Stavros A.

Paspalas

A Macedonian Bronze Juglet from Zagora, Andros

he islands of the Cyclades may not immediately come to mind when first considering
the relationship between Macedonia and the
central and southern Aegean during the eighth and
seventh centuries B.C., but as we shall see there is
relevant material from that quarter that deserves to
be better known. Towards that end this paper focuses
on a find excavated at Zagora on Andros and which
points northwards, very probably to specifically
Macedonian origins. I hope that the inclusion of
this brief study in the present volume will meet with
the approval of our honorand, a scholar native to
Andros who has devoted so much of his research efforts both to Andros and to early Macedonia (among
much else).
The find in question is a bronze juglet (Figs 1-2),
probably best or at least canonically identified
on the basis of parallels to be discussed below as a
pendant1. The jug is badly corroded, and was discovered in a number of pieces. It has been restored
and is currently on display in the Archaeological
Museum, Chora, Andros. The jugs major losses are
two relatively large sections approximately at its
bodys point of maximum diameter, and its handle,
of which only the lower attachment is preserved. As
preserved the handle attachment suggests that the
handle may have been approximately rectangular or
square in section. The rim is severely abraded, but
a small part of its original surface shows that when

Fig. 1. Bronze juglet from Zagora (Andros) excavations, inv.

no. 1790 (Australian Archaeological Institute at Athens,
photo: B. Miller).

complete the vessel had a cut-away rim. As conserved the jug is 3,9 cm in height, and weighs 23,8
g. In the Guide to the Zagora exhibition our piece
is described as a miniature bronze jug, and its
provenance is given as From the temple2. The jug
can be described as possessing a biconical body,

* I gratefully acknowledge the assistance granted by the Shelby White and Leon Levy Program for Archaeological Publications which enabled the research that in part resulted in this paper.
1. Zagora excavations inventory number 1790. Excavated in 1971 during the third field season of the Archaeological
Society at Athens excavations directed by Professor A. Cambitoglou (University of Sydney). I thank Professor Alexander
Cambitoglou for permission to publish this juglet. For two pendant juglets, of a different form to that from Zagora, still
suspended from the base atop which stands a bronze horse, from Asproula in western Macedonia, see Karametrou-Menteside 1999, 147, fig. 35. For the wider use of various pendants of the Macedonian bronzes category as embellishments
suspended from womens belts: Zimmermann 1999, figs on pp. 54-55; Savvopoulou 2007, 611-613; Chrysostomou 2011,
581.
2. Cambitoglou 1981, 91 no. 287; it is tentatively dated to the eighth century.

527

528
from which its flaring neck rises. The neck terminates in a cut-away rim that rises from the upper
handle attachment towards the spout. A faintly defined base can be distinguished; in its current state
of preservation it may be described as discoid in
form with tapering edges. On the evidence provided
by parallel pieces the handle would have been upswung; as on most parallels the height of the handle
probably would not have surpassed that of the spout.
Two horizontal encircling incised lines can be discerned at the neck-shoulder transition.
The jug was excavated in the antechamber of the
temple, which is situated close to the eastern ridge
of the highest area of the site. The construction of
the temple proper has been dated by its excavators,
on the basis of the pottery found in its foundation
trench, to the second quarter of the sixth century,
long after the inhabitants of Zagora left their settlement in c. 7003. The area, in which the temple was
built, however, appears to have been a centre of cultic
activity at least from the Late Geometric I period,
when the levelling fill in this area was laid. This
phase was followed by two distinct, successive, floors
both of which are Late Geometric II in date. The latest of these is dated as latest LGII. The excavators
argued that all activity in this sacred area during
these early phases took place in the open. The altar,
which must have been the focus of cultic rituals and
which was incorporated into the later temple, appears to rest on the lower Late Geometric II floor

Stavros A. Paspalas

which is dated to the last quarter of the eighth century4.

