ECOSYSTEM
NO.
ARTICLE
PAGE
LETTER
1.
1.0 TITLE
2.
3.
3.0 APPRECIATION
4.
5.
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3.0 APPRECIATION
First of all, thanks to my Biology teacher, Miss Norma Bt. Selimin for being
such good guider for us while we were doing this task. She had given us
appropriate example and knowledge in order to make us understand more
about this ecological study. We take some idea from the past years
students work. She spends her time to carry out each and every
experiment related to this ecological study. She also makes sure that we
understand everything she told and gives some explanation before we
begin to work on these practical assessments.
I also appreciate the school authority for giving us permission to carry out
experiment in school laboratory and going our quadrates and transect
sampling technique in school ground. School also provided all the
apparatus and materials that we used in the ecological study task.
I also want to thank to my classmates who are willing to share their
information about this ecological study. They give me a lot of ideas about
the tasks and I use all their information especially in transect sampling
technique which required us to work together in order to complete the
ecological study folio.
Also, a great thanks to my parents Haja Nazymudeen and Rabiyathul
Basirya who tried their best to give their support either by giving me a lot of
encouragement for keep us with this task or by supporting the financial for
use to pay all the cost required to complete this ecological study.
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Pyramid Of Number
A
in food chain
A food web consists of few food chains which were interconnected
and depend on each other.It can represent a more precise food
relationship in the ecosystem
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Symbiosis
symbiosis is an interaction between two organisms of different
species that live together.
in symbiosis, one organism will live in or with another organism called
the host.
The organism that interacts with the host will benefit from the
interaction.
Symbiosis is further classified into three types:
a) Commensalisms
b) Paratism
c) Mutualism
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i.
Commensalism
Commensalisms is an interaction between two organisms where only
one organism benefits from the relationship. The other is neither
benefit nor harmed.
The organism that benefits is called the commensal while the other
organism is called the host.
Examples of commensal are epiphytes and epizoites.
Epiphytes are green plants which grow on other plants to obtain more
sunlight and for support.
Examples of epiphytes are:
a) Pigeon orchid
b) Staghorn fern
c) Birds nest fern
Epizoites are animals that live in external surface of another animal.
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The benefits that epizoites get from their hosts are transport,
protection and leftover foods from the mouth of the hosts.
Examples of epizoites are
a) remora fish which attaches itself to the shark
b) protozoa which attaches itself to Cyclops sp.(water flea)
c) barnacles which attach themselves to shells of crabs or snails.
ii.
Parasitism
Parasitism is an interaction between two different
organisms where one organism called the parasite benefits and the
other organism called the host is harmed.
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Examples of mutualism:
a) Algae and fungi in lichen(both plants)
b) Hermit crabs and sea anemone(both animals)
c) Rhizobium bacteria and legume plants(one animal and one
plant)
In the interaction between sea anemones and hermit crabs, the sea
anemones attach themselves to the shells of hermit crabs.
a) Sea anemone obtains transport and leftover food from the
hermit crab
b) The hermit crab obtains protection from its predators because
of the poisonous tentacles of the sea anemone.
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Intraspecific competition
Occurs between members of the same species of plants
and animals to obtain their common basic needs.
ii.
Interspecific competition
Competition between individuals from different species.
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climax
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Trees of Bruguiera sp. grow well in hard clay soil that subjects to
flooding during the high tide.
Trees of Bruguiera sp. have buttress roots for support and kneeshaped pneumatophores for gaseous exchange.
As more sedimentation of decayed substances occur, new mud
banks are being built up seawards while the old banks move further
inland, away from the sea. The soil become harder and dry land is
formed.
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8.3.Population Ecology
Quadrat Sampling Technique: A sampling technique is used to estimate the number and
distribution of plants in a habitat.
A quadrat is a rectangular frame that is made from wood or
metal and placed randomly to represent the plants in a habitat.
The estimated number and distribution will be more accurate if
more quadrats are used.
Information from the quadrats can be used to determine the
following.
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8.4 Biodiversity
Biodiversity refers to the wide variety of plant and animal species on Earth.
Organisms are classified based on their common characteristics into five
Kingdoms as shown.
Characteristics
Monera
Protista
Example: algae, protozoa
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Fungi
Example: yeast, mould,
mushroom
Plantae
Example: ferns, mosses,
flowering plants
Animalia
Example: Fishes, reptiles,
amphibians, birds, mammals
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Eukaryotes
Mostly multicellullar and some
unicellular (yeast)
Plants without chlorophyll
Cell wall contains chitin
Either saprophytes or parasites
Main body is made up of a
network of hyphae called
mycelium
Multicellular
Contains chlorophyll
Autotrophs
Cell wall made up of cellulose
Have specialized tissues- xylem
and phloem
Immobile
Multicellular organisms
Cell without cell wall and
chloroplasts
Heterotrophs
Mobile
Digest their food internally
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(singular: genus), and each genus into species. Species is the smallest
group in the system of classification.
They are classified into 7 levels, namely kingdoms (alam), phylum,
class, order, family, genus and species. (Aphycofags)
The hierarachy of classification is the stages of groupings in the system
of classification from kingdom to species.
Hierarachy in the classification of humans and the hibiscus plant:
Classification
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Human being
Animalia
Choradata
Mammalia
Primates
Hominidae
Homo
sapiens
Hibiscus
Plantae
Tracheohyta
Angiosperma
Malvales
Malvaceae
Hibiscus
Rosa-sinensis
Types of organisms
Bacteria
Characteristics
The majority of bacteria
range in size from 0.5m
t0 5.0m.
Bacteria are unicellular
organisms which have a
basic cell structure that
includes a cell wall, plasma
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Algae
Fungi
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Protozoa
Viruses
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pH
Each species of microorganisms has an optimum pH. Most bacteria prefer
slightly alkaline conditions (pH around 7.4) while moulds, yeast and protozoa
prefer acidic conditions (pH around 4.5-5.0). Extreme pH can kill the
microorganisms.
Temperature
Microorganisms are inactive at low temperatures. The optimum temperature of
most microorganisms is between 355C-4 05C. Beyond 6 05
C, the growth of
microorganisms is inhabited. Microorganisms and their spores can only be
destroyed when they are sterilised at a temperature of about 12 15C.
Light Intensity
Microorganisms prefer dark or low light densities. High intensities of
sunlight or ultraviolet rays can kill algae and bacteria are more active
under high light intensities because they need light to carry out
photosynthesis.
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Harmful microorganisms
Pathogens are a microorganisms that can cause diseases.
Vectors refers to organisms that transfer pathogen.
A methods of transfer of diseases and how these diseases can be
prevented.
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Air Pollution
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1. Air pollution occurs when pollutants (such as gas and particles) are released
into the atmosphere.
2. The accumulation of these pollutants can have bad effect on living
organisms and the environment
3. Some of the human activities which contribute to air pollution.
Water Pollution
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1. The release of solid or liquid waste into source of water such as rivers, lakes
and seas can destroy aquatic organisms.
2. Some of the human activities that contribute to water pollution.
Thermal Pollution
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Noise Pollution
1. Noise pollution is caused by motor vehicles, agricultural machinery,
industrial machinery and work at construction sites.
2. Continously exposure to loud sounds and more than 80 decibels (dB) in the
long term can cause deafness.
3. Extreme noise can also cause stress related problems such as high blood
pressure, heart attacks, depression and headaches.
9.2. The Greenhouse Effect and the Thining of the Ozone Layer
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