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Cyclic hydrocarbons are molecules that have carbon atoms that are
combined to form one or more rings. Acyclic hydrocarbons are carbons that
are combined to form straight or branched chains.
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In saturated hydrocarbons, all the bonds are single bonds. In unsaturated
hydrocarbons, double bonds and triple bonds are also present.
Saturated hydrocarbons have the highest number of hydrogen atoms, carbon
atoms can accommodate in contrast to unsaturated hydrocarbons. Saturated
hydrocarbons are the simplest type of hydrocarbons.
Unsaturated hydrocarbon is more reactive.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons that have double or triple
covalent bonds between adjacent carbon atoms.
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Aliphatic Hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons which do not contain a benzene
ring. Examples - Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes
Aromatic hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons which contain one or more benzene
rings. The name of the class comes from the fact that many of them have
strong, pungent aromas.Examples - Benzene, Benzoic acid, Phenol
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Baeyer's reagent is an alkaline solution of cold potassium permanganate,
which is a powerful oxidant making this a redox reaction. Reaction with
double or triple bonds (-C=C- or -CC-) in an organic material causes the
color to fade from purplish-pink to brown. It is a syn addition reaction.
Aldehydes and formic acid (and formic acid esters) also give a positive test.
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The Baeyer test uses dilute Pottasium Permanganate to Oxidize the carboncarbon double or triple bond. It's called oxidation because the double bond is
replaced by a hydroxy group (an OH group). The carbon's charge goes from
being +1 to +2, so it loses an electron (and is thus oxidized)
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Nitration is a general class of chemical process for the introduction of a nitro
group into an organic chemical compound. More loosely the term also is
applied incorrectly to the different process of forming nitrate esters between
alcohols and nitric acid, as occurs in the synthesis of nitroglycerin.
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Huckel's rule is used in aromaticity by stating that monocyclic systems are
aromatic. This will happen if there are delocalized electrons.
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page 113, #2
An aldehyde is an organic compound containing a terminal carbonyl group.
This functional group, which consists of a carbon atom which is bonded to a
hydrogen atom and double-bonded to an oxygen atom (chemical formula
O=CH-), is called the aldehyde group. The aldehyde group is also called the
formyl or methanoyl group.
A ketone (pronounced as key tone) is either the functional group
characterized by a carbonyl group (O=C) linked to two other carbon atoms or
a chemical compound that contains this functional group. A ketone can be
generally represented by the formula: R1(CO)R2.
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