Although there does not appear to have been a
resident population at Zagora after c. 700 a small
number of seventh-century objects found in the sanctuary area, primarily in the trench directly to the
south of the (later) temple, provide evidence that the
open-air sanctuary was still remembered and honoured prior to the construction of the temple. Objects excavated in the sanctuary deposits clearly datable to the sixth and fifth centuries testify to the fact
that the temple continued to be an important focal
point for at least some Andrians, and their attendance at the temple may well have served the purpose
of confirming their links (real or imagined) with
Zagora and so establishing their right of access to
any productive resources in the area and to any cultural capital the abandoned settlement may have
possessed5. The sanctuary at Zagora during the archaic and early classical periods must now be examined in light of what are in all likelihood the remains
of a sanctuary at Stavropeda approximately 3.5 km
to the northeast, at which finds dated as early as the
seventh century have been noted and collected6.
Stavropeda (as its modern name that may be translated as plain at the crossroads suggests) sits at
a point within the wider area where natural paths,
including some leading to the fertile Chora valley
meet7. The area around Stavropeda itself is also agri-

3. For the date of the construction of the temple: Cambitoglou 1981, 84; Cambitoglou et al. 1988, 170-171. For the excavation and architectural character of the temple: Zapheiropoulos 1960, 249; Cambitoglou et al. 1971, 20-21, 32; Cambitoglou
1981, 83-84; Cambitoglou et al. 1988, 161-171; Kampitoglou 1972, 255-257, 264-269.
4. For an exposition of these phases: Cambitoglou et al. 1988, 165-169 and 170. Held 1988, esp. 361-362 argued that
an earlier, Geometric-period, temple preceded the later one and that the feature identified by the excavators as an altar
was a statue base.
5. For the suggestion that sanctuaries may have acted as tags of ownership of natural resources see Forsn 2008, 252
and 256 (though the argument there is for the polis of Tegea as a whole as regards the sanctuary at Mavriki and the Doliana quarries). Note that ibid. 254-255 and 257 suggests that the sanctuary at Mytikas Palaiopyrgou, approximately 1
km east of the acropolis of Arcadian Orchomenos, was established in the seventh century on the remains of a settlement
that may have been the Mycenaean predecessor of Orchomenos. Closer to Zagora, note too that the temple at Koukounaries,
Paros, was maintained and visited long after the abandonment of the settlement: Schilardi 1988, 44-47. The same holds
true for the temple of Athena at Emborio, Chios: Boardman 1967, xi.
6. Paschales 1925, 593-594; Paschales 1933, 65; Peck 1934, 67-68; Televantou 2009, 78-80.
7. Prior to the late 1920s the only carriageable road on the island ran from Chora to the bay of Chalkolimionas, on the
west coast approximately three km north of Zagora and so must have traversed Stavropeda: Moustakas 1924, 25. The
carriageable road northwards postdates the appearance of Stavropeda as a toponym. The modern, at least, road continues
northwestwards from Stavropeda in the direction of the asty of ancient Andros, modern Palaiopolis. For gates in the
eastern wall of the asty and cemeteries along the routes that passed through them eastwards: Tiverios 1993, 216 and 218;

A Macedonian Bronze Juglet from Zagora, Andros

culturally exploitable8. In the current state of our

knowledge it is still too early to posit how heavy the
traffic through the area of Stavropeda would have
been or how much activity took place in this part
of the island during the period of concern here, but
undoubtedly some of those who passed this way
could have turned westwards towards the sanctuary
at Zagora, and entered the once thriving settlement
through the gate, re-furbished probably in the sixth
century, of the old fortification wall9. The possibility,
though, that some of Zagoras visitors may have come
from the sea cannot be ruled out.
The bronze juglet presented here was found in
the eastern section of the temples ante-chamber, in
a deposit that lay between the fallen schist roof slabs
and the powdery floor overlay of the room which, in
turn, rested on the hard floor packing. These same
stratigraphic features had previously been identified
in the cella10. While the southern part of this section
had been disturbed during the excavations of Dr N.
Zapheiropoulos in this section of the temple, the
northern part in which the juglet was found beneath a roof slab had not11. It and the other material that lay on the temples floor had been sealed
by the collapse of the roof12. Most of the material
on the cella floor dates to the sixth and fifth cen-

