesh possessing immense potential
of powerranging from Coal to natural gas not taken place on a scale
commensurate with thepossibilities. As a result there exists a big gap between
conventional and Non-conventional power generation for power in the State.
SOLAR POWER POTENTIAL IN INDIA
India is endowed with rich solar energy resource. The average intensity of
solarradiation received in India is 200 MW/km square (megawatt per kilometer
square),but the amount of solar energy produced in India is merely 0.5%
compared to otherenergy resources till dateIndia just have 2.12 megawatts
of grid-connect solar generation capacity. As part ofthe National Solar
Mission, the ministry aims to booster the annual photovoltaicproduction to at
least 1,000 megawatts a year by 2017. With an installed capacity of123 GW,
the country currently faces energy shortage of 8 percent and a peakdemand
shortage of 11.6 percent, In order to sustain a growth rate of 8 percent, it
isestimated that the power generation capacity in India would have to
increase to 306GW in the next ten years which is 2.5 times current levels.
SECTION - 4TECHNICAL FEATURE & EQUIPMENTS OF THE PLANT
BASIC SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
Solar Photovoltaic power generator consists of solar modules in series andparallel
connections, these convert solar radiations into DC electrical power atthe
pre-determined range of Voltages whenever sufficient solar radiation
isavailable. The individual crystalline solar cells are connected together in
amodule (in series connection), which are hermetically sealed to survive
in ruggedweather conditions and ensures optimum performance during its ling lifeIn
order to achieve a higher system voltage, modules are installed in a

rowarrangement, called a string. A higher system voltage has the advantage

oflesser installation work, higher efficiency of the entire plant and usage of
smallercross section cables. Calculated no. of strings is connected in parallel
by cablesin Junction Boxes. These junction boxes not only act as a junction
point but alsomonitor each string output which will be fed to the central monitoring
andanalysis system. Outputs from many such junction boxes are connected
inparallel in the Main Combiner Box (MCB). This Main Combiner Box output is
fedto the central inverters/Power Control Unit (PCU) to invert solar generated
DCpower in to conventional 3 phase AC power.Central inverter or PCU operate on MPPT
(Maximum power point tracking) modeto ensure maximum output from the solar
generators at different ambientconditions. Central inverters use higher
system voltages to reach very high plantefficiency. Furthermore, installations
can be expanded with additions of moremodules without problems.AC power from
inverters will be fed to LV panel which in turn will be stepped upthrough transformer.
Power at 11kv/22Kv will be transmitted by overheadtransmission line to grid.
SECTION-5POWER PLANT CONFIGURATION AND SPECIFICATIONS OF
MAINPLANT EQUIPMENT
The capacity of the Proposed Solar Power Plant has been fixed at 1
MWp.x5Nos. The principle factors considered for designing and selection of
proposedplant are local solar radiations, ambient conditions and electrical
loadcharacteristics of major system namely the array and power conditioning
unit.Moreover, the proposed plant is situated at remote village location, so
maximumuse of local materials available on site for construction and to
retain or preservethe original appearance of the sire and the environment
are considered
SR.NO. ITEM
1.0PV arrays 50 Nos2.0Modules in a string 18 Nos3.0String in a array 28Nos4
.0Inverters 50 X 100 KVA5.0Transformer 5Nos
SPECIFICATION OF MAIN PLANT(A) SOLAR PV MODULE
SR.NO. ITEM1.0Output PowerPmax (Watt) 200 Wp2.0Voltage at maximum power-Vmp (Volts) 28.60 V3.0Cu
rrent at maximum power-Imp (Amps) 7.024.0Open circuit voltage

