2 Types of Attraction:

a. Intramolecular bonds
- Ionic
- Polar
- Non-polar
b. Intermolecular forces (IMF)
- Attraction between molecules (vs. the attraction between atoms in a molecule)
6 Flavours:
a. Ionic
b. Dipole-dipole
c. H-Bonding
d. London forces
e. Covalent (network solids)
f. Metallic

Intermolecular Forces
IONIC, DIPOLE-DIPOLE ATTRACTIONS

Can have a separation charge

Happens in both ionic and polar bonds (the greater the EN, the greater the
dipoles)
Molecule are attracted to each other in a compound by these +ve and ve forces

Intermolecular Forces
H-BONDING

A special type of dipole-dipole attraction that is very strong

It occurs when N, O or F are bonded to H
The high EN of NH, OH and HF bonds cause these to be strong forces (about
5x stronger than normal dipole-dipole forces)

They are given a special name (H-Bonding) because compounds containing

these bonds are important in biological systems

Intermolecular Forces
LONDON FORCES

Named after Fritz London (or van der Waal Forces)

Non-polar molecules do not have dipoles like polar molecules
Due to small dipoles that exist in non-polar molecules
Because electrons are moving around in atoms, there will be instants when the
charge around an atom is not symmetrical
The resulting tiny dipoles cause attractions between atoms/molecules

Instantaneous Dipole

Eventually electrons are situated so that tiny dipoles form

Induced Dipole

A dipole forms in one atom or molecule, inducing a dipole in the other

Testing Components :
1. Intramolcular are stronger
2. A covalent bond is 100x stronger
3. The molecules gather together as liquids or solids at low temperatures
4. Based on boiling points, F(-188) has the weakest forces, HS has the strongest
(-61).
5. London forces
-

Are present in all compounds

Can occur between atoms or molecules

Are due to electron movement not to EN

Are transient in nature (dipole-dipole are more permanent)

London forces are weaker

6.
A. F would be lower because it is smaller. Larger atoms/molecules can have
their electron clouds more easily deformed and thus have stronger London attractions
and higher melting/boiling points
B. O because it has only London forces. NO has a small EN, giving it small
dipoles.

7. CH18 would have the higher melting/boiling point. This is a result of the many more
sites available for London forces to form.

8. A. a large EN
B. the small sizes of atoms

9.
a. NH: Hydrogen bonding (H+N), London.
b. SF6: London only (it is symmetrical)
c. PCl3 EN = 2.9-2.1. Dipole-dipole, London
d. LiCl: EN = 2.9-1.0. Ionic, (London)
e. HBr: EN = 2.8-2.1. Dipole-dipole, London
f. CO: London only (it is symmetrical)

STRUCTURE AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

1. Boiling Point
2. Melting Point
3. Solubility
BOILING POINT

One of the most revealing of all physical properties for a chemical substance is
its boiling point. Boiling point reflects the strength of the intermolecular attractive
forces that hold the molecules of a substance together in a condensed phase,
and as such, it is useful to compare the boiling points for related compounds to
see how structural differences account for the differences in intermolecular
attractions. The trends in boiling points for various groups of compounds helps in
understanding how size, shape, and functional group polarity affect boiling point.

The normal boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid boils when the
external pressure is 1atm.

The boiling point is the temperature at which the (equilibrium) vapor pressure of
a liquid is equal to the external pressure.

Van der Waals attractive forces increases as the hydrocarbon chain increases so
that the boiling point is high.

Factors that Affects Boiling point/ Melting Point

Molecular Weight/ Size

The bigger the molecule, the higher its boiling point. Thus for a series of related
compounds, the higher the molecular weight, the higher the boiling point. Note
the trend for the first five straight

Branching in the hydrocarbon lowers the boiling point

In the straight chain hydrocarbon molecules can approach each other so stronger
Can der Waals attractive force

in branched chain hydrocarbon, there will be no close approach of molecules so

that there is weak van der waals attraction force

Dipole moment- measured in Debye Units (D)

= e X d (magnitude of charge x distance)

Differences in electronegativity

The more polar the higher is the boiling point

Molecular nitrogen (N) and carbon monoxide (CO) have identical molecular
weights: 18mg/mol

Association

Associated liquids are liquids whose molecules are held together by H-bonds.
Boiling points are abnormally high

The more associated the liquid, the higher the boiling point.

Structure and Physical Properties

1. Boiling Point
2. Melting Point
3. Solubility

the dissolution of the structural units (ions or molecules)

Are separated using up the energy coming from the attraction between the solute
and the solvent molecules

The energy required to break the bonds between solute particles is supplied by
the formation of bonds between the solute particles and the solvent molecules

Solubility of a solute is the maximum quantity of solute that can dissolve in a

certain quantity of solvent or quantity of solution at a specified temperature

Factors that Affect Solubility

- Strength of IMF
- Speed of molecules

Rate of Solution

- Is the measure of how fast a substance dissolves

Factors that Determine the Rate of Solution

Size of the particles

Stirring

Amount of solute already dissolved

Temperature

2 Ways of Solvation:
Use of lonepairs

Aprotic solvents

- Polar solvent of moderately high dielectric constants, which do not contain acidic
hydrogen.
Use of H-bonding

Protic solvents

- Solvent containing H that is attracted to O and N and appreciably acidic