529
turies, but some residual material dating as far back
as the Late Geometric period was also found13.
The best parallels for the Zagora bronze juglet
with its cut-away rim are found in the category of
relatively small metal objects conventionally known
as Macedonian bronzes. (The term should be placed
in inverted commas in order to indicate its conventional nature as used by modern researchers, and so
avoid any mistakenly exclusive ethnic assumptions
that may otherwise be associated with the designation.) This category is largely, though by no means
exclusively, comprised of various forms of pendants,
including jugs (which do not require suspension
holes as their handle would have served this purpose
well)14. As has been repeatedly noted the form of
these small bronze jugs with cut-away neck finds
ready parallels in functional ceramic versions of the
shape in the pottery repertoire of the northwestern
Aegean and its hinterland15. Owing to the fact that
some forms within the Macedonian bronzes repertoire are closely paralleled by a number of pieces
made in central, and even southern, Greece, as well
as to regions well into the Balkans the definition of
some aspects of the category is not particularly
tight16. Similarly, opinions differ as to the precise
chronological span to which these bronzes date. J.
Bouzek would place their origins early in the eighth

Palaiokrassa-Kopitsa 1996, 214-215 and 233-234; Palaiokrassa-Kopitsa 2007, 31 and 40. While one may posit that these
routes could have continued along the islands western coast in the direction of Stravopeda and Zagora it must be noted
that Palaiokrassa 1993, 126 writes that the tomb-lined roads led to the coast. Note too that before the advent of the modern
road system both Christian Brandis (1842, 387) and Ludwig Ross (1843, 23) appear to have reached Palaiopolis from the
Chora valley (Messaria) via Menites and the high ground north of Stavropeda. Of course, both had the set purpose to
reach the antiquities of Palaiopolis and not to explore the path/road system as used by those who worked the land.
8. For other antiquities in the immediate vicinity that testify to significant activity in the area: Televantou 1996, 53
fig. 27; Televantou 1994, 678 and 686; Televantou 2009, 79, esp. 79-80 fn. 5 for late antique finds convincingly associated
with agricultural installations.
9. For the gateway: Kampitoglou 1972, 257, 269-272; Kampitoglou 1974, 175-179; Cambitoglou 1981, 23; Cambitoglou
et al. 1988, 54-62.
10. For the powdery level above the hard floor packing in the cella: Cambitoglou et al. 1988, 166.
11. For Dr Zapheiropoulos excavations: Zapheiropoulos 1960.
12. Cambitoglou et al. 1988, 168 and 170.
13. Cambitoglou et al. 1988, 168, pls 261c and 262a. So too was a Siphnian cup (Cambitoglou 1981, 85 no. 261), a
vessel type that dates back into the seventh century and is well represented in the sanctuary, elsewhere on Andros and
at the northern Andrian colony of Argilos; and another in the temples floor packing (inv. 1798, unpublished). Both have
an offset rim which appears to ally them more closely to seventh- rather than sixth-century examples of the type, for which
see Perreault Bonias 2006, 51-52 pl. II 2-29; Perreault Bonias 2010, 230 figs 156-157a; Bonias et al. 2012.
14. See above fn. 1.
15. E.g. Bouzek 1974, 38; Kilian-Dirlmeier 1979, 225.
16. For the possibility that some types were imitated in southern Italy and Sicily: Bouzek 1997, 111.

530
century17, while K. Kilian and I. Kilian-Dirlmeier
would lower their starting date to a point closer to
the end of that century18. It appears that by the late
sixth century these bronzes were effectively no longer
produced in any great numbers, though some examples have been found in early fifth-century contexts.
The area in which they were manufactured probably
encompassed the Axios/Vardar river valley, and some
good way to the west and east, including regions of
the Chalkidike19. While the Paionians have most recently been associated with their manufacture it
cannot be stated with certainty that the groups output was restricted to one tribal entity alone20. To
date Emathia and Pieria, where the Macedonians
per se were resident for most of the period during
which the bronzes were produced, have offered relatively little material21. Nonetheless, it should be
noted that the discovery in late eighth-/early seventh-century contexts of moulds for the manufacture of beads of a type included in the Macedonian
bronzes repertoire has recently been reported from
Methone22. This settlement, with its important Eu-

Stavros A. Paspalas

boian and wider associations, was an important

manufacturing and trading centre in the eighth century and into the seventh, and more relevant material may come to light. On the basis of currently published material, though, it is not possible to determine how large a range of types included in the Macedonian bronze category are attested to at Methone.
A large number of bronze juglet types were produced in the northern Aegean area and neighbouring regions23. The Zagora juglet is best paralleled
by pieces of the Macedonian bronzes category.
Nonetheless, the precise categorization of our juglet
is not a straightforward matter owing to its poor
state of preservation, particularly that of its rim. If
one were to employ Bouzeks scheme then it would
be placed in his Group B given that is has a broad
biconical body and its neck is not sharply offset
from its shoulder (a feature of his Group A pieces)24.
However, the Zagora bronze differs from most of
Bouzeks Group B pieces in that its bodys maximum
diameter is at a significantly higher point than that