Voc (Volts) 365.0Short circuit current-Ise (Amps) 7.556.0Type of solar PV cell

Poly Crystalline7.0Dimensions 1619MM x 1002MM8.0weight 23.50Kg
B) SOLAR INVERTERSR.NO.ITEM
1.0 Nominal Voltage 230/400 volts three phase, 4Wire, grid tracking
Nominalvoltage can be adjusted by 10%via system
stepoints.2.0 Output Frequency 50Hz 0.5% inverter to follow gridfrequency
up to 3Hz of thenominal output frequency duringnormal
operation3.0 Continuous rating 100 kw at unity power factor4.0 Max DC link V
oltage Range 800 volts DC5.0 MPPT Range 397 to 585 Volts DC6.0 Control Type
Voltage source, microprocessorassisted
output regulation7.0 Waveform PWM for low THD, sine waveoutput8.0 THD Le
ss than 3 %9.0 Efficiency Up to 94%10.0 Internal protection system(using
electronic detection)Internal continuous overloadprotection inverter peak

current(short circuit) protection Heatsinkover temperature

protectionover/under grid voltage AC
voltage protection over/under gridfrequency protection
Anti islandingprotection11.0 Alarm Signals Via system fault relay (voltage fre
econtact)12.0 Front panel display (LCD) LCD panel with membranekeypad
displaying the followinginverter per phase voltage,current, kW, kVA and
frequencyGrid voltage and frequencyinverter (grid ) on line status PVpanel
voltage Solar charge currentand ambient temperatureindividual power stage
heat sinkand cabinet temperature solarradiation (optional ) Inverter Import&
export kWh summation solarkWh summation system stepointsand event
logs13.0 Front Panel Controls (via keypad) Auto mode selection- Gridconnect
Inverter Test Modeselection System off Modeselection Fault
Reset14.0 Front Panel Indicators Inverter On line control powersupply OK
system
Fault15.0 Circuit Breakers ACB / MCCB16.0 RFI Design to minimize bothconduct
ed and radiated RFIemissions
17.0 Earthing Provisions AC bypassing to earth on inverterand DC
inputs18.0 Operating Temperature Range 5-50 degrees Celsius19.0 Humidity 090% non condensing20.0 Enclosure Rate for IP3021.0 Computer port Isolated
RS232 port. Provision forMod bus protocol. WiFi,
LANprotocol22.0 Computer Access The system includes a localaccess port as
well as atelecommunication dialup facilityincorporating either a
standardPTSN modem or GSM modem forremote access. SCADA packagewill
be windows based OPSComs.23.0 System feature Adjustable logging repetition from1 sec to 900
seconds Storagecapacity of up to 3 year with 10min logs Time and date
stampedlog entries Time and Dateannotated fault log, holding thefault
description and operatingstatistics View and change systemstapoint
configurations remotelyBulk log download for dataimportation into a
spreadsheetwhere applicable.

1.1.4
Maximum system voltage 457 V1.1.5 One minute power frequency withstand
voltage(a) Power circuit(b) Control circuit2.5 kV1.5
kV1.1.6 Continuous current rating of busbars(a) PCC 2000A1.1.7 Short circuit
withstand(a) PCC 50 kA/1 sec.1.1.8 Reference ambient 50
0
C max.1.1.9 Max temp of busbars at rated current 90
0
C
2.0 CONSTRUCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
2.1 Sheet steel thickness2.1.1 Frames 2.5 mm cold rolled2.1.2 Doors 2.5 mm c
old rolled2.1.3 Covers 2.0 mm cold rolled2.2 Degree of protection IP 522.3 Co
lour finish shade as per IS: 5 Seven tank process painting withepoxy
based2.3.1 Interior Glossy white2.3.2 Exterior Shade 6312.4 Busbar material All
alloy of E 91 E grade. For mainbus bars- copper for Auxiliary bus bars
fullyinsulated2.4.1 Bus bra installation Fully insulated2.5 Earthin bus.
2.5.1 Material GS2.5.2
Size(a) for PCC By bidder2.6 Clearances in air of live parts 5-50 degrees Celsuis
2.6.1 Phase to Phase 25.4 mm2.6.2 Phase to earth 19.4 mm2.7 Single front de
sign All panels2.8 Draw out / Fixed type design Rate for IP302.8.1 PCC-ACB Dra
w out type2.8.2 MCCB Fixed / plug in type2.9 Incoming supply to PCCs Through ca
bles2.10 Vertical cable alley Minimum 250 mm2.11 Cable entry Bottom
3.0 INCOMER CIRCUIT BREAKER FOR PCC
3.1 Circuit breaker type Fully draw out type Air circuitbreaker3.2 No. of Phases
4 pole3.3 Rated breaking capacity 50 kA3.4 Short circuit withstand current 50
kA for 1 Second3.5 Rated current Refer enclosed SLD3.6 Type of operating m
echanism Motorized spring chargedMotor voltage, 220 V Ac,
1Ph.3.7 Shunt trip require Yes/No Yes3.8 Relays / releases / control Overload / Ea
rth fault / shortcircuit / static with settable
settings(Microprocessor based)3.9 Remote communication Through serial lin
k, Port Rs. 485with formation of bus wires andcommunication
modem3.10 Breaker Test-Service selector switch Required3.11 Local- Remote
selector switch Required3.12 Minimum no. of auxiliary contacts
4 No, 4 NC spare for purchasers
use
4.0 OUTGOING CIRCUIT BREAKER FOR PCC
4.1 Circuit breaker type MCCB