17. Bouzek writes of the canonical Macedonian bronzes category so as to distinguish it from other bronze output
from the wider region of similar and earlier date: Bouzek 1997, 110. For his dating Bouzek 2006, 97-99 (revising upwards
the date suggested in Bouzek 1974, 166).
18. Kilian 1975a, 99-101; Kilian-Dirlmeier 1979, 4. See further the comments of Rolley 1985, 292-295 and Rolley 1999,
374. Mitrevski 1997, 258 would date them no earlier than the seventh century; Krstevski Sokolovska 1997-1999, 86 also
place the earliest examples in the first half of the seventh century. Pabst 2011, 39 fn.162 notes the appearance c. 800 of
new forms of pendants and beads that have been included by Bouzek and Kilian-Dirlmeier in the Macedonian bronzes
category.
19. Bouzek 1974, 166-168; Bouzek 1997, 112; Petrova 1999, 51-53; Zimmermann 1999, 32-35; Savvopoulou 2004, 315
fig. 13; Bouzek 2006, 108; Savvopoulou 2007, 615. Examples, including jugs, have been found considerably to the west in
the area of Kozane, eg.: Touratsoglou 1973-1974, 720 fig. 4; Karametrou-Menteside 1990, 355, pl. 158; Karametrou-Menteside 2011, 281-282, 284-287, 291-292; and in the wider region of Pella: Chrysostomou 1999, 269-270, drawings 4 and
5; Chrysostomou 2011, 581. A number of bronzes, including juglets, are said to have been found at Amphipolis to the
east: Foltiny 1964, esp. 91, 95-97 pl. 6, 1, 3 and 9 for juglets. For a recent discussion on Macedonian bronzes that focuses
particularly on the later phases of the category see Misaelidou-Despotidou 2011.
20. For the use of the term Paionian Bronzes: Mitrevski 1997, 258. For the term Macedonian-Paeonian: Krstevski
Sokolovska 1997-1999, 86-87. For the view that this category of bronzes, or at least some of its constituent pieces
were produced more widely: Bouzek 1997, 112; Zimmermann 1999, 32-35.
21. Though note: the pendant from Vergina (Aigai) from a late grave probably datable to the seventh century (Andronikos
1969, 256 fig. 92, pl. 83 I); Phaklares 1987, 928-929 drawing 5 and p. 932; and the recently illustrated pendants from the
same site dated from the tenth to the eighth century: Kottaridi 2011, 99 fig. 87, 241 nos 130-136, 138-139. Note too the
later, sixth-century, bronze necklace from the same site: Kottaridi 2011, 108 fig. 99, 250 no. 403.
22. Besios 2003, 449 (where it is suggested that Methone was a distribution point for Macedonian bronzes inverted
commas added to central and southern Greece); Besios et al. 2004, 369 (for the Late Geometric context); Kotsonas 2012,
229. Gimatzidis 2011a, 102 writes that moulds for the casting of jug-stoppers and other pendant types are included
among the material excavated at Methone. Note too the bronze jewellery found in a sixth-century tomb from Pydnas
north cemetery: Besios 2010, 102 with photograph.
23. See, for example, Vickers 1977, 27-30 and the works cited here by Bouzek and Kilian-Dirlmeier.
24. Bouzek 1974, 42 (Group B), 41 (Group A).

A Macedonian Bronze Juglet from Zagora, Andros

of most of the pieces of that group. Kilian-Dirlmeier

based her classification system on whether a juglets
rim was sloping and so formed a beak-like profile
(Group A) or if the rim was horizontal for its greater
part before it was sharply cut-away as it approached
the handle (Group B)25. As the rim of our juglet is
so abraded it is difficult to be certain of its original
form. Nonetheless, the angle at which the cut-away
rim meets the handle can be most profitably compared with pieces placed by Kilian-Dirlmeier in her
Group B, and indeed the form of our jugs body,
and its base, is well paralleled by two of these pieces,
one from Gevgelija, in the middle reaches of the
Axios/Vardar river valley, and the other reported
as having been found at Potidaia26. Bouzek dated
the closest parallels of the Zagora juglet at the latest
to the first half of the seventh century27, while Kilian-Dirlmeier dated good parallels to the IIB phase
of the Macedonian Iron Age a period that largely
covers the second half of the seventh century and
into the sixth28.
Other, and frequently later, Macedonian bronze
juglet types are known, but they are usually slimmer
in form and are regularly characterized by a sharp
carination point set relatively low on their body29.
Furthermore, there is little possibility that the juglet

531
excavated at Zagora was manufactured in Thessaly,
a region where bronzes allied to those conventionally
referred to as Macedonian were also produced.
Thessalian juglets are usually characterized by their
far slimmer shape30, and the rare example with a
fuller form that has been found in Thessaly has been
identified as an import from areas that produced
Macedonian bronzes31. There is little doubt that
the Zagora juglet belongs to the category of Macedonian bronzes.
Although Macedonian bronzes were predominantly distributed from western and across to central Macedonia, and particularly from the northwest Chalkidike northwestwards into the Axios/Vardar valley they were by no means solely restricted
to this core area; they have been found, in admittedly
relatively small numbers, far further afield though
their identification may not always be straightforward32. Some of the earliest pieces identified as
Macedonian bronzes that have been found far distant from home are those from the Italian peninsula33. A juglet was excavated in a Late Geometric II
tomb on Pithekoussai, while another was found in
a grave at Kyme (Cumae) on the Campanian coast
opposite Pithekoussai34. The context date of the latter piece has been debated; Bouzek would place it

25. Kilian-Dirlmeier 1979, 221 pls 78-80. For further pieces that belong to Kilian-Dirlmeiers Group B: Krstevski
Sokolovska 1997-1999, 75 fig. 16, dr. 12 (English summary p. 86).
26. Kilian-Dirlmeier 1979, 222-223 nos 1415 and 1444, pls 79-80. Candace Richards kindly brought to my attention
a similar juglet, though with a lower point of gravity, excavated at Bylazora (on the upper Axios/Vardar) by E. Matthews
and W. Neidinger (Texas Foundation for Archaeological and Historical Research): http:/tfahr.org/SN09_find.html.
27. Bouzek 1974, 38-39.
28. Kilian-Dirlmeier 1979, 225 (p. 4 for an explanation of her use of K. Kilians chronological scheme, for which see
Kilian 1975a, 99-101 and Beilage I). Kilian-Dirlmeier 1979, 225 dates the earliest bronze juglets no earlier than the beginning of phase II of the Macedonian Iron Age, i.e. c. 700, which is the very lowest chronological limit assigned to the
context of the juglets found at Pithekoussai and Kyme (Cumae) (see below).
29. Bouzek 1974, 44-45; Descamps-Lequime 2011, 173 no. 76/6 (c. 600); Chrysostomou 2011, 581 fig. 5.
30. Bouzek 1988, 55; Kilian-Dirlmeier 2002, 64 nos 975-980, pl. 63.
31. Admitedly, something of a circular argument. Kilian 1975b, 175 (where he refers to no. 65 but clearly means no.
64), pl. 80 no. 64, classified by Kilian-Dirlmeier as belonging to her Group B of Macedonian bronzes juglets: KilianDirlmeier 1979, 223 no. 1428, pl. 80.
32. For example, a juglet that was excavated at Perachora (Payne 1940, 183 no. 23, pl. 83) was rejected as a Macedonian
bronze by Bouzek (1974, 45), while it was seen as a probable Macedonian import by Kilian-Dirlmeier (1979, 225). See
Bouzek 2006, 108 for the late production of such bronzes in southeastern Albania.
33. Pingel 1980; Bouzek 2000.
34. Pithekoussai: Buchner Ridgway 1993, 264 and 269 Tomb 208 no. 24, pl. CXXXVI and 91; Macnamara 2006, 270
fig. 1, 6. Kyme: Gabrici 1913, col. 227 fig. 75; Rescigno Cuozzo 2008, 191 fig. 1 (I owe my knowledge of the latter reference
to the kindness of Dr Francesca Mermati). Bouzek 2000, 363-364 suggests that they may have been worn as amulets by
women from northern Greece.