3.0 TAPPING: Of Load Tap Changer

3.1 Tapping on winding (HV) +5 to -5%3.2 Total tapping range +103.3 Step 2.5
% ( 5 taps)
4.0 RATING
4.1 No load voltages (a) HV Winding 11 kV(b)
LV Winding 433 V4.2 Frequency 50 Hz 433 V
5.0 TERMINAL CONNECTION
5.1 HV Winding Line end XLPE cable (with heat shrinkterminations)5.2 HV Wi
nding neutral end ----------5.3 LV Winding Line / N end XLPE cable (with heat
shrinkterminations)5.4 LV Winding neutral bushing Separate Neutral bushing f
or earthconnection (suitable for
1.1kVgrade)5.5 Earthing conductor for Transformer body (a) Material -- G.I. st
rip(b) Size -- 60 x 12 mm
6.0 SYSTEM DATA
6.1 System voltages (a) HV Nominal / Highest 11/12kV(b) LV Nominal / Highest0.43
3/0.457 kV6.2 Fault levels (a) HV (6.6kV) system 40 kA(b)
LV (415V) system 50 kA6.3 System Neutral Earthing (a) HV (11kV) Earth thro
ughResistor(b) LV (415V) Solidly EarthSystem
7.0 WINDING
7.1 Material of Winding Copper7.2 Winding connection & vector group HV (11kV
) DeltaLV (433V) StarDyn 117.3 Transformer neutralType of Earthing (a) HV

Not applicable(b) LV

Solidly Earthed
8.0 MISCELLANEOUS
8.1 Wheels (a) Plain / Flanged : Flanged(b) Unidirectional /
Bidirectional :Bidirectional
8.2 Winding temp. indicator required Yes8.3 Any special final paint required (Epoxy e
tc.) Epoxy painting
9.0 Additional features for terminalconnection
9.1 HV cable box: With disconnecting chamber,phase segregated type,
providedwith space
heater thermostat9.2 LT cable box9.3 Separate LV Neutral bushing: Required f
or earth connection toearth
pit9.4 Neutral CT after bifurcation 2000/1 A, class PS for 64R,2000/1 A, CL
5P10, 15 VA for51NS shall be provided
NOTES:
(1) Transformers shall be provided with necessary accessories
(E) HT CABLESSR. NO. ITEM
1.0 Voltage Grade 11 kV (UE) grade cables, heavy duty2.0 Conductor Stranded
Aluminium3.0 Conductor Screen Semi

conducting
compound4.0 Insulation XLPE5.0 Inner sheath Extruded PVC (Type ST-2)6.0 O
uter sheath Extruded PVC (Type ST-2)7.0 Armoring Galvanized steel strips for