532
prior to c. 720, Kilian-Dirlmeier c. 70035. A recent
assessment of the date of the tomb places its context
in the last quarter of the eighth century36. A second
Macedonian bronze, a bird pendant, from a similarly dated grave context has also been published
from Pithekoussai37. A partly preserved pyxis-shaped
pendant, a form that is also common in the Macedonian bronzes repertoire, was found in a grave in
the Monte Michele cemetery of Veii, and is dated
on the grounds of context to the first quarter of the
seventh century38. A grave at Megara Hyblaia that
has been dated variously to c.630 or to c.600 and into the first half of the sixth century included further
pieces39. Most of these early pieces from central
Mediterranean sites have been interpreted as arriving at their final destinations with immigrants from
the Aegean40, and even evincing a network that revolved around a largely Euboian axis which connected the northern Aegean with the Tyrrhenian
Sea, though a more varied cast of actors is posited41.
Macedonian bronzes have also been excavated
closer to the areas where they have been found in
greatest numbers. Bronzes have been identified as
such from sanctuaries in central and southern Gree-

Stavros A. Paspalas

ce, as far south as Sparta42. A small number of Macedonian bronzes, and other northern Aegean
bronzes, are also known from the Ephesian Artemision, including a Macedonian bronze juglet43 and
other relatively isolated pieces from the northern
Aegean have also been excavated at the Samian Heraion, the sanctuary of Athena at Lindos, and at the
sanctuary of Athena at Emborio, Chios44. Closer to
Andros bronzes, including a spectacle fibula, of the
late eighth and early seventh century, that may well
derive from Macedonia and Thessaly have been identified at the sanctuary at Hyria on Naxos45; similar
fibulae were also excavated at the sanctuary of Apollo on the island of Despotiko, to the southwest of
Antiparos46. A bronze bird pendant, dated to the
second half of the eighth century, from the sanctuary
located on the acropolis of Hagios Andreas on Siphnos may be a Macedonian bronze, though its full
publication is required for confirmation on this
point47. Closer yet to Zagora, a surface survey find,
from Plakari in the Karystia in southern Euboia,
collected from the surface of a modern road points
northwards as noted by D. R. Keller, as it is a Macedonian bronze pendant in the form of a juglet that

35. Bouzek 1988, 48; Kilian-Dirlmeier 1979, 225 with fn. 18. See too the discussion in Rolley 1985, 292-295.
36. Rescigno Cuozzo 2008, 191.
37. Buchner Ridgway 1993, 387 Tomb 329 no. 4, pl. 126; Felsch 2007, 73.
38. Martelli 1997, 207 fig. 1. Bouzek 2000, 367 suggests that this bronze may be an import from the western Balkans
and that it probably reached Etruria via Picenum. For a recent survey of Picene-Etruscan links: Riva 2007, 94-99.
39. Bouzek 2000, 364 fig. 259 and 368 Grab 660 with a listing of other (later) relevant finds from Megara Hyblaia. Kilian 1975a, 100 (with pls 1 and 2, 1) dates the grave context to c. 600 or into the first third of the sixth century. Verger
2011a, 154-156 suggests that the terminal context date of these pieces could extend throughout the first half of the sixth
century; Verger Pernet 2013, 31-34 date the tomb to c. 600. Verger 2011b, esp. 25, 35, 64-66 raises the possibility that
some Balkan bronze objects from the Thesmophorion at Gela may be from Macedonia.
40. Bouzek 2006, 107.
41. Gimatzidis 2011b, 962.
42. E.g.: Kilian-Dirlmeier 1979, 222 no. 1418, pl. 79; Margreiter 1988, 16 (Aigina, Sanctuary of Apollo); Strm 1995,
67-68 and 87 (Argive Heraion); Rolley 1985, 289. Dr Susanne Bocher kindly brought to my attention the fact that the
bronze juglets excavated at Olympia appear to be southern products that can be contrasted with those of a Macedonian
pedigree: Philipp 1981, 359.
43. Klebinder-Gau 2007, 211, 266 no. 793, pls 57 and 110.
44. The references are conveniently collected in Klebinder-Gau 2007, 211.
45. Semantone-Bournia 2001-2002, 143-144, 147 and 151, pls 6 and 7. Note that Gehrig 1964, 81 n. 1 refers to a
juglet pendant in the Mykonos Archaeological Museum. Note too the head ornament (?) from Kythnos: Mazarakis Ainian
2010, 39-40.
46. Kourayos 2005, 118, pl. 26c. The bronze pendant of a bird sitting on a circular openwork base (Kourayos 2005, fig.
12; Kourayios 2009, 114 and 116) appears to be better paralleled by central Greek and Thessalian, rather than Macedonian
pieces. These parallels may have circular or pyramidal bases: Kilian 1975b, 182-183; Kilian-Dirlmeier 1979, 168-169 nos
990-999, pl. 54; Zimmermann, 1988, 39-40 fig. 1; Felsch 2007, 265-266 nos 164-170, pl. 21.
47. Televantou 2008, 102 fig. 156.

A Macedonian Bronze Juglet from Zagora, Andros

533

Fig. 2. Bronze juglet from Zagora (Andros) excavations, inv.

no. 1790 (Australian Archaeological Institute at Athens,
drawing: G. Neil).

Fig. 3. Bronze pendant from Plakari, Karystia, Southern Euboia (reproduced with the permission of Dr D. R. Keller).

sits atop a vertical shaft (Fig. 3)48. The type is known

from a small number of other examples, most without a firm provenance. One, however, was found far
to the north at Donja Dolina in northern Bosnia, in
a grave placed within a phase dated to the late sixth
century and into the fifth49. While Bouzek does not
rule out such a late date for the type he readily acknowledges the possibility of an earlier one; KilianDirlmeier places it firmly within the seventh century50, a dating which corresponds better with the general developmental scheme of Macedonian bronzes. Some supporting evidence for such a date is offered by the Plakari piece. Although it was found on
the surface of a modern road it, in all likelihood,
had eroded out of a deposit that was exposed in the

roads scarp. This deposit consisted of material that

is to be associated with the sanctuary which was
identified a few metres to the north, higher on the
hillsides slope51. The recent excavations conducted
by the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and the IA
Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities
have now excavated nearly all of this deposit which
yielded over 28,000 fragments of Early Iron Age ceramics, hundreds of votive offerings and a great deal
of bone. J. P. Crielaard has kindly informed me that
this deposit from whence the bronze derives it
should be remembered consists of material that
had been deposited during the period of the sanctuarys use though some items may have slipped
from their original place of deposition52.

48. Keller 1985, 272-273 jug-stopper, fig. 40. I thank Dr D. R. Keller for granting me permission to reproduce the
drawing of this piece in this paper. See note 22 above for a report of the excavation of moulds for the manufacture of jugstoppers (precise type or types not specified) at Methone, Pieria.
49. For the type see: Bouzek 1974, 85-86 no. J4, fig. 24, 5; Kilian-Dirlmeier 1979, 221 Type C, 224 nos 1449-1452, pl.
81, 225 (where one piece is posited to be Thessalian); Blome 1990, 65 no. 108 (=Kilian-Dirlmeier 1979, 24 no. 1450). For
the Donja Dolina pendant: Mari 1964, 41, pl. 15, 5; Bouzek 1974, 85 no. J5.
50. Bouzek 1974, 86; Kilian-Dirlmeier 1979, 225.
51. For an introduction to the site and a brief account of the excavations undertaken there in 1979: Chidiroglou 20032004, esp. 69-72, and now Cullen et al. 2013, 22. D. Keller identified this deposit as a pit or apothetes and cautiously
raised the possibility that the pit may have had funerary implications largely on the basis that the parallels he cites for
the Macedonian bronze were found in northern graves. I believe that the material should be associated with the sanctuary
given that in central and southern Greece Macedonian bronzes are systematically found as votives in sanctuaries (see
below); the northern funerary uses of these bronzes did not apply in these more southerly regions.
52. For the excavation see Crielaard et al. 2011/2012. For the finds from an earlier survey at the site dated to the eighth