multi-corecables and non-magnetic Aluminiumwires for single core

cables8.0 Cable Operating Temperature90
C9.0 Short circuit withstand currentcapacity40kA for 1
sec.10.0 Short circuit withstand temperature250 C
(F) LT CABLESSR. NO. ITEM UNIT
1.0 POWER CABLE1.1 Voltage Grade V/V 1100V for 415V system
.2 Frequency Hz 501.3 Earthing system - Solidly earthed system for 415V syst
em1.4 Conductor -1.4.1 Material - Annealed Cu1.4.2 Max withstand Temp -(a) N
ormal conditionC90(b) Short circuit conditionC2501.4.3 Conductor type
Stranded1.4.4 Grade
H41.5 Insulation
1.5.1 Material
XLPE1.5.2 Reference standard
IS 7098, Part I and Part II1.6 Inner Sheath
1.6.1 Material
FRLS PVC1.6.2 Type
ST21.7 Outer Sheath
1.7.1 Material
FRLS PVC1.7.2 Type
ST2
(G) EARTHING & LIGHITNG PROTECTION
CODES & STANDARDSThe earthing of all outdoor equipment and provision of
associated earthingsystems, electrodes and connections shall be in
accordance with therecommendations in the latest IEEE 80/IS 3043.DESIGN
CRITERIAGROUNDING SYSTEMThe grounding design calculation shall conform
to ANSI / IEEE Standard 80-2000.Earth electrodes shall be provided throughout the
plant areas along with themain earth grid. The number of earth electrodes shall
be according to achievethe total earth grid resistance less than one (1)
ohm. Earth electrodes shall beprovided in earth pits. The earth pits shall be of
two types namely treated with
test links and untreated. Earth electrodes shall be of heavy duty GI pipes,
40mm dia and 3 meter long. The main buried grid conductors shall be connectedto
all the earth electrodes to form a total earth grid.

GROUNDING MATERIALGalvanised steel flats of required size shall be used as

per approved design. Inany case the minimum size shall be 75 x 10 mm. GS strip
for earthing conductor.Treated earth pits shall conform to relevant INDIAN
Standards. The earth grid shallbe installed specified / approved depth of minimum
600mm.EQUIPMENT EARTHINGThe frames of all electrical equipment and
structural steel work shall be earthed byconnection to earth grid by branches
of same cross sectional area of the earthgrid.LIGHTINING PROTECTION
SYSTEMPower plant needs protection against Lighting. The system will be
designed asper IS: 2309 and Indian Electricity Rules.Vertical air termination
of 40mm diameter, 3 M long shall be provided abovehighest point of array
to provide radius of protection full array.
(H) STRUCTURAL MOUNTING EQUIPMENTSR.NO.ITEM
1.0 Type Ground Mounting2.0 Material MS Galvanized3.0 Overall dimension As per d
esign4.0 Coating Hot dip (Galvanized) Minimum of 130Micron
size5.0 Wind rating 150 km / hr6.0 Tilt angle307.0 Foundation PCC8.0 Fixing typ
e SS 304 Fastners
SECTION - 6OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PHILOSOPHY
The proposed Organization structure for the operation and maintenance
(O&M) ofthe power plant is presented in the exhibit. In order to ensure a high
level ofperformance of the power plant, it is proposed to induct experienced
O&Mengineers from the very beginning of the project.BASIC STRUCTURE OF
THE O&M TEAMThe basic structure and the broad functional area within the
O&M organizationwould be as follows:The Plant Manager would have the primary
responsibility for the O&M of the powerplant. The organization will compromise of
four broad functional areas viz.Operation, Maintenance, Technical
and Administration. The basic duties coveredunder each of these functional areas
would be as
follows:Operation(a) Operation of main generating equipment, switch yard an
d other auxiliaryplant.(b) Except for the Power Station Superintendent all oth
er operating personnelwould work one shift basis.
(c) The day to day operation of the power plant will be controlled by theMana
ger who will be assisted by the Control room operators and
engineers.Maintenance(a) Maintenance of mechanical and electrical plant, cont
rol systems, buildings,roads, drainages and sewage systems etc.
(b) Operation of the plant, planning and scheduling maintenance works andd
eciding the requirement of spare
parts(c) The Plant Manager will be assisted by departmental engineers, who t
akecare of the maintenance aspects of all mechanical, electrical and
I&Crequirement
d) Trained technicians will be employed to assist the maintenance group in dayto
day maintenance of the plant.AdministrationThe main responsibilities of this
department will be as follows:(a)
Purchase(b) Plant Security(c) Liaison with local labour officers(d) Stores manag
ement(e) Medical Services(f) Transport servicesFACILITIES TO BE EXTENDED TO
THE EMPLOYEESThe number of employees required for operation of the proposed

power plant will bearound 10 numbers. The personnel required for

administration and finance &accounts also will be provided. The following facilities
will be provided in the powerplant.
(a) Administration Building and Technical Office(b)
Stores(c) Time and security offices(d) First Aid and Fire Fighting Station(e) Toil
ets and Changes rooms
Ordinary MaintenanceOrdinary Maintenance, which covers routine checking
and minor refurbishmentactivities to be performed according to operation
manuals of components / equipments in operating conditions.Emergency
MaintenanceEmergency Maintenance, which is corrective maintenance to be
performed when asignificant failure occurs. To minimize forced outages
duration, an effectiveEmergency Maintenance must be supported by:
(a) A proper stock of spare parts(b) Permanent monitoring and diagnostic sys
tems for main components.Maintenance Plan and Scheduled
MaintenanceScheduled maintenance is carried our according to maintenance
plan, which shouldbe discussed and optimized according to the needs of the
customer / client.The maintenance plan is based on scheduled outages for the following
components:(a) Cleaning of Solar Module(b) Power Processing System(c) Switchy
ard equipmentMAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMThe maintenance of this
plant will be carried out as per the above philosophy. Thissystem aims at
maximizing the availability of the plant, while ensuring minimummaintenance
cost and safety of the plant and personnel.SPARE PARTS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
The primary objective of spare part management system will be to ensure
timelyavailability of proper spare parts for efficient maintenance of the plant
withoutexcessive build-up of non-moving and slow moving inventory.The spare parts
management system for this project will cover the following areas:
(a) Proper codification of all spares and consumables(b) Spare parts indenting and pr
ocurement policy(c) Ordering of critical mandatory and recommended spares(
d) Judicious fixation of inventory levels and ordering levels for spare partsbas
ed on experience.
(e) Development of more than one source of manufacturer / supplier whenev
erpracticable.AVAILABILITY OF O & M MANUALSAll contracts include provision
of at least 6 sets of details O&M manuals, which willbe distributed to all
departments concerned well in advance from the commissioningdate of the power
plant to avoid problems in preparation of commissioningdocuments as well as
proper installation and commissioning procedures of variousequipments.SPECIAL
TOOLS AND TACKLESAll contracts will include the provision for supply of one
set of all types of specialtools and tackles, which are required for installation,
commissioning and propermaintenance of plant and equipment.
CHECKLISTS AND PROTOCOLA detailed checklist for the various equipments,
supplemented with the checklistsubmitted by the supplier shall be drawn
and logged for future reference. This will
also form part of the plants base history / datum.
Whenever an equipment in commissioned, the important parameters of
thatparticular equipment should be observed for a period of eight hours and
thereadings shall be logged as per the log sheets. These activities shall be

performedin the presence of the customer / consultant and a protocol shall

be signed.SAFETY AND PROTECTIONThe importance of safety and the
protection of personnel and equipment cannot beoveremphasized. The
system must be designed to minimize hazards to operationand maintenance
personnel, the public, and equipment. The control subsystemmust be
equipped with various fuses, built-in fault detection and protectionalgorithms
to protect the users, the loads, and the PV system equipment. Thesafety of
an operator or technician is of the utmost importance. Personnel must
beprotected from electric shock by following all available safety practices.
Such asdisplaying high voltage warning signs wherever necessary. In
general, the systemmust adhere to the IS Codes and standards dealing with safety
issues.Some of the important safety criteria are as follows:
(a) Electrical components should be insulated and grounded(b)All high voltage
terminations (
>
50 Vdc) should be properly covered
andinsulated(c) All component with elevated temperatures should be insulate
d againstcontact with or exposure to
personnel(d) Structures should be grounded and ground fault relays installed
to givewarning of ground faults in the array or other electrical components.
SECTION - 7SWOT ANALYSIS
SWOT ANALYSIS.
Non