534
Links between central and southern Aegean centres with the northern shores of the Aegean can be
documented through other means long before the
production date of the pendant picked up near Karystos or those found elsewhere from the central and
southern Aegean53. Without rehearsing the full list
of evidence, the early contacts evinced by Late Protogeometric ceramic material at Vergina may be
mentioned54. Similarly, central Aegean, primarily
Euboian and Athenian material, of earlier, Protogeometric, date has been found in sites on the Thermaic Gulf and the Chalkidike peninsula55. And contacts between various centres in the central Aegean
and the northwestern Aegean continued in the following centuries and into the seventh56. The bronze
juglet from Zagora is not a unique northern find in
its wider region, and indeed, it like most Macedonian bronzes found in central and southern Greek
lands had been deposited no doubt as a votive
at a sanctuary57.
On the basis of stylistic analysis the Zagora juglet finds its best parallels among pieces which have
been dated to the very end of the eighth century and
into the seventh. Given its state of preservation,
though, some leeway must be allowed as regards its
exact classification. Nonetheless, it is sufficiently
clear that it does not find close counterparts among
the juglet types which have been dated into the sixth

Stavros A. Paspalas

and fifth centuries. However, its context the floor

of the temples ante-chamber is dated, as is the
floor of the cella, by its most recent contents to the
late fifth century. If its suggested stylistic date holds
it may be that this small votive, which was manufactured and possibly (though certainty cannot be
achieved on this point) dedicated before the construction of the temple, had been offered as a votive
at the open-air sanctuary, and unlike other early
dedications it did not find its way into the temples
floor packing nor into the area directly south of the
ante-chamber in which many votives were excavated58. The juglet increases our evidence for the range
of exotica that were offered at Zagoras sanctuary.
Not only were orientalia such as a scarab offered
along with seals from the Islands and East Greece59,
but so was a Macedonian bronze, an object from
a corner of the Aegean with which at least some Cycladic islanders, along with their Euboian and other
neighbours, must have been familiar. Indeed, those
settlements that were recognized in antiquity as Andrian foundations, established in the seventh century,
are all located in the northern Aegean although,
admittedly, in the area of the eastern Chalkidike60.
The Zagora juglet testifies, albeit modestly, to a series of extensive networks to which Andros had access and which involved peoples from various regions of the Aegean and beyond.

century: Keller 1985, 180-181 and Cullen et al. 2013, 22. It must, however, be noted that fifth- and fourth-century remains
have been excavated further up the hill. If the report of the discovery of jug-stopper moulds (or even one) at Methone
is substantiated (see above, note 22) then the earlier dating of the Plakari find is strengthened.
53. See now Mazarakis Ainian 2012 for the sea routes that linked the northern and central Aegean.
54. Popham Sackett 1980, 360 (and 363 for possible Macedonian earrings in a Subprotogeometric II context at Lefkandi); Desborough 1980, 288 and 296. See further Tiverios 2008, 9. The suggested northern associations of a Middle
Geometric II kantharos with high-swung handles from Tsikalario on Naxos are under re-examination: Charalampidou
2010-2012, 169 with fn. 73.
55. For contacts between these areas: Lemos 2002, 149-150, 183-184, 203-204, 207; Catling Lemos 1990, 64-65, 94-95,
pls 40 and 74; Papadopoulos 2005, 575-578 where (with pp. 585-589) evidence for even earlier contacts is also noted.
56. Lemos 2012. Tiverios 2008, 17-50; Gimatzidis 2010, 307-311; Gimatzidis 2011a, 101-102; Kotsonas 2012, 227-239,
where activities of individuals from the central Aegean in the region especially at Methone during the eighth century
and into the seventh are examined along with those of locals and individuals from other areas. See too Moschonesiote
2004, 280-281 for the central Aegean links of the late eighth- and early seventh-century the incised pithamphorae from
Mende.
57. Kilian-Dirlmeier 1985.
58. Packing: e.g. seventh-century relief plaque of an armed female figure (Cambitoglou 1981, 91 no. 289, fig. 49). For
the finds immediately to the south of the temple: Cambitoglou 1981, 82-83; Cambitoglou et al. 1988, 171-173.
59. Scarab: Cambitoglou 1981, 91 no. 296; Cambitoglou et al. 1988, 235, pls 291-292. Seals: Cambitoglou 1981, 91 nos
293-295, figs 52-54; Cambitoglou et al. 1988, 235, pls 287-290; Huber 2003, 93-96; Huber Poplin 2009. For another
scarab found in the fill of a domestic unit (H25) see: Cambitoglou et al. 1988, 235, pl. 293; Skon-Jedele 1994, 981 and 983.
60. Tiverios 2008, 52-64.

535

A Macedonian Bronze Juglet from Zagora, Andros

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