Conventional Sources, which are renewable in nature, are termed as

thealternate sources of energy. The Challenges of the present

energy scenariooffer us a window of the opportunity in the form of renewable energy

sources.The Power from the sun is clean , silent , limitless and free.
Photovoltaic (PV)process releases no CO2 , SO2 or NO2 gases which are
normally associated
with burning finite fossil fuel reserve and dont contribute to global warming .
Solar power shall augment the need of peak power needs & increases the
gridreliability I.e , Voltage and frequency. Solar Powered grid connect plants
can actas tail end energizes , which in turn reduces the transmission and
distributionlosses.(a) Geographically India is situated at northern hemisphere
near theEquator. So India gets maximum solar irradiation and there is ample
ofscope to produce the power from solar PV. But till now this area
is totallyvirgin area for producing power.
(b) This is true that solar PV efficiency is very low compared to other powerg
eneration systems , Lots of R&D is going on the improve the efficiency.Solar
PV generates electricity only at day time , So the proposed solarPV Power plant
generates power on an average only about six hours inday time.
(C) India is potentially one of the largest markets for solar energy in theworld. The
estimate4d potential of power generation through solarphotovoltaic system

is about 20 MW/Sq.km in India. It is useful forproviding grid quality, reliable

power in rural area where the line voltageis low and insufficient cater to
connected load. Recent Governmentincentives and policies have been providing
the momentum for PV inIndia . The Government of India already declared
national Action plan onclimate change released in mid 2008, identifies eight
critical mission

one of which is the National Solar Mission.

(d) In comparison to other sources of power generation, the PV solar poweris
totally dependent in nature . The capacity utilization factor of such typeof
plant is only 19%. Because averagely in the year we get 6 hr sunlight
n a day . Only this particular interval solar plant generates electricity.In comparison to
other conventional power generating units, solar powergenerating unit has many
advantages like.(a) No fuel is required for power generation.
(b) Operation & Maintenance Manpower required is less.( c) Plant will be running
smoothly for a long period as compared to otherconventional power generation units.
(d) In environmental perspective , solar power plant generates clean energyand gets
maximum clean development mechanism (CDM) benefit ascompared
to other conventional power generation units.Considering all the above points, solar
power generating potential is alwaysahead of all other conventional power generating
units in economical &Environment point of view.

ECTION - 8PLANT LAYOUT&PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

INTRODUCTION.
This layout of the plant and facilities for the proposed solar power plant is
largelydictated by its location, shape and road etc. Involving minimum eviction, the
windrose pattern, land use pattern of adjoining area and the direction of
powerevacuation.IMPLEMENT CONCEPTThe project is planned to
be implemented at the earliest . The most essentialaspect regarding the
implementation of this project is to ensure that the project iscompleted with in
the schedule , spanning 6 months from the placement ofpurchase order.A
good planning , scheduling , and monitoring program is imperative to
completethe project on time and without cost overruns.The project zero date
start once the kick- off meeting has taken place and theadvance payment has
been received.PROJECT IMPLEMETATION STRATEGY.It is envisaged that the
project will have the below mentioned phase of activities .These phases are
not mutually exclusive ; to implement the project on fast trackbasis some
degree of overlapping is envisaged.
Phase I Project DevelopmentPhase II Finalization of the Equipment and contra
ctsPhase III Procurement and Construction.Phase IV Plant Commissioning
SECTION

9ESTIMATED PROJECT COST

BASIS FOR COST ESTIMATION

The capital cost of the plant has been estimated taking into account the cost
ofcivil & structure works, transportation, installation, testing,
commissioningcharges and contingencies.Land cost is not considered as land is
already available.The cost of material and electrical equipment has been
estimated based onbudgetary quotation received previous quotations for
other projects and in housecost data suitable altered.Excise duty is exempted as
per MNRE consideration.Packing, forwarding , inland transportation and
insurance at the rate of 2.5% forall equipment and systems including spares have
been considered.Erection, testing and commissioning charges are considered as 8% of
supplycost for mechanical and electrical equipment.3% of the equipment cost
has been considered towards cost of initial spares.Cost of civil works has been
estimated based on data available for similarprojects.Power plant life is considered as
25 years.

SECTION

10ESTIMATED POWER GENERATION COST

COST OF POWER GENERATION
Basis for Generation Cost EstimationDebt-Equity Ratio shall be 70:30Rate of
interest on loan shall be 10.0% p.a.Depreciation shall be 10.34% for plant & machinery
and 3.34% for Civil workThe working capital is insurance expenses for one year in
advance and onemonth requirement of spares and consumablesEligibility for working
capital loan is 75% of total working capital & interest rate onthe loan is 12% p.a.